Electrooxidation is an efficient method for treating effluents with high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen and organic matter (R), in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-). The present study aimed at degrading ammoniacal nitrogen and organic matter from an effluent generated at a fertilizer storage port terminal. For this purpose, a batch electrochemical reactor with mechanical agitation was used, with a Ti/RuO2 anode. The parameters studied were the current density that varied in 20, 40 and 60 mA cm-2, the concentration of chloride ions that was 0.04, 0.74, 0.90 to 0.81 mol L-1 and the electrolysis time that varied from 4.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 h. A 22 experimental design was conducted to determine the significance level of the parameters studied. The results obtained indicated the removal of 99.99% of N-NH3 and 75.60% of total organic carbon (TOC) when a current density of 60 mA cm-2 and a Cl- concentration of 35.5 g L-1 were applied, after 4.0 h of electrolysis. R, R , (R) Cl. Cl . (Cl-) terminal purpose used TiRuO2 TiRuO Ti RuO2 RuO Ti/RuO anode 20 4 6 cm2, cm2 cm 2, 2 004 0 04 0.04 074 74 0.74 090 90 0.9 081 81 0.8 L1 L 1 L- 50 5 5.0 70 7 7. 80 8 8. 9999 99 99.99 NNH3 NNH N NH3 NH N-NH 7560 75 75.60 TOC (TOC cm- 355 35 35. applied 4. (R (Cl- 00 0.0 07 0.7 09 9 0. 08 5. 999 99.9 756 75.6 3 (Cl 99. 75.

RESUMO: A China é o maior país produtor de melão em todo o mundo. A aplicação extrema de fertilizantes durante o plantio de melão representa uma séria ameaça ao meio ambiente e à segurança alimentar, portanto, como promover os agricultores a usar fertilizante orgânico verde tornou-se um tópico importante. Este estudo introduziu criativamente a consciência verde no quadro estendido da teoria do comportamento, planejado para explorar os fatores decisivos da intenção dos agricultores de melão de aplicar fertilizante orgânico verde. O modelo de equações estruturais é usado para investigar a intenção de comportamento de 543 agricultores de melão no Condado de Leting, China. Os resultados sugerem que tanto a norma subjetiva quanto a consciência verde podem afetar positiva e significativamente o comportamento dos produtores de melão. Quando a norma subjetiva aumenta em 1, o desvio padrão, a intenção do agricultor aumenta em 1,028 desvio padrão. Para cada aumento de 1 desvio padrão na consciência verde, a intenção dos agricultores aumentou em 0,703 desvio padrão. RESUMO mundo alimentar portanto tornouse tornou se importante 54 Leting 1028 028 1,02 0703 0 703 0,70 5 102 02 1,0 070 70 0,7 10 07 7 0,

ABSTRACT: China is the biggest muskmelon producing country across the world. Extreme application of fertilizer during planting of muskmelon poses a serious threat to the environment and food safety, so how to promote farmers to use organic fertilizer has become an important topic. This study creatively introduced green awareness into the extended framework of theory of planned behavior to explore the decisive factors of muskmelon farmers’ behavior intention to apply green organic fertilizer. The structural equation model is used for investigating behavior intention of 543 muskmelon farmers in Leting County, China. The results suggested that both subjective norm and green awareness can affect muskmelon farmers’ behavior intention positively and significantly. When the subjective norm increases by 1 standard deviation, the farmers’ intention increases by 1.028 standard deviation; for every 1 standard deviation increase in green awareness, the farmers’ intention increased by 0.703 standard deviation. ABSTRACT world safety topic 54 County significantly 1028 028 1.02 0703 0 703 0.70 5 102 02 1.0 070 70 0.7 10 1. 07 7 0.

Summary: In different trials have shown that the use of both vermicompost (VC) and plastic mulch has favored the yield and productivity of a large number of crops. The purpose of our study was to compare synthetic fertilization vs the incorporation of VC on the development of triploid watermelon with plastic mulch in the spring-summer 2019 agricultural cycle at the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The treatments evaluated, each with three repetitions, were: exploratory application of VC, at a rate of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1, and as a control, the regional recommendation 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). The sowing was carried out in planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. The sowing of the triploid watermelon seeds of the Crunchy Red variety, was carried out in Styrofoam trays with 200 cavities filled with Peat Moss. When the seedlings had two to three true leaves, they were transplanted 1.0 m apart on planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. For the supply of water, drip irrigation was used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a completely randomized experimental design was used, the DMS0.05 test was applied for comparisons of the means. Due to the effect of the treatments evaluated, five of the variables studied: equatorial and polar diameters, pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit weight presented highly significant differences, while yield registered a significant difference. The highest yield of 29 932 Mg ha-1 was recorded with the incorporation of 60 Mg ha-1 of VC confirming that this natural fertilizer was able to satisfy the nutritional needs of triploid watermelon without synthetic fertilization.

Resumen: En diferentes ensayos se ha evidenciado que el empleo, tanto del vermicompost (VC) como del acolchado plástico ha favorecido el rendimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos. El propósito del estudio fue equiparar la fertilización sintética vs la incorporación del VC sobre el desarrollo de la sandía triploide con acolchado plástico en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2019, en el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los tratamientos evaluados, cada uno con tres repeticiones, fueron: aplicación exploratoria de VC, a razón de 30 y 60 Mg ha-1, y como testigo, la recomendación regional 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). La siembra de semillas de sandía triploide, variedad Crunchy Red, se realizó en bandejas de unicel de 200 cavidades, rellenas con Peat Moss, cuando las plántulas tuvieron de dos a tres hojas verdaderas se realizó el trasplante, colocándolas a 1.0 m, entre éstas, sobre camas de siembra, de 2 × 8 m (ancho y largo, respectivamente) cubiertas con plástico negro. Para el suministro de agua se utilizó riego por cintilla. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, mientras que para las comparaciones de las medias se aplicó la prueba DMS0.05. Debido al efecto de los tratamientos evaluados cinco de las variables estudiadas: diámetros polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pulpa, sólidos solubles y peso del fruto registraron diferencias altamente significativas, mientras que el rendimiento presentó diferencia significativa. El mayor rendimiento de 29 932 Mg ha-1 se registró con la aplicación de 60 Mg ha-1 de VC, confirmándose que este producto logró cubrir la demanda nutritiva de la sandía triploide sin fertilización sintética.

Summary: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), due to its high demand and production, is the most important vegetable in the world, coupled with this, it is a functional food due to its antioxidant content. This crop is produced under a protected system with a synthetic inorganic fertilization source, which increases production costs. It is important to find an alternative source of fertilization and agronomic management that increases yields and improves the commercial and nutraceutical quality of this crop. The aim of the study was to verify the effect on the commercial quality and bioactive compounds of tomato, with doses of solarized bovine manure and the number of stems under a protected system, as well as evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on the soil. The research was carried out during the spring-summer 2021 cycle. Eight treatments (4×2 factorial) were obtained from the combination of four fertilization doses (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 of solarized manure and chemical fertilizer [Urea (46-0-0) and MAP (11-52-0)] with two numbers of stems (one and two stems) per plant. The commercial quality was superior organoleptically with the treatment of 60 Mg ha-1 and with a single stem being higher than 4.8 °Brix. The highest yield was obtained with the dose of 60 Mg ha-1 of bovine manure being statistically similar to chemical fertilization. The content of bioactive compounds (lycopene and antioxidant capacity) increased by 36% with the effect of the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure and a stem compared to the chemical treatment. The content of MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3 in the soil increased with the doses of manure, which reflects one of the benefits of using this fertilizer organic.

Resumen: El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por su alta demanda y producción es la hortaliza más importante en el mundo aunado a esto es un alimento funcional por su contenido de antioxidantes. Este cultivo se produce bajo un sistema protegido con una fuente de fertilización inorgánica sintética, lo cual incrementa los costos de producción. Es importante encontrar una fuente alternativa de fertilización y un manejo agronómico que incremente los rendimientos, mejore la calidad comercial y nutraceútica de este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto sobre la calidad comercial y los compuestos bioactivos de tomate, con dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado y el número de tallos bajo un sistema protegido, así como evaluar el efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el suelo. La investigación se desarrolló durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2021. Se obtuvieron ocho tratamientos (factorial 4×2) originados de la combinación de cuatro dosis de fertilización (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol solarizado y fertilizante químico [Urea (46-0-0) y MAP (11-52-0)] con dos números de tallos (uno y dos tallos) por planta. La calidad comercial fue superior organolépticamente con el tratamiento de 60 Mg ha-1 y con un solo tallo encontrándose superior a los 4.8 °Brix. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con la dosis de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino siendo estadísticamente similar a la fertilización química. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos (licopeno y la capacidad antioxidante) se incrementó un 36% con el efecto de la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol y un tallo en comparación con el tratamiento químico. El contenido de MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3 en el suelo se incrementó con las dosis de estiércol, por lo que se ve reflejado uno de los beneficios del uso de este abono orgánico.

Resumen La okra (Hibiscus esculentus) es una planta herbácea anual y hortaliza "no tradicional" de gran valor nutricional y beneficios para la salud. A pesar de su importancia, la falta de información sobre su cultivo en esta región ha llevado a muchos agricultores amazónicos a gestionarla de forma empírica, combinando fertilizantes químicos foliares con abonos orgánicos sin una base científica para determinar la combinación más adecuada. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el impacto de la aplicación de compost y gallinaza combinado con fertilizantes químicos foliares Stimufol y Kristalon en el desarrollo de los rasgos morfológicos aéreos del cultivo Hibiscus esculentus, en condiciones de campo, en la región amazónica de Ecuador. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el Centro Experimental de Investigación y Producción Amazónica de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica, utilizando un diseño de bloque completamente al azar con dos factores: fertilización orgánica y fertilización foliar química. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas clave del cultivo, como altura de la planta, diámetro en la base del tallo, número de hojas, longitud del peciolo, longitud y ancho de la hoja. Los resultados demostraron que las plantas tratadas con abono orgánico compost y fertilizante químico Stimufol mostraron un notable incremento en todas las mediciones morfológicas en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Finalmente, la combinación de Stimufol y compost juega un papel esencial en el desarrollo de los atributos morfológicos de la okra, mientras que la falta de este tratamiento no tuvo efecto en dichos atributos.

Abstract Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) is an annual herbaceous and non-traditional vegetable with high nutritional value and health benefits. Despite its importance, the lack of information on its cultivation in this region has led many Amazonian farmers to manage it empirically, combining foliar chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers without a scientific basis for determining the most suitable combination. In this context, the objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of applying compost and chicken manure combined with foliar chemical fertilizers (Stimufol and Kristalon) on the development of aerial morphological traits of Hibiscus esculentus crops under field conditions in the Amazonian region of Ecuador. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Center for Amazonian Research and Production of the Universidad Estatal Amazónica, using a completely randomized block design with two factors: organic fertilization and chemical foliar fertilization. Key morphological variables of the crop were evaluated, such as plant height, stem base diameter, number of leaves, petiole length, and leaf length and width. The results showed that plants treated with organic compost and chemical fertilizer Stimufol showed a significant increase in all morphological measurements compared to the other treatments. Finally, the combination of Stimufol and compost plays a crucial role in the development of okra's morphological attributes, while the absence of this treatment did not affect said attributes.

RESUMO Resíduos gerados pela produção de cana-de-açúcar como o biochar, proveniente da queima do bagaço podem ser utilizados como fonte de fertilizante, podendo incrementar a produção de matéria seca de forrageira, bem como, dos atributos químicos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de biochar da queima do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e da adubação mineral e associação de ambos, na produtividade de matéria seca de Urochloa decumbens, e nos atributos químicos do solo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, composto por oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- adubação mineral; T2- adubação com calcário + fertilizante mineral; T3- calagem; T4- biochar; T5- biochar + adubação mineral; T6- calagem + biochar; T7- duas vezes a dose com biochar e T8- controle. A associação de fertilizante mineral com biochar foi capaz de aumentar a produção de matéria seca em até 131% quando comparado ao tratamento controle no primeiro ano. O emprego de diferentes estratégias de fertilização na recuperação de área degradada sob uso de Urochloa decumbens, não interfere nos atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do elemento enxofre. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar forrageira solo ambos decumbens casualizados repetições foram T1 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 131 ano enxofre 13 1

ABSTRACT Residues generated in sugarcane production such as biochar, originated from bagasse burning, are used as a fertilizer source, which can increase forage dry matter yield, as well as improving soil chemical attributes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using biochar from sugarcane bagasse burning and mineral fertilization, as well as their association, on the dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and on the chemical attributes of the soil. The design was randomized blocks, which consisted of eight treatments and four blocks. The treatments were: T1- mineral fertilization; T2- fertilization with limestone plus mineral fertilizer; T3- liming; T4- biochar; T5- biochar plus mineral fertilizer; T6- liming plus biochar; T7- double fertilization with biochar and T8- control. Association of mineral fertilizer and biochar was able to increase dry matter yield by up to 131% when compared to the control treatment during the first year. The use of fertilization strategies in the restoration of degraded area under U. decumbens does not interfere with soil chemical attributes, except for sulfur. source association blocks were T1 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 131 year U sulfur 13 1

Abstract Plant fertilization may impact directly on insect pest behavior and biology. Fertilization may be accomplished by using synthetic mineral or organic fertilizers. The effect of different doses of boiled hen chicken manure, Penergetic®, Bokashi compound and mineral fertilizer on the adult population of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae on collards leaves were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using the treatments: Bokashi, Penergetic® bioactivator, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of solution of boiled manure, mineral fertilization and control. The number of insects was counted directly on the leaves, and the nitrogen, potassium content, and total phenolic compound in the leaves were determined. Higher populations of Bemisia tabaci and M. persicae were observed on NPK-fertilized plants compared to other treatments. Higher levels of nitrogen foliar were found for Bokashi-fertilized plants; and higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds were found in the control. A negative correlation between total phenolics and B. tabaci was established suggesting the importance of these compounds in the species development. The results indicate the importance of the source of the fertilization for sustainable pest management.

Resumen La fertilización de las plantas puede tener un impacto directo en el comportamiento y la biología de los insectos plaga. La fertilización se puede lograr utilizando fertilizantes minerales sintéticos u orgánicos. Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes dosis de estiércol de gallina hervido, Penergetic®, compuesto Bokashi y fertilizante mineral sobre la población adulta de Bemisia tabaci y Myzus persicae en hojas de col forrajera. El experimento se realizó en invernadero utilizando los tratamientos: Bokashi, bioactivador Penergetic®, 2.5%, 5% y 7.5% de solución de estiércol hervido, fertilización mineral y el control. El número de insectos se contó directamente en las hojas, y se determinó el contenido de nitrógeno, de potasio y los compuestos fenólicos totales en las hojas. Se observaron poblaciones más altas de Bemisia tabaci y M. persicae en plantas fertilizadas con NPK en comparación con otros tratamientos. Se encontraron niveles más altos de nitrógeno foliar para las plantas fertilizadas con Bokashi; y se encontraron mayores concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos totales en el control. Se estableció una correlación negativa entre los fenólicos totales y B. tabaci, lo que sugiere la importancia de estos compuestos en el desarrollo de la especie. Los resultados indican la importancia de la fuente de fertilización para el manejo sustentable de plagas.

ABSTRACT Increasing paddy consumption can be done through efforts to increase yields by improving production technology, one of which is using organic nano silica fertilizer. Food biofortification efforts in paddy are also considered a solution for improving nutrition to help improve community nutrition. This research aims to determine the colour cultivar and dosage of nano silica organic fertilizer and the interaction between the two, which provide high growth and production and determine the nutritional quality of functional paddy. Functional paddy planting occurred in Manakku Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, from May to August 2023. The research was arranged in a separate plot design with the main plot varying doses (kg ha-1) of nano silica organic fertilizer consisting of control (d0), 500 (d1), 1000 (d2), and 1500 (d3), as well as subplots of four cultivars of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), namely Inpari 24 (v1), Pamelen (v2), Pamera (v3) and Inpago 7 (v4) as well as one cultivar of black rice Jeliteng (v5). The results were that the interaction of 1000 kg ha-1 organic nano silica fertilizer and red rice ‘Inpago 7’ (d2v4) provides the best yield of 5.62 t ha-1. Characters that have a significant positive correlation with yield are plant height (0.64**), number of productive tiller (0.74**), grain total (0.54*), and weight of 1000 grains (0.88**). The quality of functional rice based on glycaemic index (GI) analysis showed that the black rice ‘Jeliteng’ with a dose of organic nano silica fertilizer of 1000 kg ha-1 (58.9%) had the lowest GI value.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane-duck symbiosis (SDS) is an ecological breeding production method wherein meat ducks are released in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields during the middle and late stages of sugarcane growth. The effects of SDS on sugarcane rhizobacterial diversity remain poorly understood. We conducted field experiments with sugarcane monoculture (SC) and SDS and performed genetic analyses on the rhizobacterial communities based on 16S rRNA across different growth stages of sugarcane. The effects of soil physicochemical factors on the bacterial community structure were analyzed via redundancy analysis. We found that soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), nitrate N (NN), and ammonium N (AN) contents of sugarcane rhizosphere soils increased during different growth periods in SDS. During the perennial root stages, the Shannon-, Ace-, and Chao1 indices increased, whereas the available P (AP) content decreased. The soil pH was more balanced and its effect on the soil bacterial community was insignificant. The dominant sugarcane rhizosphere flora were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, Sphingomonas, norank_f__Roseiflexaceae, Bacillus, and norank_f__Xanthobacteraceae, but with significant inter-annual variations. Redundancy analysis showed that SOM, TN, NN, AN, AP, catalase (CAT) and invertase (INV) activity were closely associated with the diversity of the soil bacterial communities, and TN and INV activity were the main drivers of sugarcane rhizobacterial communities in the SDS groups. In conclusion, SDS improves the fertilizer supply capacity and soil quality of sugarcane soils by regulating major soil nutrient content, available nutrients, and microbial diversity. This study provides a theoretical basis for scientifically managing SDS and the screening of biocontrol bacteria.

Abstract One of the problems of human activity is the continuous accumulation of garbage, both inorganic and organic, its management, treatment and final disposal. Currently is possible to implement techniques to reduce them and promote the environment improvement. One of these processes is the treatment of organic waste through the composting process, which is a method that transforms organic matter via aerobic decomposition, to gives a stable product, which adds nutrients to the soil, improving its physical and chemical properties that have been attenuated by agricultural activities. The present work evaluates the quality of the final composting products (compost and leachates) generated within a prototype composter from organic kitchen waste and organically light components that, supported by a microbial accelerator and mechanical processes, reduce the process time by 600% compared to conventional processes with a similar product quality according to existing quality parameters. The results show that the organic fertilizer has a humidity of 73% slightly higher than established, does not present a high concentration of toxic heavy metals that are below the permissible limit and a C/N ratio of 6.5 that is adequate to be used as an additive. organic soil improver.

Resumen Uno de los desafíos que debe enfrentar la sociedad actual tiene que ver con la acumulación, gestión, tratamiento y disposición final de desechos orgánicos e inorgánicos. Por eso, en el panorama contemporáneo se requiere de la implementación de técnicas destinadas a mitigar esta problemática con el fin de promover la mejora del entorno ambiental. En cuanto al tratamiento de residuos de origen orgánico, se pueden mencionar estrategias como el proceso de compostaje, un método que propicia la transformación de la materia orgánica mediante la descomposición aeróbica, lo cual genera un producto final estabilizado. Este producto, al ser integrado al suelo, enriquece sus propiedades físicas y químicas, las cuales pueden haberse visto mermadas debido a actividades agrícolas. Explicado lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la calidad de los productos resultantes del compostaje (composta y lixiviados) obtenidos en el seno de un prototipo de compostero, el cual se nutre de desechos orgánicos provenientes de la cocina, así como de componentes orgánicos ligeros. Además, se vale de un coadyuvante microbiano y procesos mecánicos para reducir el tiempo de compostaje hasta en 600 % en comparación con los métodos convencionales, sin menoscabo de la calidad del producto final, según los parámetros de calidad vigentes. En conclusión, los resultados evidencian que el abono orgánico obtenido mediante este procedimiento presenta una humedad del 73 %, ligeramente superior a la estipulada, y carece de una concentración elevada de metales pesados que supere los límites permitidos. Además, se confirma que la relación C/N alcanza un valor de 6.5, lo cual lo convierte en un aditivo orgánico idóneo para mejorar las condiciones de los suelos agrícolas.

Resumo Um dos desafios que a sociedade atual deve enfrentar tem a ver com a acumulação, gestão, tratamento e eliminação final de resíduos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Portanto, no panorama contemporâneo, é necessária a implementação de técnicas que visem a mitigação deste problema, a fim de promover a melhoria do ambiente ambiental. Em relação ao tratamento de resíduos de origem orgânica, podem ser citadas estratégias como o processo de compostagem, método que promove a transformação da matéria orgânica por meio da decomposição aeróbica, que gera um produto final estabilizado. Este produto, quando integrado ao solo, enriquece suas propriedades físicas e químicas, que podem ter sido diminuídas devido às atividades agrícolas. Posto o exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade dos produtos resultantes da compostagem (composto e chorume) obtidos dentro de um protótipo de compostor, que é nutrido por resíduos orgânicos provenientes da cozinha, bem como componentes orgânicos leves. Além disso, utiliza adjuvante microbiano e processos mecânicos para reduzir o tempo de compostagem em até 600% em relação aos métodos convencionais, sem comprometer a qualidade do produto final, de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade vigentes. Concluindo, os resultados mostram que o fertilizante orgânico obtido através deste procedimento apresenta umidade de 73%, um pouco superior ao estipulado, e carece de alta concentração de metais pesados que ultrapasse os limites permitidos. Além disso, confirma-se que a relação C/N atinge um valor de 6,5, o que o torna um aditivo orgânico ideal para melhorar as condições dos solos agrícolas.

Resumen Las variaciones de la eficiencia de aprovechamiento del fertilizante nitrogenado en maíz y la pérdida de nitrógeno (N) al medio ambiente son de gran relevancia en la producción agrícola. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar el aporte de N por el suelo y la eficiencia de recuperación del N aplicado en maíz de temporal en suelos de diferente contenido de materia orgánica. Se establecieron dos experimentos en Tetla de la Solidaridad, Tlaxcala (sitios T1 y T2) y uno en Montecillo, Estado de México (sitio M). Los tratamientos fueron: 0, 90 y 120 kg N ha-1 en el sitio T1 y 0, 70 y 100 kg N ha-1 en los sitios T2 y M. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones en Tetla y tres repeticiones en Montecillo. El análisis de la información fue mediante regresión. El contenido de materia orgánica del suelo fue 1.1, 1.2 y 3.3 %, y de N-NO3 en la siembra de 36, 31 y 72 mg kg-1 en los sitios T1, T2 y M, respectivamente. El aporte de N por suelo franco arenoso fue 117 kg N ha-1 en el sitio T1, 67 kg N ha-1 en el sitio T2 y de 80 kg N ha-1 en el sitio M de suelo franco arcilloso. Las eficiencias de aprovechamiento de N aplicado fueron de 32 a 37 % en el sitio T1, de 4 a 7 % en el sitio T2 y de 0 % en el sitio M. La causa de estas bajas eficiencias se asoció con alta concentración de N-NO3 en los tres sitios, los bajos rendimientos por la siembra tardía en los sitios T2 y M, escasa precipitación en el sitio T2, deficiencia de micronutrientes e infestación de gallina ciega (Phyllophaga spp.) en el sitio M.

Summary Variations in the efficiency of use of nitrogen fertilizer in maize and the loss of nitrogen (N) to the environment are of great relevance in agricultural production. The objective of this research was to estimate the contribution of N by the soil and the efficiency of recovery of N applied in rainfed maize in soils with different organic matter content. Two experiments were carried out in Tetla de la Solidaridad, Tlaxcala (sites T1 and T2) and one in Montecillo, State of Mexico (site M). Treatments were: 0, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1 at site T1 and 0, 70 and 100 kg N ha-1 at sites T2 and M. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications in Tetla and three replications in Montecillo. Data analysis was by regression. The organic matter content of the soil was 1.1, 1.2 and 3.3 %, and NO3-N at sowing was 36, 31 and 72 mg kg-1 at sites T1, T2 and M, respectively. The contribution of N by sandy loam soil was 117 kg N ha-1 at site T1, 67 kg N ha-1 at site T2 and 80 kg N ha-1 at site M of clay loam soil. Efficiencies of use of the applied N were 32 to 37 % at site T1, 4 to 7 % at site T2 and 0 % at site M. The reason of these low efficiencies was associated with high concentration of NO3-N at the three sites, low yields due to late planting date at sites T2 and M, low precipitation at site T2, micronutrient deficiency and grub worm (Phyllophaga spp.) infestation at site M.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y 0 ) and the disease progress rate (r), the Exponential, Gompertz, and Logistic models were employed based on temporal data. The study was designed as a randomized complete block with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (fertilizer type x dose), and mean comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). It was found that disease intensity within each canopy level varied in response to the type of nitrogen source and the applied dose, with the severity of the disease (including the area under the disease progress curve) being particularly influenced. A significant interaction between the type of fertilizer and the dose regarding the intensity of Cercospora leaf spot was observed. The Exponential model most accurately depicted the disease's temporal progression. Notably, poultry manure and urea were the fertilizers that most adversely influenced the intensity and initial inoculum (Y 0 ) of Cercospora leaf spot across the various canopies of the cotton plants. The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizers in cotton cultivation could represent a viable sustainable management strategy.

Abstract Rice farming in Madiun Regency implements three different management systems, that is organic, semi-organic, and conventional. The different implementation of these rice field management systems impacts soil fertility index and rice productivity. This purpose of this research was to know the effect of rice field management systems on soil fertility index and rice productivity in the Madiun Regency. The research uses an explorative descriptive qualitative method with a survey approach. Soil samples were taken using a random sampling method and 3 types of soil management systems (conventional, semi-organic and organic), and rice production samples were taken using an estimation method. The research results show that the soil fertility index ranges from 0.78 to 0.82, which is high. The highest soil fertility index is in the semi-organic management system and the lowest is in the organic management. The management system of semi-organic gave a response to the highest rice production of 6.89 tons/ha. Management system of semi-organic is a better management for increasing and maintaining soil fertility and crop production than conventional or organic. Farming activities results show that organic management systems increase the highest income, increasing 115.58% and 53.30% in semi-organic compared to conventional. The rice field management system has the effect of increasing the worm population density with the highest in the organic system, namely 4.19 individuals m-2. The Pontoscolex worm type dominates the three management systems. There is a correlation between organic matter content and earthworms.

ABSTRACT: The goal of the research was to re-evaluate the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from the brewing process to obtain liquid organic fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in two stages: in the field by collecting raw material; and, in the laboratory by determining the moisture percentage and the microbiological, physicochemical, and agronomic analyses. A complete randomized design (CRD) with a 4x4 factorial arrangement with three replications was performed. The yeast characterization was pH: 6.52, EC: 3.60 dS/m; relative RH: 84.94%; and, organic matter in solution: 66.64%; while, the liquid organic fertilizer characterization was pH: 3.96; EC: 21.40 dS/m; total solids: 183.30 g/L; and, organic matter in solution: 146.40 g/L. Lactic acid fermentation carried out by lactic acid bacteria of the microbial consortium (B-lac) is an option for producing liquid organic fertilizer using residual yeast from the brewing process. Through yeast characterization, it was shown that the concentration of organic matter, macronutrient and micronutrient content of the residual yeast is high in certain elements, such as nitrogen (9681 mg/L), phosphorus (2203.70 mg/L), and potassium (3850 mg/L), resulting in a product of agronomic quality.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue revalorar la levadura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), del proceso de elaboración de cerveza, para obtener fertilizante orgánico líquido. El experimento se realizó en dos etapas: en campo, la recolección de materia prima y en el laboratorio, la determinación del porcentaje de humedad y los análisis microbiológicos, fisicoquímicos y agronómicos. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial de 4x4 con tres repeticiones. La caracterización de la levadura fue pH: 6,52, CE: 3,60 dS/m, HR relativa: 84,94% y materia orgánica en solución: 66,64%. Mientras que, la caracterización del fertilizante orgánico líquido estuvo en un pH: 3,96, CE: 21,40 dS/m, sólidos totales: 183,30 g/L y materia orgánica en solución: 146,40 g/L. La fermentación láctica realizada por las bacterias ácido-lácticas del consorcio microbiano (B-lac), es una opción para la producción de fertilizante orgánico líquido utilizando levadura residual del proceso de elaboración de cerveza. Mediante la caracterización de levadura, se demostró que la concentración de materia orgánica, el contenido de macronutrientes y micronutrientes de la levadura residual es alto en determinados elementos, tales como; nitrógeno (9681 mg/L), fósforo (2203,70 mg/L) y potasio (3850 mg/L); resultando ser un producto de calidad agronómica.

ABSTRACT: Due to the increase in the cost of production and the environmental pollution caused by the effluents of the oil palm industry, environmentally friendly solutions are being sought. The objective of the research was to evaluate Accelerated Organic Liquid Fertilizer (ALOA) from palm industry effluents, through homolactic biofermentation processes. Five treatments were evaluated: T1 (80% florentine effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T2 (80% overflow effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T3 (40% florentine effluent+40% of overflow effluent+10% garlac+10% molasses), T4 (70% of florentino effluent+10% palm kernel+10% garlac + 10% molasses) and T5 (70% of overflow effluent+10% palm kernel+10% garlac+10% molasses), under a Complete Randomized Design (RCD), with four repetitions. The T4 obtained the best result with 4.3 pH, 28.54 dS*m-1 in Electrical Conductivity (EC) and the highest content of nitrogen (9560.46 mg*L-1), phosphorus (1620.79 mg*L-1), potassium (6787.50 mg*L-1), organic matter 262.01 g*L-1 and total solids 302.80 g*L-1. Preparing an ALOA from the Florentine effluent, overflow and palm kernel from the oil palm industry is an alternative to reduce environmental pollution.

RESUMEN: El incremento del costo de producción y por la contaminación ambiental provocada por los efluentes de la industria de la palma aceitera se buscan soluciones amigables con el medio ambiente. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el Abono Líquido Orgánico Acelerado (ALOA) a partir de efluentes de la industria de palma, mediante procesos de biofermentación homoláctica. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos T1 (80% de efluente de florentino+10% garlac+10% melaza), T2 (80% de efluente de rebose+10% garlac+10% melaza), T3 (40% de efluente de florentino+40% de efluente de rebose+10% garlac+10% melaza), T4 (70% de efluente de florentino+10% palmiste+10% garlac+10% melaza) y T5 (70% de efluente de rebose+10% palmiste+10% garlac+10% melaza), bajo un Diseño Completo al Azar (DCA), con cuatro repeticiones. El T4 obtuvo el mejor resultado con 4,3 de pH; 28,54 dS*m-1 en Conductividad Eléctrica (CE) y el mayor contenido de nitrógeno (9560,46 mg*L-1), fósforo (1620,79 mg*L-1), potasio (6787,50 mg*L-1), materia orgánica 262,01 g*L-1 y sólidos totales 302,80 g*L-1. Elaborar un ALOA a partir del efluente florentino, rebose y palmiste procedente de la industria de la palma aceitera es una alternativa para disminuir la contaminación ambiental.