ABSTRACT Understanding tri-trophic interactions and the relationship among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies is fundamental to advancing theoretical and practical ecology. Parasitoidism is among those interactions where tri-trophic levels are usually developed, with hyperparasitism and kleptoparasitism as examples. This study explores the interaction between fig wasps of the genera Physothorax Mayr, 1885 and Sycophila Walker, 1871 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and the gall midge Ficiomyia brasiliensis Urso-Guimarães, 2024 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Through behavioral observations and larval dissections we document the “drill on drill” strategy where Sycophila females utilize oviposition holes drilled by Physothorax females on the fig surface to access the host gall midge immatures. This behavior suggests a sophisticated adaptation for reducing oviposition time and conserving energy. Additionally, Sycophila behavior aligns with kleptoparasitic and hyperparasitic strategies, indicating a complex evolutionary history and ecological interaction. Our findings provide insight into the intricate relationships among non-pollinating fig wasps and their hosts, contributing to the broader understanding of tri-trophic interactions in fig microcosm.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, Aedes aegypti se encuentra presente en el 80 % del país y poco se conoce sobre las mutaciones kdr que están relacionadas con la resistencia a piretroides (PY), así como la influencia de los diferentes biomas (principalmente la temperatura) y el transporte pasivo de carga terrestre, en el mantenimiento y diseminación de poblaciones que presenten estas mutaciones. Objetivo: Modelar el comportamiento de las frecuencias genotípicas asociadas a la mutación kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys, en poblaciones de A. aegypti, considerando el movimiento de las poblaciones del vector entre biomas colombianos a través del transporte pasivo por carga terrestre. Método: Se obtuvieron datos de la literatura asociados con la dinámica poblacional y los parámetros del ciclo de vida del mosquito asociados con las temperaturas de cada bioma colombiano y el transporte de carga terrestre a través de camiones entre los biomas. Además, se evaluó el impacto del costo evolutivo para las mutaciones kdr Val1016Ile y Phe1534Cys representado en las tasas de ovoposición y muerte. Resultados: El comportamiento de las poblaciones está influenciado tanto por el costo evolutivo de los genotipos resistentes como por el transporte pasivo de carga y, que una vez los genotipos resistentes lleguen a un bioma gracias al transporte de mosquitos mediado por camiones, estos se mantienen allí. Conclusión: La migración pasiva a través del transporte de carga terrestre, como medio de flujo genético de individuos portadores de resistencia a PY entre diferentes regiones o biomas, se revela como un factor esencial para la diseminación, y el costo evolutivo como un factor determinante en la dinámica, de las mutaciones kdr en las poblaciones de A. aegypti.

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, Aedes aegypti is present in 80 % of the country and little is known about the kdr mutations related to pyrethroids (PY) resistance, as well as the influence of different biomes (mainly temperature) and passive ground delivery transport on maintaining and disseminating populations with these mutations. Objective: To model the behavior of genotypic frequencies associated with the kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys mutation in A. aegypti populations, considering vector population movement between Colombian biomes through passive ground delivery transport. Method: We obtained data from the literature regarding population dynamics, mosquito life cycle parameters associated with temperatures for each Colombian biome, and ground cargo transportation, including truck transport. We also evaluated the impact of the evolutionary cost for the kdr Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys mutations on oviposition and death rates. Results: Population behavior is influenced by the evolutionary cost of resistant genotypes and passive cargo transport. Once resistant genotypes arrive in a biome through truck-mediated mosquito transport, they persist. Conclusion: Passive migration through land cargo transport is essential for the dissemination of individual resistance carriers between different regions or biomes. Evolutionary cost plays a critical role in the dynamics of kdr mutations in A. aegypti populations.

Abstract The rice stink bug (O. insularis) is an economically important pest that affects the plant during its reproductive phase, causing direct and indirect damage. This insect can thrive in different hosts, favoring its population growth and field persistence. This research determined the biological cycle and reproductive performance of O. insularis in four host grasses: Oryza sativa L, Echinochloa colona L, Echinochloa crus - galli L and Cynodon dactylon L. Results showed that the biological cycle of O. insularis was shortest when it C. dactylon was the host, with a period of 25,8 days from egg stage to adult emergence. Statistical differences were presented from instar III favored by C. dactylon (3,30 a ± SD 0,68), instar IV represented by O. sativa (2,80 a ± SD 0,42), and E. crus - galli (3,70 ab ± SD 0,95) and instar V determined by C. dactylon (3,40 a ± SD 0,84) and E. crus - galli (3,70 a ± SD 0,68). The highest number of eggs per oviposition was obtained with O. sativa and C. dactylon (16,07 a ± SD 4,01; 14,89 ab ± SD 1,83 respectively). The alternate hosts studied are key to the insect's field persistence, and to manage its population, it is recommended to study their role in the pest's ecology in rice cultivation.

Resumen El chinche vaneador del arroz (O. insularis) es una plaga de importancia económica que afecta a la planta durante su fase reproductiva ocasionando daños directos e indirectos. Este insecto tiene la facilidad de prosperar en distintos hospederos, favoreciendo el incremento de su población y su permanencia en el campo. En esta investigación se determinó el ciclo biológico y el desempeño reproductivo de O. insularis en cuatro gramíneas hospederas: Oryza sativa L, Echinochloacolona L, Echinochloa crus-galli L y Cynodondactylon L. Los resultados mostraron que el ciclo biológico de O. insularis fue más corto cuando tuvo como hospedero a C. dactylon determinándose un período de 25,8 días desde la etapa de huevo hasta la emergencia del adulto. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas a partir del instar III favorecido por C. dactylon (3,30 a ± SD 0,68), el instar IV representado por O. sativa (2,80 a ± SD 0,42) y E. crus-galli (3,70 ab ± SD 0,95) y el instar V determinado por C. dactylon (3,40 a ± SD 0,84) y E. crus-galli(3,70 a ± SD 0,68). El mayor número de huevos por ovipostura se obtuvo con O. sativa y C. dactylon (16,07 a ± SD 4,01; 14, 89 ab ± SD 1,83, respectivamente). Los hospederos alternos estudiados son la clave en la permanencia del insecto en el campo y para su manejo poblacional se recomienda estudiar su rol en la ecología de la plaga en el cultivo de arroz.

ABSTRACT Chinch bugs [Blissus pulchellus Montandon (Hemiptera: Blissidae)] suck the phloem from susceptible forage grasses, injecting toxins that destroy plant vessels and compromise the flow of water and nutrients, leading to plant death. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess eight forage grasses for antixenosis resistance to B. pulchellus and compare the anatomical characteristics of leaf sheath tissue from resistant and susceptible species/cultivars. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory and greenhouse, using choice and no-choice tests with the following forage grasses: Urochloa ruziziensis, U. humidicola, U. brizantha ‘Piatã’, U. brizantha ‘Paiaguás’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, Panicum maximum ‘Mombaça’, P. maximum ‘Zuri’, and Andropogon gayanus. The oviposition results demonstrated that in the choice test there was a change in the stink bug’s behavior in relation to grasses four hours after infestation, with U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ and ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’ and A. gayanus, proving to be less attractive to insects. It is concluded that U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ and ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, and A. gayanus are less attractive to B. pulchellus. A. gayanus and P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ and ‘Zuri’ showed non-preference resistance (antixenosis) to oviposition by B. pulchellus. The resistance of U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Zuri’, and A. gayanus to B. pulchellus may be associated with greater compaction and lignification of the parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells of leaf sheaths. Blissus Hemiptera (Hemiptera Blissidae Blissidae) nutrients death Thus B speciescultivars species cultivars species/cultivars greenhouse nochoice no ruziziensis U humidicola ‘Piatã, Piatã ‘Piatã , ‘Piatã’ ‘Paiaguás, Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás’ ‘Marandu, Marandu ‘Marandu ‘Mombaça, Mombaça ‘Mombaça P ‘Zuri, Zuri ‘Zuri bug s infestation A insects nonpreference non preference (antixenosis sheaths

RESUMO Os percevejos-das-gramíneas [Blissus pulchellus Montandon (Hemiptera: Blissidae)] sugam a seiva de espécies forrageiras suscetíveis e injetam toxinas que destroem os vasos condutores e dificultam o transporte de água e nutrientes, levando as plantas a morte. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência por antixenose e tolerância em oito poáceas forrageiras à B. pulchellus e comparar as características anatômicas dos tecidos das bainhas foliares de espécies/cultivares resistentes e suscetíveis. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em laboratório e casa de vegetação, em testes com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando-se as forrageiras: Urochloa ruziziensis, U. humidicola, U. brizantha ‘Piatã’, U. brizantha ‘Paiaguás’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, Panicum maximum ‘Mombaça’, P. maximum ‘Zuri’, e Andropogon gayanus. Os resultados de oviposição demonstraram que no teste de escolha houve uma mudança no comportamento do percevejo em relação às gramíneas quatro horas após infestação, sendo U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ e ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’ e A. gayanus menos atrativos para os insetos. Conclui-se que U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ e ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, e A. gayanus são menos atrativas a B. pulchellus. A. gayanus, e P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ e ‘Zuri’ apresentam resistência do tipo não-preferência para oviposição a B. pulchellus. A resistência de U. humidicola, P. maximum Zuri, e A. gayanus a B. pulchellus pode estar associada a maior compactação e lignificação das células dos tecidos parenquimático e esclerenquimático das bainhas foliares. percevejosdasgramíneas percevejos Blissus Hemiptera (Hemiptera Blissidae Blissidae) nutrientes morte Assim B espéciescultivares cultivares vegetação utilizandose utilizando se ruziziensis U humidicola ‘Piatã, Piatã ‘Piatã , ‘Piatã’ ‘Paiaguás, Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás’ ‘Marandu, Marandu ‘Marandu ‘Mombaça, Mombaça ‘Mombaça P ‘Zuri, Zuri ‘Zuri infestação insetos Concluise Conclui nãopreferência não preferência

Resumen Nysius simulans es considerada una plaga polífaga presente en muchas plantaciones. En áreas de producción de quinua se ha observado causando daños a la panoja y afectando la calidad del grano; sin embargo, hacen falta estudios que permitan en el futuro optimizar estrategias para su control. El objetivo fue determinar el ciclo biológico de N. simulans utilizando como dieta alimenticia cultivares comerciales de quinua. Se realizó la crianza masal a nivel de laboratorio. Para el estudio del ciclo biológico se alimentó con tres cultivares comerciales de quinua (Blanca de Hualhuas, Roja Pasankalla y Rosada de Huancayo). Se evaluó bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio (26.6 °C y 46.4% HR). El ciclo biológico completo tomó 58.54 días. El período de incubación tomó 6.98 días y la proporción macho/hembra fue de 1/1.2. Presentó un período de pre-oviposición de 3.89 días; uno de oviposición de 23.13 días; y uno pos-oviposición de 2.13 días. Las ninfas pasaron por cinco instares con una duración de 22.4 días. Los cultivares de quinuas usadas como dieta alimenticia no influyeron en el ciclo biológico.

Abstract Nysius simulans is considered a polyphagous pest present in many plantations. In quinoa production areas it has been observed causing damage to the panicle and affecting the quality of the grain; However, studies are needed to optimize strategies for its control in the future. The objective was to determine the life cycle of N. simulans using commercial quinoa cultivars as a dietary diet. Mass aging was carried out at laboratory level. For the study of the biological cycle, three commercial quinoa cultivars were fed (Blanca de Hualhuas, Roja Pasankalla, Rosada de Huancayo). It was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions (26.6 °C, 46.4% RH). The complete biological cycle took 58.54 days. The incubation period took 6.98 days and the male/female ratio was 1/1.2. They had a pre-oviposition period of 3.89 days; an oviposition period of 23.13 days; and a post-oviposition period of 2.13 days. The nymphs went through five instars with a duration of 22.4 days. The quinoa cultivars used as a dietary diet did not influence the biological cycle.

Abstract Beans are one of the main crops in northern Sonora. The greatest losses occur during storage and these are caused by diseases and pests, being one of the factors that interfere with its quality. Among these pests is the weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, causing high economic losses. To control it, synthetic insecticides are used, mainly organophosphates and pyrethroids. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of Larrea tridentata essential oil (AEG) on the weevil Acanthoscelides obtetus. In relation to the percentage of mortality, it was observed that there were significant differences, mortality above 80% with the concentration of 10 μl/AEG. At 48 hours, the concentration of 10 μl/AEG presented 93.33% mortality. While at 72 hours a mortality of 96.66% was obtained and the control was 33.33%. There was 100% inhibition in oviposition with concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 μl/AEG. The emergence occurred at the concentration of 0.5 μl/AEG, showing 13 new specimens and 0 μl/AEG, showing 147 new bruchids. No damaged grain occurred in the concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 μl/AEG, but it did occur in beans treated with 0.5 and 0 μl/AEG, which ranged from 9.33 to 62%. According to the results obtained in this research, we can mention that Larrea tridentata has an effect on growth inhibition, suppression of reproductive behavior or reduction of fecundity and mortality in A. obtetus.

Resumen El frijol es uno de los principales cultivos en el norte de Sonora. Las mayores pérdidas ocurren durante su almacenamiento y éstas son ocasionadas por enfermedades y plagas, siendo uno de los factores que interfieren en su calidad. Entre estas plagas, se encuentra el gorgojo Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, causando altas pérdidas económicas. Para su control de se utilizan insecticidas sintéticos, principalmente organofosforados y piretroides. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto del aceite esencial de Larrea tridentata (AEG) en el gorgojo Acanthoscelides obtetus. En relación al porcentaje de mortalidad se observó que existió diferencias significativas una mortalidad arriba del 80% con la concentración de 10 μl/AEG. A las 48 horas la concentración de 10 μl/AEG presento un 93,33% de mortalidad. Mientras que a las 72 horas se obtuvo una mortalidad del 96,66% y el control fue de 33,33%. Se presentó inhibición al 100% en la ovoposición con las concentraciones de 2, 5 y 10 μl/AEG. La emergencia se presentó en la concentración de 0,5 μl/AEG mostro 13 nuevos ejemplares y 0 μl/AEG presento 147 nuevos bruquidos. No se presentó grano dañado en las concentraciones de 2, 5 y 10 μl/AEG, pero si en frijol tratado con 0,5 y 0 μl/AEG, las cuales oscilaron del 9,33 al 62%. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación podemos mencionar que Larrea tridentata presenta efecto en la inhibición del crecimiento, supresión del comportamiento reproductivo o la reducción de la fecundidad y mortalidad en A. obtetus.

RESUMEN Introducción: La invasión de especies exóticas es una de las principales amenazas para los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad, con un impacto directo en la economía. Objetivo: Diseñar un programa para la alerta temprana, diagnóstico rápido y mitigación de los daños que la plaga invasora Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) pudiera ocasionar, ante su eventual introducción a Cuba. Métodos: Se diseñó un programa de prevención y mitigación de daños para el enfrentamiento del insecto mediante la evaluación de la respuesta del microlepidóptero frente al cultivar cubano de tomate Vyta y las potencialidades de 2 míridos depredadores: Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) y Engytatus varians (Distant) como agentes de control biológico a través de estudios de interacción y preferencia alimentaria frente a T. absoluta y presas alternativas. Se actualizó la presencia de los depredadores en solanáceas (tomate y tabaco) en Cuba. Resultados: Los valores de los parámetros biológicos de T. absoluta sobre Vyta fueron bajos. Asimismo, la polilla mostró preferencia por la parte superior y media de las plantas para poner huevos y alimentación larval, sin embargo, Vyta fue menos preferido para la oviposición en comparación con el resto de los cultivares evaluados, lo que demuestra su resistencia frente al insecto. Los míridos mostraron mayor consumo de huevos y larvas de primer instar, con una combinación positiva de ambas especies para el control. Se reafirman las potencialidades de los míridos como agentes de control biológico, seleccionando M. basicornis como el candidato más promisorio a partir de la metodología de preferencia alimentaria empleada. Asimismo, M. basicornis completa su ciclo biológico y permanece en el cultivo alimentado con áfidos como presas alternativas. Conclusiones: Los nuevos hallazgos unido a la capacitación del personal especializado, permitió establecer las bases científicas y metodológicas para el desarrollo de un programa de prevención y mitigación del impacto de T. absoluta en Cuba.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The invasion of exotic species is one of the main threats to ecosystems and biodiversity, with a direct impact on the economy. Objective: To design a program for the early detection, rapid response and application of measures to minimize possible damages produced by the invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), before its eventual introduction into Cuba. Methods: It was designed a prevention and damage mitigation program to deal with the insect through the evaluation of the response of the microlepidoptera against the Cuban tomato cultivar Vyta and the potentialities of two mirid predators: Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) and Engytatus varians (Distant) as biological control agents through interaction and food preference studies against T. absolute and alternative preys. It was updated the presence of predators in Solanaceae (tomato and tobacco) in Cuba. Results: The values of the biological parameters of T. absoluta on Vyta were low. Likewise, the leaf miner showed preference for the upper and middle strata of the plants for laying eggs and larval feeding, however Vyta was less preferred for oviposition in comparison with the rest of the cultivars assessed, which demonstrates its resistance against the insect. Mirids showed higher consumption of eggs and first instar larvae, with positive combination of both predator species for the control. They are confirmed potentialities of mirids as biological control agents and M. basicornis is selected as the most promising candidate based on the food preference methodology used. Likewise, M. basicornis completes its lifespan and remains in the crop fed with aphids as alternative prey. Conclusions: The new findings, together with the training of specialized personnel, strengthen the scientific and methodological bases within a program of prevention and mitigation of the impact of T. absoluta in Cuba.

Resumen Objetivos : Monitorear la actividad de oviposición del mosquito Aedes aegypti y de casos de dengue y chikun gunya en cuatro localidades de Argentina templada, durante la epidemia del 2023. Métodos : Durante el verano y otoño del 2023, se mo nitoreó semanalmente mediante ovitrampas la actividad de oviposición del mosquito vector, y se registró el arribo de casos con dengue o chikungunya a Tandil, Olavarría, Bahía Blanca y Laprida. Resultados : La variación mensual del porcentaje de trampas positivas fue similar en las tres primeras localidades; en Laprida no se detectó el mosquito. Por el contrario, se observó una diferencia significativa del porcentaje de trampas que alguna vez resultó positiva en cada localidad, siendo mayor en Olavarría (83%), que en Bahía Blanca (67%) y Tandil (49%). Respecto a las enfermedades, se registraron 18 casos importados de dengue y 3 de chikungunya. Además, se registró el primer caso autóctono de dengue en la región, siendo el más austral hasta el momento. Conclusión : Es imprescindible sensibilizar y capacitar a los integrantes de los sistemas de salud de las nue vas regiones expuestas al Ae. aegypti para la detección temprana de casos, y a la población en general para potenciar las acciones de prevención.

Abstract Objectives : To monitor the oviposition activity of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and of dengue and chikungunya cases in four localities of temperate Argentina, during the 2023 epidemic. Methods : During the summer and autumn of 2023, the oviposition activity of the mosquito vector was monitored weekly using ovitraps, and the arrival of cases with dengue or chikungunya in Tandil, Olavarría, Bahía Blanca and Laprida were registered. Results : Monthly variations of the percentage of positive traps were similar in the first three locations; in Laprida the mosquito was not detected. On the con trary, a significant difference was observed in the per centage of total traps that ever tested positive in each locality, being higher in Olavarría (83.3%) than in Bahía Blanca (68.6%) and Tandil (48.7%). Regarding diseases, 18 imported cases of dengue and 3 of chikungunya were registered. In addition, the first autochthonous case of dengue in the region was recorded, being the southern most until known. Conclusion : It is essential to raise awareness and train the members of the health systems of the new regions exposed to Ae. aegypti for early detection of cases, and to the general population to enhance pre vention actions.

Abstract Animal carcasses in natural environments are a food source for various organisms, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Insects also utilize this ephemeral resource for oviposition and development of their offspring, with the immatures being responsible for the greatest consumption of the resource. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the fauna of necrophagous insects associated with a cow carcass Bos taurus Linnaeus found in the municipality of São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brazil. Insects were sampled using forceps and entomological nets for eight days, with the immatures being taken to the Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors (LEV) and subsequently reared at room temperature. A total of 1,149 specimens were sampled, comprising 141 adults and 1,017 immatures. Among the adults, the species Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius), and Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) were prominent. Regarding immatures, all insects that emerged were of the species C. albiceps. Additionally, we report the first record of Chrysomya putoria (Widemann), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), and Hemertia illucens (Linnaeus) visiting bovine carcasses in the Neotropical region. The results reveal a late colonization of C. albiceps in advanced stages, confirming the importance of research with carcasses in the context of forensic entomology.

Resumen Las carcasas animales en entornos naturales son una fuente de alimento para diversos organismos, como hongos, bacterias e insectos. Los insectos también utilizan este recurso efímero para la oviposición y el desarrollo de sus crías, siendo los inmaduros responsables del mayor consumo del recurso. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue conocer la fauna de insectos necrófagos asociados a una carcasa de vaca Bos taurus Linnaeus encontrada en el municipio de São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brasil. Los insectos se muestrearon con la ayuda de pinzas y redes entomológicas durante ocho días, y los inmaduros se llevaron al Laboratorio de Entomología y Vectores (LEV) y posteriormente se criaron a temperatura ambiente. Se obtuvo un total de 1.149 especímenes, siendo 141 adultos y 1.017 inmaduros. Entre los adultos, destacaron las especies Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius) y Dermestes maculatus (De Geer). En cuanto a los inmaduros, todos los insectos que emergieron fueron de la especie C. albiceps. Además, se reporta el primer registro de Chrysomya putoria (Widemann), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) y Hemertia illucens (Linnaeus) visitando una carcasa bovina en la región neotropical. Nuestros resultados revelan una colonización tardía de C. albiceps en etapas avanzadas, confirmando la importancia de la investigación con carcasas en el contexto de la entomología forense.

RESUMEN Plutella xylostella es una plaga de las más importantes en los cultivos de brassicaceas alrededor del mundo. El indoxacarb se utiliza ampliamente para el control de larvas de lepidópteros plaga. Este insecticida presenta una actividad lenta y efectos residuales prolongados los cuales impactan los hábitos y la fisiología de las plagas. Como objetivo se estableció la evaluación del efecto de concentraciones subletales de indoxacarb en la biología y tiempo de desarrollo de la palomilla dorso de diamante. Se realizó presión de selección del insecticida indoxacarb sobre P. xylostella, aplicando la CL20 de la generación anterior por las siguientes diez generaciones, se calculó la CL20 de la línea resistente (G10) y posteriormente se aplicó esta concentración a larvas de L3. Se evaluó el efecto en el porcentaje y peso de pupas, emergencia de adultos y oviposición para dos generaciones; además, del tiempo de desarrollo de huevo, larva, pupa y adulto. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia y la exposición a CL20 de indoxacarb provocaron cambios en la biología y el desarrollo de P. xyllostella. Esto se manifestó en un aumento del porcentaje y peso de pupas formadas y emergencia de adultos, junto con una prolongación del tiempo de desarrollo de más de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó una disminución de más del 50% en el número de huevos por hembra.

ABSTRACT Plutella xylostella is one of the most important pests of brassicaceous crops around the world. Indoxacarb is widely used to control lepidopteran pest larvae. This insecticide has slow activity and prolonged residual effects which impact the habits and physiology of pests. The objective was to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb on the biology and development time of the diamondback moth. Selection pressure of the insecticide indoxacarb was carried out on P. xylostella, applying the LC20 of the previous generation for the next ten generations, the LC20 of the resistant line (G10) was calculated and this concentration was subsequently applied to L3 larvae. The effect on the percentage and weight of pupae, adult emergence and oviposition for two generations was evaluated; in addition, the development time of egg, larva, pupa and adult. The results showed that resistance and exposure to LC20 of indoxacarb caused changes in the biology and development of P. xyllostella. This was manifested in an increase in the percentage and weight of formed pupae and emergence of adults, along with a prolongation of development time of more than 10 days. However, a decrease of more than 50% in the number of eggs per female was observed.

RESUMEN Se midió el impacto del transporte de la codorniz de cuatro edades (0, 14, 28 y 42 días) desde la costa a la sierra peruana sobre el inicio de la oviposición y rendimiento en la fase de puesta. Las codornices fueron trasladadas desde Lurín (Lima, Perú) ubicado a 14 msnm hacia el valle de Cajamarca a 2743 msnm. Se trabajó con 800 cotupollos hembras recién eclosionadas en Lurín y se formaron cuatro grupos de 200 aves cada uno. Tres grupos fueron instalados en Lurín y un grupo fue llevado a Cajamarca el mismo día del nacimiento. Los otros grupos fueron trasladados a los 14, 28 y 42 días de edad a Cajamarca. A los 42 días de edad, las aves fueron distribuidas por tratamiento a razón de 15 aves por jaula (una jaula = una repetición). Cada tratamiento tuvo seis repeticiones. Las codornices trasladadas a los 14, 28 y 42 días de edad alcanzaron mayores pesos corporales y pesos de huevo al inicio de la puesta, con mayor masa de huevo y mejor tasa de puesta durante la fase productiva. Las codornices trasladadas a los 28 y 42 días de edad iniciaron la puesta a menor edad y con mejor conversión alimenticia en la puesta.

ABSTRACT The impact of transporting quail of four ages (0, 14, 28 and 42 days) from the coast to the Peruvian mountains on the onset of oviposition and performance in the laying phase was measured. The quails were moved from Lurin (Lima, Peru) at 14 meters above sea level to the Cajamarca valley at 2743 meters above sea level. A batch of 800 recently hatched female chicks in Lurin to distribute them in four groups of 200 birds each. Three groups were installed in Lurin and one group was taken to Cajamarca on the same day of birth. The other groups were transferred at 14, 28 and 42 days of age to Cajamarca. At 42 days of age, the birds were distributed per treatment at a rate of 15 birds per cage (one cage = one repetition). Each treatment had six repetitions. Quails transferred at 14, 28 and 42 days of age reached higher body weights and egg weights at the beginning of laying, with greater egg mass and better laying rate during the productive phase. Quails transferred at 28 and 42 days of age began laying at a younger age and with better feed conversion at laying.

ABSTRACT: The use of plant resistance acts by intervening in the herbivore-host relationship, through morphological, physical or chemical factors of the plant. This study evaluated the oviposition and foliar consumption of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) in soybean genotypes, in free- and no-choice tests, correlating them with the factors, density and size of trichomes. The experiments were carried out in laboratory (25 ± 2 °C; RH= 70 ± 10%; photoperiod 14h) using five cultivars (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) and two isolines (PELBR 10-6000 and PELBR 10-6049). The trichomes reported were filiform tectors and claviform multicellular glandular. The density of glandular trichomes, in stages V2 and V5, was higher on BRS 6203 RR and BRS 391, respectively. The higher density of glandular trichomes was observed in V5 and a higher density of tector trichomes in V2. The lowest densities and the smallest sizes of trichomes in V2 and V5 stages was observed on PELBR 10-6049. The size of tector trichomes and the number of eggs did not differ among the cultivars. Foliar consumption was lower for on BMX Icone Ipro and Tec Irga 6070 RR. Trichome density influences the consumption and oviposition behavior of C. includens.

RESUMO: O uso da resistência de plantas atua intervindo na relação herbívoro-hospedeiro, através de fatores morfológicos, físicos ou químicos da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a oviposição e o consumo foliar de Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) em genótipos de soja, através de testes com e sem escolha, correlacionando-os com os fatores, densidade e tamanho de tricomas. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório (25 ± 2 °C; UR= 70 ± 10%; fotoperíodo 14h) utilizando cinco cultivares (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) e duas linhagens (PELBR 10-6000 e PELBR 10-6049). Os tricomas encontrados foram tectores filiformes e glandulares multicelulares claviformes. A densidade de tricomas glandulares nos estágios V2 e V5, foi maior em BRS 6203 RR e BRS 391, respectivamente. A maior densidade de tricomas glandulares foi observada em V5 e a maior densidade de tricomas tectores em V2. As menores densidades e os menores tamanhos de tricomas nos estágios V2 e V5 foram observados em PELBR 10-6049. O tamanho de tricomas tectores e o número de ovos não diferiram entre as cultivares. O consumo foliar foi menor para BMX Icone Ipro e Tec Irga 6070 RR. A densidade de tricomas influência o comportamento de consumo e oviposição de C. includens.

The appropriate management of the habitat of the endangered and endemic White-spotted Ketsi Blue butterfly, Lepidochrysops ketsi leucomacula Henning & Henning, 1994, is necessary for its survival. Much of the life history and ecology of this butterfly are unknown. The oviposition plant was found to be Selago tarach-odes Hilliard and the plants that were observed to be visited by L. k. leucomacula for nectar all had pink flowers. Monitoring of two populations of L. k. leucomacula in protected areas commenced in March 2022. Surveillance and walked transects were the monitoring methods used. Observed threats to this endangered butterfly in protected areas were uncontrolled grazing by domestic livestock and mowing of its grassland habitat. Fencing of its grassland habitat may be a way to control these threats.

Resumen La mosquita blanca Bemisia tabaci Genn. es una plaga dañina a cultivos hortícolas a nivel mundial. Una de las tácticas sustentables para su manejo es la búsqueda de fuentes de resistencia a esta plaga. Los tomates silvestres son fuente importante de diversidad genética y en ellos se puede encontrar genes de resistencia a diversos factores bióticos, como la incidencia de plagas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar bajo condiciones de invernadero 15 accesiones de tomates criollos, a la atracción y oviposición de B. tabaci. Además, de estimar la incidencia y severidad de begomovirus en campo. La accesión Rosa pa’ak ez2 tuvo menor atracción de adultos (0.7 adultos por cm2) y Socato uptl tuvo menor preferencia de oviposición (0.8 huevos cm2). En campo, las accesiones País ac y Rosa pa’ak ez2 tuvieron significativamente menor presencia de adultos en el follaje. Para incidencia y severidad de síntomas de virosis, Socato uptl tuvo el 76.7% de plantas con síntomas de virosis y una severidad de 2.2 a los 60 días después del trasplante y 2.9 a los 75 días después del trasplante. Los resultados evidenciaron variación en las accesiones de tomate a la atracción de adultos, preferencia de oviposición y susceptibilidad a virosis transmitida por B. tabaci.

Abstract The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. is a plant pest highly harmful to horticultural crops worldwide. A sustainable tactic for the management of this pest is the search for plant resistance. Wild tomatoes are a crucial source of genetic diversity and genes for resistance to biotic factors as pest incidence. The objective of this work was to evaluate 15 accessions of creole tomatoes in greenhouse for attraction and oviposition response of B. tabaci. In addition, to estimate the incidence and severity of begomovirus in a field trial. The Rosa pa’ak ez2 accession had the lowest number of adults (0.7 per cm2) and Socato uptl had the lowest preference for oviposition (0.8 eggs per cm2). In the field, the País ac and Rosa pa’ak ez2 accessions had significantly fewer adults on the foliage. For the incidence and severity symptoms, Socato uptl had 76.7% of plants with virus symptoms and severity of 2.2 (60 days after transplant) and 2.9 (75 days after transplant), respectively. The results showed variation in the tomato accessions in the attraction of adults, oviposition preference, and susceptibility to viruses transmitted by B. tabaci.

Abstract The technique of terrestrial sampling of boll weevil (BW) populations is expensive and inefficient over large areas, but may be cheaper and more efficient without involving the manipulation of cotton squares. The aim of this study was to develop a technique to sampling cotton squares based on the observation of opened and/or yellowing bracts to determine the need and efficacy of chemical control of BW in cotton crops. The first experiment aimed to estimate the ratio between the number of cotton squares with opened and/or yellowed bracts and that of squares with BW oviposition punctures. The second experiment, aimed to determine the efficacy of chemical control for BW by sampling cotton squares with opened and/or yellowed bracts. The ratio between the number of opened and/or yellowed bracts and the number of cotton squares with oviposition punctures was 2:1. The level and efficiency of chemical control of BW, based on the percentage and sampling of cotton plants with opened and/or yellowed bracts, was 5% and did not differ from the one based on the observation of cotton plants with 10% cotton squares with oviposition punctures by BW females. The control level based on sampling cotton plants with open and/or yellowing bracts was 5%. The efficiency of chemical insecticides using this economic threshold against the BW did not differ from that based on sampling cotton plants with 10% of cotton squares with oviposition punctures by BW females. This indicates that the chemical control of cotton boll weevil can be carried out based on cotton squares with open and/or yellowed bracts. (BW areas andor or crops 21. 21 2 1. 1 2:1 5 10 females 2:

Resumo A técnica de amostragem terrestre de populações do bicudo-do-algodoeiro é cara e ineficiente em grandes áreas, mas pode ser mais barata e mais eficiente sem envolver a manipulação dos botões florais de algodoeiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma técnica de amostragem de botões florais de algodoeiros, baseada na observação de brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas, para determinar a necessidade de controle químico do bicudo em lavouras de algodão. O primeiro experimento teve por objetivo estimar a razão entre o número de botões florais de algodoeiros com brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas e o daqueles com orifícios de oviposição. O segundo experimento teve por objetivo determinar a eficiência do controle químico do bicudo por meio da amostragem de botões florais de algodoeiros com brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas. A razão entre o número de brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas e o de botões florais de algodoeiros com orifícios de oviposição foi de 2:1. O nível de controle, baseado na amostragem de algodoeiro com brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas, foi de 5%. A eficiência do inseticida químico utilizando esse limiar econômico contra o bicudo não diferiu daquela baseada na amostragem de plantas de algodão com 10% de botões florais com orifícios de oviposição por fêmeas desse inseto. O controle químico do bicudo-do-algodoeiro pode ser realizado a partir de amostragens de brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecias em plantas de algodoeiro. bicudodoalgodoeiro áreas eou ou 21. 21 2 1. 1 2:1 5 5% 10 inseto 2: