The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

Abstract Introduction: Spills of flammable liquids can lead to serious accidents, mainly in industrial plants and on roads. To prevent the spread of spills, various forms of collection are used, such as absorption with porous solids. Agroindustrial waste can be used as sorbent materials for flammable liquids. Objective: To determine the sorption capacity of the residual empty-fruit bunch of oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) nutshell for four organic flammable liquids. Methods: The residual biomasses of E. guineensis and Acrocomia sp. were assessed as sorbents for spilled fuels (diesel, jet fuel, commercial kerosene, and gasoline). Volumetric measurement of liquid-fuel absorption at 24 ºC was taken during a week. Desorption was measured at 50 ºC as the drying kinetics, by using moisture scales. Results: The sorption capacity of the Acrocomia sp. material was not satisfactory, compared to the E. guineensis residual material, due to differences in the residual architecture of the organic material. This last can absorb 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 at 24 ºC, during a one-week period. Diatomite absorbs greater quantities of the organic liquids but, the fluids diffusion at 50 ºC is 0.26 ± 0.09 times more slowly in the mineral matrix, because of the greater pore tortuosity in this mineral matrix. Conclusions: The oil-palm empty fruit bunch of E. guineensis, showed lesser but adequate performance than the sorbing behavior for fire hazard mitigation of diatomite. The nutshell of macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) did not prove to be useful for this recovery operation.

Resumen Introducción: Los vertidos de líquidos inflamables pueden producir accidentes graves, principalmente en plantas industriales y en carretera. Para prevenir la dispersión de derrames, se utilizan diversas formas de recolecta, como la absorción con sólidos porosos. Residuos agroindustriales pueden ser aprovechados como materiales sorbentes de líquidos inflamables. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad de absorción de las biomasas residuales del pedúnculo de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) y del endocarpio del fruto de coyol (Acrocomia sp.) para cuatro líquidos orgánicos inflamables. Métodos: Las biomasas residuales de E. guineensis y de Acrocomia sp. se evaluaron como sorbentes para combustibles derramados (diésel, queroseno de aviación, queroseno comercial y gasolina). Se midió la cantidad de líquido absorbida por las biomasas a 24 ºC durante una semana, y su cinética de desorción a 50 ºC, usando balanzas de secado. Resultados: La propiedad sorbente del material de Acrocomia sp. no fue satisfactoria, comparada con el pedúnculo de E. guineensis, debido a diferencias en arquitectura residual del material orgánico. Esta última biomasa muestra una capacidad de absorción para los combustibles de 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 a 24 ºC. La diatomita absorbe mayor cantidad de los combustibles estudiados, pero la difusión de estos fluidos a 50 ºC por la matriz mineral es solo 0.26 ± 0.09 veces lo observado para el material de E. guineensis, como resultado del mayor grado de tortuosidad de los poros de la diatomita. Conclusiones: El pedúnculo de palma aceitera (E. guineensis) mostró un adecuado potencial desempeño para la aplicación pasiva en la mitigación de los riesgos de incendio, con respecto a la diatomita. El endocarpio del fruto de Acrocomia sp. no resultó útil para esta operación de recuperación.

ABSTRACT: Due to the increase in the cost of production and the environmental pollution caused by the effluents of the oil palm industry, environmentally friendly solutions are being sought. The objective of the research was to evaluate Accelerated Organic Liquid Fertilizer (ALOA) from palm industry effluents, through homolactic biofermentation processes. Five treatments were evaluated: T1 (80% florentine effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T2 (80% overflow effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T3 (40% florentine effluent+40% of overflow effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T4 (70% of florentino effluent+10% palm kernel+10% garlac + 10% molasses) and T5 (70% of overflow effluent+10% palm kernel+10% garlac+10% molasses), under a Complete Randomized Design (RCD), with four repetitions. The T4 obtained the best result with 4.3 pH, 28.54 dS*m-1 in Electrical Conductivity (EC) and the highest content of nitrogen (9560.46 mg*L-1), phosphorus (1620.79 mg*L-1), potassium (6787.50 mg*L-1), organic matter 262.01 g*L-1 and total solids 302.80 g*L-1. Preparing an ALOA from the Florentine effluent, overflow and palm kernel from the oil palm industry is an alternative to reduce environmental pollution.

RESUMEN: El incremento del costo de producción y por la contaminación ambiental provocada por los efluentes de la industria de la palma aceitera se buscan soluciones amigables con el medio ambiente. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el Abono Líquido Orgánico Acelerado (ALOA) a partir de efluentes de la industria de palma, mediante procesos de biofermentación homoláctica. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos T1 (80% de efluente de florentino+10% garlac+10% melaza), T2 (80% de efluente de rebose+10% garlac+10% melaza), T3 (40% de efluente de florentino+40% de efluente de rebose+10% garlac+10% melaza), T4 (70% de efluente de florentino+10% palmiste+10% garlac+10% melaza) y T5 (70% de efluente de rebose+10% palmiste+10% garlac+10% melaza), bajo un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA), con cuatro repeticiones. El T4 obtuvo el mejor resultado con 4,3 de pH; 28,54 dS*m-1 en Conductividad Eléctrica (CE) y el mayor contenido de nitrógeno (9560,46 mg*L-1), fósforo (1620,79 mg*L-1), potasio (6787,50 mg*L-1), materia orgánica 262,01 g*L-1 y sólidos totales 302,80 g*L-1. Elaborar un ALOA a partir del efluente florentino, rebose y palmiste procedente de la industria de la palma aceitera es una alternativa para disminuir la contaminación ambiental.

Abstract The consumption of vegetable oils is common in our daily diet. Rapeseed oil (canola oil) is the third most consumed edible oil in the world, followed by palm and soybean oils in terms of production. Rapeseed oil has a low proportion of saturated fatty acids, while it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in healthy compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, processing technologies affect the content and functional activities of bioactive compounds in the oil. Aim: To assess any potential effect of hot or cold pressing and a refining process on the nutritional value and the profile of several bioactive compounds in canola oils produced in Chile. Methods: Canola oils were characterized regarding their fatty acid profile, phytosterol and tocopherol composition, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, according to the mode of extraction (cold or hot pressed) and before and after bWeing subjected to a refining process. Results: Fatty acid profiles were not significantly different in any of the analyzed canola oils. Refining but not temperature extraction led to a sharp decrease of phytosterols and tocopherols. Hot pressing significantly increased the amount of total phenols (3.1 times) and the antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (3.1 times) and DPPH (8.3 times) compared to the cold extraction. However, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity decreased after refining. Conclusions: Refining processes should be adjusted to reduce the loss of bioactive compounds in the oil.

Resumen El consumo de aceites vegetales es habitual en nuestra dieta diaria. El aceite de colza (aceite de canola) es el tercer aceite comestible más consumido en el mundo, seguido por los aceites de palma y soja en términos de producción. El aceite de colza tiene una baja proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que es rico en ácidos grasos insaturados, así como en compuestos liposolubles saludables como fenoles, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, carotenoides y vitaminas. Sin embargo, las tecnologías de procesamiento afectan el contenido y las actividades funcionales de los compuestos bioactivos en el aceite. Objetivo: Evaluar cualquier efecto potencial del prensado en caliente o en frío y un proceso de refinación sobre el valor nutricional y el perfil de varios compuestos bioactivos en los aceites de canola producidos en Chile. Métodos: Los aceites de canola se caracterizaron en cuanto a su perfil de ácidos grasos, composición de fitoesteroles y tocoferoles, contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, según el modo de extracción (prensado en frío o en caliente) y antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de refinación. Resultados: Los perfiles de ácidos grasos no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguno de los aceites de canola analizados. La refinación, pero no la extracción en caliente, condujo a una fuerte disminución de los fitoesteroles y tocoferoles. El prensado en caliente aumentó significativamente la cantidad de fenoles totales (3,1 veces) y la actividad antioxidante medida por ORAC (3,1 veces) y DPPH (8,3 veces) en comparación con la extracción en frío. Sin embargo, la concentración de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron después del refinado. Conclusión: Los procesos de refinación deben ajustarse para reducir la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos en el aceite.

ABSTRACT The effect of three sources of lipids in the diet of fattening turkeys from the Hybrid Converter line on growth, carcass weight and blood metabolites were evaluated. A total of 90 43-day-old male turkeys were randomly distributed into 3 treatments, with 5 repetitions and 6 birds per group. The turkeys received isonutritional diets supplemented with Cajamarca Creole lard (MCCC), soybean oil (AS) or palm oil (AP). Turkeys aged 43 to 70 days with MCCC and AP had better body weight gain, lower feed consumption and better feed conversion (p<0.05) than those with the AS treatment; However, there were no differences between treatments during the finishing phase (71-98 days) nor in the total fattening period (43-98 days). The carcass weight in MCCC and AS was greater than in AP, in addition, they reduced (p<0.05) the relative weight of the liver and the percentage of abdominal fat compared to AP. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood were lower (p<0.05) in AS and MCCC than in AP, likewise, MCCC decreased (p<0.05) the malondialdehyde content in blood. It is concluded that MCCC in fattening turkeys from 43 to 98 days of age can replace AS and AP in the diet, since it does not generate negative effects or a decrease in the evaluated indicators.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de tres fuentes de lípidos en la dieta de pavos de engorde de la línea Hybrid Converter sobre el crecimiento, peso de carcasa y metabolitos sanguíneos. Un total de 90 pavos machos de 43 días de edad se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 3 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones y 6 aves por grupo. Los pavos recibieron dietas isonutricionales suplementadas con manteca de cerdo criollo cajamarquino (MCCC), aceite de soya (AS) o aceite de palma (AP). Los pavos de 43 a 70 días con MCCC y AP tuvieron mejor ganancia de peso corporal, menor consumo de alimento y mejor conversión alimenticia (p<0.05) que los del tratamiento AS; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos durante la fase de finalización (71-98 días) ni en el total periodo de engorde(43-98días). El peso de la carcasa en MCCC y AS fue mayor que en AP; además, redujeron (p<0.05) el peso relativo del hígado y el porcentaje de grasa abdominal en comparación con AP. Los triglicéridos y el colesterol total en sangre fueron menores (p<0.05) en AS y MCCC que en AP. Asimismo, el MCCC disminuyó (p<0.05) el contenido de malondialdehído en sangre. Se concluye que la MCCC en pavos de engorde de 43 a 98 días de edad puede reemplazar el AS yAP en la dieta, ya que no genera efectos negativos ni disminución de los indicadores evaluados.

Abstract Changes in the interactions between agents involved in the value chain of the palm oil sector in the municipality of Tibú (Colombia) over the period 1985-2020 have resulted in a reduction in the indices of poverty, social inequality, and unemployment for the inhabitants of the region, which can be explained by a process of socio-technical transition. The main objective of this study is to analyze the factors that determined the success of this process from a multilevel perspective. Exploratory research was developed based on a case study analysis using semi-structured interviews of commercial and non-commercial agents in the sector and information collected from secondary sources. The results show that changes in the legal and regulatory framework established by the government, landscape transformation, and the transition from small farmers to medium entrepreneurs of the farms in the region were important factors revolutionizing the system and are encouraging the emergence of new alternative practices in the palm oil sector. Colombia (Colombia 19852020 1985 2020 1985-202 poverty inequality sociotechnical socio technical perspective semistructured semi structured noncommercial non sources government transformation 1985202 198 202 1985-20 198520 19 20 1985-2 19852 1 2 1985-

Resumen Los cambios en las formas de interactuar entre los diferentes agentes involucrados en la cadena de valor del sector de la palma de aceite en el municipio de Tibú (Colombia) durante el periodo 1985-2020 han dado como resultado una reducción en los índices de pobreza, desigualdad social y desempleo para los habitantes de la región, lo cual se explica por un proceso de transición sociotécnica. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar desde una perspectiva multinivel los factores que determinaron el éxito de este proceso. Para lograr este propósito, se desarrolló una investigación exploratoria basada en el análisis de un estudio de caso mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a agentes comerciales y no comerciales del sector, y la recopilación de información de fuentes secundarias. Los resultados muestran que los cambios en el marco jurídico y normativo establecidos por el gobierno, la transformación del paisaje y la transición de pequeños propietarios a medianos empresarios agrícolas en la región, fueron factores importantes para revolucionar el régimen y fomentar la aparición de nuevas prácticas alternativas en el sector del aceite de palma. Colombia (Colombia 19852020 1985 2020 1985-202 pobreza región sociotécnica propósito secundarias gobierno 1985202 198 202 1985-20 198520 19 20 1985-2 19852 1 2 1985-

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

ABSTRACT Background: The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.) is a palm tree native to tropical regions and occurs in much of the Brazilian territory. Current studies are focused on the extraction and exploitation of vegetable oil from this fruit. However, there are few studies on the residue, the endocarp, which represents approximately 25% of the total mass of the fruit. Studies that search for solutions for using residue, thus adding value, and generating environmentally friendly products, are of fundamental importance. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted wood panels produced with different proportions of macauba endocarp particles to replace pine wood particles, in addition to characterize the physical and chemical properties of macauba endocarp. The chemical characterization tests were performed according to applicable standards. The basic density was determined according to the NBR 11941 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also performed. The particleboards panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70g/cm³ and dimensions of 25x25x1.5cm. Five different treatments were evaluated with variations in the proportion of macauba endocarp particles in the core of the panel. For particle agglutination, phenol-formaldehyde adhesive was used at a proportion of 9% for the core and 12% for the faces, based on the dry mass of each panel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the panel surfaces. Results: The endocarp of Acrocomia aculeata has low extractive content, high lignin content and high densification, 1.23g/cm³, when compared to Pinus oocarpa wood, 0.43g/cm³. All panels were classified as low density according to CS 236-66 and had an average apparent density between treatments of 0.586g/cm³. A greater dimensional stability and a decrease in the static bending properties of the panels was observed as the proportion of macauba endocarp particles increased. The internal bonding of the panels showed a positive result with the increase in the use of particles of the residue. Conclusion: The panels produced have potential for use for non-structural purposes. Background Jacq. Jacq (Jacq. Lodd Mart. Mart territory fruit However residue 25 value products importance Thus standards 1194 standard TGA, TGA , (TGA) Xray X ray XRD (XRD FTIR (FTIR 070gcm³ gcm 0 70g cm³ g cm 0.70g/cm 25x25x15cm xxcm 25x25x1 5cm x 25x25x1.5cm agglutination phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde 9 12 faces SEM (SEM surfaces Results densification 123gcm³ 1 23g 1.23g/cm³ 043gcm³ 43g 0.43g/cm³ 23666 236 66 236-6 0586gcm³ 586g 0.586g/cm³ increased Conclusion nonstructural non structural purposes (Jacq 2 119 (TGA 070gcm xx 25x25x 123gcm 1.23g/cm 043gcm 0.43g/cm 2366 23 6 236- 0586gcm 0.586g/cm 11

ABSTRACT The use of silicates in plant tissue culture has resulted in positive effects regarding the morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of in vitro plants. However, biological responses to this mineral are dose and genotype dependent. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of silicon supplementation on the somatic embryogenesis of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The study was carried out in three stages of the cloning process, namely: Regeneration (i) and germination (ii) of somatic embryos and during ex vitro acclimatization (iii) of regenerated plantlets. The culture media were supplemented with four doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1) of calcium silicate (CaSiO3). The resulting plantlets were transplanted and acclimatized in a greenhouse. The regression analysis showed that the dose of 0.63g L-1 of CaSiO3 induced a higher rate of regeneration, which would allow a 58% increase in the number of somatic embryos formed. However, the germination of the plantlets, as well as their morphometric characters, were not affected by the different doses of CaSiO3, although the presence of this compound promoted an increase in the thickness of the epidermis and a reduction in the amount of epicuticular wax. Overall, silicon does contribute to the cloning of E. guineensis. morphological plants However dependent Elaeis Jacq.. Jacq Jacq. . Jacq.) process namely i (i ii (ii iii (iii 0.0, 00 0 (0.0 05 5 0.5 10 1 1. 15 L1 L CaSiO3. CaSiO (CaSiO3) greenhouse 063g 63g L- regeneration 58 formed characters wax Overall E 0.0 (0. 0. (CaSiO3 (0 (CaSiO (

RESUMO O uso de silicatos em cultura de tecidos tem resultado em efeitos positivos no que tange os caracteres morfológicos, anatômicos e fisiológicos das plantas in vitro. Contudo as respostas biológicas a este mineral são dose e genótipo-dependente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da suplementação de silício no processo de embriogênese somática da Elaeis guineensis Jacq. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas do processo de clonagem, sendo elas: Regeneração (i) e germinação (ii) dos embriões somáticos e durante a aclimatação ex vitro (iii) das plântulas. Os meios de cultivo foram suplementados com quatro doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 e 1.5 g L-1) de silicato de cálcio (CaSiO3). As plântulas resultantes foram transplantadas e aclimatizadas em casa de vegetação. A análise de regressão evidenciou que a dose de 0.63g L-1 de CaSiO3 induziu maior taxa de regeneração, o que possibilitaria um aumento de 58% no número de embriões somáticos formados. Contudo, a germinação das plântulas, bem como, seus caracteres morfométricos não foram afetados pelas diferentes doses de CaSiO3, embora a presença deste composto tenha promovido aumento da espessura da epiderme e redução na quantidade de cera epicuticular. No geral, o silício contribui para a clonagem de E. guineensis. morfológicos genótipodependente. genótipodependente genótipo dependente. dependente genótipo-dependente sentido objetivouse objetivou se Jacq elas i (i ii (ii iii (iii 0.0, 00 0 (0.0 05 5 0.5 10 1 1. 15 L1 L CaSiO3. CaSiO . (CaSiO3) vegetação 063g 63g L- regeneração 58 formados como epicuticular geral E 0.0 (0. 0. (CaSiO3 (0 (CaSiO (

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the effect of proanthocyanidin, palm oil and vitamin E against erosive and erosive+abrasive challenges in vitro after enamel pellicle formation in situ. Methodology Bovine enamel blocks (n=84) were obtained and divided into the following treatment groups: negative control (NC) - deionized water; positive control (PC) - SnCl2/NaF/AmF-containing solution; palm oil (PO); 2% proanthocyanidin (P2); vitamin E (VitE); 2% proanthocyanidin+palm oil (P2PO); and 2% proanthocyanidin+vitamin E (P2VitE). For 5 days, one half of the sample from each group was subjected to erosion and the other half was subjected to erosion+abrasion. The acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) was pre-formed in situ for 30 minutes. The specimens were then treated in vitro with solutions (500 µl, 30s for each group). Subsequently, the blocks were left in the oral cavity for another hour to obtain the modified AEP. The blocks were immersed in 0.5% citric acid (pH=2.5) for 90s, 4×/day. AEP formation and treatment were carried out before the first and third erosive challenges, and after these challenges, abrasive cycles (15s) were performed on half of the samples. Enamel wear was quantified by profilometry and data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Results All groups showed higher wear when exposed to erosion+abrasion than when exposed to erosion alone (p=0.0001). PO, P2VitE, P2, and P2PO showed enamel wear similar to the PC group, but only PC, PO and P2VitE differed from the NC group. The other groups behaved similarly to NC. Conclusion It was concluded that the combination of proanthocyanidin and vitamin E was effective in reducing wear in the face of in vitro erosive and erosive+abrasive challenges. erosiveabrasive n=84 n84 n 84 (n=84 (NC water (PC SnCl2/NaF/AmFcontaining SnCl2NaFAmFcontaining SnClNaFAmFcontaining SnCl2/NaF/AmF containing SnCl2 NaF AmF SnCl solution (PO) 2 P2 P (P2) VitE (VitE) proanthocyanidinpalm PPO (P2PO) proanthocyanidinvitamin P2VitE. PVitE . (P2VitE) days erosionabrasion abrasion (AEP preformed pre formed 3 minutes 500 (50 µl s group) Subsequently 05 0 0.5 pH=2.5 pH25 pH (pH=2.5 90s 4day day 4 4×/day 15s (15s samples twoway two way Tukeys Tukey p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 (p<0.05) p=0.0001. p00001 p=0.0001 0001 (p=0.0001) n=8 n8 8 (n=8 AmFcontaining NaFAmFcontaining SnCl2NaFAmF SnClNaFAmF (PO (P2 (VitE (P2PO (P2VitE 50 (5 0. pH=2. pH2 (pH=2. p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0000 p=0.000 000 (p=0.0001 n= (n= NaFAmF (P ( pH=2 (pH=2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.000 (n pH= (pH= p<0 (p<0. p=0.0 (p=0.00 (pH p< (p<0 p=0. (p=0.0 (p< p=0 (p=0. (p p= (p=0 (p=

ABSTRACT The usage of by-products stems from industry offers a promising avenue for promoting clean production, waste minimization, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thus fostering environmental sustainability. This study delves into the performance evaluation of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) in concrete, aiming to assess its impact on strength, flowability, durability, and microstructure. The findings indicate that incorporating POFA into concrete mixes, up to a 12% dosage enhances compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths. However, higher POFA content leads to decreased workability. Notably, the study divulges a significant control over chloride ingress with the addition of POFA, suggesting its potential to mitigate degradation in aggressive environments. Microstructural analysis of the specimens further highlights the promising role of POFA in enhancing concrete performance under adverse conditions, affirming its viability as a sustainable alternative in construction materials. byproducts by products production minimization emissions sustainability (POFA strength flowability durability microstructure mixes 12 compressive flexural strengths However workability Notably environments conditions materials 1

ABSTRACT Macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is a widespread tree in Brazil, and the oil industry has been increasing interest in this tree due to its high oil concentrations, rusticity, and adaptability to different environments. Currently, macaw palms are being domesticated and are in an early rational cultivation process. Foliar diagnosis can contribute to managing fertilization, but there is no protocol for leaf sampling. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal variation of leaf nutrient contents and indicate an adequate period for leaf sampling. Leaf contents of macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn) from composed samples of leaflets collected from the middle part of the tenth leaf were evaluated in 12 uninterrupted sampling times (January to December 2016). The data were submitted to analysis of variance. The distance from Mahalanobis and Tocher optimization methods was used to group sampling times of similar seasonal variations. Contents of N, P, K, Ca, S, Mn and Fe varied throughout the months. May and June are adequate to sample diagnostic leaves of macaw palm to analyze the nutritional status. Seasonal variation of N, S and Ca mostly contributed to the indication of leaf sampling time of macaw palm. Acrocomia aculeata Brazil concentrations rusticity environments Currently process fertilization N (N P K Cu, Cu (Cu Zn 1 January 2016. 2016 . 2016) variance variations months status 201 20 2

Resumo Dezessete sementes de variedades e clones de tamareiras foram avaliadas quanto aos seus componentes químicos e às propriedades do óleo de caroço de tâmara. A cromatografia gasosa líquida mostrou que o principal ácido graxo insaturado foi o ácido oleico (46,00% - 50,87%), enquanto o principal ácido graxo saturado foi o ácido láurico (10,11% - 19,03%) para as cultivares MTN e KBN, respectivamente; outros ácidos graxos também foram identificados. A caracterização físico-química mostrou um valor ácido variando de 0,068% a 1,188%, um valor específico de extinção igual a (K232: 1,350–2,225; K270: 0,318–0,521), um valor de peróxido no intervalo (1,059–5,618 meq O2/kg) e um valor de iodo (41,861–59,980 g Iodo/100 g). O teor de feofitina dos óleos de sementes de tâmara foi encontrado na faixa de 21,855% a 75,685%. A análise química mostrou que o óleo de semente de tâmara pode ser útil no processamento de produtos cosméticos e alimentícios.

Abstract This research was aimed to study the lipid fraction of date seeds. Seventeen seeds of date palm varieties and clones were evaluated and assessed for their chemical components and for the properties of the date pits oil. Gas liquid chromatography showed that the main unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (46.00 - 50.87%), while the main saturated fatty acid was lauric acid (10.11 - 19.03%) for the cultivars Mentouj Tissgharine (MTN) and Bheir Ingli (KBN) respectively; other fatty acids were also identified. The physicochemical characterization showed an acid value ranging from 0.068 to 1.188%, a specific extinction value equal to (K232: 1.350–2.225; K270: 0.318– 0.521), a peroxide value in the interval (1.059–5.618 meq O2/kg) and an iodine value (41.861–59.980 g Iodine/100 g). The pheophytin content of date seed oils was found within the range from 21.855 to 75.685%. The chemical analysis showed that date seed oil can be useful in cosmetic and food products processing.

ABSTRACT Juçara fruits (Euterpe edulis Martius), an important palm tree native to the Atlantic Forest ecosystem, exhibit a rich diversity of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB are highly capable of synthesizing exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are extracellular carbohydrate biopolymers with techno-functional properties, and consequently, wide applicability. In the present study, the technical-functional information of the dextran produced by L. pseudomesenteroides JF17 was obtained by determining its physicochemical, rheological, water-holding, oil-holding, and emulsifying properties. Dextran-JF17 mainly comprised carbohydrates (87.87% ± 1.45%, w/w), along with 48.86% ± 1.2% (w/w) of soluble fibers and a low protein content (2.98% ± 0.49%, w/w). The dextran exhibited high water-holding (470.89% ± 39.67%, w/v) and oil-holding (89.945% ± 4.16%, w/v) capacities, with values close to those reported for other microbial EPS. The dextran-JF17 solutions with concentrations 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (w/v) exhibited the typical pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid behavior. The emulsifying capacity of dextran-JF17 was higher (26.73 ± 0.31 mL of oil/g dextran) than that of guar gum (15.45 ± 1.33 mL oil/gum). In addition, dextran-JF17 presented an emulsifying activity of approximately 65% (w/v) within 24 h, indicating a strong emulsion stabilization capacity. Collectively, these results suggested that dextran-JF17 is a good candidate for application as a viscosity, stabilizing, and emulsifying agent in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Euterpe Martius, Martius , Martius) ecosystem microorganisms LAB. . (LAB) EPS, EPS (EPS) technofunctional techno functional properties consequently applicability study technicalfunctional technical L JF JF1 physicochemical rheological waterholding, waterholding water holding, holding oilholding, oilholding oil DextranJF17 DextranJF Dextran Dextran-JF1 87.87% 8787 87 (87.87 145 1 45 1.45% w/w, ww w/w w w/w) 4886 48 86 48.86 12 2 1.2 (w/w 2.98% 298 98 (2.98 049 0 49 0.49% w/w. 470.89% 47089 470 89 (470.89 3967 39 67 39.67% w/v wv v 89.945% 89945 945 (89.945 416 4 16 4.16% capacities dextranJF17 dextranJF dextran-JF1 05 5 0.5% 10 1.0% 20 2.0 (w/v nonNewtonian non Newtonian behavior 26.73 2673 26 73 (26.7 031 31 0.3 oilg g 15.45 1545 15 (15.4 133 33 1.3 oil/gum. oilgum oil/gum oil/gum) addition 65 h Collectively viscosity stabilizing industries (LAB (EPS DextranJF1 Dextran-JF 87.87 878 8 (87.8 14 1.45 488 48.8 1. 2.98 29 9 (2.9 04 0.49 470.89 4708 47 (470.8 396 3 6 39.67 89.945 8994 94 (89.94 41 4.16 dextranJF1 dextran-JF 0.5 1.0 2. 26.7 267 7 (26. 03 0. 15.4 154 (15. 13 87.8 (87. 1.4 48. 2.9 (2. 0.4 470.8 (470. 39.6 89.94 899 (89.9 4.1 26. (26 15. (15 87. (87 (2 470. (470 39. 89.9 (89. 4. (1 (8 ( (47 89. (89 (4

RESUMO Os frutos da juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius), importante palmeira nativa do ecossistema da Mata Atlântica, exibe uma rica diversidade de microrganismos, incluindo bactérias lácticas (LAB). As LAB são altamente capazes de sintetizar exopolissacarídeos (EPS), que são biopolímeros de carboidratos extracelulares com propriedades tecnofuncionais e, consequentemente, ampla aplicabilidade. No presente estudo, informações tecnofuncionais da dextrana produzida por L. pseudomesenteroides JF17 foram obtidas através da determinação de suas propriedades físico-químicas, reológicas, de retenção de água, de retenção de óleo e emulsificantes. A dextrana-JF17 era composta principalmente por carboidratos (87,87% ± 1,45%, p/p), juntamente com 48,86% ± 1,2% (p/p) de fibras solúveis e baixo teor de proteínas (2,98% ± 0,49%, p/p). A dextrana exibiu alta capacidade de retenção de água (470,89% ± 39,67%, v/v) e de retenção de óleo (89,945% ± 4,16%, v/v), com valores próximos aos relatados para outros EPS microbianos. As soluções de dextrana-JF17 com concentrações de 0,5%, 1,0% e 2,0% (p/v) exibiram o comportamento típico de fluido pseudoplástico não newtoniano. A capacidade emulsificante da dextrana-JF17 foi superior (26,73 ± 0,31 mL de óleo/g de dextrana) à da goma guar (15,45 ± 1,33 mL de óleo/goma). Além disso, a dextrana-JF17 apresentou uma atividade emulsificante de aproximadamente 65% (p/v) em 24 horas, indicando uma forte capacidade de estabilização de emulsões. Coletivamente, esses resultados sugerem que a dextrana-JF17 é uma boa candidata para aplicação como agente viscosificante, estabilizante e emulsificante nas indústrias alimentícia e farmacêutica. Euterpe Martius, Martius , Martius) Atlântica microrganismos LAB. . (LAB) EPS, (EPS) consequentemente aplicabilidade estudo L JF JF1 físicoquímicas, físicoquímicas físico químicas, químicas físico-químicas reológicas emulsificantes dextranaJF17 dextranaJF dextrana-JF1 87,87% 8787 87 (87,87 145 1 45 1,45% p/p, pp p/p p p/p) 4886 48 86 48,86 12 2 1,2 (p/p 2,98% 298 98 (2,98 049 0 49 0,49% p/p. 470,89% 47089 470 89 (470,89 3967 39 67 39,67% v/v vv v 89,945% 89945 945 (89,945 416 4 16 4,16% v/v, microbianos 05 5 0,5% 10 1,0 20 2,0 p/v pv (p/v newtoniano 26,73 2673 26 73 (26,7 031 31 0,3 óleog g 15,45 1545 15 (15,4 133 33 1,3 óleo/goma. óleogoma óleo/goma óleo/goma) disso 65 horas emulsões Coletivamente viscosificante farmacêutica (LAB (EPS dextranaJF1 dextrana-JF 87,87 878 8 (87,8 14 1,45 488 48,8 1, 2,98 29 9 (2,9 04 0,49 470,89 4708 47 (470,8 396 3 6 39,67 89,945 8994 94 (89,94 41 4,16 0,5 2, 26,7 267 7 (26, 03 0, 15,4 154 (15, 13 87,8 (87, 1,4 48, 2,9 (2, 0,4 470,8 (470, 39,6 89,94 899 (89,9 4,1 26, (26 15, (15 87, (87 (2 470, (470 39, 89,9 (89, 4, (1 (8 ( (47 89, (89 (4

ORIENTATION: The development of quality of work life (QWL) in line with the needs of employees will balance personal growth and social life in the workplace. Improving the QWL has an impact on employee efficiency and organisational productivity RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study determines how organisational justice and work-family conflict determine the QWL. We conducted a cross-sectional study. Participants were selected based on characteristics and the objective of the study MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Employees' well-being and fairness in the workplace are crucial factors that can significantly impact their job satisfaction, productivity and overall organisational outcomes RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: Data collection used questionnaires and involved 508 oil palm plantation officers. The hierarchical regression analysis was used to find out the determinant of QWL MAIN FINDINGS: We found that organisational justice and work-family conflict are predictors of QWL. Work-family conflict is associated with low levels of QWL. Interactional justice and time-based conflict was the best predictor of QWL PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The emergence of work-family conflict will reduce employee job satisfaction, and ultimately, the QWL will decrease CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: These findings could be guidelines for managing a healthy work culture that eventually leads to the organisation's success