Abstract: In architecture, microorganisms can act as heroes or villains. However, research on microorganisms has been delegated to engineering sciences and is usually conducted in parallel with architecture. This study analyzes scientific advances in biomaterials, including microorganisms that benefit materials and microorganisms that degrade buildings. The methodology consisted of a literature review, followed by a classification and description of the microorganisms to facilitate the analysis of the findings. The results revealed that some microorganisms provide materials with positive characteristics, such as greater durability, self-repair, increased compression and absorption, and most importantly, environmental sustainability. During destructive processes, microorganisms primarily affect heritage buildings because of their destructive properties. The biodegradation of buildings can be slowed, delayed, or inhibited by microorganisms; therefore, this analysis can provide an opportunity to advance materials research.

Resumen: En arquitectura, los microorganismos tienen la doble capacidad de comportarse como héroes o villanos. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre microorganismos se ha delegado a las ciencias de la ingeniería y se suelen llevar de forma paralela a la arquitectura. Este artículo hace una revisión documental y un análisis de los avances científicos más recientes en biomateriales, incluyendo los microorganismos que benefician y los microorganismos que degradan las construcciones. La metodología consiste en una revisión documental en bases de datos en inglés y español, para sistematizar hallazgos y hacer una clasificación de microorganismos. Los resultados revelan que algunos microorganismos brindan a los materiales características positivas como mayor durabilidad, autorreparación, incremento a la compresión o absorción, pero sobre todo favorecen la sostenibilidad ambiental. En los procesos destructivos, los microorganismos afectan principalmente las edificaciones patrimoniales por sus materiales y temporalidad, lo cual representa un desafío para la ciencia de los materiales ya que algunos microorganismos o sus compuestos pueden retardar, retrasar o inhibir el biodeterioro de los edificios.

ABSTRACT Women perceive transitions to peace as "windows of opportunity" to mobilize their perspectives and advance their interests in peace. In the case of Colombia, these windows are exceptional for highlighting actions taken in favor of peace amidst the conflict. However, gender also plays a role, as transitions bring possibilities while the context of violence and discrimination against women persists. The experiences of women in armed conflict and their involvement in peace processes are not universally shared. While women share common goals in promoting and safeguarding their rights, the strategies and methods employed to achieve these objectives vary depending on several factors, often favoring the participation of well-informed and connected groups. This article analyzes the windows of opportunity created by women within the peace process between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP (2012-2016), examining the functioning of transitional justice in Colombia.

RESUMEN Las mujeres ven en las transiciones hacia la paz unas "ventanas de oportunidad" para movilizar sus perspectivas e intereses sobre la paz. En el caso de Colombia, estas ventanas son extraordinarias para visibilizar las acciones en pro de la búsqueda de la paz durante el conflicto, sin embargo, estas también son afectadas por el género; las transiciones abren posibilidades, pero el contexto de violencia y discriminación que sufren las mujeres en lo cotidiano del conflicto no se suspende durante las transiciones. La experiencia de las mujeres en el conflicto armado y su participación en los procesos de paz no es universal. Las mujeres tienen puntos en común en las agendas que buscan garantizar y avanzar sus derechos, pero las estrategias y los medios empleados para alcanzar la incorporación e implementación de dichos objetivos depende de diversos factores que usualmente favorecen la participación de los colectivos mejor informados y conectados. El artículo ofrece un análisis de las ventanas de oportunidad construidas por las mujeres en el marco del proceso de paz entre el Gobierno de Colombia y las FARC-EP (2012-2016), a través de un análisis del funcionamiento de la justicia transicional en Colombia.

Resumen La Ley de Acceso Justo al Hábitat, sancionada en 2012, propuso nuevos horizontes institucionales y democráticos para formalizar la participación ciudadana en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Este artículo analiza los cambios y dificultades que trajo la implementación de los Consejos Locales de Hábitat (CLH) (espacios de participación determinados por dicha ley( en dos municipios del Gran Buenos Aires: Florencio Varela y Tigre. A partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a funcionarios públicos y actores clave, se sostiene que la incorporación de mecanismos de participación, consulta y asesoramiento, como los CLH en las políticas de vivienda y hábitat, son una oportunidad para las organizaciones y líderes barriales en la toma de decisiones que, no obstante, no se han consolidado. Los consejos de ambos municipios poseen trayectorias distintas que dependen del nivel de organización y participación de los actores locales, sus modalidades de trabajo, la sostenibilidad y las particularidades locales de cada territorio.

Abstract The Law for Just Access to Habitat in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), passed in 2012, opened new democratic and institutional horizons for formalizing citizen participation due to the creation of new spaces and mechanisms. This article analyses the changes and challenges brought about by the implementation of Local Habitat Councils (LHC) promoted by this legislation in two municipalities of Greater Buenos Aires (Florencio Varela and Tigre). Semi-structured interviews with public officials and social actors suggest that participatory mechanisms in housing policy represent an opportunity to include neighbourhood organizations and leaders in decision-making. However, this is not yet fully consolidated; LHCs in these municipalities have followed divergent trajectories due to different levels of participation and organization on the part of local actors, working dynamics, sustainability, and local characteristics in each territory.

RESUMEN En el marco de la presente investigación se analiza la relevancia del diálogo social en los establecimientos de privación de la libertad, así como del acceso de las personas privadas de libertad al derecho al trabajo, el cual incluye de manera evidente la oportunidad de desempeñar empleos remunerados. Con el propósito de precisar el diálogo social, resulta indispensable profundizar en las teorías que impulsan y fundamentan el trabajo, tales como las teorías económicas, políticas y sociales. Además, se requiere examinar detenidamente el reconocimiento del diálogo social en los instrumentos internacionales y comprender su alcance con relación a las personas privadas de su libertad que ejercen el derecho al trabajo, a través de una metodología cualitativa y teórica. En definitiva, el objetivo es explorar la participación democrática de las personas privadas de libertad, permitiéndoles acceder a condiciones laborales dignas que resultan fundamentales para lograr una efectiva reinserción en la sociedad. En este sentido, se reflexiona sobre los objetivos de la pena, se resalta la importancia fundamental del trabajo como elemento central para la reintegración social y la participación democrática de las personas privadas de libertad con la promoción del diálogo social para establecer políticas criminales como la creación de contratos de trabajo especiales que a su vez sean beneficiosos, tanto para las personas privadas de libertad como para la sociedad.

ABSTRACT Within the framework of this research, an analysis will be carried out on the relevance of social dialogue in prison establishments, as well as the access of people deprived of liberty to the right to work, which obviously includes the opportunity to perform paid jobs. To specify social dialogue, it is essential to delve deeper into the theories that drive and underpin the work, such as economic, political, and social theory. Furthermore, it is necessary to carefully examine the recognition of social dialogue in the International Instruments and understand its scope in relation to people deprived of their liberty who exercise the right to work, through a qualitative and theoretical methodology. Ultimately, the objective is to promote the democratic participation of people deprived of liberty, allowing them to access decent working conditions that are essential to achieve effective reintegration into society. In this sense, we reflect on the objectives of punishment and highlight the fundamental importance of work as a central element for the social reintegration and democratic participation of people deprived of liberty with the promotion of social dialogue to establish criminal policies that in turn, may be beneficial both for people deprived of liberty and for society.

Abstract Over the last few years, a context of poverty and uncertainty has been looming over the future of Brazil, bringing an increase in cost of living and unemployment along with it. In the face of this scenario, it is necessary to look for other opportunities for work and remuneration. As such, entrepreneurship appears as a possibility to generate an income source. Entrepreneurs do not always start businesses following conventional management theories, as they are subjects just looking for an opportunity to help them survive. This study looks for a possible characterization of the social innovator in a crossroads through the theories of three authors: Souza Neto, Sarasvathy and Carrieri, who focus on the entrepreneur performing social innovation, generating income for themselves and, most times, solving issues that have not been yet solved by the State in their territory. This study compares the aforementioned theories through an integrational literature review performed in 2022, with field observations of the researchers with entrepreneurs in peripheral areas as of 15 years ago. The objective is to characterize the social innovator in a crossroads in an attempt to extend the field of view to the small entrepreneur using gaps in the system, without systematic knowledge of management to perform their entrepreneurial activities.

Resumen Un contexto de pobreza e incertidumbre sobre el futuro azota a la población brasileña en los últimos años, trayendo consigo aumento del costo de vida y desempleo. En este escenario, es necesario buscar otras oportunidades de trabajo y remuneración. El emprendimiento por necesidad surge entonces como una opción posible para generar ingresos. Y estos emprendedores no siempre inician sus negocios de acuerdo con las teorías administrativas convencionales, ya que son individuos que buscan oportunidades de supervivencia. Este trabajo busca una posible caracterización del innovador social encrucijada, a través de la teoría de tres autores: Souza Neto, Sarasvathy y Carrieri, quien es el emprendedor que innova socialmente generando ingresos para sí mismo y la mayor parte del tiempo resolviendo problemas que aún no han sido resueltos por el Estado en sus territorios. Buscamos caracterizar al innovador social en la encrucijada en un intento de ampliar la mirada de este pequeño empresario que aprovecha los vacíos del sistema sin un conocimiento sistemático de la administración para llevar a cabo su forma de emprender.

Resumo Há um contexto de pobreza e incerteza perante o futuro no Brasil dos últimos anos, trazendo consigo o aumento do custo de vida e o desemprego. Nesse cenário faz-se necessária a busca por outras oportunidades de trabalho e remuneração. O empreendedorismo por necessidade surge, então, como uma opção possível para gerar renda. Estes empreendedores nem sempre começam os seus negócios de acordo com as teorias administrativas convencionais, pois são sujeitos que buscam oportunidades de sobrevivência. Este trabalho busca uma possível caracterização do inovador social de encruzilhada, através da teoria de três autores: Souza Neto, Sa-rasvathy e Carrieri, que focam no empreendedor que inova socialmente gerando renda para si e, na maior parte das vezes, resolvendo questões que ainda não foram resolvidas pelo Estado em seus territórios. Este trabalho compara estas teorias por meio de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada em 2022, com as observações de campo das pesquisadoras com empreendedores periféricos, há 15 anos. Buscamos caracterizar o inovador social de encruzilhada na tentativa de ampliar o olhar para esse pequeno empreendedor que utiliza as brechas do sistema sem um conhecimento sistemático de administração para realizar a sua forma de empreender.

Abstract The objective of this work was to identify areas of opportunity in purchasing management, its operations, and functions in small and medium-sized companies in the metal-mechanic sector in the city of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. The hypothesis was raised that there are practices in the purchasing area that are poorly managed and that represent areas of opportunity for improvement, thereby contributing to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain. To obtain the necessary information, a questionnaire designed in Google forms was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 13 companies in the metal-mechanic industry in the city of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for small samples and the Chi-square statistic. The maturity test of the practices was carried out using the SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model) model. The results, obtained through the identification of weaknesses in the process, made it possible to find areas of opportunity in some purchasing practices, as well as also specific opportunity areas for the 13 companies studied.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar áreas de oportunidad en la gestión de compras, sus operaciones y funciones en pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector metalmecánico de la ciudad de Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. Se planteó la hipótesis de que existen prácticas en el área de compras que se gestionan de manera deficiente y que representan áreas de oportunidad para su mejora contribuyendo con ello a mejorar la eficacia y la eficiencia de la cadena de suministro. Para obtener la información necesaria se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado en Google forms a una muestra no probabilística de 13 empresas del ramo metalmecánico de la ciudad de Gómez Palacio, Durango., México. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba no paramétrica para muestras pequeñas Kruskal-Wallis y el estadístico Chi cuadrado. La prueba de maduréz de las prácticas se realizó con el uso del modelo SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model. Los resultados, obtenidos a través de la identificación de debilidades en el proceso, permitieron encontrar áreas de oportunidad en algunas prácticas de compras, asi como también áreas de oportunidad específicas para las 13 empresas estudiadas.

A vigilância em saúde, como vigilância de agravos e doenças, tem um escopo bastante amplo. Discutiremos aqui a face mais conhecida, que é a vigilância de doenças transmissíveis, e assumiremos como mote a pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2. No desenvolvimento do texto, a abordagem se amplia para uma reflexão sobre tecnologias, modelo e organização do sistema. A mais grave epidemia de nossa época, classificada como pandemia, por atingir simultaneamente todo o planeta, tem obrigado a reflexões que envolvem múltiplos campos do conhecimento. O sofrimento decorrente deve inibir a tentação de associá-la a qualquer imagem positiva, ainda que tenha havido oportunidade para aprender e, em algumas circunstâncias, testemunhar a capacidade humana de agir solidariamente. Poucas coisas são tão didáticas como tragédias e erros. Cabe explorá-los cuidadosamente e extrair a necessária retroalimentação para corrigir rumos da atuação em saúde. Neste texto, trataremos das condições que levaram a vigilância em saúde no Brasil a falhar fragorosamente em sua missão frente à emergência desencadeada pela doença do novo coronavírus 2019 e levantaremos pontos que merecem atenção em uma reestruturação do sistema de vigilância em saúde.

The term "health surveillance" encompasses a wide range of activities, including the monitoring and observation of illnesses and diseases. In this section, we will examine the most well-known aspect of health surveillance, namely the monitoring of communicable diseases. To illustrate our discussion, we will use the ongoing pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a case study. As the text progresses, the focus shifts to an examination of technologies, models, and the structure of the system. The most severe epidemic of our era, classified as a pandemic due to its global impact, has compelled us to reflect on a multitude of disciplines. The resulting suffering should preclude any association with positive images, despite the opportunity to learn and, in some instances, observe the capacity of humans to act in solidarity. It is often observed that few things are as didactic as tragedies and mistakes. It is therefore important to explore them carefully to extract the necessary feedback to correct the course of action in health. In this text, we will discuss the conditions that led health surveillance in Brazil to fail miserably in its mission in the face of the emergency triggered by the novel coronavirus disease 2019. We will also present points that deserve attention in a restructuring of the health surveillance system.

Abstract Introduction: The role of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) is emerging in Chile. This study compared the satisfaction of patients evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon (OS) in conjunction with a nurse practitioner versus OS only through a self-administered survey. Material and method: This study was conducted as a quasi-experimental study, ensuring a rigorous and comprehensive approach. Patients aged 18 and above who attended an orthopedic surgeon visit in an outpatient center between 2020 and 2023 were included. In the intervention group, patients were assessed by the APN, who provided treatment and education; the orthopedic surgeon confirmed the diagnosis. In the control group, patients received standard care from the orthopedic surgeon. Satisfaction was assessed with a ten-question survey. The quality of care, diagnosis, and treatment were evaluated, as were the patients' preferences for visits and whether they recommended this model of care or not. The analysis was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate the distribution of numerical variables, summarized with means or medians. Categorical variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies. The chi-square test evaluated differences in proportions, and the Mann-Whitney test compared independent medians. Results: 108 patients were evaluated, 83% female, with an average age of 54 years (±16). 49% were assigned to the intervention group (n=53). No differences in age or gender were observed between groups. The satisfaction score was 96.5 points (range 79-100), with no differences between both groups (p= 0.26). No significant differences were observed in the questionnaire satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The study's findings, which show no differences in patient satisfaction between the two groups, suggest a potential opportunity for healthcare improvement in Chile. This model could potentially reduce waiting lists and bridge healthcare gaps, offering a promising future for advanced practice nursing in the country.

Resumen Introducción: el rol de la Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada (EPA) es emergente en Chile. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la satisfacción de los pacientes atendidos por una EPA, en conjunto con un traumatólogo subespecialista de cadera, con la de pacientes atendidos por un traumatólogo de cadera, mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado. Material y método: estudio cuasi-experimental, exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que consultaron en un centro ambulatorio docente-asistencial entre los años 2020-2023. Se comparó un grupo intervención, cuya la modalidad de atención fue mixta (EPA en conjunto a un traumatólogo de cadera) con un grupo control donde los pacientes fueron atendidos únicamente por un traumatólogo de cadera. Se evaluó satisfacción mediante una encuesta de diez preguntas (0-100 puntos). El instrumento midió la calidad de la atención, diagnóstico y tratamiento, si el paciente volvería a consultar bajo esta modalidad de atención y si la recomendaría a otras personas. Para el análisis estadístico se describieron las variables y se utilizó chi-cuadrado y Mann-Whitney. Resultados: se evaluaron 108 pacientes. El 49% participó en el grupo intervención (n=53). La mediana del puntaje de satisfacción total fue 96,5 puntos (rango 79-100), sin diferencias entre ambos grupos (p 0,26). No se observaron diferencias en la satisfacción en ninguna de las diez preguntas. Conclusión: la mediana del puntaje de satisfacción fue cercano a 100 en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias en los puntajes de satisfacción entre ambas modalidades de atención. Este modelo podría reducir las listas de espera y disminuir brechas de atención de salud.

Resumen Las orquídeas son un grupo diverso de plantas, manifestado además en su gran diversidad de flores. A pesar de esto, las orquídeas son polinizadas ya sea mediante autogamia o alogamia (geitonogamia y xenogamia). Si bien existen algunas orquídeas autógamas, la mayoría son alógamas, principalmente polinizadas por xenogamia, ya que presentan barreras físicas o genéticas que evitan la autopolinización. Además, las orquídeas son conocidas por su capacidad de polinización interespecífica, la cual podría influenciar la producción de frutos (metaxenia) y de semillas (xenia). Su capacidad de hibridación representa una oportunidad para producir organismos tolerantes a estrés biótico o abiótico, además de exhibir nuevas formas, colores y fragancias; esto sería importante en horticultura, donde la selección adecuada de los parentales proporciona esas ventajas a los híbridos descendientes. En esta revisión se abordan las características de cada tipo de sistema de reproducción en orquídeas, así como sus ventajas y desventajas. A su vez, se propone el estudio del efecto de inducción de metaxenia y xenia en esta familia. Finalmente, se contextualiza la producción de híbridos de orquídeas, y las oportunidades de este enfoque en el futuro próximo.

Abstract Orchids are a diverse group of plants, also manifested in their great diversity of flowers. Despite this, orchids are pollinated either through autogamy or allogamy (geitonogamy and xenogamy). Although there are some autogamous orchids, the majority are allogamous, mainly pollinated by xenogamy since they present physical or genetic barriers that prevent self-pollination. In addition, orchids are known for their capacity for interspecific pollination, which could influence fruits (metaxenia) and seeds (xenia) production. Its capacity for hybridization represents an opportunity to produce organisms tolerant to biotic or abiotic stress, in addition to exhibiting new shapes, colors and fragrances; this would be important in horticulture, where the proper selection of parents provides those advantages to the descendant hybrids. This review addresses the characteristics of each type of reproduction systems in orchids, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. At the same time, the study of the induction effect of metaxenia and xenia in this family is proposed. Finally, the production of orchid hybrids is contextualized and the opportunities of this approach in the near future.

Abstract Among the agricultural export chains, the coffee chain represents one of the oldest in Mexico compared to those of berries, avocados, floriculture and horticulture. In recent decades, this chain has gone through a series of problems in different links, for example pests, climate changes or volatile prices. Competitiveness in foreign markets is key to guide the future production and commercialization of Mexican coffee, which is why it is necessary to know the target markets, their trends and the position that the product currently has compared to its competitors. Through the indicators of revealed comparative advantage and constant market participation, the hypothesis that Mexican coffee needs to change its market strategy, focus on quality and reorient itself towards new markets is tested. It is detected that the competitiveness in the main market, wich is the United States, is low, in addition the characteristics of consumption do not benefit Mexican coffee. In contrast, the German market represents a good opportunity, especially for quality coffees of Arabica species (Coffea arabica) such as: Typica, Bourbón, Garnica, Geisha and Caturra. In addition, these coffees are characterized by generating a greater economic benefit for the producers.

Resumen Entre las cadenas de agroexportación, la del café representa una de las más antiguas de México, comparado con las de frutillas, aguacates, floricultura y horticultura. En las últimas décadas, esta cadena atraviesa una serie de problemas en diferentes eslabones, por ejemplo, las plagas, cambios del clima o precios volátiles. La competitividad en los mercados externos es clave para orientar la futura producción y comercialización del café mexicano, por lo cual es necesario conocer los mercados objetivo, sus tendencias y la posición que tiene el producto actualmente en comparación con sus competidores. Mediante de los indicadores de ventaja comparativa revelada y la participación constante en el mercado se pone a prueba la hipótesis que el café mexicano necesita cambiar su estrategia de mercado, enfocarse en la calidad y reorientarse hacia nuevos mercados. Se detecta que la competitividad en el mercado principal, que es el estadounidense, es baja, además las características del consumo que no benefician al café mexicano. En contraste, el mercado alemán representa una buena oportunidad, sobre todo para cafés de calidad de especies arábicas (Coffea arabica) como Typica, Bourbón, Garnica, Geisha y Caturra. Además, estos cafés se caracterizan por generar una mayor derrama económica para los productores.

Resumo Entre as cadeias de agroexportação, a do café representa uma das mais antigas de México, comparado com as de morangos, abacate, floricultura e horticultura. Nas últimas décadas, esta cadeia atravessa uma série de problemas em diferentes elementos, por exemplo, as pragas, câmbios do clima ou preços volátiles. A competitividade nos mercados externos é chave para orientar a futura produção e comercialização do café mexicano, pelo qual é preciso conhecer os mercados objetivos, suas tendências e a posição que tem o produto atualmente em comparação com seus competidores. Mediante os indicadores de vantagem comparativa revelada e a participação constante no mercado é posta a prova a hipótese que o café mexicano precisa modificar sua estratégia do mercado, enfocar-se na qualidade e se re-orientar aos novos mercados. Detecta-se que a competitividade no mercado principal, que é o estadounidense, é baixa, além das características do consumo que não beneficiam ao café mexicano. Em contraste, o mercado alemão representa uma boa oportunidade, sobre tudo para cafés de qualidade de espécies árabes (Coffea arabica) como Typica, Bourbón, Garnica, Geisha e Caturra. Além disso, estes cafés caracteriza-se por gerar um maior derrame econômico para os produtores.

Abstract The concept of Good Living plays a crucial role in relation to the community and becomes an opportunity to improve the quality of life. This article systematizes the entrepreneurship experience with peasant women from the rural area of Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, as a contribution to human flourishing. This research followed the guidelines of the Alforja Network, which proposes a systematization framed within dialectical, systemic, and holistic approaches to popular education. The results are presented in three phases: characterization of the families, the environment, and the entrepreneurship production; interdisciplinary accompaniment and sustainability through the structuring of networks and alliances. The experience reflects the ability of women for the Good Living of themselves and their families, collective organization, and innovation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the role of the State in strengthening local development through the production chain, preserving its rural identity in the context of equitable processes.

Resumen El concepto del Buen Vivir desempeña un papel crucial en la relación con la comunidad y se convierte en una oportunidad para mejorar la calidad de vida. Este artículo sistematiza la experiencia de emprendimiento con mujeres campesinas del área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, como una contribución al florecimiento humano. Esta investigación siguió los lineamientos de la Red Alforja, la cual propone una sistematización enmarcada en enfoques dialécticos, sistémicos y holísticos de la educación popular. Los resultados son presentados en tres fases: caracterización de las familias, el entorno y la producción del emprendimiento; acompañamiento interdisciplinario y sustentabilidad a través de la estructuración de redes y alianzas. La experiencia refleja la capacidad de las mujeres para el Buen Vivir de ellas y sus familias, la organización colectiva y la innovación. Además, resalta la importancia del rol del Estado en el fortalecimiento del desarrollo local mediante la cadena de producción, preservando su identidad rural en el contexto de procesos equitativos.

Resumen O conceito do Bom Viver desempenha um papel crucial na relação com a comunidade e converte-se em uma oportunidade para melhorar a qualidade de vida. Este artigo sistematiza a experiência de emprendimento com mulheres campesinas da área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colômbia, como uma contribuindo ao florecimento humano. Esta investigação continuou os linhamentos da Red Alforja, a qual propõe uma sistematização enmarcada em enfoques dialéticos, sistêmicos e holísticos da educação popular. Os resultados são apresentados em três fases: caracterização das famílias, o entorno e a produção do emprendimento; acompanhamento interdisciplinário e sustentabilidade através da estructuração de redes e alianças. A experiência reflete a capacidade das mulheres para o Bom Viver delas e suas famílias, a organização coletiva e a inovação. Além disso, ressalta a importância do role do Estado no fortalecimento do desenvolvimento local mediante a cadeia de produção, preservando sua identidade rural no contexto de processos equitativos.

Abstract Background: Objectives: The COM-B model of capability, motivation, and opportunity was used to estimate the determinants of PrEP usage intention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with MSM recruited through snowball sampling. The interviews lasted 30-60 minutes and were conducted via Zoom or telephone. The data were analyzed using Atlas Ti v.8 and mapped to capability, motivation, and opportunity domains. Results: Potential facilitators identified were the skills and interest in seeking information about PrEP (capability), social support and peer opinion (opportunity), and motivations to use PrEP as an additional tool in HIV prevention. The main barriers identified were stigma towards homosexuality and HIV (opportunity); healthcare system organization and financing (opportunity); perceived lack of ability to adhere to PrEP usage (capability); and monitoring of PrEP that could be attributed to personal and healthcare system factors (capability and opportunity). Conclusions: Four strategies are suggested to address these barriers: 1) adaptation of interventions that promote knowledge and skills for PrEP; 2) development of navigator interventions to engage organizations and leaders; 3) education and skills training for primary care physicians; and 4) improvement of sexual health care systems.

Resúmen Introducción: Estudios previos en relación con los determinantes del uso de la profilaxis preexposición al VIH en Colombia son escasos, en este estudio nos proponemos usar el modelo de capacidad, motivación y oportunidad COM-B para estimar los determinantes de la intención de uso de PrEP en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Metodología: se realizaron 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas con HSH reclutados por muestreo de bola de nieve, con una duración entre de 30-60 minutos, por zoom o teléfono. Se realizo un análisis de contenido y luego se realizó el mapeo de los temas con los dominios de capacidad, motivación y oportunidad. Resultados: Se encontró como posibles facilitadores las habilidades e interés para buscar información sobre PrEP (Capacidad), el apoyo social y la opinión de pares (oportunidad), y las motivaciones para usar la PrEP como una herramienta adicional en la prevención del VIH. Como barrera se resalta principalmente el estigma hacia la homosexualidad y el VIH (oportunidad), la organización y financiación del sistema de salud, (oportunidad), la percepción de falta de habilidad para cumplir con el uso de PrEP (capacidad), y la monitoria de PrEP que se pudiera atribuir a factores personales y del sistema de salud (capacidad y oportunidad). Consideraciones finales: se sugieren 4 estrategias para abordar esas barreras 1) adaptación de intervenciones que promuevan el conocimiento y las habilidades para PrEP, 2) desarrollos de intervenciones de navegantes que promuevan la participación de organizaciones y lideres, 3) educación y habilidades para médicos de atención primaria, 4) mejoramiento del sistema de atención en salud sexual.

Abstract Introduction/Frame: Trust is foundational to qualitative research and program evaluation to ensure that data collection, data analysis, and actionable recommendations improve programs and produce effective outcomes. Concomitantly, building trust between the university and community sectors offers a rich opportunity to join efforts to address public health issues including substance use, homelessness, criminal justice involvement, and mental illness. Research suggests cross-sector collaboration among human services organizations produces effective outcomes when stakeholders are engaged, trust one another, and have shared goals. Developing qualitative program evaluation partnerships between university researchers and human service organizations offers a valuable application of cross-sector collaboration, including the transferability of qualitative research and program evaluation findings. Objective: This conceptual paper aims to highlight the essentiality of trust, summarize the facilitators and barriers of collaboration, and share a case example of a partnership. Additionally, it offers implications for researchers and community partners while outlining the benefits of university/community collaboration. Finally, we will offer a conceptual model of the iterative relationship between trustworthiness, trust, and impact in our evaluation approach. Theoretical Framework: Our approach to community-focused qualitative program evaluation is anchored in an action research paradigm, a use evaluation approach, coupled with trust as the key factor in developing and maintaining effective evaluative relationships. The Impact of Trust: Three areas in which trust is most beneficial to qualitative program evaluation are relationships, data collection, and transferability of results. Conceptual Model: Our model is grounded in three seminal works focusing on trust in business-business relationships, organizational trustworthiness as a mediator to both cognitive and affective trust, and relationship stability in inter-organizational reliance. Final Considerations: We found that using this model allowed quicker research-to-practice implementation of evaluation recommendations, solidified community/university collaborative relationships, and facilitated strategies to address workforce shortages in community human services agencies.

Abstract: The Linguistic Landscape, a relatively recent area of research, deals with the visible written form of languages in public space. The methodology of data collection involves photographing and documenting the distinct types of support, languages and their functions in urban space. Linguistic Landscape research usually considers the simultaneous presence of several languages or varieties and their relation to each other. However, within the so-called Spot German approach, not necessarily used for academic purposes, data collection can be carried out for a specific purpose, without documenting all visible signs. In this article, I discuss the characteristics, definitions, and differences between the approaches and briefly present the possible sources of data collection based on research conducted in different countries. In addition, I present as an example of application the case of the German language in its relation to the space near a German school and its influence on the linguistic landscape of the city in which it is located. Finally, I present pedagogical possibilities for exploring the linguistic landscape in language teaching, as it offers the opportunity to investigate the relationship of the city and people with the languages in their surroundings, as well as presenting numerous entries for didactic exploration. Abstract support other However socalled so called approach purposes purpose signs article characteristics definitions countries addition located Finally teaching surroundings exploration

Resumo: A Paisagem Linguística, área de pesquisa relativamente recente, trata da forma escrita das línguas visível no espaço público. A metodologia de coleta de dados engloba fotografar e documentar os diferentes tipos de suporte, de línguas e suas funções no espaço urbano. As pesquisas em Paisagem Linguística geralmente consideram a presença simultânea de várias línguas ou variedades e sua relação umas com as outras, porém, dentro da abordagem denominada Spot German , não necessariamente utilizada com fins acadêmicos, a coleta de dados pode ser realizada com um objetivo específico, sem documentação de todos os sinais visíveis. Assim, neste artigo, discorro sobre as características, definições e diferenças entre as abordagens e apresento brevemente as possíveis fontes de coleta de dados com base em pesquisas realizadas em diversos países. Além disso, trago como exemplo de aplicação a língua alemã em sua relação com o espaço próximo a um colégio alemão e sua possível influência na paisagem linguística da cidade na qual se encontra. Por fim, apresento possibilidades pedagógicas para explorar a paisagem linguística no ensino de línguas, que oferece oportunidade de investigar a relação da cidade e das pessoas com as línguas do entorno, da mesma forma que apresenta inúmeras entradas para exploração didática. Resumo recente público suporte urbano outras porém acadêmicos específico visíveis Assim artigo características países disso encontra fim entorno didática

ABSTRACT • The possible production of fructo-oligosaccharides from sucrose was evaluated in the Base Business Unit (UEB) “Ignacio Agramonte'”, which currently produces sorbitol, with low exploitation of the installed capacity, due to lack of glucose. There was an opportunity in infrastructure, time and labor to convert the entity into a multipurpose plant. A simulation model of the technology for the production of fructo-oligosaccharide syrup from sucrose was developed, based on the enzymatic transformation of sucrose into fructo-oligosaccharides, using the recombinant enzyme 1-SST (1-sucrose: sucrose fructosyltransferase) expressed in Pichia pastoris, obtained at the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at Sancti Spiritus. Model validation yielded relative errors lesser than 5 %. Two improvement alternatives were evaluated based on increasing the production of FOS by using the actual installed capacity in the sorbitol factory (alternative 1) and also increasing the initial concentration of the sucrose solution (alternative 2). Feasibility of the alternatives was evaluated by comparing the annual net cash income (Anci) and expenses. Alternative 2 was the best, producing 841,5 t of fructo-oligosaccharides in 90 working days, with a benefit/cost ratio of 1,2.

RESUMEN • Se evaluó la posibilidad de incorporar la produccón de fructo-oligosacáridos a partir de sacarosa en la Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB) “Ignacio Agramonte” que produce actualmente sorbitol, con un bajo aprovechamiento de la capacidad instalada por falta de glucosa, existiendo oportunidad en infraestructura, tiempo y mano de obra para convertir la entidad en una planta multipropósito. Se desarrolló un modelo de simulación de la tecnología de producción de sirope de fructo-oligosacáridos a partir de sacarosa, basada en la transformación enzimática de la sacarosa en fructo-oligosacáridos, utiizando la enzima recombinante 1-SST (1-sacarosa: sacarosa fructosiltransferasa) expresada en Pichia pastoris, obtenida en el Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Sancti Spiritus. La validación del modelo arrojó errores relativos menores que el 5 %. Se evaluaron dos alternativas de mejoras a partir de aumentar la producción de FOS al utilizar la capacidad real instalada en la fábrica de sorbitol (alternativa 1) y además aumentar la concentración inicial de la solución de sacarosa (alternativa 2). Se evaluó la factibilidad de las alternativas al comparar la ganancia anual después de impuestos (Anci) y los egresos. La alternativa 2 resultó la mejor, produciéndose con ella 841,5 t de fructo-oligosacáridos en 90 días de trabajo, con una relacion beneficio / costo de 1,2.