The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

The increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to excess CO2 and other greenhouse gases has caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise. The burning of fossil fuels is one of the main causes of this problem, so the use of biofuels is important for mitigating this environmental impact. In Brazil, biodiesel is mixed with mineral; however, irregularities have been detected, reducing the expected positive effects. Therefore, this study proposes the use of multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR ALS) to quantify the content of methyl palm oil biodiesel in diesel blends and determine the concentration of the adulterant automotive lubricating oil in the blend. The model for quantifying biodiesel in diesel obtained R2 = 0.9997, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) = 0.56% (v v-1) and prediction (RMSEP) = 0.65% (v v-1), while the determination of adulteration in the biodiesel-diesel blend showed RMSEC = 0.67% (v v-1), RMSEP = 0.81% (v v-1) and R2 = 0.9992. These results demonstrate the ability of the models developed to predict both the content and quantity of possible adulterants in blends of palm oil biodiesel and mineral diesel, contributing to the quality control of this fuel. CO rise problem impact Brazil however detected effects Therefore MCR ALS R 09997 0 9997 0.9997 (RMSEC 056 56 0.56 v v1 1 v-1 (RMSEP 065 65 0.65 v1, , biodieseldiesel 067 67 0.67 081 81 0.81 09992 9992 0.9992 fuel 0999 999 0.999 05 5 0.5 v- 06 6 0.6 08 8 0.8 099 99 0.99 0. 09 9 0.9

Abstract The use of sandwich panels in construction is a viable alternative in the search for materials with low self-weight, lower thermal conductivity, and resistance to compression. To increase the sustainability of this solution, it is necessary to replace the steel reinforcement of the faces and the EPS core with materials that have lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions during production. In this context, this study aims to develop a sandwich panel with a lightweight concrete core made from oil palm endocarp as a substitute for conventional coarse aggregate and faces with mortar reinforced with short sisal fibers. The bioconcrete was produced with two levels of oil palm endocarp (100% and 150% of the binder mass) and two water/binder ratios, 0.35 and 0.45. The increase in the content of endocarp results in increased water absorption and reduced mechanical strength, but the panels had a specific mass lower than 1480 kg/m³ and compressive strength greater than 7 MPa, qualifying them for use as infill masonry. The use of sisal fibers allowed an increase in toughness under flexure even after the initiation of panel cracking. selfweight, selfweight self weight, weight self-weight conductivity compression solution production context 100% 100 (100 150 waterbinder ratios 035 0 35 0.3 045 45 0.45 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m MPa masonry cracking 10 (10 15 03 3 0. 04 4 0.4 14 1 (1 (

Resumo O uso de painéis sanduíche na construção civil é uma alternativa viável na busca por materiais com baixo peso próprio, menor condutividade térmica e resistentes à compressão. Para aumentar a sustentabilidade dessa solução, é preciso substituir o reforço de aço das faces e o núcleo em EPS por materiais que apresentem menor custo energético e redução da emissão de gases do efeito estufa durante a produção. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, desenvolver um painel sanduíche com núcleo de concreto leve feito com endocarpo do dendê em substituição do agregado graúdo convencional e faces com argamassa reforçada com fibras curtas de sisal. O bioconcreto foi produzido com dois teores de endocarpo do dendê (100% e 150% da massa de aglomerante) e duas relações água/aglomerante, de 0,35 e 0,45. O aumento do teor de endocarpo resulta em aumento da absorção de água e redução da resistência mecânica, mas os painéis apresentaram massa específica menor que 1480 kg/m³ e resistência a compressão maior que 7 MPa o que os qualifica para uso como alvenaria de vedação. O uso de fibras vegetais permitiu o aumento da tenacidade sob flexão mesmo após o início da fissuração do painel. próprio solução produção contexto objetivo sisal 100% 100 (100 150 aglomerante águaaglomerante água/aglomerante 035 0 35 0,3 045 45 0,45 mecânica 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m vedação 10 (10 15 03 3 0, 04 4 0,4 14 1 (1 (

Abstract Introduction: Spills of flammable liquids can lead to serious accidents, mainly in industrial plants and on roads. To prevent the spread of spills, various forms of collection are used, such as absorption with porous solids. Agroindustrial waste can be used as sorbent materials for flammable liquids. Objective: To determine the sorption capacity of the residual empty-fruit bunch of oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) nutshell for four organic flammable liquids. Methods: The residual biomasses of E. guineensis and Acrocomia sp. were assessed as sorbents for spilled fuels (diesel, jet fuel, commercial kerosene, and gasoline). Volumetric measurement of liquid-fuel absorption at 24 ºC was taken during a week. Desorption was measured at 50 ºC as the drying kinetics, by using moisture scales. Results: The sorption capacity of the Acrocomia sp. material was not satisfactory, compared to the E. guineensis residual material, due to differences in the residual architecture of the organic material. This last can absorb 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 at 24 ºC, during a one-week period. Diatomite absorbs greater quantities of the organic liquids but, the fluids diffusion at 50 ºC is 0.26 ± 0.09 times more slowly in the mineral matrix, because of the greater pore tortuosity in this mineral matrix. Conclusions: The oil-palm empty fruit bunch of E. guineensis, showed lesser but adequate performance than the sorbing behavior for fire hazard mitigation of diatomite. The nutshell of macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) did not prove to be useful for this recovery operation.

Resumen Introducción: Los vertidos de líquidos inflamables pueden producir accidentes graves, principalmente en plantas industriales y en carretera. Para prevenir la dispersión de derrames, se utilizan diversas formas de recolecta, como la absorción con sólidos porosos. Residuos agroindustriales pueden ser aprovechados como materiales sorbentes de líquidos inflamables. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad de absorción de las biomasas residuales del pedúnculo de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) y del endocarpio del fruto de coyol (Acrocomia sp.) para cuatro líquidos orgánicos inflamables. Métodos: Las biomasas residuales de E. guineensis y de Acrocomia sp. se evaluaron como sorbentes para combustibles derramados (diésel, queroseno de aviación, queroseno comercial y gasolina). Se midió la cantidad de líquido absorbida por las biomasas a 24 ºC durante una semana, y su cinética de desorción a 50 ºC, usando balanzas de secado. Resultados: La propiedad sorbente del material de Acrocomia sp. no fue satisfactoria, comparada con el pedúnculo de E. guineensis, debido a diferencias en arquitectura residual del material orgánico. Esta última biomasa muestra una capacidad de absorción para los combustibles de 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 a 24 ºC. La diatomita absorbe mayor cantidad de los combustibles estudiados, pero la difusión de estos fluidos a 50 ºC por la matriz mineral es solo 0.26 ± 0.09 veces lo observado para el material de E. guineensis, como resultado del mayor grado de tortuosidad de los poros de la diatomita. Conclusiones: El pedúnculo de palma aceitera (E. guineensis) mostró un adecuado potencial desempeño para la aplicación pasiva en la mitigación de los riesgos de incendio, con respecto a la diatomita. El endocarpio del fruto de Acrocomia sp. no resultó útil para esta operación de recuperación.

Resumen: El presente artículo busca correlacionar los resultados de tres estudios realizados entre 2019 y 2022, sobre la situación de las mujeres en el contexto de la industria palmera, la calidad del agua y la dinámica de expansión del cultivo de la palma africana, con los del período 2010-2020 en siete municipios de las Tierras Bajas del Norte de Guatemala (Ixcán, Sayaxché, Chisec, Raxruhá, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Panzós y El Estor). Los resultados de estos análisis permiten extraer algunas conclusiones que corroboran las denuncias de las comunidades locales respecto a los impactos socioambientales de este monocultivo. El artículo concluye en la necesidad de que el Estado guatemalteco ejerza su rol de garante de los derechos humanos y ambientales, a la vez que la comunidad internacional avance en el proceso de aprobación de una normativa que asegure que las empresas transnacionales observan la “debida diligencia” a lo largo de las cadenas de suministros.

Abstract: This article correlates the results of three studies carried out between 2019 and 2022, on the situation of women in the context of the palm oil industry, water quality, and the dynamics of expansion of oil palm cultivation, with the period 2010-2020, in seven municipalities of the Northern Lowlands of Guatemala (Ixcán, Sayaxché, Chisec, Raxruhá, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Panzós and El Estor). The results of these analyses allow the authors to draw some conclusions that corroborate the complaints of local communities regarding the socio-environmental impacts of this monocrop. The article concludes with the need for the Guatemalan State to exercise its role as guarantor of human and environmental rights. At the same time, the international community must advance in approving regulations that ensure that transnational corporations observe “due diligence” throughout supply chains.

ABSTRACT What is the political agenda that animates, justifies, and legitimizes resource extractivism in the context of sustainability transformations and climate action enhanced? This is a question of growing relevance across geographies and sectors of activity that we aim to address from the Latin American countryside. To this end, we start with a discussion on the political economy and ecology of contemporary agrarian extractivism. Then, we turn to examine the role of diverse state and social actors in the rise of agroextractivism for climate stewardship in Bolivia, Guatemala, and Paraguay. In Bolivia, the alliance of Evo Morales with diverse classes of capital and reliance on the extractive economy ultimately led to his downfall as he lost support from his social bases and was unwilling to give up state power. The rise of the flex sugarcane and oil palm complexes in Guatemala since the mid-2000s relies on the new political agenda of ‘authoritarian corporate populism’. This involves political concessions to the underprivileged through public grants and multistakeholder governance, as in conventional populist political regimes. But additionally, authoritarian corporate populism involves concessions to working people and the environment in the private production realm. Violence, however, remains foundational to this political agenda, even if it is now cloaked in the rule of law. In Paraguay, the fierce rejection of Fernando Lugo’s tepid attempts to regulate the agribusiness sector culminated in a “parliamentary coup” orchestrated by the landlord class and preceded by spectacular acts of violence against peasants. The coup paved the way for the continuing expansion of an agroextractive export model characterized by the adoption of new genetically modified soy varieties, recurring state violence, and increasing campesino and indigenous dispossession and marginalization. Following the three country-analysis we discuss how the alliance among state actors, elites and agroextractivist capital, including through multistakeholder initiatives, have limited the transformative potential of progressive governments to improve the living conditions of the working people. In so doing, the triple alliance relies on the traditional strategies of influencing regulatory frameworks and legitimizing discourses. But it also relies on new political strategies that combine the manufacturing of popular consent to the agroextractivist order with violence and selective repression cloaked in the rule of law. We conclude stressing how the ´green´ ecomodernist turn of the agroextractivist agenda shifts attention away from the paradox of increasing the use of natural resources to cool down the planet. Rather, it privileges the sort of technical-administrative innovations that various flex crops complexes require to reproduce their necessary natural and social conditions of production of bioenergy and biomaterials for ‘the common good.’

RESUMEN ¿Cuál es la agenda política que anima, justifica y legitima el extractivismo de recursos en el marco de las transformaciones hacia la creciente sustentabilidad y la acción climática? Esta es una cuestión de creciente relevancia a nivel mundial y multisectorial a la que buscamos ofrecer respuestas desde el campo latinoamericano. Para ello comenzamos con un debate sobre la economía y la ecología política del extractivismo agrario contemporáneo. Después examinamos el papel de diversos actores estatales y sociales tras el auge del agroextractivismo en la acción climática en Bolivia, Guatemala y Paraguay. En Bolivia, las alianzas de Evo Morales con diversas clases de capital y su dependencia de la economía extractiva acabaron provocando su caída al perder el apoyo de sus bases y no estar dispuesto a renunciar al poder del Estado. El auge reciente de los complejos de cultivos comodín de la caña de azúcar y la palma aceitera en Guatemala se asienta sobre la nueva agenda del ‘populismo corporativo autoritario.’ Esta conlleva concesiones políticas a las personas más desfavorecidas a través de transferencias públicas y de sistemas de gobernanza multiparte, como en el caso de los regímenes políticos populistas convencionales. Pero además el populismo corporativo autoritario implica concesiones a las clases trabajadoras y al medio ambiente en el ámbito productivo privado. La violencia, sin embargo, sigue siendo clave en esta agenda política del poder, aun si ahora se legitima bajo la defensa del Estado de Derecho. En Paraguay, el feroz rechazo a los intentos de Fernando Lugo para regular el agronegocio culminó en un ‘golpe parlamentario’ orquestado por la clase terrateniente y precedido por violencia extrema contra el campesinado. El golpe facilitó la expansión de un modelo agroextractivo caracterizado por la adopción de nuevas variedades de soja genéticamente modificadas, la violencia estatal y el despojo y marginación de la población campesina e indígena. Tras este análisis por países planteamos una discusión mas general sobre cómo las alianzas entre actores estatales, elites y capital agroextractivo, incluyendo a través de iniciativas de gobernanza multiparte, han debilitado el potencial transformador de gobiernos progresistas para mejorar las condiciones de vida de las y los trabajadores. Con este fin, la triple alianza no sólo recurre a las tradicionales estrategias de influencia sobre marcos normativos y discursos legitimadores, sino también a nuevas estrategias políticas que combinan la generación de consentimiento popular al orden agroextractivista con la violencia y represión selectiva amparada en la defensa del Estado de Derecho. Concluimos subrayando cómo el giro ecomodernista 'verde' en la agenda politica del agroextractivismo desplaza la atención de la paradoja del creciente uso de recursos naturales para enfriar el planeta hacia las innovaciones técnico-administrativas que requieren diversos complejos corporativos de cultivos comodín para reproducir sus condiciones naturales y sociales de producción de bioenergía y biomateriales por ‘el bien común.’

ABSTRACT: Due to the increase in the cost of production and the environmental pollution caused by the effluents of the oil palm industry, environmentally friendly solutions are being sought. The objective of the research was to evaluate Accelerated Organic Liquid Fertilizer (ALOA) from palm industry effluents, through homolactic biofermentation processes. Five treatments were evaluated: T1 (80% florentine effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T2 (80% overflow effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T3 (40% florentine effluent+40% of overflow effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T4 (70% of florentino effluent+10% palm kernel+10% garlac + 10% molasses) and T5 (70% of overflow effluent+10% palm kernel+10% garlac+10% molasses), under a Complete Randomized Design (RCD), with four repetitions. The T4 obtained the best result with 4.3 pH, 28.54 dS*m-1 in Electrical Conductivity (EC) and the highest content of nitrogen (9560.46 mg*L-1), phosphorus (1620.79 mg*L-1), potassium (6787.50 mg*L-1), organic matter 262.01 g*L-1 and total solids 302.80 g*L-1. Preparing an ALOA from the Florentine effluent, overflow and palm kernel from the oil palm industry is an alternative to reduce environmental pollution.

RESUMEN: El incremento del costo de producción y por la contaminación ambiental provocada por los efluentes de la industria de la palma aceitera se buscan soluciones amigables con el medio ambiente. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el Abono Líquido Orgánico Acelerado (ALOA) a partir de efluentes de la industria de palma, mediante procesos de biofermentación homoláctica. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos T1 (80% de efluente de florentino+10% garlac+10% melaza), T2 (80% de efluente de rebose+10% garlac+10% melaza), T3 (40% de efluente de florentino+40% de efluente de rebose+10% garlac+10% melaza), T4 (70% de efluente de florentino+10% palmiste+10% garlac+10% melaza) y T5 (70% de efluente de rebose+10% palmiste+10% garlac+10% melaza), bajo un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA), con cuatro repeticiones. El T4 obtuvo el mejor resultado con 4,3 de pH; 28,54 dS*m-1 en Conductividad Eléctrica (CE) y el mayor contenido de nitrógeno (9560,46 mg*L-1), fósforo (1620,79 mg*L-1), potasio (6787,50 mg*L-1), materia orgánica 262,01 g*L-1 y sólidos totales 302,80 g*L-1. Elaborar un ALOA a partir del efluente florentino, rebose y palmiste procedente de la industria de la palma aceitera es una alternativa para disminuir la contaminación ambiental.

ABSTRACT The effect of three sources of lipids in the diet of fattening turkeys from the Hybrid Converter line on growth, carcass weight and blood metabolites were evaluated. A total of 90 43-day-old male turkeys were randomly distributed into 3 treatments, with 5 repetitions and 6 birds per group. The turkeys received isonutritional diets supplemented with Cajamarca Creole lard (MCCC), soybean oil (AS) or palm oil (AP). Turkeys aged 43 to 70 days with MCCC and AP had better body weight gain, lower feed consumption and better feed conversion (p<0.05) than those with the AS treatment; However, there were no differences between treatments during the finishing phase (71-98 days) nor in the total fattening period (43-98 days). The carcass weight in MCCC and AS was greater than in AP, in addition, they reduced (p<0.05) the relative weight of the liver and the percentage of abdominal fat compared to AP. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood were lower (p<0.05) in AS and MCCC than in AP, likewise, MCCC decreased (p<0.05) the malondialdehyde content in blood. It is concluded that MCCC in fattening turkeys from 43 to 98 days of age can replace AS and AP in the diet, since it does not generate negative effects or a decrease in the evaluated indicators.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de tres fuentes de lípidos en la dieta de pavos de engorde de la línea Hybrid Converter sobre el crecimiento, peso de carcasa y metabolitos sanguíneos. Un total de 90 pavos machos de 43 días de edad se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 3 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones y 6 aves por grupo. Los pavos recibieron dietas isonutricionales suplementadas con manteca de cerdo criollo cajamarquino (MCCC), aceite de soya (AS) o aceite de palma (AP). Los pavos de 43 a 70 días con MCCC y AP tuvieron mejor ganancia de peso corporal, menor consumo de alimento y mejor conversión alimenticia (p<0.05) que los del tratamiento AS; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos durante la fase de finalización (71-98 días) ni en el total periodo de engorde(43-98días). El peso de la carcasa en MCCC y AS fue mayor que en AP; además, redujeron (p<0.05) el peso relativo del hígado y el porcentaje de grasa abdominal en comparación con AP. Los triglicéridos y el colesterol total en sangre fueron menores (p<0.05) en AS y MCCC que en AP. Asimismo, el MCCC disminuyó (p<0.05) el contenido de malondialdehído en sangre. Se concluye que la MCCC en pavos de engorde de 43 a 98 días de edad puede reemplazar el AS yAP en la dieta, ya que no genera efectos negativos ni disminución de los indicadores evaluados.

Abstract The consumption of vegetable oils is common in our daily diet. Rapeseed oil (canola oil) is the third most consumed edible oil in the world, followed by palm and soybean oils in terms of production. Rapeseed oil has a low proportion of saturated fatty acids, while it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in healthy compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, processing technologies affect the content and functional activities of bioactive compounds in the oil. Aim: To assess any potential effect of hot or cold pressing and a refining process on the nutritional value and the profile of several bioactive compounds in canola oils produced in Chile. Methods: Canola oils were characterized regarding their fatty acid profile, phytosterol and tocopherol composition, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, according to the mode of extraction (cold or hot pressed) and before and after bWeing subjected to a refining process. Results: Fatty acid profiles were not significantly different in any of the analyzed canola oils. Refining but not temperature extraction led to a sharp decrease of phytosterols and tocopherols. Hot pressing significantly increased the amount of total phenols (3.1 times) and the antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (3.1 times) and DPPH (8.3 times) compared to the cold extraction. However, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity decreased after refining. Conclusions: Refining processes should be adjusted to reduce the loss of bioactive compounds in the oil.

Resumen El consumo de aceites vegetales es habitual en nuestra dieta diaria. El aceite de colza (aceite de canola) es el tercer aceite comestible más consumido en el mundo, seguido por los aceites de palma y soja en términos de producción. El aceite de colza tiene una baja proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que es rico en ácidos grasos insaturados, así como en compuestos liposolubles saludables como fenoles, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, carotenoides y vitaminas. Sin embargo, las tecnologías de procesamiento afectan el contenido y las actividades funcionales de los compuestos bioactivos en el aceite. Objetivo: Evaluar cualquier efecto potencial del prensado en caliente o en frío y un proceso de refinación sobre el valor nutricional y el perfil de varios compuestos bioactivos en los aceites de canola producidos en Chile. Métodos: Los aceites de canola se caracterizaron en cuanto a su perfil de ácidos grasos, composición de fitoesteroles y tocoferoles, contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, según el modo de extracción (prensado en frío o en caliente) y antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de refinación. Resultados: Los perfiles de ácidos grasos no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguno de los aceites de canola analizados. La refinación, pero no la extracción en caliente, condujo a una fuerte disminución de los fitoesteroles y tocoferoles. El prensado en caliente aumentó significativamente la cantidad de fenoles totales (3,1 veces) y la actividad antioxidante medida por ORAC (3,1 veces) y DPPH (8,3 veces) en comparación con la extracción en frío. Sin embargo, la concentración de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron después del refinado. Conclusión: Los procesos de refinación deben ajustarse para reducir la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos en el aceite.

Resumo Dezessete sementes de variedades e clones de tamareiras foram avaliadas quanto aos seus componentes químicos e às propriedades do óleo de caroço de tâmara. A cromatografia gasosa líquida mostrou que o principal ácido graxo insaturado foi o ácido oleico (46,00% - 50,87%), enquanto o principal ácido graxo saturado foi o ácido láurico (10,11% - 19,03%) para as cultivares MTN e KBN, respectivamente; outros ácidos graxos também foram identificados. A caracterização físico-química mostrou um valor ácido variando de 0,068% a 1,188%, um valor específico de extinção igual a (K232: 1,350–2,225; K270: 0,318–0,521), um valor de peróxido no intervalo (1,059–5,618 meq O2/kg) e um valor de iodo (41,861–59,980 g Iodo/100 g). O teor de feofitina dos óleos de sementes de tâmara foi encontrado na faixa de 21,855% a 75,685%. A análise química mostrou que o óleo de semente de tâmara pode ser útil no processamento de produtos cosméticos e alimentícios.

Abstract This research was aimed to study the lipid fraction of date seeds. Seventeen seeds of date palm varieties and clones were evaluated and assessed for their chemical components and for the properties of the date pits oil. Gas liquid chromatography showed that the main unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (46.00 - 50.87%), while the main saturated fatty acid was lauric acid (10.11 - 19.03%) for the cultivars Mentouj Tissgharine (MTN) and Bheir Ingli (KBN) respectively; other fatty acids were also identified. The physicochemical characterization showed an acid value ranging from 0.068 to 1.188%, a specific extinction value equal to (K232: 1.350–2.225; K270: 0.318– 0.521), a peroxide value in the interval (1.059–5.618 meq O2/kg) and an iodine value (41.861–59.980 g Iodine/100 g). The pheophytin content of date seed oils was found within the range from 21.855 to 75.685%. The chemical analysis showed that date seed oil can be useful in cosmetic and food products processing.

Abstract Date palm trees, their cultivation and harvesting have become challenging due to infestations caused by some specific mites including Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Tetranychidae). Current research has been carried out to investigate the efficiency of nine pesticides against eggs and date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus against nine pesticides. Side effects of the nine pesticides were also examined on predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae). Mites and their eggs were treated with the recommended dosage of nine pesticides namely, Bifenazate 24%, Bifenthrin 10%, Matrine 0.6%, Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectin 3%, Sulphur 99.5%, Micronized Sulphur 80%, Mineral oil 95%, Pyrethrin 1.5% and Hexythiazox 10%, while they were present in their natural environment on the date palm trees in the experimental fields. Highest mortality of 91.16% was observed when O. afrasiaticus was treated with Bifenazate (24%) followed by 87.31%, 85.20%, 72.06%, 71.34%, 65.35%, 64.14%, 61.06% and 24.25% in case of Bifenthrin 10%, Matrine 0.6%, Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectin 3%, Sulphur 99.5%, Micronized Sulphur 80%, Mineral oil 95%, Pyrethrin 1.5%, and Hexythiazox 10%, respectively. A minimum hatching of 25.74% was observed when eggs of O. afrasiaticus were treated with Hexythiazox 10% and the highest success of hatching (99.07%) was seen when treatment was given with Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectin 3%. When same trials with same nine pesticides were performed on predatory mite; Amblyseius swirskii, the highest mortality in terms of percentage reduction (75.63%) was observed with Bifenthrin and the lowest (14.69%) with Matrine. Nine pesticides used in this study have distinct toxicity against targeted mite, their eggs and the predatory mite. A two steps control strategy is recommended for this treatment. First spray Hexythiazox at the egg laying stage and then at the moving stage of mites by using Matrine which is toxic to mites but negligibly toxic to predatory mites. Further studies are recommended to evaluate varied actions of the pesticide against eggs, phytophagous mites, and predatory mites. McGregor (McGregor Tetranychidae. Tetranychidae . (Tetranychidae) mite AthiasHenriot Athias Henriot Phytoseiidae. Phytoseiidae (Phytoseiidae) namely 24 24% 10 06 0 6 0.6% 37 3 3% 995 99 5 99.5% 80 80% 95 95% 15 1 1.5 fields 9116 91 16 91.16 O (24% 8731 87 31 87.31% 8520 85 20 85.20% 7206 72 72.06% 7134 71 34 71.34% 6535 65 35 65.35% 6414 64 14 64.14% 6106 61 61.06 2425 25 24.25 respectively 2574 74 25.74 99.07% 9907 07 (99.07% 75.63% 7563 75 63 (75.63% 14.69% 1469 69 (14.69% (Tetranychidae (Phytoseiidae 2 0.6 9 99.5 8 1. 911 91.1 (24 873 87.31 852 85.20 720 7 72.06 713 71.34 653 65.35 641 64.14 610 61.0 242 24.2 257 25.7 99.07 990 (99.07 75.63 756 (75.63 14.69 146 (14.69 0. 99. 91. (2 87.3 85.2 72.0 71.3 65.3 64.1 61. 24. 25. 99.0 (99.0 75.6 (75.6 14.6 (14.6 ( 87. 85. 72. 71. 65. 64. (99. 75. (75. 14. (14. (99 (75 (14 (9 (7 (1

Resumo As tamareiras, seu cultivo e colheita tornaram-se desafiadores devido às infestações causadas por alguns ácaros específicos, incluindo Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Tetranychidae). A pesquisa atual foi realizada para investigar a eficiência de nove pesticidas contra ovos e o ácaro da tamareira, Oligonychus afrasiaticus. Os efeitos colaterais dos nove pesticidas também foram examinados no ácaro predador, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae). Os ácaros e seus ovos foram tratados com a dosagem recomendada de nove pesticidas, a saber: Bifenazato 24%, Bifentrina 10%, Matrina 0,6%, Imidacloprida 37% + Abamectina 3%, Enxofre 99,5%, Enxofre Micronizado 80%, Óleo Mineral 95%, Piretrina 1,5% e Hexitiazox 10%, enquanto estavam presentes em seu ambiente natural nas tamareiras nos campos experimentais. A maior mortalidade de 91,16% foi observada quando O. afrasiaticus foi tratado com Bifenazato (24%), seguido por 87,31%, 85,20%, 72,06%, 71,34%, 65,35%, 64,14%, 61,06% e 24,25% no caso de Bifentrina 10%, Matrina 0,6%, Imidacloprida 37% + Abamectina 3%, Enxofre 99,5%, Enxofre Micronizado 80%, Óleo Mineral 95%, Piretrina 1,5% e Hexitiazox 10%, respectivamente. Uma eclosão mínima de 25,74% foi observada quando os ovos de O. afrasiaticus foram tratados com Hexythiazox 10%, e o maior sucesso de eclosão (99,07%) foi visto quando o tratamento foi realizado com Imidacloprid 37% + Abamectina 3%. Quando os mesmos ensaios com os mesmos nove pesticidas foram realizados no ácaro predador, Amblyseius swirskii, a maior mortalidade em termos de redução percentual (75,63%) foi observada com Bifenthrin e a menor (14,69%) com Matrine. Nove pesticidas usados neste estudo têm toxicidade distinta contra o ácaro alvo, seus ovos e o ácaro predador. Uma estratégia de controle em duas etapas é recomendada para este tratamento. Primeiro pulverize Hexythiazox no estágio de postura de ovos e depois no estágio de movimentação dos ácaros usando Matrina, que é tóxico para os ácaros, mas insignificantemente tóxico para os ácaros predadores. Estudos adicionais são recomendados para avaliar as variadas ações do pesticida contra ovos, ácaros fitófagos e ácaros predadores. tornaramse tornaram se específicos McGregor (McGregor Tetranychidae. Tetranychidae . (Tetranychidae) tamareira predador AthiasHenriot Athias Henriot Phytoseiidae. Phytoseiidae (Phytoseiidae) saber 24 24% 10 10% 06 0 6 0,6% 37 3 3% 995 99 5 99,5% 80 80% 95 95% 15 1 1,5 experimentais 9116 91 16 91,16 O , (24%) 8731 87 31 87,31% 8520 85 20 85,20% 7206 72 72,06% 7134 71 34 71,34% 6535 65 35 65,35% 6414 64 14 64,14% 6106 61 61,06 2425 25 24,25 respectivamente 2574 74 25,74 99,07% 9907 07 (99,07% 75,63% 7563 75 63 (75,63% 14,69% 1469 69 (14,69% Matrine alvo predadores (Tetranychidae (Phytoseiidae 2 0,6 9 99,5 8 1, 911 91,1 (24% 873 87,31 852 85,20 720 7 72,06 713 71,34 653 65,35 641 64,14 610 61,0 242 24,2 257 25,7 99,07 990 (99,07 75,63 756 (75,63 14,69 146 (14,69 0, 99, 91, (24 87,3 85,2 72,0 71,3 65,3 64,1 61, 24, 25, 99,0 (99,0 75,6 (75,6 14,6 (14,6 (2 87, 85, 72, 71, 65, 64, (99, 75, (75, 14, (14, ( (99 (75 (14 (9 (7 (1

Abstract Changes in the interactions between agents involved in the value chain of the palm oil sector in the municipality of Tibú (Colombia) over the period 1985-2020 have resulted in a reduction in the indices of poverty, social inequality, and unemployment for the inhabitants of the region, which can be explained by a process of socio-technical transition. The main objective of this study is to analyze the factors that determined the success of this process from a multilevel perspective. Exploratory research was developed based on a case study analysis using semi-structured interviews of commercial and non-commercial agents in the sector and information collected from secondary sources. The results show that changes in the legal and regulatory framework established by the government, landscape transformation, and the transition from small farmers to medium entrepreneurs of the farms in the region were important factors revolutionizing the system and are encouraging the emergence of new alternative practices in the palm oil sector. Colombia (Colombia 19852020 1985 2020 1985-202 poverty inequality sociotechnical socio technical perspective semistructured semi structured noncommercial non sources government transformation 1985202 198 202 1985-20 198520 19 20 1985-2 19852 1 2 1985-

Resumen Los cambios en las formas de interactuar entre los diferentes agentes involucrados en la cadena de valor del sector de la palma de aceite en el municipio de Tibú (Colombia) durante el periodo 1985-2020 han dado como resultado una reducción en los índices de pobreza, desigualdad social y desempleo para los habitantes de la región, lo cual se explica por un proceso de transición sociotécnica. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar desde una perspectiva multinivel los factores que determinaron el éxito de este proceso. Para lograr este propósito, se desarrolló una investigación exploratoria basada en el análisis de un estudio de caso mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a agentes comerciales y no comerciales del sector, y la recopilación de información de fuentes secundarias. Los resultados muestran que los cambios en el marco jurídico y normativo establecidos por el gobierno, la transformación del paisaje y la transición de pequeños propietarios a medianos empresarios agrícolas en la región, fueron factores importantes para revolucionar el régimen y fomentar la aparición de nuevas prácticas alternativas en el sector del aceite de palma. Colombia (Colombia 19852020 1985 2020 1985-202 pobreza región sociotécnica propósito secundarias gobierno 1985202 198 202 1985-20 198520 19 20 1985-2 19852 1 2 1985-

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

ABSTRACT Background: The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.) is a palm tree native to tropical regions and occurs in much of the Brazilian territory. Current studies are focused on the extraction and exploitation of vegetable oil from this fruit. However, there are few studies on the residue, the endocarp, which represents approximately 25% of the total mass of the fruit. Studies that search for solutions for using residue, thus adding value, and generating environmentally friendly products, are of fundamental importance. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted wood panels produced with different proportions of macauba endocarp particles to replace pine wood particles, in addition to characterize the physical and chemical properties of macauba endocarp. The chemical characterization tests were performed according to applicable standards. The basic density was determined according to the NBR 11941 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also performed. The particleboards panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70g/cm³ and dimensions of 25x25x1.5cm. Five different treatments were evaluated with variations in the proportion of macauba endocarp particles in the core of the panel. For particle agglutination, phenol-formaldehyde adhesive was used at a proportion of 9% for the core and 12% for the faces, based on the dry mass of each panel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the panel surfaces. Results: The endocarp of Acrocomia aculeata has low extractive content, high lignin content and high densification, 1.23g/cm³, when compared to Pinus oocarpa wood, 0.43g/cm³. All panels were classified as low density according to CS 236-66 and had an average apparent density between treatments of 0.586g/cm³. A greater dimensional stability and a decrease in the static bending properties of the panels was observed as the proportion of macauba endocarp particles increased. The internal bonding of the panels showed a positive result with the increase in the use of particles of the residue. Conclusion: The panels produced have potential for use for non-structural purposes. Background Jacq. Jacq (Jacq. Lodd Mart. Mart territory fruit However residue 25 value products importance Thus standards 1194 standard TGA, TGA , (TGA) Xray X ray XRD (XRD FTIR (FTIR 070gcm³ gcm 0 70g cm³ g cm 0.70g/cm 25x25x15cm xxcm 25x25x1 5cm x 25x25x1.5cm agglutination phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde 9 12 faces SEM (SEM surfaces Results densification 123gcm³ 1 23g 1.23g/cm³ 043gcm³ 43g 0.43g/cm³ 23666 236 66 236-6 0586gcm³ 586g 0.586g/cm³ increased Conclusion nonstructural non structural purposes (Jacq 2 119 (TGA 070gcm xx 25x25x 123gcm 1.23g/cm 043gcm 0.43g/cm 2366 23 6 236- 0586gcm 0.586g/cm 11

ABSTRACT The use of silicates in plant tissue culture has resulted in positive effects regarding the morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of in vitro plants. However, biological responses to this mineral are dose and genotype dependent. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of silicon supplementation on the somatic embryogenesis of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The study was carried out in three stages of the cloning process, namely: Regeneration (i) and germination (ii) of somatic embryos and during ex vitro acclimatization (iii) of regenerated plantlets. The culture media were supplemented with four doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1) of calcium silicate (CaSiO3). The resulting plantlets were transplanted and acclimatized in a greenhouse. The regression analysis showed that the dose of 0.63g L-1 of CaSiO3 induced a higher rate of regeneration, which would allow a 58% increase in the number of somatic embryos formed. However, the germination of the plantlets, as well as their morphometric characters, were not affected by the different doses of CaSiO3, although the presence of this compound promoted an increase in the thickness of the epidermis and a reduction in the amount of epicuticular wax. Overall, silicon does contribute to the cloning of E. guineensis. morphological plants However dependent Elaeis Jacq.. Jacq Jacq. . Jacq.) process namely i (i ii (ii iii (iii 0.0, 00 0 (0.0 05 5 0.5 10 1 1. 15 L1 L CaSiO3. CaSiO (CaSiO3) greenhouse 063g 63g L- regeneration 58 formed characters wax Overall E 0.0 (0. 0. (CaSiO3 (0 (CaSiO (

RESUMO O uso de silicatos em cultura de tecidos tem resultado em efeitos positivos no que tange os caracteres morfológicos, anatômicos e fisiológicos das plantas in vitro. Contudo as respostas biológicas a este mineral são dose e genótipo-dependente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da suplementação de silício no processo de embriogênese somática da Elaeis guineensis Jacq. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas do processo de clonagem, sendo elas: Regeneração (i) e germinação (ii) dos embriões somáticos e durante a aclimatação ex vitro (iii) das plântulas. Os meios de cultivo foram suplementados com quatro doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 e 1.5 g L-1) de silicato de cálcio (CaSiO3). As plântulas resultantes foram transplantadas e aclimatizadas em casa de vegetação. A análise de regressão evidenciou que a dose de 0.63g L-1 de CaSiO3 induziu maior taxa de regeneração, o que possibilitaria um aumento de 58% no número de embriões somáticos formados. Contudo, a germinação das plântulas, bem como, seus caracteres morfométricos não foram afetados pelas diferentes doses de CaSiO3, embora a presença deste composto tenha promovido aumento da espessura da epiderme e redução na quantidade de cera epicuticular. No geral, o silício contribui para a clonagem de E. guineensis. morfológicos genótipodependente. genótipodependente genótipo dependente. dependente genótipo-dependente sentido objetivouse objetivou se Jacq elas i (i ii (ii iii (iii 0.0, 00 0 (0.0 05 5 0.5 10 1 1. 15 L1 L CaSiO3. CaSiO . (CaSiO3) vegetação 063g 63g L- regeneração 58 formados como epicuticular geral E 0.0 (0. 0. (CaSiO3 (0 (CaSiO (