Abstract (Introduction): The search for techniques and methods for managing sludge generated during wastewater treatment is necessary to ensure sustainable sanitation in the medium term in Latin America. An interesting approach involves converting sludge into a biosolid usable in agriculture through alkaline sanitization. (Objective): We evaluated this technique’s efficacy and economic and environmental viability for obtaining an agriculturally usable type A biosolid from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. (Methodology): To this end, the efficacy in reducing microbiological parameters was experimentally tested at the laboratory scale using quicklime, for anaerobic and aerobic WWTP sludge. The experimental results fed a benefit/cost analysis model and a life cycle assessment. (Results): It was confirmed that applying a 40 % lime dose allowed the obtention of a type A biosolid with non-detectable concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms, which remained in that condition for more than 30 days. Additionally, the benefit/cost and life cycle analyses concluded that this option would be more attractive than sludge disposal in a landfill, due to the corresponding savings in chemical compounds (fertilizers, agricultural lime). (Conclusions): Therefore, alkaline sanitization can be considered suitable for WWTP sludge management. Its application on a larger scale should be further investigated in the country and the Latin-American region, considering the risk associated to the presence of heavy metals too.

Resumen (Introducción): La búsqueda de técnicas y modelos de gestión del lodo generado durante el tratamiento de las aguas residuales es necesaria para garantizar un saneamiento sostenible a mediano plazo en América Latina. Una vía interesante consiste en convertir el lodo en un biosólido aprovechable en la agricultura por medio de la higienización alcalina. (Objetivo): Se evaluó la eficacia y la viabilidad económica y ambiental de esta técnica para la obtención de un biosólido tipo A aprovechable en la agricultura a partir de lodo de planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) ordinaria. (Metodología): Para ello se probó experimentalmente en escala de laboratorio la eficacia en el decaimiento de parámetros microbiológicos higienizados con cal viva, usando lodo anaeróbico y aeróbico de PTAR. Los resultados experimentales alimentaron un modelo de análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida. (Resultados): Pudo corroborarse que la aplicación de dosis de cal de 40 % permitió obtener un biosólido tipo A con concentraciones de microorganismos patógenos no detectables, lo cual se mantuvo en esa condición por más de 30 días. Además, el análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida permitieron concluir que esta opción sería más atractiva que la disposición del lodo en un relleno sanitario, debido al ahorro correspondiente en compuestos químicos (fertilizantes o cal agrícola) derivado de su aprovechamiento. (Conclusiones): Por lo tanto, la técnica de higienización alcalina puede considerarse como adecuada para la gestión del lodo de PTAR y su aplicación a mayor escala debe investigarse en mayor detalle en el país y la región latinoamericana, considerando también el riesgo de presencia de metales pesados en este subproducto.

ABSTRACT: To improve the nutritional and functional quality of agro-industrial waste, his study established a ternary mixture of flours made from pineapple, acerola, and passion fruit waste using the simplex-centroid design, as well as to evaluate their effects on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of edible ice cream. Using mixture planning, nine ternary flour components were applied to edible ice cream formulations to evaluate acceptance scores for taste, texture, and overall impression attributes, as well as physicochemical parameters (pH, acidity, soluble solids, and color parameters) and microbiological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms at 45 ºC, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella). The simplex-centroid design demonstrated that the cubic model best predicts the results for the analyzed sensory attributes. The response surface graphs indicated the area of greatest acceptance in the formulations with the maximum percentage established for the flour with acerola waste. The highest level of acceptability was given to the ternary mixture of 60%, 30%, and 10% pineapple, passion fruit, and acerola flours, respectively. The results indicated that sorbet enriched with flour composed of the ternary mixture is a product with the potential for exploitation, as well as contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts generated by the large and improper disposal of agro-industrial fruit processing residues in the ecosystem. ABSTRACT agroindustrial agro industrial pineapple simplexcentroid simplex centroid planning taste texture attributes pH, pH (pH acidity solids thermotolerant 4 ºC Salmonella. Salmonella . Salmonella) 60 60% 30 30% 10 respectively exploitation ecosystem 6 3 1

RESUMO: Visando a qualidade nutricional e funcional dos resíduos agroindustriais, o estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a mistura ternária de farinhas elaboradas com resíduos de abacaxi, acerola e maracujá utilizando o delineamento simplex-centroide, assim como avaliar seus efeitos nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais em gelados comestíveis. Com o planejamento de misturas, nove componentes ternários das farinhas foram aplicados em formulações de gelados comestíveis para avaliação dos escores de aceitação para os atributos sabor, textura e impressão global, bem como os parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis e parâmetros de cor) e microbiológicos (coliformes termotolerantes a 45 ºC, Enterobacteriaceae e Salmonella). O delineamento simplex-centroide demonstrou que o modelo cúbico melhor prediz os resultados para os atributos sensoriais analisados. Os gráficos de superfície de resposta indicaram a área de maior aceitação nas formulações com o máximo percentual estabelecido para a farinha com os resíduos de acerola. O maior índice de aceitabilidade foi atribuído a mistura ternária constituída com 60%, 30% e 10% para as farinhas de abacaxi, maracujá e acerola, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que o sorbet enriquecido com a farinha composta pela mistura ternária é um produto com potencial para exploração, além de contribuir para a redução dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo grande e inadequado descarte de resíduos do processamento agroindustrial de frutas no ecossistema. RESUMO agroindustriais abacaxi simplexcentroide, simplexcentroide simplex centroide, centroide físicoquímicas físico químicas misturas sabor global físicoquímicos químicos pH, pH (pH acidez cor coliformes 4 ºC Salmonella. Salmonella . Salmonella) analisados 60 60% 30 10 respectivamente exploração ecossistema 6 3 1

Abstract Introduction: Blooms of cyanobacteria are becoming increasingly common, and understanding their dynamics can be crucial for proposing appropriate management strategies. While physical and chemical parameters influencing blooms have been widely studied, less attention has been paid to the susceptibility of biological communities. Objective: To analyze phytoplankton abundance networks during cyanobacterial blooms at different intensity levels and how they interact and/or affect the phytoplankton community. Methods: We used 22 samplings conducted in El Limón reservoir located in Northern Argentina, known for recurrent cyanobacterial blooms. Each sampling was classified into four levels based on cyanobacteria abundance (cells/ml): Level 1 (10 000-30 000); Level 2 (30 000-50 000); Level 3 (50 000-100 000); and Level 4 (> 100 000). For each level, abundance correlation networks were constructed considering all species. Results: A pattern of decreasing statistically significant abundance correlations was observed as bloom intensity increased: 219 correlations at Level 1; 144 at Level 2; 80 at Level 3, and only 33 at Level 4. Blooming cyanobacteria showed few correlations with other species at all levels, indicating a certain independence from the community. An increase in bloom intensity appears to disconnect the phytoplankton abundance correlation network. Conclusion: The analysis of abundance correlation networks should be a valuable tool for understanding the dynamics and development of cyanobacterial blooms, as well as identifying key species in this process.

Resumen Introducción: Las proliferaciones de cianobacterias están volviéndose cada vez más comunes, y comprender su dinámica puede ser crucial para proponer estrategias de gestión adecuadas. Si bien se han estudiado ampliamente los parámetros físicos y químicos que influyen en las proliferaciones, se ha prestado menos atención a la susceptibilidad de las comunidades biológicas. Objetivo: Analizar las redes de abundancia de fitoplancton durante las proliferaciones de cianobacterias a diferentes niveles de intensidad y cómo las mismas interactúan y/o afectan a la comunidad de fitoplancton. Métodos: Se realizaron 22 muestreos en el embalse El Limón ubicado en el norte de Argentina, conocido por las proliferaciones recurrentes de cianobacterias. Cada muestreo se clasificó en cuatro niveles basados en la abundancia de cianobacterias (células/ml): Nivel 1 (10 000-30 000); Nivel 2 (30 000-50 000); Nivel 3 (50 000-100 000) y Nivel 4 (> 100 000). Para cada nivel, se construyeron redes de correlación de abundancias considerando todas las especies. Resultados: Se observó un patrón de disminución de correlaciones de abundancia estadísticamente significativas a medida que aumentaba la intensidad de las proliferaciones: 219 correlaciones en el nivel 1; 144 en el nivel 2; 80 en el nivel 3 y solo 33 en el nivel 4. Las cianobacterias que forman proliferaciones mostraron tener poca correlación con otras especies en todos los niveles, lo que podría estar asociado a cierta independencia con respecto a la comunidad. Un aumento en la intensidad de la proliferación parece desconectar la red de correlaciones de abundancia del fitoplancton. Conclusión: El análisis de las redes de correlaciones de abundancias debería ser una herramienta valiosa para comprender la dinámica y el desarrollo de las proliferaciones de cianobacterias, así como para identificar especies clave en este proceso.

Abstract Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region. 201 202 185528 185 528 185,52 1 microregions 9320 93 20 93.20 6665 66 65 66.65 WSS , (WSS) 3102 31 02 31.02 SolutionCAS, SolutionCAS Solution CAS, Solution-CAS 233 2 33 2.33 SolutionIAS. SolutionIAS IAS Solution-IAS communities level E conclusion region 18552 18 52 185,5 932 9 93.2 666 6 66.6 (WSS 310 3 0 31.0 23 2.3 1855 5 185, 93. 66. 31. 2.

Resumo Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região. Analisaramse Analisaram se Amazonas 201 2020 185528 185 528 185.52 1 microrregiões analisadas 9320 93 20 93,20 6665 66 65 66,65 SAA , (SAA) 3102 31 02 31,02 (SAC 233 2 33 2,33 SAI . (SAI) Observouse Observou tradicionais recomendado microbiológicos identificouse identificou Ecoli E coli conclusão verificaramse verificaram abastecimento agenda pública região 202 18552 18 52 185.5 932 9 93,2 666 6 66,6 (SAA 310 3 0 31,0 23 2,3 (SAI 1855 5 185. 93, 66, 31, 2,

Abstract This research allowed us to understand the physical-chemical and microbiological quality of rainwater collected in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó. This population has a high precipitation rate which ranges from 1500mm/year and 8500mm/year, both currently and in the future, although this situation contrasts with the low drinking water coverage, which is only 28.5%. To carry out this study, 5 sampling points were identified, and 4 samples were collected at each point with a periodicity of 1 weekly sampling for 4 weeks, for a total of 20 representative samples. The selected roof tops coverings were made of zinc, asbestos cement, and mantle, and are located in areas of high vehicular and pedestrian activity. The collected samples were analyzed in an accredited laboratory for this purpose. The parameters evaluated for rainwater quality were: apparent color, real color, conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, nitrites, nitrates, total coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The result of the microbiological analyzes was POSITIVE in 100% of the cases, while 15% of the physical analyses and 34% of the chemical analyses also yielded negative results. Due to the presence mainly of colony-forming units of Escherichia Coli and total coliforms, it was concluded that rainwater in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó, does 5not meet the standards established in the evaluated parameters and required by the regulations, which means that it is not safe for human consumption due to its level of contamination.

Resumen Esta investigación permitió conocer la calidad físico - química y microbiológica del agua lluvia recolectada en la Zona Centro y barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó. Esta población presenta una alta tasa de precipitación la cual oscila entre 1500mm/año y 8500mm/año, tanto en la actualidad como en el futuro, aunque esta situación contraste con la baja cobertura de agua potable que tan solo es del 28,5%. Para realizar dicho estudio se identificaron 5 puntos de muestreo, en cada punto se recolectaron 4 muestras con una periodicidad de 1 muestreo semanal durante 4 semanas, para un total de 20 muestras representativas; las cubiertas seleccionadas fueron de zinc, asbesto cemento y manto; además, están ubicadas en zonas de alta actividad vehicular y peatonal. Las muestras recolectadas fueron analizadas en un laboratorio acreditado para tal fin. Los parámetros evaluados de la calidad del agua lluvia fueron; color aparente, color real, conductividad, pH, alcalinidad total, nitritos, nitratos, Coliformes totales y Escherichia Coli. El resultado de los análisis microbiológicos fue negativo en el 100% de los casos, mientras que el 15% de los análisis físicos y el 34% de los análisis químicos también arrojaron resultados negativos. Debido a la presencia principalmente de unidades formadoras de colonia de Escherichia Coli y Coliformes totales, se concluyó que el agua lluvia en la zona centro y el barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó, no cumple con los estándares establecidos en los parámetros evaluados y requeridos por la norma, lo que significa que no es segura para el consumo humano debido al nivel de contaminación que presenta.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is the determination some quality parameters of grape and mulberry pestils (leathers) sold in Elazig. For this purpose, a total of 45 fruit pestil samples, of which 23 were grape pestils and 22 were mulberry pestils, were analyzed for their physical properties, chemical properties, and microbiological characteristics. In grape and mulberry pestils, the average L* (lightness/darkness) values were 42.72 and 44.81, a* (redness) values were 10.29 and 9.07, and b* (yellow) values were 20.90 and 20.90, respectively. In grape and mulberry fruit pestil samples, the thickness values were 1.62 and 1.34, pH values were 3.82 and 4.75, acidity values (as citric acid) were 0.63 and 0.22%, aw values were 0.602 and 0.627, dry matter values were 68.78% and 72.99 %, ash values were 2.25% and 0.64%, insoluble ash values in 10% HCl were 0.20 and 0.29, and Brix values were 18.83 and 19.36, respectively. TMAB, coliform, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus, and yeast-mold counts were found to be 4.72 and 4.48, 1.30 and 1.89, 2.11 and 2.12, and 2.04 and 2.11 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in all samples examined. In 14 of the samples (31.11%), the total number of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms was found to be >5 log10 cfu/g. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were not found in any of the samples. However, the samples were found to contain significant levels of yeast-mold. There was no difference between the groups in microbiological terms in statistical analysis (P > 0.05). According to the current study, there was no standard production and not enough hygiene rules were observed in the pestil production process in family businesses in Elazig. On the other hand, essential information was obtained on some physical, chemical and microbiological quality parameters of grape and blackberry pulps sold in markets and stores in Elazig. ABSTRACT leathers (leathers Elazig purpose 4 2 properties characteristics L lightness/darkness lightnessdarkness lightness darkness (lightness/darkness 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 redness (redness 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b yellow (yellow 2090 20 90 20.9 respectively 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 as acid 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0.60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.9 % 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliform StaphylococcusMicrococcus, StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus, Micrococcus Staphylococcus-Micrococcus yeastmold yeast mold 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 2.12 204 04 2.0 log log1 cfug cfu g cfu/g examined 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp However yeastmold. mold. P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) hand 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72. 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0.0 44. 9. 68. 19. 31.1 (31.11 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade de pestilos de uva e amoreira (couros) vendidos em Elazig. Para tanto, um total de 45 amostras de pestil de frutas, sendo 23 de uva e 22 de amoreira, foram analisadas quanto às suas propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas. Em pestils de uva e amoreira, os valores médios de L* (claridade/escuridão) foram 42.72 e 44.81, os valores de a* (vermelhidão) foram 10.29 e 9.07, e os valores de b* (amarelo) foram 20.90 e 20.90, respectivamente. Nas amostras de pestil de uva e amoreira, os valores de espessura foram 1.62 e 1.34, os valores de pH foram 3.82 e 4.75, os valores de acidez (como ácido cítrico) foram 0.63 e 0.22%, os valores de aw foram 0,602 e 0.627, os valores de matéria seca foram 68.78% e 72.99%, os valores de cinzas foram 2.25% e 0.64%, os valores de cinzas insolúveis em HCl a 10% foram 0.20 e 0.29, e os valores Brix foram 18.83 e 19.36, respectivamente. As contagens de TMAB, coliformes, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus e fungos de levedura foram 4.72 e 4.48, 1.30 e 1.89, 2.11 e 2.12 e 2.04 e 2.11 log10 ufc/g, respectivamente, em todas as amostras examinadas. Em 14 das amostras (31.11%), o número total de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos foi >5 log10 ufc/g. Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. não foram encontrados em nenhuma das amostras. No entanto, verificou-se que as amostras continham níveis significativos de bolor de levedura. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em termos microbiológicos na análise estatística (P > 0,05). De acordo com o estudo atual, não houve produção padrão e não foram observadas regras de higiene suficientes no processo de produção de pestil em empresas familiares em Elazig. Por outro lado, foram obtidas informações essenciais sobre alguns parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos de qualidade das polpas de uva e amora-preta comercializadas em mercados e lojas de Elazig. RESUMO couros (couros Elazig tanto 4 frutas 2 físicas microbiológicas L claridade/escuridão claridadeescuridão claridade escuridão (claridade/escuridão 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 vermelhidão (vermelhidão 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b amarelo (amarelo 2090 20 90 20.9 respectivamente 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 como cítrico 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0,60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.99% 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliformes StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 204 04 2.0 log log1 ufcg ufc g ufc/g examinadas 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp entanto verificouse verificou se P 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) atual lado físicos amorapreta amora preta 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 0,6 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72.99 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0,0 44. 9. 0, 68. 72.9 19. 31.1 (31.11 72. 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated different rice genotypes regarding physicochemical and instrumental parameters of grain quality and associated the data with sensory analysis to support the creation of rules for classification of the culinary quality of rice (texture), based on isolated or combined parameters. The combination of amylose content and gelatinization temperature was able to predict the rice quality. According to the sensorial panel, the instrumental stickiness was able to segregate rice with very low amylose content or waxy to the other ones. Regarding pasting properties, rice that presented high final viscosity (310-480 RVU), setback (165-245 RVU), and pasting temperature (78 - 88 °C), and low values for breakdown (15-120 RVU), associated with a high stickiness (>-5N) was desirable by the Brazilian consumers. The classification rules created through the relationship between the physicochemical parameters and the texture profile evaluated by the sensory panel will help to verify the culinary profile of the rice samples (through free software), which makes it easier to predict the probability of rice meeting the desired quality standards. ABSTRACT texture, , (texture) ones properties 310480 310 480 (310-48 RVU, RVU RVU) 165245 165 245 (165-24 78 (7 8 °C, C °C °C) 15120 15 120 (15-12 >5N 5N N > (>-5N consumers software, software software) standards (texture 31048 31 48 (310-4 16524 16 24 (165-2 7 ( 1512 1 12 (15-1 3104 3 4 (310- 1652 2 (165- 151 (15- (310 (165 (15 (31 (16 (1 (3

RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou diferentes genótipos de arroz quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos e instrumentais de qualidade do grão e associou os dados à análise sensorial para subsidiar a criação de regras de classificação da qualidade culinária do arroz (textura), com base em parâmetros isolados ou combinados. A combinação do teor de amilose e temperatura de gelatinização foi capaz de predizer a qualidade do arroz. De acordo com o painel sensorial, a pegajosidade instrumental foi capaz de segregar arroz com baixo teor de amilose ou ceroso dos demais. Em relação às propriedades de pasta, o arroz que apresentou alta viscosidade final (310-480RVU), retrogradação (165-245RVU) e temperatura de pasta (78-88 °C) e baixos valores de quebra pasta (15-120RVU), associados a uma alta pegajosidade (> -5N) será desejável pelos consumidores brasileiros. As regras de classificação criadas por meio da relação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos e o perfil de textura avaliado pelo painel sensorial ajudarão a verificar o perfil culinário das amostras de arroz (por meio de um software livre), o que torna mais fácil prever a probabilidade de o arroz atender aos padrões de qualidade desejados. RESUMO físicoquímicos físico químicos textura, , (textura) combinados demais 310480RVU, 310480RVU RVU 310 480RVU (310-480RVU) 165245RVU 165 245RVU (165-245RVU 7888 78 88 (78-8 °C C 15120RVU, 15120RVU 15 120RVU (15-120RVU) > ( 5N N -5N brasileiros livre, livre livre) desejados (textura 31 (310-480RVU 16 788 7 8 (78- 1 (15-120RVU 3 (78 (7

Abstract Bactericera cockerelli causes damage to nightshade crops in Mexico, causing millions of pesos in losses to producers; for its control, chemical insecticides have been used, which over time has generated resistance in the insect, causing its control to be more difficult year after year. New alternatives are sought for the control of this pest, among which the use of resistance inducers that are effective and environmentally friendly stands out; menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) is an effective alternative with low environmental impact that has proven to be an activator of plant defenses and has insecticidal effects. In the present work, tests were carried out to determine the effects of MSB on the survival and development of the insect. Cohorts with B. cockerelli eggs were established, using three tomato plants of the Río Grande variety in each of the entomological cages, to test the effect of menadione on the development and survival of the insect B. cockerelli. According to the data obtained, no significant differences were found in the days of development of the immature stages of the insect, while in the survival data the MSB treatments had the highest mortalities, of 42 to 80%, demonstrating that MSB causes the mortality of B. cockerelli nymphs.

Resumen Bactericera cockerelli genera daños a los cultivos de solanáceas en México causando, pérdidas millonarias a los productores, para su control se han usado insecticidas químicos que con el paso del tiempo ha generado resistencia en el insecto causando que su control sea más difícil año con año. Se buscan nuevas alternativas para el control de esta plaga, dentro de lo que destaca el uso de inductores de resistencia que sean efectivos y amigables con el medio ambiente, la menadiona bisulfito de sodio (MBS) es una alternativa eficaz y de bajo impacto ambiental que ha demostrado ser un activador de las defensas de las plantas y cuenta con efectos insecticidas. En el presente trabajo se realizaron ensayos para determinar los efectos de la MBS en la supervivencia y desarrollo del insecto. Se establecieron cohortes con huevecillos de B. cockerelli, utilizando en cada una de las jaulas entomológicas tres plantas de tomate de la variedad Río Grande. para comprobar el efecto de la menadiona sobre desarrollo y supervivencia del insecto B. cockerelli. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, no se encontró deferencias significativas en los días de desarrollo de las etapas inmaduras del insecto, mientras que en los datos de supervivencia los tratamientos de MBS tuvieron las moralidades más altas de un 42 a 80%, demostrado que la MBS provoca la mortalidad de ninfas de B. cockerelli.

Abstract: In order to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological composition of functional beverages obtained from chayote pulp (Sechium edule) with L-carnitine. A randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used to evaluate chemical (dry matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, fiber, and ash), physical (pH, °Brix, acidity), and microbiological (mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts) parameters. The treatments studied were: V1, Chayote 100% plus 500 mg of L-carnitine; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V3, Chayote 75% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water. The pH values at V3 gradually decreased until day 21. Crude protein and ash differed (p<0.05) in V1 and V2 compared to the other treatments. While dry matter, ethereal, and nitrogen-free extract did not differ between the variants, mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts were within the ranges (<3) of acceptance according to NTE INEN 1529-6 standards. Treatment V3 showed the highest pH reduction (5.09) compared to other variants after 21 days of storage. It is concluded that including different amounts of chayote pulp with L-carnitine is a suitable alternative to obtain functional beverages for human consumption.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y microbiológica de las bebidas funcionales obtenidas a partir pulpa de chayote (Sechium edule) con L-Carnitina, se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento se evaluaron parámetros químicos (materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto eterio, fibra y ceniza), físicos (pH, °Brix, acidez) y microbiológicos (aerobios mesófilos y mohos y levaduras). Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: V1, Chayote 100 % más 500 mg de L-carnitina; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V3, chayote 75% +250 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada. Los valores de pH en el V3 se redujeron gradualmente hasta el día 21. La proteína cruda y ceniza difirieron (p<0.05) en los V1 y V2 frente a los demás. Mientras que la materia seca, extracto etéreo y extracto libre de nitrógeno, no presentaron diferencia entre variantes. Los aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras estuvieron dentro los rangos (<3) de aceptación según las normas NTE INEN 1529-6. El tratamiento V3 fue el que presentó mayor reducción de pH (5,09) con frente a otras variantes a los 21dias de conservado. Se concluye, que la inclusión de diferentes cantidades de pulpa de chayote con L-Carnitina es una alternativa apropiada para obtener bebidas funcionales aptos para consumo humano.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water supply for industrial use and social consumption decreases due to droughts, overexploitation of groundwater and pollution from agricultural and industrial chemicals. Objective: To evaluate the quality of water for industrial use and social consumption from the supply source belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Materials and Methods: The quality of water for industrial use and social consumption was evaluated through the application of testing techniques and methods, in the determination of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Results and Discussion: The water quality parameters for industrial use and social consumption evaluated were odor, taste and color of odorless, tasteless and colorless respectively. Total dissolved solids were 553 mg L-1, pH 7,33 pH units, calcium 75 mg L-1, magnesium 45 mg L-1, chloride 45 mg L-1, sulfate of 21 mg L-1, nitrite of 0,03 mg L-1, nitrates of 20,2 mg L-1, total coliforms of 1 222 most probable number per 100 mL and thermotolerant coliforms of 584 most probable number probable per 100 mL. Conclusions: These water quality values are suitable for industrial use, while for social consumption they are not suitable due to microbiological contamination and non-compliance with health protection requirements. Although the physical and chemical values analyzed in water for social consumption are within maximum limits.

RESUMEN Introducción: El suministro de agua para uso industrial y consumo social disminuye debido a las sequías, la sobreexplotación del agua subterránea y la contaminación procedente de productos químicos agrícolas e industriales. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua para el uso industrial y consumo social de la fuente de abasto perteneciente al Central Refinería Ecuador. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua para uso industrial y consumo social se evaluó mediante la aplicación de técnicas y métodos de ensayos, en la determinación de los parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los parámetros de calidad del agua para el uso industrial y el consumo social evaluados fueron el olor, el sabor y el color de inodora, insípida e incolora respectivamente. Los sólidos totales disueltos fueron de 553 mg L-1, el pH de 7,33 unidades de pH, el calcio de 75 mg L-1, el magnesio de 45 mg L-1, el cloruro de 45 mg L-1, el sulfato de 21 mg L-1, el nitrito de 0,03 mg L-1, los nitratos de 20,2 mg L-1, los coliformes totales de 1 222 número más probable por 100 mL y los coliformes termotolerantes de 584 número más probable por 100 mL. Conclusiones: Estos valores de calidad del agua para el uso industrial son aptos, mientras que para el consumo social son no aptos por contaminación microbiológica e incumplimiento de los requisitos de protección sanitarios. Aunque los valores físicos y químicos analizados en el agua para consumo social se encuentran dentro de límites máximos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 ºC, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011).

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy en día los contaminantes producidos en el agua superan las capacidades de sus mecanismos de descontaminación. Siendo necesario evaluar las aguas residuales pertenecientes al Central Refinería Ecuador. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua residual del Central Refinería Ecuador, para su posible aprovechamiento en riego agrícola. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua residual se evaluó mediante ensayos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los principales resultados físico, químicos y microbiológicos evaluados en dos momentos fueron: temperatura 46,6 y 43,6 ºC, conductividad eléctrica 2 359 y 1 366 µS cm-1, sólidos sedimentables 8 y 3,50 mL L-1. pH 5,80 y 6,30 unidades de pH, fósforo total 5 y 3,75 mg L-1, nitrógeno total 4,20 y 6,45 mg L-1, demanda química de oxígeno 1 832 y 1 742 mg L-1, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 1 671 y 1 451 mg L-1, grasas y aceites 296,9 y 30,9 mg L-1; cadmio 0,06 y 0,16 mg L-1, cromo total 0,10 y 0,20 mg L-1, cobre 1,19 y 1,80 mg L-1, plomo 0,43 y 0,55 mg L-1, zinc 1,37 y 2,33 mg L-1, coliformes totales 8 800 000 y 1 60 000 mg L-1 y coliformes fecales 8 800 000 y 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusiones: El efluente no cumple con los requisitos de vertimiento de la NC 27, (2012)y es clasificada de mala calidad para ser aprovechada en el riego de la caña de azúcar según NC 855, (2011).

ABSTRACT: The zooplankton species present in Argopecten purpuratus “fan shell” culture areas were determined in Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; The physical and chemical parameters were related to the composition of the zooplankton; The sampling unit was 100 ml of water, in which zooplankton, temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity were evaluated. 180 samples were collected from 5 sampling points, chosen at random, using drag and vertical sampling, for six months. ; species are determined using taxonomic keys and the appropriate equipment to evaluate physical and chemical factors. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with decisions of 95% confidence. The results indicate that the phyllum Arthropoda predominates in the zooplankton and within it, the Copepoda class; The physical and chemical values were within the established ranges. Concluding that of 100% of individuals of the zooplankton species community present in the evaluated areas, 69.84% of them belong to the Phylum Arthropoda; and that the zooplankton community remains in dynamic equilibrium due to low dominance and high values of species richness, diversity and equitability.

RESUMEN: Se determinaron las especies de zooplancton presentes en áreas de cultivo de Argopecten purpuratus “concha de abanico” Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; se relacionaron los parámetros físicos y químicos con la composición del zooplancton; la unidad muestral fue de 100 ml de agua, en la que se evaluó zooplancton, temperatura, pH, oxígeno y salinidad, fueron colectadas 180 muestras en 5 puntos de muestreo elegidos al azar, muestreos por arrastre y vertical durante seis meses; determinándose las especies con el uso de claves taxonómicas y oxímetro, peachímetro y refractómetro para evaluar factores físicos y químicos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con decisiones de 95% de confianza. Los resultados indican que en el zooplancton predomina el phyllum Arthropoda y dentro de él, la clase Copepoda; los valores físicos y químicos se hallaron dentro de los rangos establecidos. Concluyéndose que del 100% de las especies de zooplancton presentes en las áreas evaluadas, el 69,84% pertenecen al phylum Arthropoda; y que, la comunidad de zooplancton se mantiene en equilibrio dinámico debido a una baja dominancia y valores elevados de riqueza de especies, diversidad y equitabilidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: An opportunity for the local development of Placetas, a municipality in the central region of Cuba, is the use of biogas generated from the swine waste from its Genetic Center as an energy alternative for the drying of different materials available in the area. Objective: To present a technological proposal for a multipurpose dryer for grains, tubers, protein plants and organic fertilizer, using biogas generated from swine waste as an energy source. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical parameters of the streams involved were identified, appropriate technologies were selected, process demands were estimated, and a rotary dryer was designed using the high-temperature method. Results and Discussion: A direct drying scheme was selected in a rotary equipment, ensuring ease in the handling of non-adherent granular solids and using mixtures of air and gases from biogas combustion as an energetic alternative. The technological proposal allows the treatment of 300 kg/h of wet material. It satisfies the drying service provided to productive forms of the area and their own productive needs. For tubers and protein plants, according to their initial humidity, a semi-continuous drying scheme was proposed with two passes and a hopper for storage and recycling of the material. The rotary dryer requires 0.7 m in diameter and 3.0 m in length. Conclusions: The developed proposal satisfies the productive demands with safety, energy efficiency, productivity and sustainability, contributing to the reduction of environmental impact and to the increase of the technical-economic effectiveness.

RESUMEN Introducción: Una oportunidad para el desarrollo local de Placetas, un municipio en la región central de Cuba, es el aprovechamiento del biogás generado con los residuales porcinos de su Centro Genético como alternativa energética para el secado de diferentes materiales disponibles en la zona. Objetivo: Presentar una propuesta tecnológica de secadero multipropósito para granos, tubérculos, plantas proteicas y fertilizante orgánico, que utiliza biogás generado con residuales porcinos como fuente energética. Materiales y Métodos: Se identificaron los parámetros físico-químicos de las corrientes involucradas, se seleccionaron las tecnologías adecuadas, se estimaron las demandas del proceso y se diseñó un secador rotatorio por el método de alta temperatura. Resultados y Discusión: Se seleccionó un esquema de secado directo en un equipo rotatorio, garantizando facilidad en el manejo de los sólidos granulares no adherentes y utilizando mezclas de aire y gases de la combustión del biogás como alternativa energética. La propuesta tecnológica permite tratar 300 kg/h de material húmedo. Se satisface la prestación del servicio de secado a formas productivas de la zona y las necesidades productivas propias. Para tubérculos y plantas proteicas, atendiendo a su humedad inicial, se propuso un esquema de secado semicontinuo con dos pases y una tolva para el almacenamiento y reciclo del material. El secador rotatorio requiere 0,7 m de diámetro y de 3,0 m de longitud. Conclusiones: La propuesta desarrollada satisface las demandas productivas con seguridad, eficiencia energética, productividad y sostenibilidad, contribuyendo a la reducción del impacto ambiental y al incremento de la efectividad técnico económica.

Abstract Nanosensors work on the “Nano” scale. “Nano” is a unit of measurement around 10− 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors. “Nano scale 10 m agriculture selectivity speed methods contaminants decades accurate felt Today highsensitivity gas heat radiation nanometersized sized 1

Resumo Os nanossensores funcionam na escala “Nano”. “Nano” é uma unidade de medida em torno de 10-9 m. Um nanosensor é um dispositivo capaz de transportar dados e informações sobre o comportamento e as características das partículas no nível da nanoescala para o nível macroscópico. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para detectar informações químicas ou mecânicas, como a presença de espécies químicas e nanopartículas, ou monitorar parâmetros físicos, como temperatura em nanoescala. Os nanossensores estão surgindo como ferramentas promissoras para aplicações na agricultura. Eles oferecem uma abrangente atualização em seletividade, velocidade e sensibilidade em comparação com os métodos químicos e biológicos tradicionais. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para a determinação de micróbios e contaminantes. Com o avanço da ciência no mundo e o advento dos equipamentos eletrônicos e as grandes mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas, sentiu-se a necessidade de construir sensores mais precisos, menores e mais capazes. Hoje, são usados sensores de alta sensibilidade que são sensíveis a pequenas quantidades de gás, calor ou radiação. Aumentar a sensibilidade, eficiência e precisão desses sensores requer a descoberta de novos materiais e ferramentas. Os nanossensores são sensores de tamanho nanométrico que, devido ao seu tamanho pequeno e tamanho nanométrico, possuem uma precisão e capacidade de resposta tão altas que reagem até mesmo na presença de vários átomos de um gás. Os nanossensores são inerentemente menores e mais sensíveis do que outros sensores. Nano. Nano . “Nano 109 10 9 10- m macroscópico mecânicas nanopartículas físicos agricultura seletividade tradicionais contaminantes décadas sentiuse sentiu se precisos capazes Hoje gás radiação 1

Abstract The study explores the Ichthyofaunal diversity of freshwater Cyprinidae fish in the Panjkora River of Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 911 fish samples were collected from 5 different sites along the river and identified using standard identification keys. Out of the 911 fish samples, 204 were related to family Cyprinidae, having 4 sub families, i.e Cyprininae representing 3 species i.e Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae representing 6 species i.e Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representing 5 species i.e Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, and Barbinae representing 6 species i.e Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus and Schizothorax plagiostomus. This study adds 6 new species i.e Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius and Rasbora daniconius for the 1st time which are not reported earlier. EXCEL 2019 and XLSTAT were used for principal components analysis to study richness and correlation of fish diversity. Eigenvalues obtained from Sheringal to Zulam are 3.72, 0.511, 0.37, 0.29 and 0.09 respectively. The higher eigenvalue of Sheringal site shows higher diversity. Water quality study shows that the mean values of water temperature was 16.8°C, pH 7.08, total hardness134.6 mg/L, alkalinity 89.3 mg/L, Nitrate 5.93 mg/L, Chlorine 0.87 mg/L, Nitrite0.02 mg/L and Copper 0.04 mg/L, Iron 0.07 mg/L, Lead 0.002 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters of river Panjkora during the study time remained within the permissible limits as prescribed by the WHO (2005). Gut analysis revealed the presence of algae, nymphs insect’s larvae, macroinvertebrates and protozoans. Dir Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 91 keys 20 families ie i e auratus carpio watsoni modestus vagra pakistanicus mola punjabensis putitora diplocheilus gotyla rohita ticto sophore esocinus plagiostomus st earlier 201 372 72 3.72 0511 0 511 0.511 037 37 0.37 029 29 0.2 009 09 0.0 respectively 168C C 16 8 16.8°C 708 7 08 7.08 hardness1346 hardness hardness134 hardness134. mgL mg L 893 89 89. 593 93 5.9 087 87 0.8 Nitrite002 Nitrite Nitrite0 02 Nitrite0.0 004 04 007 07 0002 002 0.00 2005. 2005 . (2005) algae insects insect s larvae protozoans 9 2 3.7 051 51 0.51 03 0.3 0. 00 1 70 7.0 hardness13 59 5. Nitrite00 Nitrite0. 000 200 (2005 3. 05 0.5 7. hardness1 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumo O presente estudo explora a diversidade ictiofaunística de peixes Cyprinidae de água doce no rio Panjkora de Dir, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 911 amostras de peixes foram coletadas em 5 locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificadas usando chaves de identificação padrão. Das 911 amostras de peixes, 204 eram relacionadas à família Cyprinidae, com 4 subfamílias, ou seja, Cyprininae representando 3 espécies, isto é, Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae, representando 6 espécies, ou seja, Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representando 5 espécies, ou seja, Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus e Barbinae, representando 6 espécies, ou seja, Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus e Schizothorax plagio estoma. Este estudo adiciona 6 novas espécies, como Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius e Rasbora daniconius pela primeira vez, que não foram relatadas anteriormente. EXCEL 2019 e XLSTAT foram usados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a riqueza e correlação da diversidade de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Sheringal a Zulam são 3,72, 0,511, 0,37, 0,29 e 0,09, respectivamente. O autovalor mais alto do site Sheringal mostra maior diversidade. O estudo da qualidade da água mostra que os valores médios da temperatura da água foram 16,8 °C, pH 7,08, dureza total 134,6 mg/L, alcalinidade 89,3 mg/L, Nitrato 5,93 mg/L, Cloro 0,87 mg/L, Nitrito 0,02 mg/ L e Cobre 0,04 mg/L, Ferro 0,07 mg/L, Chumbo 0,002 mg/L. Os parâmetros físico-químicos do rio Panjkora durante o tempo de estudo permaneceram nos limites permitidos conforme prescrito pela OMS (2005). A análise intestinal revelou a presença de algas, ninfas, larvas de insetos, macroinvertebrados e protozoários. Dir Pakhtoonkhwa Paquistão 91 padrão 20 subfamílias seja espécies é auratus carpio watsoni Danioninae modestus vagra pakistanicus mola punjabensis putitora gotyla rohita Barbinae ticto sophore esocinus estoma vez anteriormente 201 372 72 3,72 0511 0 511 0,511 037 37 0,37 029 29 0,2 009 09 0,09 respectivamente 168 16 8 16, C °C 708 7 08 7,08 1346 134 134, mgL mg mg/L 893 89 89, 593 93 5,9 087 87 0,8 002 02 0,0 004 04 007 07 0002 0,00 físicoquímicos físico químicos 2005. 2005 . (2005) algas ninfas insetos protozoários 9 2 3,7 051 51 0,51 03 0,3 0, 00 1 70 7,0 13 59 5, 000 200 (2005 3, 05 0,5 7, (200 (20 (2 (