RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre vitimização por bullying e comportamentos de risco à saúde em adolescentes. Métodos: Uma amostra representativa de 1.020 adolescentes participou do estudo. As variáveis bullying, comportamentos de risco à saúde (tabaco, drogas, álcool, comportamento sedentário, uso de smartphone, nível de atividade física, sono) e situação econômica foram avaliadas por meio de questionários autorreportados. Razões de chance com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram obtidas por meio de regressão logística binária e regressão logística ordinal, bruta e ajustada (p<0,05). Resultados: As vítimas de bullying apresentaram maior probabilidade de fumar (OR 1,75; IC95% 1,28–2,40), consumir álcool (OR 1,43; IC95% 1,05–1,94), ter pior qualidade de sono (OR 1,94; IC95% 1,28–2,91) e apresentar mais comportamento sedentário (OR 1,43; IC95% 1,08–1,89) do que aqueles que não sofreram bullying. No entanto, as vítimas eram mais propensas a ter níveis elevados de atividade física do que os seus pares não vítimas de bullying (OR 1,66; IC95% 1,22–2,27). Conclusões: A vitimização por bullying esteve associada ao aumento da predisposição para a adoção de comportamentos de risco à saúde. Curiosamente, as vítimas também eram mais propensas a participar de atividades físicas. Objetivo Métodos 1020 1 020 1.02 estudo tabaco, tabaco (tabaco drogas smartphone autorreportados 95 IC95 IC (IC95% ordinal p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 . 0 05 (p<0,05) Resultados OR 1,75 175 75 1,28–2,40, 128240 1,28–2,40 , 28 2 40 1,28–2,40) 1,43 143 43 1,05–1,94, 105194 1,05–1,94 94 1,05–1,94) 1,94 194 1,28–2,91 128291 91 1,08–1,89 108189 08 89 entanto 1,66 166 66 1,22–2,27. 122227 1,22–2,27 22 27 1,22–2,27) Conclusões Curiosamente físicas 102 02 1.0 9 IC9 (IC95 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 1,7 17 7 12824 1,28–2,4 4 1,4 14 10519 1,05–1,9 1,9 19 1,28–2,9 12829 1,08–1,8 10818 8 1,6 16 6 12222 1,22–2,2 10 1. (IC9 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 1, 1282 1,28–2, 1051 1,05–1, 1,08–1, 1081 1222 1,22–2, (IC p<0 (p<0, 128 1,28–2 105 1,05–1 1,08–1 108 122 1,22–2 p< (p<0 12 1,28– 1,05– 1,08– 1,22– (p< 1,28 1,05 1,08 1,22 (p 1,2 1,0

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors in adolescents. Methods: A representative sample of 1020 adolescents participated in the study. The variables such as bullying, health risk behaviors (tobacco, drugs, alcohol, sedentary behavior, smartphone use, level of physical activity, and sleep), and economic status were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained using binary logistic regression and ordinal, gross, and adjusted logistic regression (p<0.05). Results: Victims of bullying were more likely to smoke (OR 1.75; 95%CI 1.28–2.40), consume alcohol (OR1.43; 95%CI 1.05–1.94), have worse sleep quality (OR 1.94; 95%CI 1.28–2.91), and more sedentary behavior (OR 1.43; 95%CI 1.08–1.89) than those who were not bullied. However, victims were more likely to have high levels of physical activity than their non-bullied peers (OR 1.66; 95%CI 1.22–2.27). Conclusions: Bullying victimization was associated with an increased predisposition for the adoption of health risk behaviors. Interestingly, victims were also more prone to participate in physical activity. Objective Methods 102 tobacco, tobacco (tobacco drugs use sleep, , sleep) selfreported self reported questionnaires 95 95CI CI (95%CI ordinal gross p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 0 05 (p<0.05) Results OR 1.75 175 1 75 1.28–2.40, 128240 1.28–2.40 28 2 40 1.28–2.40) OR1.43 OR143 OR1 43 (OR1.43 1.05–1.94, 105194 1.05–1.94 94 1.05–1.94) 1.94 194 1.28–2.91, 128291 1.28–2.91 91 1.28–2.91) 1.43 143 1.08–1.89 108189 08 89 bullied However nonbullied non 1.66 166 66 1.22–2.27. 122227 1.22–2.27 22 27 1.22–2.27) Conclusions Interestingly 10 9 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 1.7 17 7 12824 1.28–2.4 4 OR1.4 OR14 (OR1.4 10519 1.05–1.9 1.9 19 12829 1.28–2.9 1.4 14 1.08–1.8 10818 8 1.6 16 6 12222 1.22–2.2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 1. 1282 1.28–2. OR1. (OR1. 1051 1.05–1. 1.08–1. 1081 1222 1.22–2. p<0 (p<0. 128 1.28–2 (OR1 105 1.05–1 1.08–1 108 122 1.22–2 p< (p<0 12 1.28– 1.05– 1.08– 1.22– (p< 1.28 1.05 1.08 1.22 (p 1.2 1.0

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to propose a comprehensive alternative to the Bland-Altman plot method, addressing its limitations and providing a statistical framework for evaluating the equivalences of measurement techniques. This involves introducing an innovative three-step approach for assessing accuracy, precision, and agreement between techniques, which enhances objectivity in equivalence assessment. Additionally, the development of an R package that is easy to use enables researchers to efficiently analyze and interpret technique equivalences. METHODS Inferential statistics support for equivalence between measurement techniques was proposed in three nested tests. These were based on structural regressions with the goal to assess the equivalence of structural means (accuracy), the equivalence of structural variances (precision), and concordance with the structural bisector line (agreement in measurements obtained from the same subject), using analytical methods and robust approach by bootstrapping. To promote better understanding, graphical outputs following Bland and Altman’s principles were also implemented. RESULTS The performance of this method was shown and confronted by five data sets from previously published articles that used Bland and Altman’s method. One case demonstrated strict equivalence, three cases showed partial equivalence, and one showed poor equivalence. The developed R package containing open codes and data are available for free and with installation instructions at Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. CONCLUSION Although easy to communicate, the widely cited and applied Bland and Altman plot method is often misinterpreted, since it lacks suitable inferential statistical support. Common alternatives, such as Pearson’s correlation or ordinal least-square linear regression, also fail to locate the weakness of each measurement technique. It may be possible to test whether two techniques have full equivalence by preserving graphical communication, in accordance with Bland and Altman’s principles, but also adding robust and suitable inferential statistics. Decomposing equivalence into three features (accuracy, precision, and agreement) helps to locate the sources of the problem when fixing a new technique.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to propose a comprehensive alternative to the Bland-Altman plot method, addressing its limitations and providing a statistical framework for evaluating the equivalences of measurement techniques. This involves introducing an innovative three-step approach for assessing accuracy, precision, and agreement between techniques, which enhances objectivity in equivalence assessment. Additionally, the development of an R package that is easy to use enables researchers to efficiently analyze and interpret technique equivalences. METHODS Inferential statistics support for equivalence between measurement techniques was proposed in three nested tests. These were based on structural regressions with the goal to assess the equivalence of structural means (accuracy), the equivalence of structural variances (precision), and concordance with the structural bisector line (agreement in measurements obtained from the same subject), using analytical methods and robust approach by bootstrapping. To promote better understanding, graphical outputs following Bland and Altman’s principles were also implemented. RESULTS The performance of this method was shown and confronted by five data sets from previously published articles that used Bland and Altman’s method. One case demonstrated strict equivalence, three cases showed partial equivalence, and one showed poor equivalence. The developed R package containing open codes and data are available for free and with installation instructions at Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. CONCLUSION Although easy to communicate, the widely cited and applied Bland and Altman plot method is often misinterpreted, since it lacks suitable inferential statistical support. Common alternatives, such as Pearson’s correlation or ordinal least-square linear regression, also fail to locate the weakness of each measurement technique. It may be possible to test whether two techniques have full equivalence by preserving graphical communication, in accordance with Bland and Altman’s principles, but also adding robust and suitable inferential statistics. Decomposing equivalence into three features (accuracy, precision, and agreement) helps to locate the sources of the problem when fixing a new technique. BlandAltman threestep step accuracy precision assessment Additionally tests , (accuracy) (precision) subject, subject subject) bootstrapping understanding Altmans s implemented https//doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. httpsdoiorg107910DVNAGJPZH httpsdoiorgDVNAGJPZH https //doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. doi org 10 7910 DVN AGJPZH https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH communicate misinterpreted alternatives Pearsons Pearson leastsquare least square regression communication (accuracy (precision https//doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH httpsdoiorg DVNAGJPZH doiorg107910DVNAGJPZH doiorgDVNAGJPZH //doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH 1 791 doiorg 79 7

ABSTRACT Background: Dengue is a disease that accounts for a major morbidity and mortality in Honduras. Methods: This descriptive study used an analytical component based on the data from the National Virology Laboratory between 2016-2022. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with the classification of dengue without warning signs (DWOS), dengue with warning signs (DWS), and severe dengue (SD). Results: Overall, 14,687 dengue cases were included; 50.1% had DWOS, 36.5% had DWS, and 13.4% had SD. Patients that were more associated with a higher probability of DWS and SD were patients in the age groups 1-4 years (DWS OR 1.61; 95%CI:1.33-1.94), (SD OR 1.52; 95% CI:1.26-1.84), 5-9 years (DWS OR 2.01; 95% CI:1.68-2.40), (SD OR 2.00; 95% CI:1.67-2.40), and 10-19 years (DWS OR 1.55; 95% CI:1.30-1.85) (SD OR 1.57; 95% CI:1.31-1.88). The departments that were associated with a higher probability of DWS and SD were La Paz (OR 6.35; 95% CI:3.53-11.42), (OR 10.94; 95% CI:5.96-20.08), Copán (OR 6.94; 95% CI:5.05-9.53) (OR 7.33; 95% CI: 5.35-10.03), Valle (OR 5.22; 95% CI:1.25-21.82) (OR 10.71; 95% CI:2.21-51.88). Conclusions: During the study period, dengue presented endemic behavior, with peaks consistent with the last two epidemics in Honduras in 2015 and 2019. The main factors associated with dengue severity were age< 19 years, male sex, and being from La Paz, Copán, or Valle. Background Methods 20162022. 20162022 2016 2022. 2022 2016-2022 DWOS , (DWOS) (DWS) . (SD) Results Overall 14687 14 687 14,68 included 501 50 1 50.1 365 36 5 36.5 134 13 4 13.4 1- 1.61 161 61 95%CI1.331.94, 95CI133194 CI 95%CI 1.33 1.94 95 33 94 95%CI:1.33-1.94) 1.52 152 52 CI1.261.84, CI126184 1.26 1.84 26 84 CI:1.26-1.84) 59 9 5- 2.01 201 2 01 CI1.682.40, CI168240 1.68 2.40 68 40 CI:1.68-2.40) 2.00 200 00 CI1.672.40, CI167240 1.67 67 CI:1.67-2.40) 1019 10 10-1 1.55 155 55 CI1.301.85 CI130185 1.30 1.85 30 85 CI:1.30-1.85 1.57 157 57 CI1.311.88. CI131188 1.31 1.88 31 88 CI:1.31-1.88) 6.35 635 6 35 CI3.5311.42, CI3531142 3.53 11.42 3 53 11 42 CI:3.53-11.42) 10.94 1094 CI5.9620.08, CI5962008 5.96 20.08 96 20 08 CI:5.96-20.08) 6.94 694 CI5.059.53 CI505953 5.05 9.53 05 CI:5.05-9.53 7.33 733 7 5.3510.03, 5351003 5.35 10.03 03 5.35-10.03) 5.22 522 22 CI1.2521.82 CI1252182 1.25 21.82 25 21 82 CI:1.25-21.82 10.71 1071 71 CI2.2151.88. CI2215188 2.21 51.88 51 CI:2.21-51.88) Conclusions period behavior 2019 sex 2016202 202 2016-202 (DWOS 1468 14,6 50. 36. 13. 1.6 16 CI1 331 95%CI1.331.94 95CI13319 95CI 133 1.3 194 1.9 95%CI:1.33-1.94 1.5 15 261 CI1.261.84 CI12618 126 1.2 184 1.8 8 CI:1.26-1.84 2.0 0 682 CI1.682.40 CI16824 168 240 2.4 CI:1.68-2.40 672 CI1.672.40 CI16724 167 CI:1.67-2.40 101 10- 301 CI1.301.8 CI13018 130 185 CI:1.30-1.8 311 CI1.311.88 CI13118 131 188 CI:1.31-1.88 6.3 63 CI3 5311 CI3.5311.42 CI353114 353 3.5 1142 11.4 CI:3.53-11.42 10.9 109 CI5 9620 CI5.9620.08 CI596200 596 5.9 2008 20.0 CI:5.96-20.08 6.9 69 059 CI5.059.5 CI50595 505 5.0 953 9.5 CI:5.05-9.5 7.3 73 3510 5.3510.03 535100 535 5.3 1003 10.0 5.35-10.03 5.2 2521 CI1.2521.8 CI125218 125 2182 21.8 CI:1.25-21.8 10.7 107 CI2 2151 CI2.2151.88 CI221518 221 2.2 5188 51.8 CI:2.21-51.88 201620 2016-20 146 14, 1. 95%CI1.331.9 95CI1331 95%CI:1.33-1.9 CI1.261.8 CI1261 12 18 CI:1.26-1.8 2. CI1.682.4 CI1682 24 CI:1.68-2.4 CI1.672.4 CI1672 CI:1.67-2.4 CI1.301. CI1301 CI:1.30-1. CI1.311.8 CI1311 CI:1.31-1.8 6. 531 CI3.5311.4 CI35311 3. 114 11. CI:3.53-11.4 10. 962 CI5.9620.0 CI59620 5. 20. CI:5.96-20.0 CI5.059. CI5059 9. CI:5.05-9. 7. 351 5.3510.0 53510 100 5.35-10.0 252 CI1.2521. CI12521 218 21. CI:1.25-21. 215 CI2.2151.8 CI22151 518 51. CI:2.21-51.8 20162 2016-2 95%CI1.331. 95CI133 95%CI:1.33-1. CI1.261. CI126 CI:1.26-1. CI1.682. CI168 CI:1.68-2. CI1.672. CI167 CI:1.67-2. CI1.301 CI130 CI:1.30-1 CI1.311. CI131 CI:1.31-1. CI3.5311. CI3531 CI:3.53-11. CI5.9620. CI5962 CI:5.96-20. CI5.059 CI505 CI:5.05-9 5.3510. 5351 5.35-10. CI1.2521 CI1252 CI:1.25-21 CI2.2151. CI2215 CI:2.21-51. 2016- 95%CI1.331 95CI13 95%CI:1.33-1 CI1.261 CI12 CI:1.26-1 CI1.682 CI16 CI:1.68-2 CI1.672 CI:1.67-2 CI1.30 CI13 CI:1.30- CI1.311 CI:1.31-1 CI3.5311 CI353 CI:3.53-11 CI5.9620 CI596 CI:5.96-20 CI5.05 CI50 CI:5.05- 5.3510 5.35-10 CI1.252 CI125 CI:1.25-2 CI2.2151 CI221 CI:2.21-51 95%CI1.33 95CI1 95%CI:1.33- CI1.26 CI:1.26- CI1.68 CI:1.68- CI1.67 CI:1.67- CI1.3 CI:1.30 CI1.31 CI:1.31- CI3.531 CI35 CI:3.53-1 CI5.962 CI59 CI:5.96-2 CI5.0 CI:5.05 5.351 5.35-1 CI1.25 CI:1.25- CI2.215 CI22 CI:2.21-5 95%CI1.3 95%CI:1.33 CI1.2 CI:1.26 CI1.6 CI:1.68 CI:1.67 CI1. CI:1.3 CI:1.31 CI3.53 CI:3.53- CI5.96 CI:5.96- CI5. CI:5.0 5.35- CI:1.25 CI2.21 CI:2.21- 95%CI1. 95%CI:1.3 CI:1.2 CI:1.6 CI:1. CI3.5 CI:3.53 CI5.9 CI:5.96 CI:5. CI2.2 CI:2.21 95%CI1 95%CI:1. CI:1 CI3. CI:3.5 CI:5.9 CI:5 CI2. CI:2.2 95%CI:1 CI:3. CI:2. 95%CI: CI:3 CI:2

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar grupos de mulheres trans e travestis (MTT) com padrões específicos de discriminação por identidade de gênero (DIG) e analisar os fatores associados à DIG. Métodos Estudo transversal com MTT recrutadas por respondent-driven sampling em cinco capitais brasileiras (2019-2021). Análise de classes latentes foi usada para caracterizar a DIG (em baixa, média e alta) usando 14 variáveis observáveis. Análise descritiva foi realizada e as associações entre variáveis preditoras e DIG foram estimadas por odds ratio ajustados (ORaj), usando regressão logística ordinal. Resultados Do total de 1.317 MTT, 906 (68,8%) responderam perguntas sobre DIG. A maioria apresentava idade ≤34 anos, solteiras e com raça/cor de pele parda. DIG foi classificada em “baixa”, “média” e “alta”, com estimativas de 41,7, 44,5, 13,8%, respectivamente. As variáveis positivamente associadas à maior intensidade de DIG foram: morar em Manaus em comparação com São Paulo; possuir idade £34 anos em comparação com idade >34; estar em situação de rua em comparação com quem mora em casa ou apartamento próprio ou alugado; não ter retificado o nome em documento em comparação com quem retificou; e relato de violência física ou sexual em comparação com quem não relatou. As variáveis negativamente associadas à maior intensidade de DIG foram: raça/cor de pele parda ou amarela em comparação com branca; e renda média mensal <1 salário mínimo em comparação com ≥1 salários. Conclusão Observaram-se alta proporção de DIG em MTT brasileiras e associação desse desfecho com características sociodemográficas mais vulneráveis e histórico de violência. (MTT (DIG respondentdriven respondent driven 20192021. 20192021 2019 2021 . (2019-2021) baixa 1 observáveis ORaj, ORaj , (ORaj) ordinal 1317 317 1.31 90 68,8% 688 68 8 (68,8% 34 ≤3 raçacor raça cor “baixa” “média alta, “alta” 417 41 7 41,7 445 44 5 44,5 138 13 13,8% respectivamente Paulo £3 >34 alugado retificou relatou branca < ≥ salários Observaramse Observaram se 2019202 201 202 (2019-2021 (ORaj 131 31 1.3 9 68,8 6 (68,8 3 ≤ “baixa “alta 4 41, 44, 13,8 £ >3 201920 20 (2019-202 1. 68, (68, 13, > 20192 2 (2019-20 (68 (2019-2 (6 (2019- ( (2019 (201 (20 (2

ABSTRACT Objective To identify groups of transgender women and travestis (TGW) with specific patterns of gender-based discrimination (GBD) and analyze the factors associated with GBD. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with TGW recruited through respondent-driven sampling in five Brazilian cities (2019-2021). Latent class analysis was used to characterize GBD (low, medium, and high) using 14 observable variables. Descriptive analysis was performed, and associations between predictor variables and GBD were estimated by adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using ordinal logistic regression. Results Out of a total of 1,317 TGW, 906 (68.8%) answered questions about GBD. Most were under 34 years old, single, and had a Brown race/skin color. GBD was classified as “low,” “medium,” and “high,” with estimates of 41.7, 44.5, and 13.8%, respectively. Variables positively associated with higher intensity of GBD included living in Manaus compared to São Paulo, being ≤34 years old compared to >34, being homeless compared to living in one’s own house or rented apartment, not having legally changed one’s name compared to those who had, and reporting physical or sexual violence compared to those who did not report. Variables negatively associated with higher intensity of GBD included having a Brown or Asian race/skin color compared to White and a monthly income ≥1 minimum wage compared to ³1. Conclusion A high proportion of GBD was observed in Brazilian TGW, with this outcome associated with more vulnerable sociodemographic characteristics and a history of violence. (TGW genderbased gender based (GBD crosssectional cross sectional respondentdriven respondent driven 20192021. 20192021 2019 2021 . (2019-2021) low, low (low medium 1 performed aOR (aOR regression 1317 317 1,31 90 68.8% 688 68 8 (68.8% 3 single raceskin race skin “low, “medium, high, “high, 417 41 7 41.7 445 44 5 44.5 138 13 13.8% respectively Paulo ≤3 >34 ones one s apartment report ≥ ³1 2019202 201 202 (2019-2021 131 31 1,3 9 68.8 6 (68.8 “low “medium “high 4 41. 44. 13.8 ≤ >3 ³ 201920 20 (2019-202 1, 68. (68. 13. > 20192 2 (2019-20 (68 (2019-2 (6 (2019- ( (2019 (201 (20 (2

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la asociación entre la discapacidad del jefe de familia y la severidad de la inseguridad alimentaria de su hogar, en pobladores de Colombia, durante el 2017. Se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida del 2017 (ECV 2017) de Colombia. La variable independiente fue la discapacidad evaluada con las preguntas del grupo de Washington y la variable dependiente fue la inseguridad alimentaria medida con la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA). Se incluyeron variables de confusión sociodemográficas y relacionadas con la inseguridad alimentaria. Para demostrar la asociación se utilizó la regresión logística ordinal y se estimaron odds ratio (OR) con sus intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). En todos los cálculos se consideró el muestreo complejo de la ECV 2017. Se incluyeron los datos de 8.488 jefes de familia. El 9,2% admitió que tenía alguna discapacidad y el 41,8% refirió que su hogar presentaba algún nivel de inseguridad alimentaria. Los hogares con un jefe de familia con discapacidad tuvieron 30% más probabilidad de mayor severidad de inseguridad alimentaria, en comparación con los hogares con un jefe de familia sin discapacidad (OR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,07-1,59), ajustado por múltiples variables de confusión. En conclusión, en Colombia, durante el 2017, la discapacidad de los jefes de familia aumentó la probabilidad de mayor severidad de la inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares. Es necesaria la creación de programas de asistencia nutricional enfocados en las poblaciones vulnerables como las personas con discapacidad. Resumen Colombia 201 ELCSA. ELCSA . (ELCSA) OR 95 IC95%. IC95 IC IC95% (IC95%) 8488 8 488 8.48 92 9 2 9,2 418 41 41,8 30 1,30 130 1 1,071,59, 107159 1,07 1,59 , 07 59 1,07-1,59) conclusión 20 (ELCSA IC9 (IC95% 848 48 8.4 9, 4 41, 3 1,3 13 071 1,071,59 10715 107 1,0 159 1,5 0 5 1,07-1,59 (IC95 84 8. 1, 1,071,5 1071 10 15 1,07-1,5 (IC9 1,071, 1,07-1, (IC 1,071 1,07-1 1,07-

Resumo: Este estudo busca determinar a associação entre a deficiência do chefe de família e a gravidade da insegurança alimentar em domicílios colombianos durante 2017. Foi realizada uma análise secundária dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Qualidade de Vida de 2017 (ECV 2017) da Colômbia. A variável independente foi a deficiência, avaliada por meio de perguntas do grupo de Washington, e a variável dependente foi a insegurança alimentar, medida pela Escala de Segurança Alimentar da América Latina e do Caribe (ELCSA). Foram incluídas variáveis de confusão sociodemográficas e relacionadas à insegurança alimentar. A regressão logística ordinal foi utilizada para analisar a associação, e a razão de probabilidades (OR) foi estimada com seus intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Em todos os cálculos foi considerada a amostragem complexa da ECV 2017. Foram incluídos dados de 8.488 chefes de família. Houve 9,2% dos participantes com algum tipo de deficiência e 41,8% relataram que seu domicílio apresentava algum nível de insegurança alimentar. Os domicílios com chefe de família com deficiência tiveram 30% mais chances de desenvolver insegurança alimentar mais grave, em comparação com as famílias com chefe de família sem deficiência (OR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,07-1,59), ajustado para múltiplas variáveis de confusão. Em 2017, os domicílios colombianos com chefes de família com deficiência tiveram maior probabilidade de desenvolver insegurança alimentar grave. É necessária a implementação de programas de assistência nutricional voltados para populações vulneráveis como as pessoas com deficiência. Resumo 201 Colômbia Washington ELCSA. ELCSA . (ELCSA) OR 95 IC95%. IC95 IC IC95% (IC95%) 8488 8 488 8.48 92 9 2 9,2 418 41 41,8 30 grave 1,30 130 1 1,071,59, 107159 1,07 1,59 , 07 59 1,07-1,59) 20 (ELCSA IC9 (IC95% 848 48 8.4 9, 4 41, 3 1,3 13 071 1,071,59 10715 107 1,0 159 1,5 0 5 1,07-1,59 (IC95 84 8. 1, 1,071,5 1071 10 15 1,07-1,5 (IC9 1,071, 1,07-1, (IC 1,071 1,07-1 1,07-

Abstract: This study investigated the association between head of household disability and the severity of food insecurity in Colombian households during 2017. A secondary data analysis was conducted based on 2017 Colombian National Quality of Life Survey (ECV 2017). As the independent variable, disability was assessed using questions from the Washington group, whereas the dependent variable - food insecurity - was measured by the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). Sociodemographic confounding variables and variables related to food insecurity were included. Association was analyzed by ordinal logistic regression, and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated with its 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). All calculations considered the complex sampling of ECV 2017. Data from 8,488 heads of household were included. A total of 9.2% of the participants had some type of disability and 41.8% reported some level of household food insecurity. Households with a head of household with some disability were 30% more likely to develop severe food insecurity compared with households with a head of household without disabilities (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.07-1.59), adjusted for multiple confounding variables. In 2017, Colombian households with heads of household with disabilities were more likely to develop severe food insecurity. It is essential to implement nutritional assistance programs aimed at vulnerable populations, such as people with disabilities. Abstract 201 . 2017) group ELCSA. ELCSA (ELCSA) included regression OR 95 95%CI. 95CI CI 95%CI (95%CI) 8488 8 488 8,48 92 9 2 9.2 418 41 41.8 30 1.30 130 1 1.071.59, 107159 1.07 1.59 , 07 59 1.07-1.59) populations 20 (ELCSA (95%CI 848 48 8,4 9. 4 41. 3 1.3 13 071 1.071.59 10715 107 1.0 159 1.5 0 5 1.07-1.59 84 8, 1. 1.071.5 1071 10 15 1.07-1.5 1.071. 1.07-1. 1.071 1.07-1 1.07-

ABSTRACT Objective To identify groups of transgender women and travestis (TGW) with specific patterns of gender-based discrimination (GBD) and analyze the factors associated with GBD. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with TGW recruited through respondent-driven sampling in five Brazilian cities (2019-2021). Latent class analysis was used to characterize GBD (low, medium, and high) using 14 observable variables. Descriptive analysis was performed, and associations between predictor variables and GBD were estimated by adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using ordinal logistic regression. Results Out of a total of 1,317 TGW, 906 (68.8%) answered questions about GBD. Most were under 34 years old, single, and had a Brown race/skin color. GBD was classified as “low,” “medium,” and “high,” with estimates of 41.7, 44.5, and 13.8%, respectively. Variables positively associated with higher intensity of GBD included living in Manaus compared to São Paulo, being ≤34 years old compared to >34, being homeless compared to living in one’s own house or rented apartment, not having legally changed one’s name compared to those who had, and reporting physical or sexual violence compared to those who did not report. Variables negatively associated with higher intensity of GBD included having a Brown or Asian race/skin color compared to White and a monthly income ≥1 minimum wage compared to ³1. Conclusion A high proportion of GBD was observed in Brazilian TGW, with this outcome associated with more vulnerable sociodemographic characteristics and a history of violence.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar grupos de mulheres trans e travestis (MTT) com padrões específicos de discriminação por identidade de gênero (DIG) e analisar os fatores associados à DIG. Métodos Estudo transversal com MTT recrutadas por respondent-driven sampling em cinco capitais brasileiras (2019-2021). Análise de classes latentes foi usada para caracterizar a DIG (em baixa, média e alta) usando 14 variáveis observáveis. Análise descritiva foi realizada e as associações entre variáveis preditoras e DIG foram estimadas por odds ratio ajustados (ORaj), usando regressão logística ordinal. Resultados Do total de 1.317 MTT, 906 (68,8%) responderam perguntas sobre DIG. A maioria apresentava idade ≤34 anos, solteiras e com raça/cor de pele parda. DIG foi classificada em “baixa”, “média” e “alta”, com estimativas de 41,7, 44,5, 13,8%, respectivamente. As variáveis positivamente associadas à maior intensidade de DIG foram: morar em Manaus em comparação com São Paulo; possuir idade £34 anos em comparação com idade >34; estar em situação de rua em comparação com quem mora em casa ou apartamento próprio ou alugado; não ter retificado o nome em documento em comparação com quem retificou; e relato de violência física ou sexual em comparação com quem não relatou. As variáveis negativamente associadas à maior intensidade de DIG foram: raça/cor de pele parda ou amarela em comparação com branca; e renda média mensal <1 salário mínimo em comparação com ≥1 salários. Conclusão Observaram-se alta proporção de DIG em MTT brasileiras e associação desse desfecho com características sociodemográficas mais vulneráveis e histórico de violência.

Resumo: Este estudo busca determinar a associação entre a deficiência do chefe de família e a gravidade da insegurança alimentar em domicílios colombianos durante 2017. Foi realizada uma análise secundária dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Qualidade de Vida de 2017 (ECV 2017) da Colômbia. A variável independente foi a deficiência, avaliada por meio de perguntas do grupo de Washington, e a variável dependente foi a insegurança alimentar, medida pela Escala de Segurança Alimentar da América Latina e do Caribe (ELCSA). Foram incluídas variáveis de confusão sociodemográficas e relacionadas à insegurança alimentar. A regressão logística ordinal foi utilizada para analisar a associação, e a razão de probabilidades (OR) foi estimada com seus intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Em todos os cálculos foi considerada a amostragem complexa da ECV 2017. Foram incluídos dados de 8.488 chefes de família. Houve 9,2% dos participantes com algum tipo de deficiência e 41,8% relataram que seu domicílio apresentava algum nível de insegurança alimentar. Os domicílios com chefe de família com deficiência tiveram 30% mais chances de desenvolver insegurança alimentar mais grave, em comparação com as famílias com chefe de família sem deficiência (OR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,07-1,59), ajustado para múltiplas variáveis de confusão. Em 2017, os domicílios colombianos com chefes de família com deficiência tiveram maior probabilidade de desenvolver insegurança alimentar grave. É necessária a implementação de programas de assistência nutricional voltados para populações vulneráveis como as pessoas com deficiência.

Abstract: This study investigated the association between head of household disability and the severity of food insecurity in Colombian households during 2017. A secondary data analysis was conducted based on 2017 Colombian National Quality of Life Survey (ECV 2017). As the independent variable, disability was assessed using questions from the Washington group, whereas the dependent variable - food insecurity - was measured by the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). Sociodemographic confounding variables and variables related to food insecurity were included. Association was analyzed by ordinal logistic regression, and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated with its 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). All calculations considered the complex sampling of ECV 2017. Data from 8,488 heads of household were included. A total of 9.2% of the participants had some type of disability and 41.8% reported some level of household food insecurity. Households with a head of household with some disability were 30% more likely to develop severe food insecurity compared with households with a head of household without disabilities (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.07-1.59), adjusted for multiple confounding variables. In 2017, Colombian households with heads of household with disabilities were more likely to develop severe food insecurity. It is essential to implement nutritional assistance programs aimed at vulnerable populations, such as people with disabilities.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la asociación entre la discapacidad del jefe de familia y la severidad de la inseguridad alimentaria de su hogar, en pobladores de Colombia, durante el 2017. Se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida del 2017 (ECV 2017) de Colombia. La variable independiente fue la discapacidad evaluada con las preguntas del grupo de Washington y la variable dependiente fue la inseguridad alimentaria medida con la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA). Se incluyeron variables de confusión sociodemográficas y relacionadas con la inseguridad alimentaria. Para demostrar la asociación se utilizó la regresión logística ordinal y se estimaron odds ratio (OR) con sus intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). En todos los cálculos se consideró el muestreo complejo de la ECV 2017. Se incluyeron los datos de 8.488 jefes de familia. El 9,2% admitió que tenía alguna discapacidad y el 41,8% refirió que su hogar presentaba algún nivel de inseguridad alimentaria. Los hogares con un jefe de familia con discapacidad tuvieron 30% más probabilidad de mayor severidad de inseguridad alimentaria, en comparación con los hogares con un jefe de familia sin discapacidad (OR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,07-1,59), ajustado por múltiples variables de confusión. En conclusión, en Colombia, durante el 2017, la discapacidad de los jefes de familia aumentó la probabilidad de mayor severidad de la inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares. Es necesaria la creación de programas de asistencia nutricional enfocados en las poblaciones vulnerables como las personas con discapacidad.

Abstract Recent literature points to the beneficial effects of religiosity on coping with stressors associated with the job market, serving as a channel of social and psychological support. However, little is known about how and to what extent religious beliefs and practices influence the values, opinions, perceptions and social attitudes of the youth segment. Given this, this article aims to understand the importance of the intensity of religious practice on the job search motivation of young Brazilians, using data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS). To this aim, an empirical strategy was adopted based on the extended regression model (ERM), and more specifically, the probit model with endogenous ordinal treatment. Generally speaking, estimates indicate that religion improves the incentive to leave total inactivity and seek occupational engagement, even in young people who are partially dedicated to studies. The results point to a growing effect of religious intensity on the search for employment vis-à-vis inactivity. An average treatment effect of engagement in the labor market is estimated at 28.7 percentage points (p.p.) for young people with moderate attendance and 61.3 p.p. for those with high participation in religious activities. The results favor the hypothesis that attendance at religious practices can not only provide relief from adverse conditions, but also provide a channel to stimulate young people’s search for employment. support However values opinions segment Brazilians 201 PNS. PNS . (PNS) aim ERM, ERM , (ERM) specifically speaking studies visàvis vis à 287 28 7 28. pp p (p.p. 613 61 3 61. p.p activities conditions peoples s 20 (PNS (ERM 2 (p.p 6

Resumo A literatura recente aponta os efeitos benéficos da religiosidade sobre o enfrentamento de estressores associados ao mercado de trabalho, servindo como um canal de apoio social e psicológico. Contudo, pouco se sabe a respeito de como e até que ponto as crenças e as práticas religiosas influenciam os valores, opiniões, percepções e atitudes sociais do segmento juvenil. Diante disto, este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a importância da intensidade da prática religiosa sobre a motivação de busca por trabalho de jovens brasileiros, usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. Para tanto, adotou-se uma estratégia empírica baseada no modelo de regressão estendida (ERM), mais especificamente o probit com tratamento endógeno ordinal. Em grosso modo, as estimativas apontam que a religião melhora o incentivo de sair da total inatividade e procurar um engajamento ocupacional, mesmo em jovens que estão parcialmente dedicados aos estudos. Os resultados apontam um efeito crescente da intensidade religiosa na busca por emprego vis-à-vis a inatividade. Estima-se um efeito de tratamento médio de engajamento no mercado de trabalho de 28,7 pontos percentuais (p.p.) para jovens com frequência moderada e 61,3 p.p. para aqueles com alta participação nas atividades religiosas. Os resultados favorecem a hipótese que a frequência em práticas religiosas pode não apenas ser alívio de condições adversas, mas também um canal de estímulo na procura por emprego por parte dos jovens. psicológico Contudo valores opiniões juvenil disto brasileiros PNS (PNS 2013 tanto adotouse adotou ERM, ERM , (ERM) ordinal modo ocupacional estudos visàvis vis à Estimase Estima 287 28 7 28, pp p (p.p. 613 61 3 61, p.p adversas 201 (ERM 2 (p.p 6 20

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de raspagem na morfologia e rugosidade do substrato de dentina radicular exposto à radiação ionizante. Cento e trinta incisivos bovinos extraídos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n = 65): não irradiados (NIR) e irradiados (IR). Cada grupo foi subdividido em seis subgrupos de acordo com o tipo de protocolo periodontal não cirúrgico: NIT: sem instrumentação; NIT/PP: profilaxia com pasta profilática fina usando uma taça de borracha por 15 segundos; HS: raspagem manual com 15 movimentos de instrumento apical-coronal; HS/PP: raspagem manual seguida de protocolo de profilaxia; US: raspagem ultrassônica com 15 ciclos apical-coronais; US/PP: raspagem ultrassônica seguida de protocolo de profilaxia. A rugosidade da superfície da dentina radicular foi medida com um perfilômetro (Ra/Rz - μm) e a morfologia das superfícies da dentina foi analisada usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). Na ausência de profilaxia, as superfícies mais ásperas foram observadas após a instrumentação ultrassônica seguida de instrumentação manual para ambos os grupos IR e NIR. Não foi observada diferença nos valores de Ra e RZ entre HS/PP e US/PP para ambos os substratos. Para o grupo IR, a profilaxia resultou em valores de Ra e RZ semelhantes para ambos os grupos de instrumentação em comparação com a ausência de instrumentação. A regressão logística ordinal mostrou que tanto HS quanto US resultaram em escores mais altos do que NIT, independentemente da presença de IR. Em conclusão, o IR apresentou uma superfície radicular mais áspera para ambos os HS e US em comparação com o NIR. No entanto, o procedimento de profilaxia reduziu significativamente a rugosidade das superfícies radiculares após ambos os procedimentos de instrumentação. ionizante n 65 65) NIR (NIR . (IR) cirúrgico NIT NIT/PP NITPP PP 1 segundos apicalcoronal apical coronal apical-coronal HSPP apicalcoronais coronais apical-coronais USPP Ra/Rz RaRz Rz μm SEM. SEM (SEM) substratos conclusão entanto 6 (IR (SEM

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different scaling protocols on the morphology and roughness of the root dentin substrate exposure to ionizing radiation. One hundred and thirty extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into two groups (n=65): non-irradiated (NIR) and irradiated (IR). Each group was initially subdivided into three subgroups according to the type of non-surgical periodontal protocol: NIT: no instrumentation; HS: hand scaling with 15 apical-coronal instrument movements; US: ultrasonic scaling with 15 apical-coronal cycles. Subsequently, all samples were subjected to the prophylaxis protocol, being subdivided into the following groups: NIT/PP: prophylaxis with a fine prophylactic paste using a rubber cup for 15 seconds; HS/PP: Hand scaling followed by the prophylaxis protocol; US/PP: Ultrasonic scaling followed by the prophylaxis protocol. The roughness of the root dentin surface was measured with a profilometer (Ra/Rz - μm), and the morphology of the dentin surfaces was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analyses were conducted before and after the prophylaxis protocol. In the absence of prophylaxis, the roughest surfaces were observed after ultrasonic instrumentation followed by hand instrumentation for both IR and NIR groups. No difference in Ra and RZ values between HS/PP and US/PP was observed for both substrates. For the IR group, the prophylaxis resulted in similar Ra and RZ values for both instrumentation groups in comparison to no instrumentation. Ordinal logistic regression showed that both HS and US resulted in higher scores than NIT, irrespective of IR presence. In conclusion, the IR showed a rougher root surface for both HS and US in comparison to NIR. However, the prophylaxis procedure significantly reduced the roughness of root surfaces after both instrumentation procedures radiation n=65 n65 n 65 (n=65) nonirradiated non (NIR IR. . (IR) nonsurgical surgical protocol NIT 1 apicalcoronal apical coronal movements cycles Subsequently NIT/PP NITPP PP seconds HSPP USPP Ra/Rz RaRz Rz μm, μm , μm) SEM. SEM (SEM) substrates presence conclusion However n=6 n6 6 (n=65 (IR (SEM n= (n=6 (n= (n

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como a crise da COVID-19 afetou os determinantes e a previsibilidade do rating de crédito doméstico emitida pela Fitch Ratings na Argentina. Além disso, pretende-se avaliar os efeitos das agências de classificação de risco de crédito usando o método through-the-cycle (ao longo do ciclo). Dada a natureza subjetiva da categorização dos ratings de crédito, os pesquisadores desenvolveram modelos para explicar e prever esses ratings. Essa subjetividade é significativa durante eventos econômicos. Portanto, é importante investigar se os fatores que determinam e preveem os ratings de crédito permaneceram consistentes antes e durante a crise da COVID-19. Este artigo contribui significativamente para a compreensão de como a aplicação do método through-the-cycle afeta os determinantes e a previsibilidade dos ratings de crédito em crises econômicas. A aplicação do método through-the-cycle pelas agências de classificação de risco de crédito como um critério durante a crise da COVID-19 resultou em uma quebra da correlação usual entre os determinantes e os ratings de crédito. Entender se as variáveis são componentes permanentes ou transitórios é fundamental para que os investidores e tomadores de empréstimos antecipem as mudanças nos ratings de crédito durante as recessões econômicas. As variáveis dependentes são as categorias de rating de crédito doméstico de longo prazo. As variáveis independentes são derivadas da metodologia de rating de crédito da Fitch Ratings e da literatura, que inclui variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas. Os métodos estatísticos utilizados são a regressão logística ordinal, a regressão logística ordinal generalizada e as máquinas de vetores de suporte. A crise da COVID-19 foi considerada um evento transitório devido à aplicação da abordagem through-the-cycle pelas agências de classificação de risco de crédito. Durante a pandemia, os determinantes específicos dos ratings de crédito não são considerados devido à sua natureza transitória. O estudo identifica o índice de cobertura de juros e a posição competitiva como componentes transitórios. Essa abordagem levou a uma menor previsibilidade, mas a um rating de crédito mais estável. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Argentina disso pretendese pretende throughthecycle through the cycle ao ciclo. ciclo . ciclo) econômicos Portanto COVID19. 19. econômicas prazo literatura qualitativas suporte pandemia transitória estável COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze how the COVID-19 crisis has affected the determinants and predictability of the domestic credit rating issued by Fitch Ratings in Argentina. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the effects of credit rating agencies using the through-the-cycle method. Given the subjective nature of credit rating categorization, researchers have developed models for explaining and predicting credit ratings. This subjectivity is significant during economic events. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether the factors that determine and predict credit ratings remained consistent before and during the COVID-19 crisis. This paper contributes significantly to understanding how the application of the through-the-cycle method affects the determinants and predictability of credit ratings in economic crises. Theapplication of the through-the-cycle method by credit rating agencies as a criterion during the COVID-19 crisis resulted in a breakdown of the usual correlation between determinants and credit rating. Understanding whether variables are permanent or transitory components is crucial for investors and borrowers to anticipate credit rating changes during economic downturns. The dependent variables are the long-term domestic credit rating categories. The independent variables are derived from the Fitch Ratings credit rating methodology and the literature, which includes quantitative and qualitative variables. The statistical methods used are ordinal logistic regression, generalized ordinal logistic regression, and support vector machines. The COVID-19 crisis was considered a transitory event due to the application of the through-the-cycle approach by rating agencies. During the pandemic, specific determinants of credit ratings are not considered due to their transitory nature. The study identifies interest coverage ratio and competitive position as transitory components. This approach led to less predictability but a more stable credit rating. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Argentina Additionally throughthecycle through cycle categorization events Therefore crises downturns longterm long term categories literature regression machines pandemic COVID1 1 COVID-

BACKGROUND: Chronic mental illnesses such as schizophrenia affect patients' functioning, making caregiving necessary although burdensome AIM: This study aimed to determine caregiver burden and its sociodemographic determinants in family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia attending a Psychiatric Outpatient Department (POD SETTING: Tertiary hospital in Northern Pretoria, South Africa METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted over 3 months, 300 consecutive family caregivers who attended the POD were administered a 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-22), which has a score of 0-88, with higher values indicating more burden. Their sociodemographic characteristics were ascertained. Linear and ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to identify determinants or predictors of total and severe burdens, respectively RESULTS: Most caregivers were aged 46.0 ± 14 years, females (62%), parents (39%), of low-income status (93.7%), had secondary education (70%), resided with the patient (87%), and helped with all troublesome activities (95.3%). The median ZBI-22 score was 19.0 (interquartile range: 13.0-30.5). The determinants of both total and severe burdens were: caregiver age ≥ 50 years adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.55, confidence interval (CI): 1.49-4.36; residential area farther away from the hospital aOR: 1.76, CI: 1.3-2.99; increasing months of caregiving aOR: 1.0, CI: 1.001-1.009, p = 0.006; and not having another family member that needs care aOR: 0.43, CI: 0.24-0.78 CONCLUSION: Having mental healthcare facilities close to residential areas and assisting caregivers aged ≥ 50 years who have multiple family members who need care may alleviate the burden CONTRIBUTION: Predicting total and severe caregiver burdens contemporaneously is effective for identifying potential burden interventions

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed the psychological functioning of mental healthcare practitioners under severe strain. Coping methods may affect mental health outcomes. AIM: The study examined the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress, and coping styles utilised by mental healthcare practitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. SETTING: Three private and one public mental healthcare facility in Bloemfontein, South Africa. METHODS: Respondents completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE) inventories. An ordinal regression model was used to assess the relationship between coping styles, anxiety and depression. RESULTS: A total of 212 practitioners were included in the analysis. According to DASS-21 measures, approximately 41% and 28% of respondents had moderate to severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively, with the highest prevalence among younger female respondents and nurses. The association between stress severity, anxiety and depression was significant. Avoidant coping methods and two approach coping strategies (planning and acceptance) were associated with depression and anxiety. Anxiety was linked to an increased likelihood of transitioning to higher avoidant categories, while participants with depression were less likely to move to higher avoidant or approach categories. CONCLUSION: Mental healthcare practitioners, especially nurses, experienced significant COVID-19-related psychological distress during the pandemic. Avoidant coping mechanisms may increase the risk of poor mental health outcomes. CONTRIBUTION: This study added data on the mental health effects of COVID-19 on mental healthcare practitioners, as well as psychological methods used to cope during the pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Age, gender and household infrastructure are important social determinants affecting health inequalities. This study aims to assess the ways that age and gender of the household head and household infrastructure intersect to create relative advantage and disadvantage in COVID-19 vulnerability. METHODS: Using household primary care survey data from Mamelodi, Gauteng, headed households were sorted into three risk categories for each of the relevant infrastructural determinants of COVID-19. Bivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to determine the odds of households falling into each risk category. The proportion of high-risk (HR) categories and dwelling types was also calculated. RESULTS: Households headed by someone ≥ 65 years were less likely to be in all HR categories and more frequently had formal houses. Male-head households were more likely to be HR for water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and indoor pollution; however, female-headed households (FHHs) were at higher risk for crowding. In Mamelodi, households headed by ≥ 65 years olds were relatively infrastructurally protected, likely because of pro-equity housing policy, as were FHHs, except for crowding. The care load on FHHs results in their infrastructural protection benefiting more community members, while simultaneously incurring risk. CONCLUSION: Infrastructural support based on the household head's age and gender could improve targeting and the effectiveness of health interventions. These results demonstrate the importance of a contextual understanding of gender and age inequalities and tailoring public health support based on this understanding. CONTRIBUTION: This research describes patterns of health-related infrastructural inequality, identifies ways to improve health interventions, and demonstrates the importance of equity-focused policy in an African context.

ORIENTATION: Gap analysis in the information system (IS) sector is difficult to assess. RESEARCH PURPOSE: A gap analysis model based on SERVQUAL is proposed to assess the gaps in IS services. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: During coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been an extensive use of distant learning and virtual meeting applications. Yet, there is no well-documented way to evaluate the IS service provided. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: The proposed model adds a performance dimension covering the main characteristics of IS services. The model is tested on the internet service providers in Egypt as a case study. A questionnaire for the proposed model is developed, validated and distributed. MAIN FINDINGS: The questionnaire is statistically analysed to find whether there is statistical difference between the expectation and the perception for each factor. Then the data are tested to find whether the gender of the respondents, internet service provider and the status of whether the respondent pays for the service themself have a significant effect on the gap scores or not. Finally, an ordinal regression fit is introduced to estimate the overall satisfaction of the customers based on their gap score PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Despite SERVQUAL being an adequate tool to analyse the gaps for different services, it needs some adaptation to fit different services. One important drawback of SERVQUAL analysis for the IS sector is that the dimensions of SERVQUAL do not fully cover the customer expectations in the IS sector. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature by introducing the 'ISSERVQUAL' model.