Abstract Heart disease and diabetes are the leading causes of death in Mexico. These diseases affect not only the patient but also their environment, which includes their partners. In this context, variables such as warmth and shared empathy can influence the optimism of both members of a couple, helping them improve their physical health. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between warmth and empathy in diabetic patients (A) or with heart disease (A') and the optimism of their healthy partner (B and B’ respectively) and vice versa. For this, 218 couples in which one diagnosed diabetic partner and 203 couples with a partner diagnosed with heart disease participated. The results show that there is a difference between the participants due to the characteristics of each disease, in turn, it was observed that warmth and empathy in paired patient (A and A') had a greater influence on the optimism of their healthy partner (B and B') than vice versa. Finally, it was found that warmth rather than empathy developed optimism in the participants.

Resumen En México, las cardiopatías y la diabetes son de las principales causas de muerte. Estas enfermedades no solo afectan al paciente, sino también a su entorno, incluyendo a su pareja. En este contexto, variables como la calidez y la empatía compartida pueden tener un efecto en el optimismo de los miembros de la pareja, ayudándolos a mejorar su salud física. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación de la calidez y empatía del paciente diabético (A) o con cardiopatía (A’) con el optimismo de su pareja sana (B y B’) y viceversa. Para ello, participaron 218 parejas donde uno de los miembros tuviera diabetes, y 203 parejas con un miembro diagnosticado con alguna cardiopatía. Los resultados demuestran que existe una diferencia entre los participantes debido a las características de cada enfermedad; a su vez, se observó que la calidez y la empatía del paciente (A y A’) influyen más en el optimismo de su pareja sana (B y B’) que a la inversa. Por último, se encontró que la calidez, más que la empatía, desarrolló optimismo en los participantes.

Abstract Introduction: Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic challenges. This new phase in their lives involves adapting to increased autonomy, a new routine and a new academic environment, which can result in emotional changes. The feelings experienced in this transition phase can have an impact on their quality of life, their adaptation and their academic success. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the emotional states present in the perceptions of first-year undergraduate students, in relation to the period of transition and academic adaptation to higher education. Methodology: This is an exploratory, qualitative study, carried out using a focus group, with content analysis using Nvivo 14 software. The group consisted of nine public higher education students. At the time of data collection, the participants were enrolled in their first year of undergraduate studies in different schools and scientific areas at the same Portuguese institution. Results: The preliminary data shows that the students interviewed tend to characterize their first contact with higher education as a shock. They also described situations of stress, demotivation and doubt associated with not knowing their peers, leaving their parents' home and the new academic reality. On the other hand, emotions of optimism, security and resilience are identified when a favorable relationship is established with teachers and the student is satisfied with the course. Final Considerations: Although negative emotional states were manifested, these tended to dissipate with integration into the institution, support from teachers, the formation of new friendships, and adaptation to new academic demands.

Resumo Introdução: Todos os anos, milhares de estudantes ingressam no ensino superior, deparando-se frequentemente com desafios pessoais e académicos. Esta nova fase das suas vidas implica a adaptação a um aumento de autonomia, a uma nova rotina e a um novo ambiente académico, podendo resultar em alterações emocionais. Os sentimentos vividos nesta fase de transição podem ter um impacto na sua qualidade de vida, na sua adaptação e no seu sucesso académico. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os estados emocionais presentes nas perceções dos estudantes do primeiro ano de licenciatura, em relação ao período de transição e adaptação académica ao ensino superior. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de carácter exploratório, qualitativo, realizado com recurso a um grupo focal, com análise de conteúdo recorrendo ao software Nvivo 14. O grupo foi constituído por nove estudantes do ensino superior público. Aquando da recolha de dados, os participantes estavam matriculados no 1.º ano em licenciaturas de diferentes escolas e áreas científicas da mesma instituição portuguesa. Resultados: Os dados preliminares mostram que tendencialmente os estudantes entrevistados caracterizam o seu primeiro contacto com o ensino superior, como um choque. São também descritas situações de stress, desmotivação e dúvida associadas ao desconhecimento dos colegas, saída da casa dos pais e à nova realidade académica. Por outro lado, são identificadas emoções de otimismo, segurança e resiliência quando se estabelece uma relação favorável com os docentes e o estudante está satisfeito com o curso. Considerações Finais: Embora tenham sido identificados estados emocionais negativos, estes tendem a dissipar-se com a integração na instituição, o apoio dos professores, a formação de novas amizades e a adaptação às novas exigências académicas.

Abstract Digital Welfare State in Ecuador: Citizen Datafication and Machine Learning in the Construction and Management of Poverty In the era of digital governance, the increasing use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in social protection systems has emerged as a prominent concern. The state's efforts to promote citizen datafication and the implementation of AI for managing and providing social services and benefits are guided by principles of neutrality, objectivity, and technological efficiency. Nevertheless, these technologies can not only improve the effectiveness of social benefits allocation, but also have the potential of controlling, monitoring, sanctioning, and excluding beneficiaries. In light of the prevailing techno-optimism evident in the design of contemporary social policy, particularly with regard to its allocation mechanisms, this study draws upon insights from Science, Technology, and Society Studies to shed light on how data systems and AI technologies transform the notion of poverty and impact the definition of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. This approach focuses on unraveling the political dimension of data systems and AI technologies that are emerging as mediators in the relationship between the state and citizens. Through the case study of Ecuador's Social Registry, the aim is to enrich the critical examination of digital welfare states in the Latin American region, analyzing their implications for society and their potential to produce or exacerbate inequality and exclusion; challenging deterministic views of technological change and public policy design.

Resumen En la era de la gobernanza digital, la utilización creciente de datos y tecnologías de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en los sistemas de protección social se ha convertido en un asunto relevante. Los esfuerzos del Estado por impulsar la datificación ciudadana y la implementación de la IA para la gestión y provisión de servicios y beneficios sociales están vehiculizados por las ideas de neutralidad, objetividad y eficiencia tecnológica. No obstante, estas tecnologías no solo pueden mejorar la efectividad en la asignación de beneficios sociales; sino que también tienen el potencial de controlar, monitorear, sancionar y excluir a los beneficiarios. Ante el tecno-optimismo que marca el diseño de la política social contemporánea, específicamente sus mecanismos de asignación, este trabajo apuesta por los Estudios de la Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad para dar luz sobre cómo los sistemas de datos y las técnicas de IA transforman la noción de pobreza e impactan en la definición de beneficiarios y no beneficiarios. Este enfoque se centra en desentrañar la dimensión política -de la politics- de los sistemas de datos y las tecnologías de la IA que comienzan a mediar la relación entre el Estado y los ciudadanos. A través del estudio del caso ecuatoriano del Registro Social, el objetivo recae en nutrir el examen crítico de los Estados de Bienestar Digital en la región latinoamericana, analizando sus implicaciones en la sociedad y su potencial para producir o amplificar desigualdad y exclusión; desafiando las visiones deterministas del cambio tecnológico y del diseño de políticas públicas.

ABSTRACT Since the emergence of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in March 2018, which promises to become the largest economic integration area in the world with 54 member countries, exaggerated optimism has been generated, especially by different international organizations formerly critics like the World Bank, who now highly praise the benefits of the regional integration process. This article contributes to the understanding of the complexity in the implementation of this area, which delves into the analysis of the background, potential, scope and challenges of the AfCFTA. It is argued that this new attempt at regional integration is not very different or distant from neoliberal ideology and seems to be part of open regionalism that tends to favor outward integration, which is why it does not contribute to the solution of the enormous problems of underdevelopment, poverty and social injustice on the continent.

RESUMEN A partir del surgimiento del Área de Libre Comercio Continental Africana (AfCFTA) en marzo del 2018 -que promete erigirse en la mayor área de integración económica del mundo con 54 países miembros- se ha generado un optimismo exagerado, sobre todo por parte de diferentes organismos internacionales otrora críticos como el Banco Mundial, que ahora ponderan sobremanera las bondades del proceso de integración regional. A la comprensión de la complejidad en la implementación de esa área contribuye el presente artículo, el cual se adentra en el análisis de los antecedentes, potencialidades, alcance y desafíos del AfCFTA. Se argumenta que este nuevo intento de integración regional no es muy diferente ni distante del ideario neoliberal y parece inscribirse dentro del regionalismo abierto que tiende a favorecer una integración hacia afuera, por lo que no tributa a la solución de los enormes problemas de subdesarrollo, pobreza e injusticia social del continente.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To create a nomogram to predict the absence of clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa) in males with non-suspicion multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) undergoing prostate biopsy (PBx). Materials and Methods: We identified consecutive patients who underwent 3T mpMRI followed by PBx for suspicion of PCa or surveillance follow-up. All patients had Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score 1-2 (negative mpMRI). CSPCa was defined as Grade Group ≥2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed via backward elimination. Discrimination was evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC). Internal validation with 1,000x bootstrapping for estimating the optimism corrected AUROC. Results: Total 327 patients met inclusion criteria. The median (IQR) age and PSA density (PSAD) were 64 years (58-70) and 0.10 ng/mL2 (0.07-0.15), respectively. Biopsy history was as follows: 117 (36%) males were PBx-naive, 130 (40%) had previous negative PBx and 80 (24%) had previous positive PBx. The majority were White (65%); 6% of males self-reported Black. Overall, 44 (13%) patients were diagnosed with CSPCa on PBx. Black race, history of previous negative PBx and PSAD ≥0.15ng/mL2 were independent predictors for CSPCa on PBx and were included in the nomogram. The AUROC of the nomogram was 0.78 and the optimism corrected AUROC was 0.75. Conclusions: Our nomogram facilitates evaluating individual probability of CSPCa on PBx in males with PIRADS 1-2 mpMRI and may be used to identify those in whom PBx may be safely avoided. Black males have increased risk of CSPCa on PBx, even in the setting of PIRADS 1-2 mpMRI Purpose (CSPCa nonsuspicion non (mpMRI . (PBx) Methods T followup. followup follow up. up follow-up 12 1 2 1- mpMRI. mpMRI) ≥2 elimination (AUROC) 1000x x 000x Results 32 criteria IQR (IQR (PSAD 6 5870 58 70 (58-70 010 0 10 0.1 ngmL2 ngmL ng mL2 mL ng/mL 0.070.15, 007015 0.07 0.15 , 07 15 (0.07-0.15) respectively follows 11 36% 36 (36% PBxnaive, PBxnaive naive, naive PBx-naive 13 40% 40 (40% 8 24% 24 (24% 65% 65 (65%) selfreported self reported Overall 4 13% (13% race 015ngmL2 15ng ≥0.15ng/mL 078 78 0.7 075 75 0.75 Conclusions avoided (PBx ≥ (AUROC 3 587 5 7 (58-7 01 0. 070 0.070.15 00701 007 0.0 015 (0.07-0.15 (36 (40 (24 (65% (13 015ngmL (58- 0.070.1 0070 00 (0.07-0.1 (3 (4 (2 (65 (1 (58 0.070. (0.07-0. ( (6 (5 0.070 (0.07-0 (0.07- (0.07 (0.0 (0. (0

Resumen El texto da la vuelta al estudio habitual de las transiciones y evoluciones políticas en el África neoindependiente al cuestionar el patrón que se suele utilizar para evaluarlas, el modelo ideal de la democracia moderna. El texto contrasta las oscilaciones del optimismo experto respecto de los estados africanos con las reiteradas constataciones empíricas de la inadecuación del modelo de Estado legado por la colonización a la realidad y el potencial del tejido social africano. El autor propone que numerosas presuntas disfunciones africanas deberían ser analizadas como experimentos necesarios para garantizar la gestión de la diversidad en la sociedad global, una capacidad que no acumula el viejo modelo de Estado-nación europeo y que quizás implique abandonar o matizar el principio del individuo como única fuente última de soberanía.

Abstract The text turns the usual study of political transitions and evolutions in neo-independent Africa on its head by questioning the standard by which they are usually assessed, the ideal model of modern democracy. The text contrasts the oscillations of expert optimism about African states with the repeated empirical evidence of the inadequacy of the state model bequeathed by colonisation to the reality and potential of the African social fabric. The author proposes that many alleged African dysfunctions should be analysed as necessary experiments to ensure the management of diversity in global society, a capacity that is not accumulated by the old European nation-state model, and that may imply abandoning or moderating the principle of the individual as the only ultimate source of sovereignty.

Abstract: Wildlife holds an important role within the Amazon biome. However, wildlife identification and documentation methods in the Amazonian wilderness pose considerable challenges for fauna biology and ecology professionals. This complexity arises from the demand for specialized expertise and the substantial investment of time required. This challenge is compounded by the remarkable resemblance between various animal species. In this study, we delve into the feasibility of diverse iterations of the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm in order to detect wildlife species in the Peruvian Amazon. Our assessment covers a spectrum of YOLO versions, including YOLOv5x6, YOLOv5l6, YOLOv7-W6, YOLOv7-E6, YOLOv8I, and YOLOv8x. To empower our models, we embarked on a training journey using a dataset comprising 653 images thoughtfully collected from reputable sources in ecology and tourism marketing. This dataset encompasses six species: Ara ararauna, Ara chloropterus, Ara macao, Opisthocomus hoazin, Pteronura brasiliensis, and Saimiri sciureus. Our efforts show the efficiency of the YOLOv5l6 model, which stands out prominently in all metrics evaluated. This model achieves a Precision rate of 86.1%; Recall of 84.7%, F1-Score measuring 85.39%, and mean Average Precision (mAP) of 88.1%. Noteworthy is the fact that this model also boasts the swiftest training time among its counterparts, with a total 30.71 minutes. These findings offer promising prospects for refining our understanding of Amazonian wildlife species and establishing proactive measures to safeguard those that face potential vulnerability or endangerment. The YOLO algorithm's capabilities underscore the confluence of technology and ecological conservation, providing optimism for the preservation of the Amazon's intricate biodiversity.

Resumen Introducción / objetivo: en las organizaciones los conflictos de intereses generan costos de agencia para mitigar el oportunismo de los agentes. La información contable de alta calidad reduce estos conflictos al minimizar la asimetría de la información. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre los costos de agencia y el conservadurismo condicional en empresas brasileñas del sector eléctrico listadas en la B3. Metodología: se utilizaron datos de 21 empresas del sector eléctrico brasileño para el período de 2012 a 2020. Se analizaron 24 atributos asociados con los costos de agencia, y el modelo de conservadurismo condicional de Ball y Shivakumar (2005) se empleó como medida de calidad de la información contable. Los resultados se obtuvieron mediante modelos de regresión de datos en panel. Resultados: según el modelo central de conservadurismo condicional, las empresas tienden a ser optimistas en lugar de conservadoras, anticipando ganancias en lugar de pérdidas. Los resultados, evaluados en cinco dimensiones, revelaron que factores como la composición del consejo, la compensación variable y los acuerdos con accionistas reducen el optimismo, mientras que las auditorías con salvedades, los plazos más largos y la existencia de un comité de auditoría permanente aumentan el optimismo. Por tanto, se identifican atributos que influyen en el optimismo, la neutralidad de la información contable y, en consecuencia, la calidad de los informes financieros. Conclusiones: este estudio beneficia a varios usuarios de la información contable. Los inversores pueden identificar políticas de gobernanza que alineen intereses, los reguladores pueden mejorar la supervisión y los miembros de las organizaciones pueden adoptar políticas que fomenten la alineación de intereses entre los principales y los agentes.

Abstract Introduction / objective: In organisations, conflicts of interest give rise to agency costs aimed at mitigating agent opportunism. High-quality accounting information reduces these conflicts by minimising information asymmetry. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the relationship between agency costs and conditional conservatism in Brazilian electric power industry companies listed on the B3. Methodology: Data from 21 Brazilian electric power industry companies for the period 2012 to 2020 were utilised. Twenty-four attributes associated with agency costs were analysed, and Ball and Shivakumar’s (2005) conditional conservatism model was employed as a measure of accounting information quality. Panel data regression models were used to obtain the results. Results: According to the central conditional conservatism model, companies tend to exhibit optimism rather than conservatism, anticipating gains instead of losses. Results, assessed across five dimensions, revealed that factors such as board composition, variable compensation, and agreements with shareholders reduce optimism, while qualified audits, longer tenures, and the presence of a permanent audit committee increase optimism. Therefore, attributes that influence optimism, accounting information neutrality, and consequently, financial reporting quality, are identified. Conclusions: This study benefits various users of accounting information. Investors can pinpoint governance policies that align interests, regulators can enhance oversight, and organisation members can adopt policies that encourage the alignment of interests between principals and agents.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la relación del optimismo y autoeficacia académica en estudiantes universitarios Lima Metropolitana en contexto de educación virtual. Se utilizó un estudio no experimental con diseño correlacional y comparativo, con una muestra conformada por 361 estudiantes de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, de Lima Metropolitana. Los resultados mostraron que ambas variables de estudio se relacionan significativamente, asimismo se evidenció que los estudiantes varones presentaron mayores puntuaciones de autoeficacia académica que las mujeres, además, se encontró que los estudiantes adultos (25 a 43 años) evidenciaron mayores puntuaciones de autoeficacia académica a diferencia de los estudiantes más jóvenes (18 a 24 años). Se concluye que el optimismo está asociado a la autoeficacia académica y que existe diferencia significativa a nivel de sexo y edad en estudiantes universitarios de Lima Metropolitana.

ABSTRACT The main objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between optimism and academic self-efficacy in university students in Metropolitan Lima in the context of virtual education. A non-experimental study with a correlational and comparative design was used, with a sample of 361 students of both sexes, over 18 years of age, from Metropolitan Lima. The results showed that both study variables were significantly related, and it was also found that male students had higher academic self-efficacy scores than female students. In addition, it was found that adult students (25 to 43 years of age) had higher academic self-efficacy scores than younger students (18 to 24 years of age). It is concluded that optimism is associated with academic self-efficacy and that there is a significant difference at the level of sex and age in university students in Metropolitan Lima.

Resumo As potencialidades do Acordo de Livre-Comércio Continental Africano têm desencadeado expectativas nos mais diversos setores. Entre eles, destacam-se os campos do desenvolvimento e da segurança, que, constituindo uma unidade estratégica, oportunizam a criação de novos nexos em uma lógica competitiva-cooperativa. Elementos de matrizes as mais diversas oferecem um mosaico de possibilidades, transparecendo otimismo tanto no próprio continente quanto em outros Estados extrarregionais que são impactados pelas mudanças desencadeadas no ambiente africano. Metodologicamente, fontes primárias, qualitativas e quantitativas são direcionadas a testar a hipótese de que processos de integração bem-sucedidos podem repercutir nos níveis de desenvolvimento e segurança que, a seu turno, contribuem para alicerçar e intensificar uma mentalidade intercontinental pragmática. Paralelamente, nesse processo, os laços históricos do Brasil com a África consolidam um ambiente de renovação de valores arraigados em afinidade étnica, cultural, econômica e psicossocial.

Abstract The potential of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) has raised expectations in a wide range of areas. Among these, development and security stand out, as a strategic unit offering opportunities for the creation of new linkages in a competitive-cooperative logic. Elements from the most diverse fields offer a mosaic of possibilities, revealing optimism both within the continent itself and in other extra-regional states affected by the changes unleashed in the African environment. Methodologically, primary, qualitative and quantitative sources are used to test the hypothesis that integration processes can reverberate at the levels of development and security, which in turn contribute to supporting and reinforcing a pragmatic intercontinental mentality. At the same time, Brazil’s historical ties with Africa consolidate an environment of renewal of values rooted in ethnic, cultural, economic and psychosocial affinities.

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre la ansiedad ante la muerte, el ajuste psicológico, el optimismo, el pesimismo y el estrés percibido entre los profesionales de enfermería que trabajaron durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: este estudio se diseñó como un estudio transversal/de cohortes. La población del estudio incluía a 408 profesionales de enfermería del Chipre del Norte registrados como miembros de pleno derecho del Consejo de Enfermería. La muestra consistió en 214 profesionales de enfermería que se ofrecieron voluntariamente a participar en el estudio. Los datos del estudio se recogieron a través de una encuesta online basada en la web (formulario demográfico, Medida de Estrés por Coronavirus, Cuestionario de Optimismo y Pesimismo, Escala Breve de Adaptación-6 y Escala de Sufrimiento por Muerte). Resultados: los resultados indicaron que el estrés percibido predecía significativa y negativamente el optimismo (β = -0,21, p < 0,001) y pesimismo (β = 0,38, p < 0,001). El estrés percibido tuvo efectos predictivos significativos y positivos sobre el ajuste psicológico (β = 0,31, p < 0,001) y angustia de muerte (β = 0,17, p < 0,01). Los resultados de otros análisis revelaron que el pesimismo es mediador en la asociación del estrés con el ajuste psicológico y la angustia de muerte; sin embargo, el optimismo sólo es mediador del efecto del estrés sobre el ajuste psicológico entre los profesionales de enfermería. Conclusión: un bajo nivel de pesimismo es eficaz para reforzar las habilidades de ajuste psicológico de los profesionales de enfermería frente al estrés percibido y la angustia por la muerte. Los profesionales de enfermería deberían considerar estrategias conductuales para ayudar a reducir el nivel de pesimismo durante periodos como las pandemias. Objetivo COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Método transversalde transversal cohortes 40 Enfermería 21 formulario demográfico Coronavirus Pesimismo Adaptación6 Adaptación 6 Adaptación- Muerte. Muerte . Muerte) Resultados β 0,21, 021 0 -0,21 0,001 0001 001 038 38 0,38 0,001. 031 31 0,31 017 17 0,17 0,01. 0,01 01 0,01) embargo Conclusión pandemias COVID1 1 COVID-1 4 2 0,21 02 -0,2 0,00 000 00 03 3 0,3 0,1 0,0 COVID- 0,2 -0, 0, -0 -

Objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between death distress, psychological adjustment, optimism, pessimism and perceived stress among nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: this study was designed as cross-sectional/cohort. The population of the study involved 408 nurses from Northern Cyprus, which are registered as full members of the Nurse Council. The sample comprised 214 nurses, who volunteered to participate in the study. The study data was collected using a web-based online survey (Demographic form, the Coronavirus Stress Measure, The Optimism and Pessimism Questionnaire, The Brief Adjustment Scale-6, The Death Distress Scale). Results: the results indicated that perceived stress significantly and negatively predicted optimism (β = -0.21, p < 0.001) and pessimism (β = 0.38, p < 0.001). Perceived stress had significant and positive predictive effects on psychological adjustment (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) and death distress (β = 0.17, p < 0.01). Further analysis results revealed that pessimism mediates the association of stress with psychological adjustment and death distress; however, optimism only mediates the effect of stress on psychological adjustment among nurses. Conclusion: a low level of pessimism is effective in strengthening nurses’ psychological adjustment skills againt perceived stress and death distress. Nurses should consider behavioral strategies to help reduce the level of pessimism during periods such as pandemics. Objective COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic Method crosssectional/cohort. crosssectionalcohort cross sectional/cohort. sectional cohort cross-sectional/cohort 40 Cyprus Council 21 webbased web based Demographic form Measure Questionnaire Scale6, Scale6 Scale 6, 6 Scale-6 Scale. . Scale) Results β 0.21, 021 0 -0.21 0.001 0001 001 038 38 0.38 0.001. 031 31 0.31 017 17 0.17 0.01. 0.01 01 0.01) however Conclusion pandemics COVID1 1 COVID- crosssectional crosssectional/cohort sectionalcohort sectional/cohort 4 2 Scale- 0.21 02 -0.2 0.00 000 00 03 3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 -0. 0. -0 -

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a relação entre angústia de morte, ajuste psicológico, otimismo, pessimismo e estresse percebido entre profissionais de enfermagem que trabalham durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: este estudo foi concebido como estudo transversal/coorte. A população do estudo envolveu 408 profissionais de enfermagem do Chipre do Norte, que estão registrados como membros plenos do Conselho de Enfermagem. A amostra foi composta por 214 profissionais de enfermagem que se ofereceram para participar do estudo. Os dados do estudo foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa online baseada na web (formulário demográfico, Medida de Estresse por Coronavírus, Questionário de Otimismo e Pessimismo, Escala Breve de Ajuste-6 e Escala de Sofrimento por Morte). Resultados: os resultados indicaram que o estresse percebido previu significativa e negativamente o otimismo (β = -0,21, p < 0,001) e pessimismo (β = 0,38, p < 0,001). O estresse percebido teve efeitos preditivos significativos e positivos sobre o ajuste psicológico (β = 0,31, p < 0,001) e angústia de morte (β = 0,17, p < 0,01). Os resultados de outras análises revelaram que o pessimismo é mediador da associação do estresse com o ajuste psicológico e a angústia de morte; no entanto, o otimismo é mediador apenas do efeito do estresse sobre o ajuste psicológico entre os profissionais de enfermagem. Conclusão: um baixo nível de pessimismo é eficaz para fortalecer as habilidades de ajuste psicológico dos profissionais de enfermagem contra o estresse percebido e a angústia por morte. Os profissionais de enfermagem devem considerar estratégias comportamentais para ajudar a reduzir o nível de pessimismo durante períodos como os de pandemias. Objetivo COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Método transversalcoorte transversal coorte transversal/coorte 40 Norte Enfermagem 21 formulário demográfico Coronavírus Pessimismo Ajuste6 Ajuste 6 Ajuste- Morte. Morte . Morte) Resultados β 0,21, 021 0 -0,21 0,001 0001 001 038 38 0,38 0,001. 031 31 0,31 017 17 0,17 0,01. 0,01 01 0,01) entanto Conclusão pandemias COVID1 1 COVID-1 4 2 0,21 02 -0,2 0,00 000 00 03 3 0,3 0,1 0,0 COVID- 0,2 -0, 0, -0 -

RESUMEN Este estudio se propone probar empíricamente la hipótesis de que las mujeres en sus decisiones de inversión tienden a mostrar una mayor aversión al riesgo y/o un menor grado de optimismo que los hombres analizando las recomendaciones de inversión realizadas por analistas de Equity Research en Brasil. A partir de una muestra de 7496 recomendaciones para empresas que cotizan en la B3 entre 2009-2021, se encontró un efecto estadísticamente significativo en sentido contrario al previsto: las recomendaciones realizadas por mujeres tendieron a ser más optimistas. Se verificó que la diferencia se da específicamente en las recomendaciones de venta, emitidas con mayor frecuencia por los hombres, y que el efecto desaparece al controlar por sector de cobertura e institución a la que pertenece el analista, lo que sugiere que la diferencia se debe a que las mujeres, que representan sólo el 12,8% de todas las recomendaciones, se centran en la cobertura de sectores como el consumo. yo o Brasil 749 B 20092021, 20092021 2009 2021, 2021 2009-2021 previsto optimistas venta analista 128 12 8 12,8 consumo 74 2009202 200 202 2009-202 1 12, 7 200920 20 2009-20 20092 2 2009-2 2009-

ABSTRACT This study empirically tests the hypothesis in the literature that women, in their investment decisions, tend to show greater risk aversion and/or a lower degree of optimism than their male counterparts by analyzing investment recommendations by Equity Research analysts in Brazil. Based on a sample of 7496 recommendations for the main companies listed on the B3 between 2009-2021, a statistically significant effect was found in the opposite direction to that predicted: recommendations made by women tended to be more optimistic. We found that the difference is specific to sell recommendations, issued more frequently by men and that the effect disappears when controlling for the coverage sector and institution, which suggests that the difference is due to the fact of women, who account for only 12.8% of all recommendations, focus on covering specific sectors, such as consumption. decisions andor or Brazil 749 B 20092021, 20092021 2009 2021, 2021 2009-2021 predicted optimistic institution 128 12 8 12.8 sectors consumption 74 2009202 200 202 2009-202 1 12. 7 200920 20 2009-20 20092 2 2009-2 2009-

RESUMO Este estudo busca testar empiricamente a hipótese, presente na literatura, de que, em suas decisões de investimento, mulheres tenderiam a apresentar maior aversão ao risco e/ou menor grau de otimismo do que seus pares homens baseado na análise das recomendações de investimento por parte de analistas de Equity Research no Brasil. Numa amostra com 7496 recomendações para as principais empresas listadas na B3 entre 2009-2021, encontrou-se um efeito estatisticamente significativo na direção oposta ao previsto: recomendações feitas por mulheres tenderam a ser mais otimistas. Verificou-se que a diferença se dá especificamente nas recomendações de venda, emitidas mais frequentemente por homens, e que o efeito desaparece ao se controlar o setor de cobertura e a instituição a que o analista pertence. Ou seja, sugere que a diferença ocorre porque mulheres, que respondem por apenas 12,8% do total de recomendações, se concentrarem na cobertura de setores específicos, como consumo. hipótese literatura eou ou Brasil 749 B 20092021, 20092021 2009 2021, 2021 2009-2021 encontrouse encontrou previsto otimistas Verificouse Verificou venda pertence seja 128 12 8 12,8 específicos consumo 74 2009202 200 202 2009-202 1 12, 7 200920 20 2009-20 20092 2 2009-2 2009-

RESUMEN Este estúdio evaluó una intervención psicológica positiva para La promoción de la salud de jubilados, basado em laevaluación de los participantes, encuanto a satisfacción com el programa y com el moderador, claridad/comprensión/aplicación de los contenidos y mantenimiento de La aplicaciónen el tiempo, condiseño longitudinal mixto y evaluación pre (T1), posterior a laprueba (T2) y seguimiento (T3 - tres meses). Participaron 65 jubilados que respondieron los cuestionarios de evaluación del programa. Los análisis cuantitativos indican promedios más altos para satisfacción conel moderador y programa; y más bajo para laduración del programa. 77.7% de los participantes en T2 y 87.2% en T3 usaron en sus vidas los contenidos trabajados em el programa. Se observo mantenimiento de la aplicación de lãs variables empatía, autocuidado, optimismo, gratitud, perdón y autoperdón. Los resultados positivos demuestran que este modelo de intervención presenta potencial de ser aplicado en contextos de salud pública y promoción Del envejecimiento activo. claridadcomprensiónaplicación claridad comprensión tiempo T1, T1 T , (T1) (T2 (T meses. meses . meses) 6 777 77 7 77.7 872 87 2 87.2 empatía autocuidado optimismo gratitud autoperdón activo (T1 77. 8 87.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate a Positive Psychology programme for health promotion of retirees, based on evaluation of participants with regard to levels of satisfaction with the programme/group and with the moderator, comprehension and application of contents and maintenance/long-term application of contents. A mixed longitudinal design, with pre-test (T1), post-test (T2), and follow-up (T3 - three months) evaluations was used. 65 retirees answered a programme evaluation questionnaire. Quantitative results indicated higher mean rates for satisfaction with the moderator and programme; and lower rates for the programme length/duration. Qualitative analysis indicated that 77.7% of the sample at T2, and 87.2% at T3 reported having used contents of the programme in their lives. Maintenance of application of contents was observed for empathy, self-care, optimism, gratitude, forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Positive outcomes demonstrate this pattern of intervention for health promotion - based on Positive Psychology and CBT - presents the potential to be applied within public health contexts for the promotion of active aging. programmegroup group maintenance/longterm maintenancelongterm maintenance/long term maintenance long design pretest pre test T1, T1 T , (T1) posttest post T2 (T2) followup follow up (T months 6 questionnaire lengthduration length duration length/duration 777 77 7 77.7 872 87 2 87.2 lives empathy selfcare, selfcare self care, care self-care optimism gratitude selfforgiveness. selfforgiveness forgiveness. self-forgiveness aging longterm maintenancelong (T1 (T2 77. 8 87.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a intervenção psicológica positiva para promoção de saúde de aposentados, a partir da avaliação dos participantes, no que se refere à satisfação com o programa e com o moderador, clareza/compreensão/aplicação dos conteúdos e manutenção da aplicação ao longo de tempo, com delineamento longitudinal misto e avaliação pré (T1), pós-teste (T2) e seguimento (T3 - 03 meses). Participaram 65 aposentados que responderam ao questionário misto de avaliação do programa. Análises quantitativas indicaram maiores médias para satisfação com o programa e com o moderador; e menor média para tempo de duração do programa. 77,7% participantes em T2 e 87,2% em T3 utilizaram nas suas vidas os conteúdos trabalhados no programa. Foi observada manutenção da aplicação dos conteúdos de empatia, autocuidado, otimismo, gratidão, perdão e autoperdão. Resultados positivos demonstram que este modelo de intervenção para promoção de saúde - com base na psicologia positiva e TCC - apresenta potencial para ser aplicado em contextos de saúde pública e promoção de envelhecimento ativo. moderador clarezacompreensãoaplicação clareza compreensão T1, T1 T , (T1) pósteste pós teste (T2 (T 0 meses. meses . meses) 6 777 77 7 77,7 872 87 2 87,2 empatia autocuidado otimismo gratidão autoperdão ativo (T1 77, 8 87,

ABSTRACT This article analyses the validity evidence based on the internal structure and reliability of the 12-item Herth Hope Index in a sample of 1255 inhabitants of the city of Arequipa (46.3% men and 53.7% women), located in the south of Peru. Five models were tested by confirmatory factor analysis and, based on the results, comparisons were made according to sex and age. The results suggest a two-factor structure similar to that reported in a sample from Lima. These factors are Optimism and Agencies. Regarding reliability, the first factor obtained adequate levels of internal consistency through McDonald's Omega test and Cronbach's Alpha test; while the second factor obtained low but acceptable levels of reliability with both tests. Likewise, no gender differences were recorded, although there were differences with respect to age in the agency dimension, given the results of low reliability in this dimension, it is suggested to take these results with caution.

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna y la confiabilidad del Índice de Esperanza de Herth de 12 reactivos en una muestra de 1255 habitantes de la ciudad de Arequipa (46.3% hombres y 53.7% mujeres), ubicada al sur de Perú. Se pusieron a prueba cinco modelos mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y sobre la base de los resultados, se realizaron comparaciones en función del sexo y la edad. Los resultados sugieren una estructura de dos factores similar a la reportada en una muestra de Lima. Estos factores son Optimismo y Agencias. Con respecto a la confiabilidad, el primer factor obtuvo adecuados niveles de consistencia interna mediante la prueba Omega de McDonald y la prueba Alfa de Cronbach, mientras que el segundo factor obtuvo niveles bajos pero aceptables de confiabilidad con ambas pruebas. Asimismo, no se registraron diferencias en función del sexo, aunque sí con respecto a la edad en la dimensión de agencias, pero dados los resultados de baja confiabilidad en esta dimensión, se sugiere tomar estos resultados con cautela.

Abstract Objective To investigate the role of optimism, hope, and gratitude as psychosocial factors for healthy development, especially with regard to anxiety in college students in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This is a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brazilian Gratitude Scale (Escala Brasileira de Gratidão [B-GRAT]), and the Brazilian versions of an anxiety subscale, the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Hope Index Scale, and BIG-FIVE were administered. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlations, and hierarchical linear regression. Results A total of 297 students were assessed. The relationship between gratitude and anxiety became positive in the hierarchical linear analysis, contradicting the initial negative association between these variables according to the Spearman coefficients. This contradiction may be a result of the suppression effect. When gratitude was added to the model, these three variables together accounted for 38% of the variance in anxiety. This indicates that optimism, hope, and gratitude together are significant predictors, although optimism alone accounts for the greater part of the variance in decreased anxiety. Conclusion The data confirm that family and religiosity are protective factors against mental illness, specifically non-adaptive anxiety. Furthermore, developing optimism as a protective factor makes it possible to experience less anxiety while hope has the potential to provide the individual with multiple pathways to healthy development. This study highlights that gratitude plays a dual role in these relationships as it has the potential to be associated with anxious feelings with likely negative outcomes while at the same time it can drive positive psychosocial factors of optimism and hope, decreasing anxiety. development 201 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19 . (COVID-19) quantitative crosssectional cross sectional questionnaire Escala BGRAT, BGRAT B GRAT , [B-GRAT]) subscale LOTR, LOTR LOT R (LOT-R) BIGFIVE BIG FIVE administered MannWhitney Mann Whitney test KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis correlations regression 29 assessed analysis coefficients effect model 38 predictors illness nonadaptive non adaptive Furthermore 20 COVID1 1 (COVID-19 [B-GRAT] (LOT-R 2 3 (COVID-1 [B-GRAT (COVID- (COVID