BACKGROUND: Assessing the degree of improvement is important for establishing the standard of care provided by an individual orthodontist or tertiary care institution. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the orthodontic treatment outcomes of patients treated by residents in a postgraduate orthodontic programme at a University in South Africa. DESIGN: Retrospective assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index. SETTING: Department of Orthodontics at a University in South Africa. Participants Patients who completed fixed orthodontic treatment between May 2016 and May 2021. METHODS: The PAR index was used to assess pre- (T0) and post-treatment (T1) orthodontic study models. Additional outcome measures that were assessed included extraction, non-extraction, orthodontic bracket prescription, impactions, Angle classification and duration of treatment. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 16 years and 6 months, and a sex distribution of 47 (63.5%) females and 27 (36.5%) males. The mean treatment time was 32 months, with a mean weighted score reduction of 28.1 (86%). The sample had 72 (97.3%) patients categorised as "improved" and 2 (2.7%) as "worse or no different". Of the "improved" patients, 52 (70.2%) were "greatly improved". CONCLUSION: The mean percentage weighted PAR score reduction of 86% for the sample reflects a high standard of care provided by the orthodontic residents at the tertiary care centre.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso clínico de una adolescente de 18 años de edad, quien se accidentó en una motocicleta y fue remitida a la Escuela de Medicina Dental de la ciudad de Torreón, Estado Coahuila de México para la colocación de implantes dentarios. El tratamiento ortodóncico incluyó 2 fases: inicial, con la instalación de una prótesis parcial removible provisional y correctiva, donde se colocó una aparatología fija superior e inferior mediante la técnica de Roth. Con este tratamiento fueron corregidas la maloclusión, la ausencia dentaria y la pérdida ósea. Se logró una transmigración dentaria y a los 22 meses de evolución, la paciente alcanzó una oclusión funcional.

ABSTRACT The case report of an 18 years adolescent is presented, who had an accident in a motorcycle and she was referred to the Dental Medicine School of Torreón city, Coahuila State in Mexico, for the placement of dental implants. The orthodontic treatment included 2 phases: initial, with the installation of a removable, provisional and corrective partial denture, where an upper and lower fixed appliance was placed using the Roth technique. Malocclusion, tooth absence and bone loss were corrected with this treatment. A dental transmigration was achieved and after 22 months of evolution, the patient achieved a functional occlusion.

Resumen Las redes sociales se han convertido en un espacio idóneo para el intercambio de información y conocimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la implementación de Instagram como herramienta didáctica, para fomentar y facilitar el aprendizaje del estudiantado en los cursos teóricos y de laboratorio de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia durante el 2022. Se crearon cuentas privadas en Instagram para cada uno de los cuatro cursos. Durante 4 meses se posteó información de relevancia para repasar conceptos y fortalecer el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Al finalizar los cursos se realizó una encuesta que contenía las siguientes variables: utilidad de la red social, cantidad de información proporcionada, lugar preferido para ver el contenido (muro o historias) y si los estudiantes recomiendan el uso de Instagram en otros cursos del Departamento de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia. Para la asociación de variables se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado, el valor de p<0,05, 95%Cl. La participación en las cuentas fue de 222 individuos; la interacción de los estudiantes con las cuentas fue del 87,5% respecto a las historias, el 95% observaron las historias de forma completa. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto al lugar donde se publicaba la información: las historias fue el lugar preferido por los estudiantes. La participación en la encuesta fue de 167 estudiantes. A todos los estudiantes les resultó muy útil o útil el contenido en la red social. El 100% de los encuestados recomendaron mantener la implementación de las redes sociales en los cursos teóricos del Departamento. Instagram no es solo una aplicación de carácter social, sino que constituye un canal para hacer el proceso de enseñanza más dinámico y atractivo. Los docentes pueden integrar esta plataforma social para fomentar la motivación y el aprendizaje en los estudiantes.

Abstract Social networks have become an ideal space for the exchange of information and knowledge. The objetive of this study was to determine the usefulness of the implementation of Instagram as a didactic tool to promote and facilitate student learning in the theoretical and laboratory courses of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics during 2022. Private Instagram accounts were created for each of the four courses. During 4 months relevant information was posted to review concepts and strengthen the teaching-learning process of the students. At the end of the courses, a survey was conducted containing the following variables: usefulness of the social network, amount of information provided, preferred place to view content (wall or stories) and whether students recommend the use of Instagram in other courses of the Department of Dentistry and Orthodontics. For the association of variables, the chi-square test was used, value of p<0.05, 95%Cl. The participation in the accounts was 222 individuals; the interaction of the students with the accounts was 87.5% with respect to the stories, 95% observed the stories completely. There was a statistically significant difference with respect to where the information was posted: stories was the preferred place for students. There were 167 students participating in the survey. All the students found very useful or useful the content of the application on the social network.100% of the respondents recommended keeping the implementation of social networks in the theoretical courses of the Department. Instagram is not only a social application but also a channel to make the teaching process more dynamic and attractive. Teachers can integrate this social platform to foster motivation and learning in students.

Resumen El objetivo del studio fue determinar los índices de reprobación de los cursos de la malla curricular de la Licenciatura en Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica de las cohortes del 2007 al 2014. Se utilizaron los datos de 736 expedientes. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, edad de ingreso, nacionalidad, estado civil, hijos, lugar y colegio de procedencia, nota de examen de admisión y cursos aprobados. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Aplicaciones Estudiantiles, los expedientes físicos y del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariado y multivariado. El 98% de los estudiantes fueron costarricenses, el 68% mujeres, el 79% ingresó según la nota de admisión, el 43% ingresó con una edad de 18 años o menos, el 50% provenía de un colegio público, el 77% residía en la Gran Área Metropolitana y el 95% eran solteros y permanecieron sin hijos. El abandono de los estudios se presentó mayoritariamente en los primeros 4 ciclos de la carrera de odontología. Los cursos de la malla curricular que menor tasa de éxito total obtuvieron fueron cursos de servicio: Química General, Química Orgánica y Matemática Elemental. De los cursos propios la Clínica de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia y la Clínica de Endodoncia fueron los cursos con más reprobación. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la aprobación del curso de física y el colegio de procedencia. En la Licenciatura de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica la reprobación es alta en los primeros cuatro ciclos de la Carrera, que es cuando más se imparten cursos de servicio. Respecto a los cursos propios, la Clínica de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia y la Clínica de Endodoncia fueron los que obtuvieron la menor tasa de éxito.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the failure rates of the courses in the curriculum of the Dentistry degree program at the University of Costa Rica for the cohorts from 2007 to 2014. Data from 736 records were used. The variables considered were the following: gender, age at admission, nationality, marital status, children, domicile, previous high school attended, admission exam scores, and approved courses. The data were obtained from the Student Application System, physical records, and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Among the students, 98% were Costa Rican, 68% were female, 79% were admitted based on their admission exam scores, 43% were admitted at the age of 18 or younger, 50% came from public schools, 77% resided in the Greater Metropolitan Area, and 95% were single and childless. The majority of study dropouts occurred in the first four cycles of the dentistry degree. The courses with the lowest overall success rate in the curriculum were service courses: General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Elemental Mathematics. Among the core courses, the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic and the Endodontics Clinic had the highest failure rates. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the approval rates of the physics course and the school of origin. In the Dentistry degree program at University of Costa Rica, the failure rate is high in the first four cycles of the program, which is when service courses are mainly offered. As fo the core courses, the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic and the Endodontics Clinic had the lowest success rates.

Resumen La cefalometría es un método diagnóstico morfológico y descriptivo que proporciona datos relevantes sobre maloclusiones esqueléticas y dentoalveolares de pacientes que buscan tratamiento de ortodoncia. Varios autores han propuesto diferentes mediciones cefalométricas para determinar la dirección del crecimiento facial y el biotipo facial, los resultados de estas diferentes mediciones de un mismo paciente no siempre coinciden en el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de concordancia entre los análisis cefalométricos de Ricketts y Björk-Jarabak para la determinación de la dirección del crecimiento facial y el biotipo facial en pacientes de una población de Yucatán, México. Se trazaron digitalmente un total de 260 cefalogramas laterales de pacientes entre 18 y 59 años de edad utilizando los análisis cefalométricos de Ricketts y Björk-Jarabak para determinar la dirección del crecimiento facial y el biotipo facial utilizando el software Dolphin Imagine. Se realizó la prueba estadística kappa de Cohen para establecer la fuerza de concordancia entre los resultados diagnósticos obtenidos por los análisis cefalométricos. Se encontró una fuerza de concordancia diagnóstica deficiente para la dirección del crecimiento (K=0.105) y aceptable para el biotipo facial (K=0.362). Los niveles de concordancia para cada posibilidad diagnóstica (nivel) variaron de leve a aceptable, excepto para los biotipos braquifacial y dolicofacial, con un nivel de concordancia moderado. En conclusión, las mediciones cefalométricas de Ricketts y Björk-Jarabak utilizadas para la determinación del biotipo facial y la dirección del crecimiento facial podrían sugerir evaluaciones diagnósticas no concordantes en algunos individuos.

Abstract Cephalometry is a morphological and descriptive diagnostic method that provides relevant data on skeletal and dentoalveolar malocclusions of patients seeking orthodontics treatment. Several authors have proposed different cephalometric measurements to determine facial growth direction and facial biotype, the results of these different measurements from the same patient do not always agree on the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between Ricketts and Björk-Jarabak cephalometric analyses for the determination of facial growth direction and facial biotype in patients from a population of Yucatan, Mexico. A total of 260 lateral cephalograms of patients between 18 and 59 years of age were digitally traced using the Ricketts and Björk-Jarabak cephalometric analyses to determine the direction of facial growth and facial biotype using Dolphin Imagine software. Cohen's kappa statistical test was performed to establish the strength of agreement between the diagnostic results obtained by the cephalometric analyses. A poor diagnostic concordance strength was found for growth direction (K=0.105), and acceptable for facial biotype (K=0.362). The concordance strengths for each diagnostic possibility (level) ranged from slight to acceptable, except for the brachyfacial and dolichofacial biotypes, with a moderate strength of agreement. In conclusion, the Ricketts and Björk- Jarabak cephalometric measurements used for the determination of facial biotype and facial growth direction could suggest non-concordant diagnostic assessments in some individuals.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las variaciones de los diferentes análisis cefalométricos disponibles han demostrado que muchas de sus normas no se ajustan a todos los pacientes, lo cual pudiera deberse a que surgieron en poblaciones y contextos con características diferentes. Objetivo: Validar un análisis cefalométrico diseñado para adolescentes santiagueros. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente Mártires del Moncada de Santiago de Cuba desde enero de 2021 hasta febrero de 2023. Se estudiaron dos muestras aleatorias, una de especialistas para la selección de las variables a incluir en el diseño del análisis cefalométrico y otra de expertos para la validación del mismo. La validación de aspecto, contenido y criterio fue realizada aplicando los criterios de Moriyama. Resultados: El análisis cefalométrico CefaloSan contó con 32 medidas agrupadas en seis áreas, que permitieran hacer un análisis dentario, esqueletal, dentoesqueletal, determinante, estructural interno y de los tejidos blandos. En la validación se obtuvo una calificación global de concordancia entre todos los expertos respecto a los cinco criterios, evaluados con la máxima puntuación. Consideraron que CefaloSan es comprensible, pues presenta componentes definidos y un tema justificable, derivándose de datos que pueden obtenerse, además, es sensible a variaciones. El nivel de aceptación del instrumento superó 80 %, resultado que fue estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: El análisis cefalométrico propuesto constituye una herramienta que permitirá lograr un diagnóstico más completo del paciente, contextualizándolo a las características propias de los cubanos y a las necesidades diagnósticas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The variations of the different cephalometric analyses available have shown that many of their standards do not fit all patients, which could be due to the fact that they emerged in populations and contexts with different characteristics. Objective: To validate a cephalometric analysis designed for adolescents from Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A development investigation was carried out at Mártires del Moncada Provincial Stomatological Clinic in Santiago from Cuba from January, 2021 to February, 2023. Two random samples were studied, one of specialists for the selection of the variables to include in the design of the cephalometric analysis and another of experts for its validation. The validation of aspect, content and criterion was carried out implementing the Moriyama criteria. Results: The cephalometric analysis CefaloSan had 32 measures grouped in six areas that allowed to make a dental, skeletical, dentoskeletical, detemining, structural internal and of the soft tissues analysis. In the validation a global qualification of agreement was obtained among all the experts regarding the five criteria, evaluated with the maximum punctuation. They considered that CefaloSan is comprehensible, because it presents defined components and a justifiable topic, being derived from data that can be obtained and it is also sensitive to variations. The level of acceptance of the instrument exceeded 80 %, result that was statistically significant. Conclusions: The cephalometric analysis proposed constitutes a tool that will allow to achieve a more complete diagnosis of the patient, contextualizing it to the typical characteristics of Cubans and the diagnostic necessities.

ABSTRACT Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genodermatosis caused by a monogenic defect that affects the protein ectodysplasin in tissues derived from the ectoderm. Depending on the transmission mechanism, we can distinguish three types of HED: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and linked to the X chromosome (this being the most frequent). Although the phenotypic expression varies according to which gene is affected, all forms of HED share three clinical characteristics: hypodontia, hypohidrosis and hypothricosis. The conventional treatments have the objective of improving the patient’s quality of life, and include dental interventions such as orthodontics and dental implants, dermatological routines for dry skin, and the use of artificial sweat. In recent years, scientific research has focused on genetic engineering to treat HED, developing new promising strategies such as gene therapy with recombinant EDA1, or ER004, developed by Schneider, H. and colleagues. In someclinical trials this strategy effectively reversed clinical manifestations of the disease. Throughout the review we will address HED’s symptoms, tools for the correct diagnosis, available treatments and considerations for the differential diagnosis.

RESUMEN La displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica (DEH) es una genodermatosis producida por un defecto monogenético que afecta la proteína ectodisplasina en los tejidos derivados del ectodermo. De acuerdo al mecanismo de transmisión, podemos distinguir tres tipos de DEH: autosómica recesiva, autosómica dominante, o ligada al cromosoma X (siendo ésta la más frecuente). Si bien la expresión fenotípica presenta diferencias de acuerdo al gen afectado, las tres características clínicas de la DEH son: hipodoncia, hipotricosis e hipohidrosis. El tratamiento convencional busca mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, abarcando intervenciones dentales como ortodoncia e implantes dentales, rutinas dermatológicas para piel seca y escamosa, y el uso de sudor artificial. En los últimos años, la investigación científica desplazó el interés desde estos tratamientos hacia la ingeniería genética, surgiendo alternativas prometedoras que en ciertos ensayos clínicos lograron revertir la enfermedad, como lo es la terapia génica con EDA1 recombinante, o ER004, desarrollada por Schneider, H. A lo largo de la revisión se abordarán los síntomas de la enfermedad, las herramientas para el correcto diagnóstico y los tratamientos disponibles, así como otras condiciones a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial.

INTRODUCTION: General dentists are often reluctant to perform interceptive orthodontic treatment (IOT) in their practices. As IOT can be of great benefit to some patients, the study aimed to explore the factors that influence the implementation of such treatment. METHODOLOGY: A sample of 24 general dental practitioners was selected. One-on-one interviews, guided by two questionnaires, were conducted with each of the participants at either their place of work or in a public location. They answered structured questions regarding the treatment plans for five paper patient scenarios to test their knowledge on interceptive orthodontics (IO). The knowledge scores were assessed according to whether the participants were in private or public practice and on a socioeconomic scale according to where they practiced. A second questionnaire focused on the patient confidence levels with respect to performing IOT as well as other practical issues that have a bearing on IOT. RESULTS: All the participants in the study achieved a knowledge score over 70% with no statistically significant differences found between the private and public sectors. However, when compared according to the different socioeconomic areas, the practitioners from the middle-income socioeconomic area displayed a lower knowledge score that was statistically significant (p=0.029). This group also performed significantly (p=0.001) poorer than the other groups when "treating" Case 1. Seventy-five percent of the participants were very confident regarding their IO diagnosis and treatment planning. However, this confidence was tempered by their confidence (42%) in their undergraduate orthodontic programme. All the participants acknowledged the importance of timeous IOT, yet only 79% stated that they would have treated the "patients" in their own practices. Factors affecting the non-delivery of IOT in practice showed that 50% of the dentists expressed no interest in orthodontics, 54% mentioned medical aid remuneration as a negative factor and 58% did not have the practice infrastructure to be able to perform IOT. CONCLUSION: The lack of interest compounded by the practical challenges of finances, practice infrastructure and lack of patient motivation and compliance are the real issues, with patients often being considered for treatment when it is too late for IOT. Factors influencing dental practitioners' decision to perform interceptive orthodontic treatment in public and private practice settings in the Tshwane metropole, South Africa.

RESUMEN Los caninos se pueden encontrar en situación heterotópica: fosas nasales, seno maxilar, sínfisis mentoniana, o ectópicamente cerca de su asiento normal, pero en diferentes posiciones. Lo más frecuente es que presenten su eje oblicuo hacia mesial, generalmente en palatino o vestibular en el caso de los inferiores, y relativamente frecuente bilateral. La sintomatología es nula en la inclusión y el diente se diagnostica por otros hechos o existe apariencia clínica en el caso de enclavamiento. El abordaje ortoquirúrgico de caninos retenidos ha avanzado con los miniimplantes; esto ha llevado a realizar ajustes en las técnicas quirúrgicas, priorizando la tracción mediante la técnica VISTA para un posicionamiento adecuado en la arcada. Los miniimplantes mejoran la eficacia y precisión, destacando su relevancia en ortodoncia en conjunto con la cirugía oral. Anteriormente se llevaban a cabo diferentes técnicas; a nivel vestibular, se realizaban colgajos con reposición apical o técnicas poco recomendables, como la fenestración mucosa, pues esta podría producir problemas periodontales; por otra parte, a nivel palatino, se realizaba la descubierta de los caninos incluidos mediante un colgajo mucoperióstico (técnica de ventana quirúrgica), en el que se realiza una alveolotomía conductora. Por todo ello, ha de tenerse en cuenta que la apa-ratología fija ortodóntica proporciona una alternativa que evita la extracción de órganos dentales retenidos, a través de técnicas quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas, que permiten mantener los caninos en la arcada dental y, por tanto, la armonía de las arcadas dentales.

ABSTRACT Canines can be found in heterotopic situation: nostrils, maxillary sinus, mentonian symphysis, or ectopically near their normal seat, but in different positions. Most frequently it presents its axis obliquely towards mesial, generally in palatine or vestibular in the case of the inferior ones, and relatively frequently bilateral. Symptomatology is null in the inclusion and the tooth is diagnosed by other facts or there is clinical appearance in the case of interlocking. The orthosurgical approach to retained canines has advanced with mini-implants; which has led to adjustments in surgical techniques, prioritizing traction using the VISTA technique for adequate positioning in the arch. Mini-implants improve efficiency and precision, highlighting their relevance in orthodontics in conjunction with oral surgery. Previously, different techniques were carried out: at the vestibular level, flaps with apical repositioning or techniques that were not recommended, such as mucosal fenestration, which could cause periodontal problems; on the other hand, at the palatal level, the included canines were uncovered by means of a mucoperiosteal flap (surgical window technique), in which a conductive alveolotomy was performed. Therefore, it should be taken into account that fixed orthodontic appliances provide an alternative that avoids the extraction of retained dental organs through minimally invasive surgical techniques.

ABSTRACT: The anchorage management in orthodontic treatments has been a constant challenge, the use of miniplates may be a viable solution to this query. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological differences in the area of insertion of orthodontic miniplates in the anterior and posterior mandibular regions, comparing them between age, sex, biotype and skeletal class. In this analysis 40 cone-beam records of patients were studied, bone thickness measurements were carried out, the sites that allowed the positioning of a miniplate were identified and compared between sex, age groups, biotype and skeletal class. Significant differences were observed between men and women at the anterior mandibular level, in men greater bone and cortical thicknesses were observed. No significant differences were observed between adult and young patients at the anterior mandibular level, but there were differences at the posterior mandibular level. The area 3 mm below the 2nd molar was not a reliable area for the insertion of mini plates, since many of the patients had no bone in that area. Miniplates are a safe anchoring resource which must be adapted to each patient.

RESUMEN: El manejo del anclaje en los tratamientos de ortodoncia ha sido un reto constante, por lo que la utilización de miniplacas aparece como un rescate a esta interrogante. Determinar las diferencias morfológicas en la zona de inserción de miniplacas ortodóncicas en las regiones anterior y posterior mandibular, comparandolas entre edad, sexo, biotipo y clase esqueletal. Se estudiaron 40 registros de cone-beam de pacientes y se realizaron mediciones de grosor del hueso, donde se identificaron los sitios que permitan posicionar una miniplaca y fueron comparados entre sexo, grupos etarios, biotipo y clase esqueletal. Se observó diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres a nivel anterior mandibular, en los hombres se observaron mayores grosores óseos y corticales. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre pacientes adultos y jóvenes a nivel anterior mandibular, pero sí hubo diferencias a nivel mandibular posterior. La zona 3 mm debajo del 2do molar no es una zona confiable para la inserción de mini placas, ya que muchos de los pacientes no presentaban hueso en esa zona. Las miniplacas son un recurso seguro de anclaje las cuales deben ser adaptadas a cada paciente.

RESUMEN Fundamento las mediciones cefalométricas son un instrumento útil en la atención ortodóncica, pues junto a otras mediciones cefalométricas completan y guían el plan de tratamiento que el especialista puede trazar en función de la resolución de las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales. Objetivo determinar la comorbilidad entre el biotipo facial y la clasificación esquelética maxilomandibular en pacientes angolanos con anomalías dentomaxilofaciales. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en la Clínica Meditex, en Luanda, Angola, en el período agosto/2021-julio/2023. La población de estudio fue de 123 telerradiografías del perfil de pacientes con anomalías dentomaxilofaciales, ingresados en la consulta de Ortodoncia. Para el análisis de la telerradiografía de perfil se realizaron mediciones del cefalograma de Ricketts y de Steiner, y se utilizó el software Facad versión 3403. Se estudió la clasificación esquelética maxilomandibular (clase I, clase II, clase III) y el biotipo facial (dolicofacial, mesofacial, braquifacial). Resultados el 46,34 % de los pacientes presentó una clase II esquelética maxilomandibular. Mediante el índice VERT de Ricketts, el 49,59 % de los casos fue clasificado como dolicofacial, seguido del 42,27 % como braquifacial. El 83,60 % de los pacientes con biotipo dolicofacial se caracterizó por presentar una clase II esquelética maxilomandibular, y el 76,92 % de aquellos con biotipo braquifacial clasificó como clase III. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre el biotipo facial y la clasificación esquelética maxilomandibular (p= 0,000). Conclusiones en la mayoría de los pacientes con anomalías dentomaxilofaciales se evidenció una relación entre el biotipo dolicofacial y la clase II esquelética maxilomandibular, por lo que existe una comorbilidad entre ambas características esqueléticofaciales.

ABSTRACT Foundation cephalometric measurements are a useful instrument in orthodontic care, since together with other cephalometric measurements they complete and guide the treatment plan that the specialist can draw up based on the resolution of dentomaxillofacial anomalies. Objective to determine the comorbidity between facial biotype and maxillomandibular skeletal classification in Angolan patients with dentomaxillofacial anomalies. Methods a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the Meditex Clinic, in Luanda, Angola, from August/2021 to July/2023. The studied population was 123 patients’ profile teleradiographs with dentomaxillofacial anomalies, admitted to the Orthodontic clinic. For the analysis of the profile teleradiography, measurements of the Ricketts and Steiner cephalogram were made, and the Facad software version 3403 was used. The maxillomandibular skeletal classification (class I, class II, class III) and the facial biotype (dolichofacial, mesofacial, brachyfacial) were studied. Results 46.34% of patients presented maxillomandibular skeletal class II. Using the Ricketts VERT index, 49.59% of cases were classified as dolichofacial, followed by 42.27% as brachyfacial. 83.60% of patients with dolichofacial biotype were characterized by having maxillomandibular skeletal class II, and 76.92% of those with brachyfacial biotype were classified as class III. A significant association was found between facial biotype and maxillomandibular skeletal classification (p= 0.000). Conclusions in the majority of patients with dentomaxillofacial anomalies, a relationship was evident between the dolichofacial biotype and the maxillomandibular skeletal class II, so there is a comorbidity between both skeletal-facial characteristics.

Resumo Nanopartículas (NPs) são partículas insolúveis com diâmetro inferior a 100 nanômetros. Dois métodos principais têm sido utilizados na terapia ortodôntica para evitar a aderência microbiana ou a desmineralização do esmalte: NPs são incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos ou resinas acrílicas (fluoro-hidroxiapatita, fluorapatita, hidroxiapatita, SiO2, TiO2, prata, nanopreenchimentos) e NPs são revestidas nas superfícies de equipamentos ortodônticos, ou seja, uma camada fina de TiO2 dopado com nitrogênio nas superfícies do braquete. Embora o uso de NPs em ortodontia possa tornar acessível modernos recursos, pesquisas anteriores analisaram as características antibacterianas ou físicas por um período limitado de tempo, variando de 24 horas a várias semanas, por isso devem ser compreendidos os limites dos estudos in vitro. A eficácia de longo prazo de materiais ortodônticos com base em nanotecnologia ainda não foi confirmada de forma conclusiva, o que exige mais estudos, bem como potenciais preocupações de segurança (efeitos tóxicos) associadas ao tamanho da NP.

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.

Abstract This study aimed to develop and validate a self-administered questionnaire in Brazilian Portuguese to verify the level of knowledge of orthodontists in the care of pregnant, lactating, and postmenopausal women, named “Considerations on Orthodontic Treatment during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Postmenopausal Periods.” The development and validation of the questionnaire consisted of the following steps: a) item generation; b) item reduction; c) questionnaire design; and d) validity and reliability tests in a cross-sectional study with 258 orthodontists working in the field from different Brazilian states. A total of 60 orthodontists participated in test-retest over a mean period of 45 days. The preliminary questionnaire consisted of a total of 60 questions. After item reduction, 40 questions were selected for the final version of the questionnaire, with eight questions about pregnant women; six about lactating women; 18 about postmenopausal women, and eight about general knowledge in dentistry. Each item had three response options in the Likert scale format. Face and content validity analysis, reliability assessment through internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega), and test-retest reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were performed. Face and content validity indicated that the questionnaire was considered valid, objective, and easily understandable. The questionnaire had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77; McDonald’s omega = 0.78) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.71; Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.51). The questionnaire was considered valid and reliable to assess the level of knowledge of orthodontists in the care of pregnant, lactating, and postmenopausal women. selfadministered self administered women Considerations Pregnancy Lactation Periods. Periods steps generation b reduction c design d crosssectional cross sectional 25 states 6 testretest test retest 4 days 1 dentistry format analysis Cronbachs Cronbach s McDonalds McDonald omega, , omega) ICC Spearmans Spearman performed objective understandable 0.77 077 0 77 0.78 078 78 0.71 071 71 0.51. 051 0.51 . 51 0.51) 2 0.7 07 7 05 0.5 5 0.

Abstract This observational study aimed to describe and analyze data from two external evaluations of the National Program for Improving Access to and Quality of Dental Specialty Centers (PMAQ CEO), held in 2014 and 2018 in Brazil, which evaluated Dental Specialty Centers (CEO) using a national and census approach. We selected questions through a search in the microdata of the first and second evaluations. The groups were analyzed independently. To compare the groups, nonparametric tests were performed (Mann Whitney U). The formulated hypotheses were: there would be no differences between the data of these groups (h0) and there would be differences between the data of these groups (h1). For qualitative nominal variables, frequency distribution was verified and association tests were performed (chi-square test). The significance level for this study was set at 5%. We observed that orthodontic treatments were found in about 13% of the CEO. Regarding human resources, most professionals were specialists or had MSc or PhD degrees; were civil servants; had been hired by direct administration; or had been hired via public tender. Regarding the work process and inclusion of the CEO in the health care network, we observed a greater number of services that use single and electronic medical records, greater presence of services monitoring and analyzing goals, greater knowledge about monthly average of absenteeism (for 2018); and larger number of services with referrals from primary health care centers (for 2014). Expanding the view on orthodontics and including preventive, interceptive, and corrective treatments at different points in health care networks are essential strategies for achieving comprehensive care in universal health systems. PMAQ CEO, , CEO) 201 Brazil (CEO approach independently Mann U. U . U) h0 h (h0 h1. h1 (h1) variables chisquare chi square test. test test) 5 5% 13 resources degrees servants administration tender network records goals 2018) 2014. 2014) preventive interceptive systems 20 (h (h1 1 2

Aim Like other fields of health, the main focus in dentistry has shifted from treatment to prevention of diseases. Parents have a vital role in deciding about their children’s oral health issues. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of four educational methods (including printed pamphlets, digital pamphlets, face-to-face education, and educational films) in increasing the awareness of parents about preventive orthodontic treatments. Methods The study samples were selected from patients who were referred to the Pediatric Dentistry Department. 150 parents of children between 4-12 years old participated in the study. They filled out a questionnaire including demographic data and knowledge about orthodontic problems and their early treatments. Then they were divided into five groups (control, printed pamphlet, digital pamphlet, face-to-face, educational films) and after one month they repeated the test. Results A total of 102 fathers and 48 mothers were evaluated. There was no statistical difference between different ages, sex, or income in terms of their awareness, but the awareness score between educational groups was different. There has been observed a significant increase in the awareness level of all four groups (except the control group) (P < 0.05). The highest score was seen in the video group. The difference between printed pamphlets and digital pamphlets was not significant. Conclusions The results indicate that educational films are the most effective way of increasing awareness about preventive orthodontic treatments. diseases childrens s issues facetoface face education treatments Department 15 412 4 12 4-1 control, (control pamphlet facetoface, face, test 10 evaluated ages sex except group P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) 1 41 4- 00 0.0 0.