ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the association between soil-transmitted helminth infections and clinical signs in school-age children. The study was basic level, analytical in design, observational and cross-sectional. It included a sample size of 471 school-age children in 2017, through simple random sampling, who were asked for a faecal sample and a history was taken to identify clinical signs. Faecal eggs were identified using rapid sedimentation (RST) and Kato-Katz techniques. The t test was applied to determine the difference between means and the Pearson Chi-square test and Odds ratio to establish associations at a 95% reliability level and α=0.05 for the confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections was 52.5% (259/493; 95%CI=48.0-57.1). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was 51.1%, Trichuris trichiura 1.8% and Ancylostoma sp 0.6%. The prevalence of ascariasis in women was higher than that inmen (p<0.05). Hookworm infection was associated with age (p<0.01), weight (p<0.01) and height (p<0.01) of the schoolchildren. A. lumbricoides reached a severe parasite load. The schoolchildren mainly presented fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain, paleness and flatulence. Ascariasis was associated with constipation (OR=1.7; p<0.01) and epigastric pain (OR=1.6; p<0.01).

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación entre las geohelmintiasis y los signos clínicos en niños de edad escolar. El estudio fue de nivel básico, de diseño analítico, de tipo observacional y de corte transversal. Se trabajó en 2017 con un tamaño de muestra de 471 niños en edad escolar, a través de un muestreo simple al azar, a quienes se les pidió una muestra fecal y se les realizó una anamnesis para identificar signos clínicos. Los huevos de heces fueron identificados mediante las técnicas de sedimentación rápida (TSR) y de Kato-Katz. Se aplicó la prueba de t para determinar diferencia de medias y la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y Odds ratio para establecer asociaciones a un nivel de confiabilidad de 95% y un α=0.05 para los intervalos de confianza. La prevalencia general de geohelmintiasis fue de 52.5% (259/493; IC95%=48.0-57.1). La prevalencia de Ascaris lumbricoides fue de 51.1%, de Trichuris trichiura 1.8% y de Ancylostoma sp 0.6%. La prevalencia de ascariosis en mujeres fue mayor a la de los varones (p<0.05). La anquilostomiasis estuvo asociada a la edad (p<0.01), peso (p<0.01) y talla (p<0.01) de los escolares. A. lumbricoides alcanzó carga parasitaria severa. Los escolares presentaron principalmente fiebre, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea, dolor, palidez y flatulencia. La ascariosis estuvo asociada a estreñimientos (OR=1.7; p<0.01) y epigastralgias (OR=1.6; p<0.01).

ABSTRACT During screening laboratory mice (Mus musculus) at the Zoology Department of the College of Science, King Saud University, some tiny oxyurid nematodes were detected from the large intestine of these rodents. Worms were identified using morphological and morphometric description. Furthermore, DNA was extracted from worms and subjected to polymerase chain reaction to amplify 18S rDNA and ITS (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) regions. Worms detected from caecum and colon of mice were detected in 80% of mice investigated. Morphologically, worms showed elongated body with tapered anterior end and narrow posterior part with cuticular annulations. Male worms measured 0.71-1.12 (0.90) long and 0.01-0.12 (0.11) wide. Female worms measured 3.12-5.011 (4.30) long and 0.13-0.29 (0.17) wide. Esophagus followed by intestine which opens at the posterior end via anal opening in females and via cloacal opening in males. Males have a single spicule with a gubernaculum and an accessory hook. Females’ uteri were pack with eggs. Data from 18S rDNA revealed a sequence which was identical to Syphacia obvelata in NCBI GenBank. Similarly, sequences from ITS regions grouped with sequences from S. obvelata confirming the morphological identity of the worm. However, it showed 3 mutations at the ITS2 region from related sequences from S. obvelata at NCBI GenBank. Mus musculus Science University rodents description Furthermore S ITS1, ITS1 (ITS1 58S 5 8S 80 investigated Morphologically annulations 0.711.12 071112 0.71 1.12 0 71 1 12 0.71-1.1 0.90 090 90 (0.90 0.010.12 001012 0.01 0.12 01 0.01-0.1 0.11 011 11 (0.11 wide 3.125.011 3125011 3.12 5.011 3.12-5.01 4.30 430 4 30 (4.30 0.130.29 013029 0.13 0.29 13 29 0.13-0.2 0.17 017 17 (0.17 males hook Females eggs GenBank Similarly worm However (ITS 8 711 0.711.1 07111 071 0.7 112 1.1 7 0.71-1. 0.9 09 9 (0.9 010 0.010.1 00101 001 0.0 012 0.1 0.01-0. (0.1 125 3.125.01 312501 312 3.1 5011 5.01 3.12-5.0 4.3 43 (4.3 130 0.130.2 01302 013 029 0.2 2 0.13-0. 0.711. 0711 07 0. 1. 0.71-1 (0. 0.010. 0010 00 0.01-0 3.125.0 31250 31 3. 501 5.0 3.12-5. 4. (4. 0.130. 0130 02 0.13-0 0.711 0.71- (0 0.010 0.01- 3.125. 3125 50 5. 3.12-5 (4 0.130 0.13- ( 3.125 3.12-

RESUMO Durante a triagem de camundongos de laboratório (Mus musculus) no Departamento de Zoologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade King Saud, alguns minúsculos nematoides oxiurídeos foram detectados no intestino grosso desses roedores. Os vermes foram identificados por meio de descrição morfológica e morfométrica. Além disso, o DNA foi extraído dos vermes e submetido à reação em cadeia da polimerase para amplificar as regiões 18S rDNA e ITS (ITS1, 5.8S e ITS2). Os vermes detectados no ceco e no cólon dos camundongos foram detectados em 80% dos camundongos investigados. Morfologicamente, os vermes apresentaram corpo alongado com extremidade anterior afilada e parte posterior estreita com anulações cuticulares. Os vermes machos mediam 0,71-1,12 (0,90) de comprimento e 0,01-0,12 (0,11) de largura. As fêmeas mediram 3,12-5,011 (4,30) de comprimento e 0,13-0,29 (0,17) de largura. O esôfago é seguido pelo intestino, que se abre na extremidade posterior por uma abertura anal nas fêmeas e por uma abertura cloacal nos machos. Os machos têm uma única espícula com um gubernáculo e um gancho acessório. Os úteros das fêmeas estavam repletos de ovos. Os dados do rDNA 18S revelaram uma sequência idêntica à Syphacia obvelata no NCBI GenBank. Da mesma forma, as sequências das regiões ITS foram agrupadas com as sequências de S. obvelata, confirmando a identidade morfológica do verme. No entanto, ele apresentou 3 mutações na região ITS2 em relação às sequências relacionadas de S. obvelata no NCBI GenBank. Mus musculus Saud roedores morfométrica disso S ITS1, ITS1 (ITS1 58S 5 8S ITS2. . ITS2) 80 investigados Morfologicamente cuticulares 0,711,12 071112 0,71 1,12 0 71 1 12 0,71-1,1 0,90 090 90 (0,90 0,010,12 001012 0,01 0,12 01 0,01-0,1 0,11 011 11 (0,11 largura 3,125,011 3125011 3,12 5,011 3,12-5,01 4,30 430 4 30 (4,30 0,130,29 013029 0,13 0,29 13 29 0,13-0,2 0,17 017 17 (0,17 acessório ovos GenBank forma verme entanto (ITS 8 711 0,711,1 07111 071 0,7 112 1,1 7 0,71-1, 0,9 09 9 (0,9 010 0,010,1 00101 001 0,0 012 0,1 0,01-0, (0,1 125 3,125,01 312501 312 3,1 5011 5,01 3,12-5,0 4,3 43 (4,3 130 0,130,2 01302 013 029 0,2 2 0,13-0, 0,711, 0711 07 0, 1, 0,71-1 (0, 0,010, 0010 00 0,01-0 3,125,0 31250 31 3, 501 5,0 3,12-5, 4, (4, 0,130, 0130 02 0,13-0 0,711 0,71- (0 0,010 0,01- 3,125, 3125 50 5, 3,12-5 (4 0,130 0,13- ( 3,125 3,12-

BACKGROUND The impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection over the immune response and the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis are not yet completely understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the expression of innate immune receptors in three distinct mouse lineages (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and Swiss) during experimental S. mansoni infection with LE strain. METHODS The parasite burden, intestinal tissue oogram and presence of hepatic granulomas were evaluated at 7- and 12-weeks post infection (wpi). The mRNA expression for innate Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, their adaptor molecules, and cytokines were determined at 2, 7 and 12 wpi in the hepatic tissue by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). FINDINGS Swiss mice showed 100% of survival, had lower parasite burden and intestinal eggs, while infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 presented 80% and 90% of survival, respectively, higher parasite burden and intestinal eggs. The three mouse lineages displayed distinct patterns in the expression of innate immune receptors, their adaptor molecules and cytokines, at 2 and 7 wpi. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of S. mansoni infection is related to a dynamic early activation of innate immunity receptors and cytokines important for the control of developing worms. understood BALB/c, BALBc BALB c (BALB/c C57BL6 CBL C57BL 6 C BL C57BL/ S strain 12weeks weeks . (wpi) Tolllike Toll like Nodlike Nod 1 realtime real time qPCR. qPCR (qPCR) 100 survival eggs 80 90 respectively worms (wpi (qPCR 10 8 9

Resumo Piper aduncum L., uma planta medicinal brasileira, é conhecida por suas propriedades bioativas, incluindo efeitos repelentes e inseticidas. Este estudo investigou o potencial inseticida dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de P. aduncum, coletados na estação seca e chuvosa, contra pulgas (Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché, 1835) em estágios de ovos e adultos. Os OEs foram obtidos por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger, modificado por 2 horas. Análises qualitativas e quantitativas foram realizadas por meio de cromatografia gasosa. Os resultados revelaram que o dilapiol foi a substância predominante, representando 77,56% (chuvoso) e 85,52% (seco) dos OEs. Esses OEs mostraram alta eficácia contra o parasita C. felis felis, resultando em 100% de mortalidade de ovos a uma concentração de 100 μg/mL e 100% de mortalidade para pulgas adultas a partir de 1.000 μg/mL. O padrão dilapiol também foi eficaz, mas em uma concentração relativamente alta. Este achado sugere que os OEs de P. aduncum exibem citotoxicidade contra esses parasitas e podem ter potencial para a produção comercial, oferecendo aplicações práticas para essa bioprospecção. Esse estudo revelou de maneira única que os OEs de P. aduncum, ricos em dilapiol, demonstraram atividade pulicida contra o parasita C. felis felis, inibindo, especialmente, a eclosão dos ovos desses parasitas. L L. brasileira bioativas inseticidas (OEs P chuvosa Ctenocephalides Bouché 1835 adultos Clevenger horas gasosa predominante 7756 77 56 77,56 chuvoso (chuvoso 8552 85 52 85,52 seco (seco C 10 μgmL μg mL 1000 1 000 1.00 eficaz comercial bioprospecção inibindo especialmente 183 775 7 5 77,5 855 8 85,5 00 1.0 18 77, 85, 0 1.

Abstract Piper aduncum L., a Brazilian medicinal plant, is known for its bioactive properties, including repellent and insecticidal effects. This study investigated the insecticidal potential of essential oils (EOs) from P. aduncum, collected during the dry and rainy seasons, against fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché, 1835) in egg and adult stages. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus for 2 h. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed via gas chromatography. The findings revealed that dillapiole was the predominant substance in both EOs, accounting for 77.6% (rainy) and 85.5% (dry) of the EOs. These EOs exhibited high efficacy against the parasite C. felis felis, resulting in 100% egg mortality at a concentration of 100 μg/mL and 100% mortality for adult fleas starting from 1,000 μg/mL. Dillapiole standard was also effective but at a relatively high concentration. This finding suggested that EOs from P. aduncum exhibit cytotoxicity against these pests and might hold potential for commercial production, offering practical applications for such bioprospecting. This study uniquely revealed that the EOs from P. aduncum, which is rich in dillapiole, demonstrated pulicidal activity against the parasite C. felis felis, particularly in inhibiting the hatching of the eggs of these parasites. L L. plant properties effects (EOs P seasons Ctenocephalides Bouché 1835 stages h chromatography 776 77 6 77.6 (rainy 855 85 5 85.5 (dry C 10 μgmL μg mL 1000 1 000 1,00 production bioprospecting parasites 183 7 77. 8 85. 00 1,0 18 0 1,

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and domestic animals from two peri-urban neighborhoods in Corrientes, Argentina. We also evaluated the characteristics of humans, socio-environmental features, and hygiene practices associated with the presence of parasites. Fecal samples were examined using techniques of concentration by sedimentation and flotation. The Graham method was used to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis eggs in children. We carried out the univariate and bivariate analysis of the data. We analyzed 58 dwellings, from which we obtained 146 stool samples from children and 101 from animals. We found at least one parasite species in 54 dwellings (93.1%). We found that 52.7% of children had parasites, mainly Blastocystis spp. (35.6%) and Giardia spp. (21.2%). We found that 67.32% of the animals had parasites, the most prevalent species being hookworms (60.7%). In conclusion, it is evident that the domestic environment can favor the transmission of these parasites.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales de niños y animales domésticos en dos barrios periurbanos de la ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina. También evaluamos las características de los humanos, factores socio-ambientales y prácticas de higiene asociadas con la presencia de parásitos. Las muestras fecales fueron examinadas usando técnicas de concentración por sedimentación y flotación. Se detectaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en niños utilizando el método de Graham. El análisis de los datos fue univariado y bivariado. En total, 58 viviendas fueron evaluadas, de las cuales se obtuvieron 146 muestras de heces de niños y 101 muestras de animales. Se registró al menos una especie de parásito en 54 viviendas (93,1%). Encontramos parásitos en el 52,7% de los niños, principalmente los protozoos Blastocystis spp. (35,6%) y Giardia spp. (21,2%). Se detectaron parásitos en 67,32% de los animales, principalmente ancilostomídeos (60,7%). En conclusión, es evidente que el ambiente doméstico presenta condiciones favorables para la transmisión de estos parásitos.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales de niños y animales domésticos en dos barrios periurbanos de la ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina. También evaluamos las características de los humanos, factores socio-ambientales y prácticas de higiene asociadas con la presencia de parásitos. Las muestras fecales fueron examinadas usando técnicas de concentración por sedimentación y flotación. Se detectaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en niños utilizando el método de Graham. El análisis de los datos fue univariado y bivariado. En total, 58 viviendas fueron evaluadas, de las cuales se obtuvieron 146 muestras de heces de niños y 101 muestras de animales. Se registró al menos una especie de parásito en 54 viviendas (93,1%). Encontramos parásitos en el 52,7% de los niños, principalmente los protozoos Blastocystis spp. (35,6%) y Giardia spp. (21,2%). Se detectaron parásitos en 67,32% de los animales, principalmente ancilostomídeos (60,7%). En conclusión, es evidente que el ambiente doméstico presenta condiciones favorables para la transmisión de estos parásitos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and domestic animals from two peri-urban neighborhoods in Corrientes, Argentina. We also evaluated the characteristics of humans, socio-environmental features, and hygiene practices associated with the presence of parasites. Fecal samples were examined using techniques of concentration by sedimentation and flotation. The Graham method was used to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis eggs in children. We carried out the univariate and bivariate analysis of the data. We analyzed 58 dwellings, from which we obtained 146 stool samples from children and 101 from animals. We found at least one parasite species in 54 dwellings (93.1%). We found that 52.7% of children had parasites, mainly Blastocystis spp. (35.6%) and Giardia spp. (21.2%). We found that 67.32% of the animals had parasites, the most prevalent species being hookworms (60.7%). In conclusion, it is evident that the domestic environment can favor the transmission of these parasites.

RESUMEN El manejo de la sanidad en ovinos es de importancia con incidencia en la salud pública, las enfermedades parasitarias repercuten sobre la salud de los animales y la economía del propietario, con disminución de la ganancia de peso, se realiza un coproparasitario y el método de FAMACHA este último verifica el estado de salud y anémico, en base a la observación de la coloración de las membranas de la conjuntiva del ojo, se analizaron 205 muestras de heces fecales tomadas directamente del recto de los ovinos y se aplica la técnica de flotación The Faust, con la observación y cuantificación de los huevos de parásitos gastrointestinales. Además se determina la prevalencia, resultando de un 82,44% de parásitos gastrointestinales en ovinos. Los géneros más relevantes de acuerdo a la especie parasitaria fueron: Haemonchus con el 73,66%, seguido por oesophagostomun con el 17,07% y nematodirus con el 16,59%, por tanto se puedo demostrar que, si existe la presencia de parásitos en la parroquia Guangaje, cantón Pujili-Ecuador.

ABSTRACT Health management in sheep is of importance with an impact on public health, parasitic diseases have an impact on the health of the animals and the economy of the owner, with a decrease in weight gain, a coproparasitic and the FAMACHA method is performed The latter verifies the health and anemic state, based on the observation of the coloration of the membranes of the conjunctiva of the eye, 205 samples of feces taken directly from the rectum of the sheep were analyzed and The Faust flotation technique was applied. , with the observation and quantification of gastrointestinal parasite eggs. In addition, the prevalence is determined, resulting in 82.44% of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. The most relevant genera according to the parasitic species were: Haemonchus with 73.66%, followed by oesophagostomun with 17.07% and nematodirus with 16.59%, therefore it can be demonstrated that, if there is the presence of parasites in the Guangaje parish, Pujili canton-Ecuador.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the efficacy and parasite resistance of levamisole (LV) and ivermectin (IVM) in beef cattle naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, as well as the effect on the liveweight gain in a tropical wet region of Oaxaca, Mexico. From November 2019 to January 2020, sixty-six grazing calves were randomly allocated into three groups of twenty-two animals each, treated with LV or IVM or an untreated control group (day 0). Feces were collected 1 day before treatment and 15 days after treatment. The liveweight gain from each animal was recorded at days 0, 15, 30 and 45 post treatment. The LV group presented the highest reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, followed by the IVM group. Resistance to IVM was detected, although LV resistance was also suspected. The IVM group had significantly higher effective treatment at 93.5%, resulting in an increase (P<0.05) of liveweight gain of 16.1kg, followed by the LV group (92.4%) with 17.1kg, compared to the untreated control group. A significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation was observed between EPG and weight gain for the LV (�� = -0.46) and IVM groups (�� = -0.32). LV and IVM showed a lack of efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes, as well as an adequate capacity for EPG reduction but with IVM resistance and detrimental effects on growth performance in grazing beef cattle. (LV (IVM nematodes Oaxaca Mexico 201 2020 sixtysix sixty six twentytwo twenty two 0. 0 . 0) 3 4 (EPG feces detected suspected 935 93 5 93.5% P<0.05 P005 P 05 (P<0.05 161kg kg 16 1kg 16.1kg 92.4% 924 92 (92.4% 171kg 17 17.1kg 0.05 005 �� (� 0.46 046 46 -0.46 0.32. 032 0.32 32 -0.32) 20 202 9 93.5 P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 92.4 (92.4 0.0 00 � ( 0.4 04 -0.4 03 0.3 -0.32 2 93. P<0. P0 (P<0. 92. (92. -0. -0.3 P<0 (P<0 (92 -0 P< (P< (9 -

RESUMO Os nematódeos gastrointestinais do gado de pastoreio causam perdas econômicas substanciais em todo o mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficácia e a resistência parasitária do levamisol (LV) e da ivermectina (IVM) em bovinos de corte naturalmente infectados com nematódeos gastrointestinais, bem como o efeito no ganho de peso vivo, em uma região tropical úmida de Oaxaca, México. De novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, 66 bezerros de pasto foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 22 animais cada um, tratados com LV ou IVM, ou em um grupo controle sem tratamento (dia 0). As fezes foram coletadas 1 dia antes do tratamento e 15 dias após o tratamento. O ganho de peso vivo de cada animal foi registrado nos dias 0, 15, 30 e 45 pós-tratamento. O grupo do LV apresentou a maior redução de ovos por grama de fezes (EPG), seguido pelo grupo IVM. A resistência à IVM foi detectada, embora também se suspeitasse de resistência ao LV. O grupo IVM teve um tratamento eficaz significativamente maior, com 93,5%, resultando em um aumento (P < 0,05) do ganho de peso vivo de 16,1kg, seguido pelo grupo LV (92,4%), com 17,1kg, em comparação com o grupo controle sem tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação negativa (P < 0,05) entre o EPG e o ganho de peso para os grupos LV (�� = -0,46) e IVM (�� = -0,32). LV e IVM mostraram falta de eficácia contra nematódeos gastrointestinais, assim como uma capacidade adequada de redução de EPG, mas com resistência IVM e efeitos prejudiciais no desempenho de crescimento em gado de corte em pastagem. mundo (LV (IVM Oaxaca México 201 2020 6 2 0. 0 . 0) 3 4 póstratamento. póstratamento pós pós-tratamento , (EPG) detectada 935 93 5 93,5% P 0,05 005 05 161kg kg 16 1kg 16,1kg 92,4%, 924 92,4% 92 (92,4%) 171kg 17 17,1kg �� (� 0,46 046 46 -0,46 0,32. 032 0,32 32 -0,32) pastagem 20 202 (EPG 9 93,5 0,0 00 92,4 (92,4% � ( 0,4 04 -0,4 03 0,3 -0,32 93, 92, (92,4 -0, -0,3 (92, -0 (92 - (9

RESUMEN: El Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), es un cestodo que se propaga entre huéspedes intermedios y definitivos a través de la ingestión de materia fecal contaminada con los huevos del parásito. El ciclo de vida consiste en la diferenciación de huevos a oncosferas y embriones, que finalmente forman quistes en órganos como el hígado, los pulmones y otros. Dentro de estos quistes hay protoescólices, una etapa intermedia del parásito que se convierte en su forma adulta (tenia), una vez que infectan a sus huéspedes definitivos. Cuando estos quistes hidatídicos se desarrollan en seres humanos, se les conoce como equinococosis quística (EC). Esta enfermedad se trata mediante la extirpación quirúrgica de los quistes o la quimioterapia con compuestos benzimidazólicos. La comprensión de la morfología de la etapa de desarrollo intermedia del E. granulosus y la etapa de protosclex, puede permitir a los investigadores identificar cambios estructurales definidos y funciones de proteínas que podrían usarse para desarrollar modalidades de tratamiento para la CE. Las características únicas en la superficie tegumentaria durante la etapa de protoescolex y las proteínas asociadas con la fertilidad del quiste se han identificado en estudios de investigación anteriores y acercan a los investigadores a la comprensión de los mecanismos subyacentes del desarrollo del E. granulosus y, en consecuencia, los medios para interrumpirlo para lograr un mejor control de la enfermedad.

SUMMARY: Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), is a tapeworm that spreads between intermediate and definitive hosts through the ingestion of fecal matter contaminated with the parasite’s eggs. The life cycle consists of differentiation from eggs to oncospheres to embryos, which eventually form cysts in organs like the liver, lungs and others. Within these cysts are protoscolices, an intermediate stage of the parasite which develop into adult tapeworms once they infect their definitive hosts. When these hydatid cysts form in humans, it is known as Cystic Echinococcosis (CE). This disease is treated through surgical excision of the cysts and or chemotherapy with benzimidazole compounds. Understanding the morphology of the intermediate developmental stage of E. granulosus, protoscolex stage, can allow researchers to identify defining structural changes and protein functions that could be used to develop treatment modalities for CE. Unique characteristics in the tegumental surface during the protoescolex stage and proteins associated with cyst fertility have all been identified in previous research studies and bring researchers closer to understanding the underlying mechanisms of E. granulosus development, and consequently, means to disrupt it to achieve better control of the disease.

Resumen 22. La fasciolosis es una enfermedad zoonótica relevante en los Andes peruanos, causa considerables pérdidas económicas al reducir la productividad del ganado y actualmente se reporta resistencia a los antihelmínticos, por lo que es necesario encontrar nuevas formas de control integral de esta parasitosis; por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la influencia del tipo de riego en la prevalencia de la fasciolosis bovina (Bos taurus) en unidades de producción lechera en la provincia de San Marcos, región Cajamarca, Perú. Un total de 20 bovinos lecheros fueron introducidos en dos predios con diferentes sistemas de riego: tradicional o por inundación (n = 10) y tecnificado o por aspersión (n = 10). A partir de marzo y durante diez meses consecutivos fueron alimentados con las raciones cultivadas en los predios y se monitoreó la prevalencia de fasciolosis mediante la técnica coproparasitológica de sedimentación natural. La excreción de huevos comenzó en agosto en la unidad ganadera que utilizaba el riego por inundación, con una prevalencia final del 60%; mientras que en la unidad ganadera que utilizaba el riego por aspersión, los primeros casos se detectaron en septiembre, con una prevalencia final de 20%. A los resultados, la prueba de Fischer determinó que no había asociación entre la prevalencia del parásito y el tipo de riego (p=0,1698). El estudio sugiere que la prevalencia de la fasciolosis en los bovinos alimentados con pasto rye-grass (Lolium perenne) más trébol (Trifolium repens) cultivados con riego por inundación fue mayor que la del riego por aspersión; sin embargo, se recomienda investigar con un mayor número de muestras y utilizar métodos de diagnóstico más específicos.

Abstract 16. Fasciolosis is a relevant zoonotic disease in the Peruvian Andes, it causes considerable economic losses by reducing cattle productivity and currently, resistance to anthelmintics is reported, so it is necessary to find new ways to comprehensively control this parasitosis. In this context, the objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of irrigation on the prevalence of bovine (Bos taurus) fasciolosis in dairy production units in the province of San Marcos, Cajamarca region, Peru. A total of 20 dairy cattle were introduced in two farms with different irrigation systems: traditional or flood irrigation (n = 10) and technified or sprinkler irrigation (n = 10). Starting in March and for ten consecutive months they were fed the rations produced on the farms and the prevalence of fasciolosis was monitored using the coproparasitological technique of natural sedimentation. In the livestock unit using flood irrigation, eggs excretion began in August, with a final prevalence of 60%; while in the livestock unit using sprinkler irrigation, the first cases were detected in September and the final prevalence was 20%. To the results, Fischer's test determined that there was no association between the prevalence of the parasite and the type of irrigation (p=0.1698). The study suggests that the prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle fed rye-grass (Lolium perenne) / clover (Trifolium repens) grown with flood irrigation was higher than that of sprinkler irrigation; however, it is recommended to investigate with a larger number of samples and use more specific diagnostic methods.

Abstract The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites with an emphasis on Strongylus vulgaris was investigated among the Brazilian Pony breed kept on farms in the municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples were collected in three stud farms: A (n= 22 animals), B (n= 3), and C (n= 2). Fecal samples were subjected to the quantitative Mini-FLOTAC technique, using three different solutions, and to qualitative techniques. The parasite prevalence was found to be 81.4%. Eggs from strongylids were identified in 74% of the ponies. Eggs of Parascaris spp. were detected in 22.7% of the animals, which were all females of farm A. At this locality, mares were kept with their foals in fenced paddocks all the time. The NaCl solution of d = 1.200 g/ml was generally the one that presented the highest frequency of diagnosis of nematode eggs and the highest mean of fecal eggs per gram. The fecal samples were also subjected to the polymerase chain reaction for amplification of DNA from the ITS2 region for Strongylus vulgaris. Twelve samples presented nucleotide sequences for S. vulgaris. In the end, this study revealed the high frequency (96.3%) of S. vulgaris among ponies on farms in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Teresópolis Janeiro n= n (n 2 animals , animals) 3, 3 3) 2. . 2) MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC technique solutions techniques 814 81 4 81.4% 74 spp 227 7 22.7 locality time 1200 1 200 1.20 gml g ml gram ITS S end 96.3% 963 96 (96.3% Brazil 8 81.4 22. 120 20 1.2 96.3 9 (96.3 81. 12 1. 96. (96. (96 (9 (

Resumo A frequência de parasitos gastrointestinais, com ênfase na pesquisa de Strongylus vulgaris, foi investigada entre os Pôneis Brasileiros criados em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais foram coletadas em três haras: A (n=22 animais), B (n=3) e C (n=2). Amostras fecais foram submetidas à técnica quantitativa de Mini-FLOTAC utilizando três diferentes soluções e técnicas qualitativas. A prevalência de parasitos foi de 81,4%. Ovos de estrôngilos foram identificados em 74% dos pôneis. Ovos de Parascaris spp. foram detectados em 22,7% dos animais, sendo todos fêmeas do haras A. Nesta propriedade, as éguas eram mantidas com os pôneis em piquetes cercados durante todo o tempo. A solução de NaCl, com densidade de 1.200 g/ml, foi a que apresentou a maior frequência diagnóstica de ovos de nematoides e a maior contagem de ovos por grama de fezes. As amostras também foram submetidas à reação de polimerase em cadeia para amplificar DNA da região ITS2 de Strongylus vulgaris. Doze amostras fecais apresentaram sequências nucleotídicas de S. vulgaris. Ao final, este estudo demonstrou a alta frequência (96.3%) de S. vulgaris em pôneis mantidos em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. gastrointestinais Teresópolis Janeiro n=22 n22 n 22 (n=2 animais , animais) n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n=2. n2 n=2 . 2 (n=2) MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC qualitativas 814 81 4 81,4% 74 spp 227 7 22,7 propriedade tempo NaCl 1200 1 200 1.20 gml g ml g/ml fezes ITS S final 96.3% 963 96 (96.3% Brazil (n= n= 8 81,4 22, 120 20 1.2 96.3 9 (96.3 (n 81, 12 1. 96. (96. (96 (9 (

ABSTRACT This case report describes how an erratic specimen of Ascaridia galli in the adult phase was recovered in an unusual way from a hen’s egg intended for human consumption. Although the literature on similar events is limited, this appears to be the first case reported in Bucaramanga, Colombia. The parasite was identified directly under a light microscope as an adult female A. galli, 6.5-cm long with 3 trilobed lips. In addition, the remaining eggs of the same group were examined to determine if there were more cases of erratic migration in that same batch. This nematode can cause various pathological conditions, including enteritis, hemorrhage, diarrhea, anemia, weakness, and emaciation, that can lead to huge economic and production losses in the poultry industry. hens hen s consumption limited Bucaramanga Colombia A 6.5cm 65cm cm 6.5 6 5 lips addition batch conditions enteritis hemorrhage diarrhea anemia weakness emaciation industry 5cm 65 6.

RESUMO Este relato de caso descreve como um exemplar errático de Ascaridia galli na fase adulta foi recuperado de uma forma incomum em um ovo de galinha destinado ao consumo humano. Embora a literatura sobre eventos similares seja limitada, este parece ser o primeiro caso relatado em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. O parasita foi identificado diretamente sob um microscópio leve como uma fêmea adulta A. galli, com 6,5 cm de comprimento e 3 lábios trilobados. Além disso, os ovos restantes do mesmo grupo foram examinados para determinar se existiam mais casos de migração errática nesse mesmo lote. Este nemátodo pode causar várias condições patológicas, incluindo enterite, hemorragia, diarréia, anemia, fraqueza e emaciação, que podem levar a enormes perdas econômicas e de produção na indústria avícola. humano limitada Bucaramanga Colômbia A 65 6 5 6, trilobados disso lote patológicas enterite hemorragia diarréia anemia emaciação avícola

Abstract Many studies about fasciolosis control have been carried out, whether acting on the adult parasite or in Pseudosuccinea columella, compromising the development of the larval stages. The present study aimed to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of P. columella to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, during for 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The snails were evaluated for 21 days for accumulated mortality; number of eggs laid; hatchability rate; biochemical changes; and histopathological analysis. We found that exposure induced a reduction in glucose and glycogen levels, characterizing a negative energy balance, due to the depletion of energy reserves as a result of the direct competition established by the nematode/endosymbiont bacteria complex in such substrates. A mortality rate of 48.25% and 65.52% was observed in the group exposed for 24 h and 48 h, respectively, along with significant impairment of reproductive biology in both exposed groups in relation to the respective controls. The results presented here show that P. columella is susceptible to the nematode H. bacteriophora, with the potential to be used as an alternative bioagent in the control of this mollusk, especially in areas considered endemic for fascioliasis, in line with the position expressed by the World Health Organization Health. out stages evaluate conditions P HP88 HP 2 4 laid changes analysis levels balance nematodeendosymbiont endosymbiont substrates 4825 25 48.25 6552 65 52 65.52 respectively controls H mollusk fascioliasis HP8 482 48.2 655 6 5 65.5 48. 65.

Resumo Muitos estudos têm sido realizados sobre o controle da fasciolose, seja atuando no parasito adulto, seja em Pseudosuccinea columella, comprometendo o desenvolvimento das fases larvais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em condições laboratoriais, a suscetibilidade de P. columela à Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, durante 24 e 48 horas de exposição. Os moluscos foram avaliados por 21 dias para mortalidade acumulada; número de ovos postos; taxa de eclodibilidade; alterações bioquímicas; e análise histopatológica. Constatou-se que a exposição induziu a redução nos níveis de glicose e glicogênio, caracterizando um balanço energético negativo, devido ao esgotamento das reservas energéticas, decorrentes da competição direta estabelecida pelo complexo nematoide/bactéria endossimbionte nesses substratos. Foi observada uma taxa de mortalidade de 48,25% e65,52% no grupo exposto por 24 h 48 h, respectivamente, juntamente com comprometimento significativo da biologia reprodutiva em ambos os grupos expostos em relação aos respectivos controles. Os resultados aqui apresentados, mostram que P. columela é suscetível ao nematódeo H. bacteriophora, com potencial para ser utilizada como um bioagente alternativo no controle dess molusco, especialmente em áreas consideradas endêmicas para fasciolose, em linha com a posição expressa pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. fasciolose adulto columella larvais avaliar laboratoriais P HP88 HP 2 4 acumulada postos eclodibilidade bioquímicas histopatológica Constatouse Constatou se glicogênio negativo energéticas nematoidebactéria nematoide bactéria substratos 4825 25 48,25 e6552 e65 52 e65,52 respectivamente controles apresentados H molusco Saúde HP8 482 48,2 e655 e6 5 e65,5 48, e65,

Abstract Weeds can be hosts of root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. The importance of the species Meloidogyne morocciensis parasitizing many crops is recognized, but their reproductive capacity in weeds is not known. The present study hypothesizes the ability of M. morocciensis to parasitize and reproduce in different weed species found in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the reproduction of M. morocciensis in 36 weed species. The plants were individually inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles and kept in greenhouse for 60 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with twelve replications. The root system of each plant was evaluated for gall index (GI), final nematode population (PF), number of nematode/g of root (NNGR) and reproduction factor (RF). It was verified that M. morocciensis has the capacity to parasite 36 weed species belonging to 16 different botanical families, confirming the hypothesis proposed. From the 36 species evaluated, 77.8% (28) were susceptible (FR ≥ 1.0) to M. morocciensis. The present study is the first to identify different weeds as hosts of M. morocciensis, evidencing its polyphagous habit, indicating species of plants with high capacity to multiply this nematode and that need more attention during the integrated management of these pathogen. rootknot knot recognized known M Brazil 3 5000 5 000 5,00 6 days replications GI, GI , (GI) PF, PF (PF) nematodeg g NNGR (NNGR RF. RF . (RF) 1 families proposed 778 77 8 77.8 28 (28 FR 1.0 10 0 habit pathogen 500 00 5,0 (GI (PF (RF 7 77. 2 (2 1. 50 5, (

Abstract Mites of the species Lynxacarus radovskyi, which are commonly found on domestic cats in Brazil, can cause discomfort, itching, and alopecia. The development of new, safer and more effective treatments with a broad spectrum of activity, including the use of isoxazolines, is needed. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of transdermal fluralaner in domestic cats naturally infested with L. radovskyi. Twenty cats were evaluated by trichograms and divided into two groups of 10 animals. The control group was not treated, while the treated group was given a single topical dose of fluralaner, as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The cats were reassessed for the presence of L. radovskyi eggs and mites on days D+7, D+14, D+28, D+42, D+56, D+70, D+84, and D+98. As of D+42, all the animals (100%) tested negative for mites, and remained parasite-free until the end of the study, while the control group tested positive throughout the experiment. It can be concluded that a single dose of fluralaner applied topically was effective in treating cats naturally infested with L. radovskyi. Brazil discomfort itching alopecia new activity isoxazolines needed L 1 manufacturers manufacturer s instructions D7 D 7 D+7 D14 14 D+14 D28 28 D+28 D42 42 D+42 D56 56 D+56 D70 70 D+70 D84 84 D+84 D98 98 D+98 100% 100 (100% parasitefree parasite free experiment D+ D1 D+1 D2 2 D+2 D4 4 D+4 D5 5 D+5 D8 8 D+8 D9 9 D+9 (100 (10 (1 (

Resumo Os ácaros da espécie Lynxacarus radovskyi, comumente encontrados em gatos domésticos, no Brasil, podem causar desconforto, prurido e alopecia. É necessário o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos mais seguros e eficazes com amplo espectro de ação, incluindo o uso de isoxazolinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do fluralaner transdérmico em gatos domésticos naturalmente infestados com L. radovskyi. Vinte gatos foram avaliados por tricogramas e divididos em dois grupos de 10 animais. O grupo controle não foi tratado, enquanto o grupo tratado recebeu uma única dose tópica de fluralaner, conforme instruções do fabricante. Os gatos foram reavaliados quanto à presença de ovos e ácaros de L. radovskyi nos dias D+7, D+14, D+28, D+42, D+56, D+70, D+84 e D+98. A partir de D+42, todos os animais (100%) testaram negativo para ácaros e permaneceram livres do parasita até o final do estudo, enquanto o grupo controle apresentou resultado positivo durante todo o experimento. Pode-se concluir que uma única dose de fluralaner aplicada topicamente foi eficaz no tratamento de gatos naturalmente infestados com L. radovskyi. Brasil desconforto alopecia ação isoxazolinas L 1 fabricante D7 D 7 D+7 D14 14 D+14 D28 28 D+28 D42 42 D+42 D56 56 D+56 D70 70 D+70 D84 84 D+8 D98 98 D+98 100% 100 (100% experimento Podese Pode se D+ D1 D+1 D2 2 D+2 D4 4 D+4 D5 5 D+5 D8 8 D9 9 D+9 (100 (10 (1 (