ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to propose a comprehensive alternative to the Bland-Altman plot method, addressing its limitations and providing a statistical framework for evaluating the equivalences of measurement techniques. This involves introducing an innovative three-step approach for assessing accuracy, precision, and agreement between techniques, which enhances objectivity in equivalence assessment. Additionally, the development of an R package that is easy to use enables researchers to efficiently analyze and interpret technique equivalences. METHODS Inferential statistics support for equivalence between measurement techniques was proposed in three nested tests. These were based on structural regressions with the goal to assess the equivalence of structural means (accuracy), the equivalence of structural variances (precision), and concordance with the structural bisector line (agreement in measurements obtained from the same subject), using analytical methods and robust approach by bootstrapping. To promote better understanding, graphical outputs following Bland and Altman’s principles were also implemented. RESULTS The performance of this method was shown and confronted by five data sets from previously published articles that used Bland and Altman’s method. One case demonstrated strict equivalence, three cases showed partial equivalence, and one showed poor equivalence. The developed R package containing open codes and data are available for free and with installation instructions at Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. CONCLUSION Although easy to communicate, the widely cited and applied Bland and Altman plot method is often misinterpreted, since it lacks suitable inferential statistical support. Common alternatives, such as Pearson’s correlation or ordinal least-square linear regression, also fail to locate the weakness of each measurement technique. It may be possible to test whether two techniques have full equivalence by preserving graphical communication, in accordance with Bland and Altman’s principles, but also adding robust and suitable inferential statistics. Decomposing equivalence into three features (accuracy, precision, and agreement) helps to locate the sources of the problem when fixing a new technique.

Abstract Although the Internet and e-commerce have contributed positively to the tourism sector, there is not much empirical research on the transformation of distribution channels or that considers the use of the Internet in travel planning as an antecedent of tourist satisfaction and loyalty. This paper aims to test the influence of online distribution channels in trip planning by tourists on their general satisfaction level and their loyalty towards the destination and to differentiate the profile of digital and traditional tourists. Quantitative research techniques are used to analyse the dataset of 1,387 surveys of tourists visiting the province of Burgos, Spain. Among those surveyed, 65% search for information online and 54% book or pay for services online. According to ordinal regression analysis, the use of online channels does not significantly influence the level of satisfaction, but according to binary logistic regression, it does significantly influence loyalty. The findings provide valuable information for developing marketing strategies in tourism organisations and support decision-makers in creating competitive tourism destinations that are resilient to the demographic challenge of depopulation.

Resumen A pesar de que Internet y el comercio electrónico han contribuido positivamente al sector turístico, no existen muchas investigaciones empíricas sobre la transformación de los canales de distribución ni que consideren el uso de Internet en la planificación del viaje como un antecedente de la satisfacción y lealtad del turista. Este trabajo pretende comprobar la influencia de los canales de distribución online en la planificación del viaje de los turistas sobre su nivel de satisfacción global y su lealtad al destino y diferenciar el perfil de los turistas digitales y tradicionales. Se utilizan técnicas de investigación cuantitativa para analizar el conjunto de datos formado por 1.387 encuestas de turistas que visitan la provincia de Burgos, España. Entre los encuestados, el 65% busca información online y el 54% reserva o paga servicios online. Según el análisis de regresión ordinal, el uso de los canales en línea no influye significativamente en el nivel de satisfacción, pero según la regresión logística binaria, influye significativamente en la lealtad. Los resultados proporcionan información valiosa para el desarrollo de estrategias de marketing en las organizaciones turísticas y apoyan a los responsables de la toma de decisiones en la creación de destinos turísticos competitivos resilientes ante el reto demográfico de la despoblación.

Abstract Purpose: To characterize the employed population by income level in the tertiary sector in Mexico in 2005, 2020, and 2021. Methodological design: Using data from the National Occupation and Employment Survey, the labor market was segmented and three models of generalized ordinal logistic regression were estimated. The dependent variable was the income level, and as independent variables included age, gender, education level, employed population by occupation, formal and informal employment, company size, and subsectors. Results: As the workers’ age and educational level increase, the probabilities of receiving a higher income also increase. Additionally, women are less likely to reach the higher income level; however, the difference narrows in 2020 and 2021. At the same time, formal employment offers 22% less probability of earning 0 to 1 minimum wages compared to those in the informal sector. The probability of obtaining the maximum salary in a large company compared to a micro-enterprise is only 1%. The sectors with the highest probability of obtaining the highest income were social services, and government and international organizations. Research limitations: The models were estimated based on the National Occupation and Employment Survey using the classification of the employed population by nominal income level. Findings: The study reveals the segmentation of the labor market in tertiary activities, although a trend of reduction in the number of segments was detected through the reduction of probabilities.

Resumen Objetivo: caracterizar a la población ocupada por nivel de ingreso en el sector terciario en México en 2005, 2020 y 2021. Diseño Metodológico: con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo se segmentó el mercado de trabajo y se estimaron tres modelos de regresión logística ordinal generalizados. Se tomó como variable dependiente el nivel de ingreso y como independientes: nivel de instrucción, sexo, edad, población ocupada por condición de ocupación, empleo formal e informal, tamaño de empresa y por subsectores. Resultados: a medida que la edad y nivel de instrucción del trabajador se incrementan, las probabilidades de percibir un mayor ingreso aumentan. Además, las mujeres tienen menos probabilidades de alcanzar el ingreso superior; sin embargo, la diferencia se acorta en 2020 y 2021. Al mismo tiempo, el empleo formal ofrece 22% menos de probabilidad de obtener de 0 a 1 salarios mínimos en comparación con quienes se ubican en el sector informal. La probabilidad de obtener el máximo salario en empresa grande en comparación con la microempresa es apenas de 1%. Las ramas con mayor probabilidad de obtener el mejor ingreso fueron: Servicios sociales, y Gobierno y Organismos Internacionales. Limitaciones de la investigación: se estimaron los modelos con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo sobre la clasificación de la población ocupada por nivel de ingreso nominal. Hallazgos: el estudio da cuenta de la segmentación del mercado de trabajo en las actividades terciarias, aunque se detectó, por medio de la reducción de las probabilidades, una tendencia en la disminución en el número de segmentos.

Abstract Introduction Chemotherapy response in early age-onset colorectal cancer patients is still controversial, and the results of chemotherapy response are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the age of colorectal cancer patients and histopathological features and chemotherapy response. Methods This is a prospective observational study. The subjects in this study were colorectal cancer patients in the Digestive Surgery division at Tertiary Hospital in West Java from September 2021 to September 2022. Results There were 86 subjects who underwent chemotherapy in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Consisting of 39 patients of early age onset and 44 female patients. The most common histopathological feature in early age onset (EAO) and late age onset (LAO) was adenocarcinoma (25% and 46%, respectively). Stage III colorectal cancer affected 38 patients, while stage IV affected 48 patients. There was a significant relationship between early age onset and late age onset with histological features (p < 0.001). The patients with the highest chemotherapy response had stable diseases in EAO (17 patients) and LAO (20 patients). There was no statistically significant relationship between age, histological features, and stage of colorectal cancer and chemotherapy response (p > 0.05). The results of the ordinal logistic regression test showed no systematic relationship between chemotherapy response and age, histopathological features, gender, or cancer stage (p > 0.05). Conclusion There was no association between age and histopathologic features with chemotherapy response and there is no difference in chemotherapy response between early and late age onset.

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e a coocorrência do consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável entre adolescentes brasileiros. Foram avaliados 67.881 adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A partir do QFA de sete dias, construiu-se a variável dependente, coocorrência do consumo regular (≥ 5x/semana) de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, que foi categorizada em consumo regular de nenhum; um ou dois; ou três marcadores de alimentação. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos alimentares fora da escola e características da escola. A prevalência da coocorrência do consumo regular de três marcadores de alimentação saudável foi de 14,5%, e de três marcadores de alimentação não saudável foi de 4,9%. A alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) foi positivamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e inversamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. A alimentação escolar fornecida pelo PNAE contribui para a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the association between adherence to school meals and the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of healthy and unhealthy eating markers among Brazilian adolescents. Data from 67,881 adolescents in Brazilian public schools who participated in the 2015 National School Health Survey, were used. From the 7-day FFQ, the dependent variable was constructed, co-occurrence of regular consumption (≥ 5x/week) of healthy and unhealthy food markers, which was categorized as regular consumption of none, one or two, or three eating markers. We performed an ordinal logistic regression with adjustment for sociodemographic, eating habits outside of school, and school characteristics variables. The prevalence of the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of three healthy eating markers was 14.5%, and that of three unhealthy markers was 4.9%. High adherence to school meals (every day) was positively associated with regular consumption of healthy eating markers and inversely associated with regular consumption of unhealthy eating markers. The school meals provided by PNAE contribute to the promotion of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the association between adherence to school meals and the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of healthy and unhealthy eating markers among Brazilian adolescents. Data from 67,881 adolescents in Brazilian public schools who participated in the 2015 National School Health Survey, were used. From the 7-day FFQ, the dependent variable was constructed, co-occurrence of regular consumption (≥ 5x/week) of healthy and unhealthy food markers, which was categorized as regular consumption of none, one or two, or three eating markers. We performed an ordinal logistic regression with adjustment for sociodemographic, eating habits outside of school, and school characteristics variables. The prevalence of the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of three healthy eating markers was 14.5%, and that of three unhealthy markers was 4.9%. High adherence to school meals (every day) was positively associated with regular consumption of healthy eating markers and inversely associated with regular consumption of unhealthy eating markers. The school meals provided by PNAE contribute to the promotion of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents.

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e a coocorrência do consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável entre adolescentes brasileiros. Foram avaliados 67.881 adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A partir do QFA de sete dias, construiu-se a variável dependente, coocorrência do consumo regular (≥ 5x/semana) de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, que foi categorizada em consumo regular de nenhum; um ou dois; ou três marcadores de alimentação. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos alimentares fora da escola e características da escola. A prevalência da coocorrência do consumo regular de três marcadores de alimentação saudável foi de 14,5%, e de três marcadores de alimentação não saudável foi de 4,9%. A alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) foi positivamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e inversamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. A alimentação escolar fornecida pelo PNAE contribui para a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El pliegue del lóbulo de la oreja (PLO) se ha asociado con aterosclerosis coronaria. Recientemente, se ha asociado el PLO con hiperintensidades de la sustancia blanca (HSB) de presunto origen vascular. Sin embargo, los resultados son heterogéneos entre los estudios. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si el PLO está asociado con la gravedad y la progresión de HSB en adultos mayores de una comunidad. Métodos: A los participantes del Proyecto Atahualpa se les realizó fotografías del lóbulo de la oreja y resonancias magnéticas (RM) del cerebro para evaluar la asociación entre la presencia del PLO y la gravedad las HSB, así como la relación entre el PLO y la progresión de las HSB usando modelos de regresión logística ordinal y de Poisson, respectivamente. Resultados: El componente transversal del estudio incluyó a 359 individuos de ≥ 60 años. El PLO estuvo presente en 175 sujetos. En estudios de RM, 107 participantes no tenían HSB, 174 tenían HSB leve, 56 moderado y 22 grave. Un modelo de regresión logística ordinal multivariante no mostró una asociación significativa entre las principales variables investigadas (OR: 0,72; IC 95%: 0,48 - 1,06). El componente longitudinal incluyó a 252 individuos, de los cuales 126 presentaron un PLO y 103 tenían progresión de HSB. Un modelo de regresión de Poisson, no mostró asociación entre el PLO y la progresión de HSB (IRR: 1,02; IC del 95 %: 0,69 - 1,51). Conclusiones: El PLO no está relacionado con la gravedad y progresión de las HSB en la población de estudio.

ABSTRACT Background: Earlobe crease (ELC) has been associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Recently, ELC has been associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin. However, the results are heterogeneous among studies. We aimed to assess whether ELC is associated with WMH severity and progression in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Atahualpa Project Cohort participants received earlobe photographs and brain MRIs to assess the association between ELC and WMH severity, as well as the relationship between ELC and WMH progression using ordinal logistic and Poisson regression models, respectively. Results: The cross-sectional component of the study included 359 individuals aged ≥60 years. ELC was present in 175 subjects. On MRI, 107 participants did not have WMH, 174 had mild, 56 had moderate, and 22 had severe WMH. A multivariate ordinal logistic regression model did not show a significant association between the main variables investigated (OR: 0.72; 95% C.I.: 0.48 - 1.06). The longitudinal component included 252 individuals, 126 of whom had ELC and 103 had WMH progression. A Poisson regression model showed no association between ELC and WMH progression (IRR: 1.02; 95% C.I.: 0.69 - 1.51). Conclusions: ELC is not related to WMH severity and progression in the study population.

Abstract This study analyzes the level of diffuse support for democracy in Mexico using data from the 2021 round of the “Americas Barometer”. By means of an ordinal regression analysis, the main explanatory variables were identified. Among the variables, two dimensions of support for democracy stand out that contain evaluative judgments that were identified from an exploratory factor analysis. In turn, the main continuities and discontinuities in the trends observed for Mexico since 2016 are presented.

Resumen En el presente estudio se analiza el nivel de apoyo difuso a la democracia en México utilizando los datos de la ronda 2021 del Barómetro de las Américas. Mediante un análisis de regresión ordinal se identifican las principales variables explicativas. Entre ellas destacan dos dimensiones del apoyo a la democracia que contemplan juicios evaluativos que fueron identificadas a partir de un análisis factorial exploratorio. A su vez, se presentan las principales continuidades y discontinuidades en las tendencias observadas para México desde 2016.

Resumen Con el uso de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción de Seguridad Pública 2020, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el miedo al crimen como producto de la percepción y conocimiento que tienen los ciudadanos de las acciones gubernamentales. Para esto, se estiman modelos de regresión logística ordinal que exponen una correlación significativa entre lo que saben los ciudadanos que hacen los gobiernos, y el miedo al crimen. El estudio muestra que los mexicanos tienen menor probabilidad de experimentar un miedo intenso si detectan acciones gubernamentales enfocadas en aumentar el bienestar o reducir las actividades criminales. Los hallazgos sugieren que el miedo al crimen engloba aspectos directamente vinculados con el poder estatal y el régimen político, que delinea la forma en cómo es empleado el stock de recursos con los que cuentan los gobiernos.

Abstract Using the National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety 2020, the aim of this study is to analyze fear of crime as a product of the perception and knowledge that citizens have of government actions. This paper estimates ordinal logistic regression models, which shows a high correlation between what citizens know that governments do, and fear of crime.The analysis demonstrates that to the extent that Mexicans detect government actions aimed at increasing well-being or reducing criminal activities, they are less likely to experience a high level of fear.The findings suggest that fear of crime encompasses aspects related to state power and the political regime, which outlines the way in which the stock of resources available to governments is used.

Resumen Los trastornos de salud mental tienen impacto significativo sobre la calidad de vida de las personas, y la pandemia del COVID-19 incrementó estos problemas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar los factores de mayor riesgo asociados a la sintomatología de trastornos de salud mental en estudiantes de las universidades públicas y privadas como impacto del COVID-19. Es un estudio cuantitativo de diseño no experimental y corte transversal. Se administró el DASS- 21 a una muestra de 833 estudiantes de universidades de Paraguay, con una media de edad de 22,7 años. Para el análisis de datos se realizó una regresión logística ordinal. Los resultados hallados ponen de manifiesto que los factores de mayor riesgo asociados a depresión, ansiedad y/o estrés son: disponer de antecedentes familiares, ser estudiantes de Medicina, ser mujer y de rango etario más joven. A partir de estos hallazgos se considera necesaria la promoción de la salud mental y una intervención temprana de las personas universitarias, mediante el acompañamiento psicológico y/o psiquiátrico, en específico, en las estudiantes mujeres y estudiantes del grado de medicina.

Abstract Mental health disorders have a significant impact on the quality of life of individuals, and the COVID-19 pandemic increased these problems. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors of greater risk associated with the symptomatology of mental health disorders in students of public and private universities as an impact of COVID-19. It is a quantitative study of non-experimental and cross- sectional design. The DASS-21 was administered to a sample of 833 students from universities in Paraguay, with a mean age of 22.7 years. An ordinal logistic regression was used for data analysis. The results showed that the risk factors associated with depression, anxiety and/or stress were: having a family history, being a medical student, being a woman and being younger. Based on these findings, it is considered necessary to promote mental health and early intervention of university students, through psychological and/or psychiatric support, specifically in female students and medical students.

Resumo No Brasil, circulam informações positivas e negativas sobre o agronegócio. É nesse contexto que a população forma suas atitudes frente ao agronegócio brasileiro. As atitudes estão relacionadas ao conhecimento objetivo, ou seja, as informações científicas acuradas ou dados consolidados que o indivíduo tem em sua memória; e ao conhecimento autoavaliado, ou seja, aquilo que o indivíduo julga saber. O objetivo foi identificar o impacto do conhecimento objetivo e do conhecimento autoavaliado sobre o agronegócio brasileiro nas atitudes da população. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de questionário com uma amostra de 468 participantes e analisados utilizando estatística descritiva e um modelo de regressão ordinal. Os resultados demonstraram que quanto maior o conhecimento objetivo e quanto maior o conhecimento autoavaliado maior é a probabilidade de um indivíduo ter atitudes positivas frente ao agronegócio. Os resultados também demonstraram que indivíduos com posicionamento político mais a direita tem maior probabilidade de ter atitudes positivas frente ao agronegócio brasileiro.

Abstract In Brazil, positive and negative information is spread about agribusiness. In this context of positive and negative information, the population forms its attitudes towards Brazilian agribusiness. Attitudes are related to objective knowledge, that is, accurate scientific information or consolidated data the individual has in his/her memory, and self-assessed knowledge, that is, what the individual thinks she or he knows. The objective was to identify the impacts of objective knowledge and self-assessed knowledge about Brazilian agribusiness on the population's attitudes. Data were collected through the application of questionnaire to a sample of 468 participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and an ordinal logistic regression model. The results show that the greater the objective knowledge and the greater the self-assessed knowledge, the greater the probability of an individual having a more positive attitudes towards Brazilian agribusiness. The results also show that the further to the right on the political spectrum the individual declared himself/herself, the greater the probability of showing more positive attitudes towards the Brazilian agribusiness.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of chronic pain on functionality and its consequences on work and patient income. METHODS: A total of 103 patients from the Multidisciplinary Pain Center of the Clinics Hospital of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais were interviewed between January 2020 and June 2021, applying questionnaires on mobile devices. Socioeconomic data, multidimensional characterization of pain, and instruments for assessing pain functionality and intensity were analyzed. Pain intensity was categorized as mild, moderate, or intense for comparative analysis. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify risk factors and variables that jointly influence the outcome of pain intensity. RESULTS: The patients had a median age of 55 years, were predominantly female, married or in a stable relationship, white race, and completed high school. The median family income was R$2,200. Most patients were retired due to disability and pain-related causes. Functionality analysis showed severe disability directly associated with pain intensity. The financial impacts observed were correlated with the pain intensity of the patients. Age was a risk factor for pain intensity, while sex, family income, and duration of pain served as protective factors. CONCLUSION: Chronic pain was associated with severe disability, decreased productivity, and exit from the labor market, with a negative impact on financial condition. Age, sex, family income, and duration of pain were directly associated with pain intensity.

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze teachers’ perception about families’ participation at school. Also, it is intended to know what factors are those that predict this type of participation. For that purpose, it was selected a sample composed of 347 teachers from the Pre-Primary, Primary and Secondary Education stages belonging to both public and private schools in Gran Canaria (Spain) with an average of 19.8 years of professional experience. It was used a 28 like Likert items with values between 1-6 with a total ordinal alpha of the scale of 0.95. Four factors were measured on this scale: opening school to the community, school’s social prestige, closeness and personal treat towards families and students and families’ participation in the school decision-making. As a result, significant differences were found among these factors depending on the teaching staff’s age, the years of teaching experience, the type of school and the educational stage. Significant differences were also found depending on whether the teaching staff had held management positions as well as in relation to the degree of teachers’ participation at schools. On the other hand, it was carried out a hierarchical multiple regression analysis that explains the variables that predict families’ educational participation at schools. These predictive variables are the following ones: the age of the teaching staff, if this latter promotes cultural activities, being a member of the management team, a greater degree of teacher’s participation at school, whether parents’ association organizes activities at school and whether the teaching staff has got a good perception about the level of families’ participation at schools.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la percepción del profesorado acerca de la participación de las familias en la escuela. Asimismo, se desea conocer qué factores son los que predicen la participación de las familias en los centros educativos. Para ello, se seleccionó una muestra compuesta por 347 profesores de las etapas de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria pertenecientes a colegios públicos y privados de Gran Canaria (España) con una media de 19,8 años de experiencia profesional. Se utilizó una escala compuesta por 28 ítems, de tipo Likert con valores entre 1-6 con un alpha ordinal total de la escala de 0.95. En la escala se miden cuatro factores: Apertura del centro educativo a la comunidad, Prestigio social del centro educativo, Trato cercano hacia las familias y el alumnado y Participación de las familias en la toma de decisiones en la escuela. Como resultado, se hallaron diferencias significativas entre estos factores en función de la edad del profesorado, de la experiencia docente, del tipo de centro y de la etapa educativa. También se encontraron diferencias significativas en función de si el profesorado había ejercido o no un cargo directivo, así como en relación al grado de participación de los docentes en la escuela. Por otro lado, se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple jerárquica que explica las variables que predicen la participación educativa de las familias en los centros educativos. Las variables predictoras son: la edad del profesorado, que este promueva actividades culturales, ser miembro del equipo directivo, un mayor grado de participación del profesorado en el centro educativo, que la Asociación de padres y madres organice actividades en la escuela y que el profesorado tenga una buena percepción sobre el nivel de participación de las familias en el centro educativo.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção dos professores sobre a participação das famílias na escola. Além disso, pretende saber quais são os fatores que predizem este tipo de participação. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra composta por 347 professores da Primeira Infância, do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio pertencentes às escolas públicas e privadas da Gran Canaria (Espanha) com uma média de 19,8 anos de experiência profissional. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 28 itens como Likert com valores entre 1-6 com um alfa ordinal total da escala de 0.95. Quatro fatores foram medidos nesta escala: abertura da escola à comunidade, prestígio social da escola, proximidade e tratamento pessoal com as famílias e estudantes e a participação das famílias nas decisões escolares. Como resultado, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre estes fatores, dependendo da idade do professor, dos anos de experiência de ensino, do tipo de escola e do estágio educacional. Também foram encontradas diferenças significativas dependendo se o corpo docente tinha ou não ocupado cargos de direção, bem como em relação ao grau de participação dos professores nas escolas. Por outro lado, foi realizada uma análise hierárquica de regressão múltipla que explica as variáveis que predizem a participação educacional das famílias nas escolas. Estas variáveis preditivas são as seguintes: a idade do corpo docente, se este último promove atividades culturais, sendo um membro da equipe gerencial, um maior grau de participação dos professores na escola, se a associação de pais organiza atividades na escola e se o corpo docente tem uma boa percepção sobre o nível de participação das famílias nas escolas.

Abstract Background: a lack of therapeutic adherence to secondary prevention measures after acute coronary events leads to a poor control of risk factors. Adherence to treatment is associated with a reduction of 20% in the risk of cardiovascular disease and 38% reduction in all-cause mortality long term. However, adherence to drug therapy is about 50% a year after hospital discharge, which leads to an approximately three fold increase in mortality. Objectives: to describe the medium-term adherence to secondary prevention treatment following an acute coronary syndrome in adult patients admitted to a general hospital during 2018. In addition, to relate clinical and sociodemographic characteristics related to poor adherence and also to explore possible causes associated with the lack of therapeutic adherence in this group of patients. Methods: 396 patients treated for an acute coronary syndrome were followed after being discharged from the Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco (Chile) during 2018. Adherence to pharmacological therapy was evaluated using the eight-item Morisky-Green questionnaire applied via phone call. The association of clinical and sociodemographic variables with the level of adherence was evaluated using ordinal regression and correspondence analysis. Results: Only 41.9% of patients maintained adherence to therapy at 2 years of follow-up. Low educational level, rurality, and the presence of 1 or 2 mapuche surnames were associated to poor adherence to drug therapy.

Resumen Antecedentes: En prevención secundaria cardiovascular, el control de los factores de riesgo es deficiente y la falta de adherencia terapéutica parece ser uno de los factores causales. El cumplimiento terapéutico se asocia a un 20% de disminución del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y un 38% de disminución de mortalidad por cualquier causa. Sin embargo, la adherencia a los fármacos preventivos ronda el 50% al año después del alta hospitalaria, lo que multiplica por 3 el riesgo de mortalidad. Objetivos: Describir la adherencia a mediano plazo a tratamiento de prevención secundaria post síndrome coronario agudo de los pacientes adultos ingresados al Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena durante el año 2018. Determinar las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de la población y explorar las posibles causas asociadas a la falta de adherencia terapéutica en este grupo de pacientes. Métodos y Resultados: Se evaluaron 396 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena de Temuco durante el año 2018. La adherencia a terapia farmacológica se evaluó mediante el cuestionario de Morisky-Green de ocho ítems, aplicado vía telefónica. Se evaluó la asociación de variables clínicas y sociodemográficas con el nivel de adherencia mediante regresión ordinal y análisis de correspondencias. Resultados: Un 41.9% de los pacientes mantuvieron adherencia a la terapia a 2 años de seguimiento. Variables sociodemográficas como el bajo nivel educacional, la ruralidad, y la presencia de 1 o 2 apellidos mapuche se asociaron con baja adherencia a terapia farmacológica. Conclusión: La adherencia a medidas de prevención secundaria después del tratamiento por un síndrome coronario aguda es baja. Los principales factores relacionados a la falta de adherencia fueron el bajo nivel educacional y la ruralidad.

Abstract Ecuador increased from 17.8 intentional homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2009, to 5.6 cases in 2016. This unusual fact in Latin America stimulates the Ecuadorian Police to ratify homicide rates as the main measure of its performance and to place to the public perceptions of crime and the police outside its management. This article is the first national study in Ecuador that explores trust in the police and examines the factors that shapes public opinion towards the police. We applied an ordinal logistic regression to the survey data of the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) 2018-2019. The results suggest that trust in the Ecuadorian police could improve if it is more effective to respond rapidly to emergency calls and to solve high rates of fear of crime perceived in the neighbourhood, and if it is more honest (does not solicit bribes). Also, perceptions of trust in the media reflect a significant relationship with trust. Finally, victimization and high homicide rates did not have any effect on people’s trust towards the police.

Resumen Ecuador pasó de 17,8 homicidios intencionales por cada 100 mil habitantes en el año 2009 a 5,6 casos en el 2016. Este hecho inédito en la Latinoamérica le permitió ratificar como medida principal de su desempeño a las cifras de criminalidad violenta y situar a la dimensión subjetiva del delito al margen de su gestión. Este trabajo es el primero en el ámbito ecuatoriano que estudia la confianza en la policía y explora los factores relacionados con esta. Luego de aplicar una regresión logística ordinal en los datos de la encuesta del Barómetro de las Américas (LAPOP)/2018-2019, los resultados sugieren que los niveles de confianza en la policía ecuatoriana podrían mejorar en la medida que esta sea más efectiva para responder oportunamente a las emergencias y resolver los riesgos percibidos de victimización en el barrio, y más íntegra evitando solicitar sobornos a los ciudadanos. La confianza en los medios de comunicación también refleja una relación significativa. No así la victimización delictiva, las altas tasa de asesinatos, la edad y el sexo.