ABSTRACT Deepwater fishing operations occur close to the shore of the Guatemalan Caribbean. In a study to characterize the deepwater species present in the fishing area, the incidental catch of a kitefin shark, Dalatias licha, was recorded at a depth of ~284-334 m, ca. 11 km northeast of El Quetzalito fishing village. The adult female with a total length of 1420 mm had morphological characteristics consistent with D. licha, which was confirmed by molecular methods. First record of D. licha in the western Caribbean region, a species cataloged at risk by the IUCN red list. With this record, the number of shark species known in the Guatemalan Caribbean increases to 25.

Abstract Nonferrous metal smelting operations are a recognized source of metal accumulation in surrounding soils. In Mednogorsk, Russia, soil contamination results from atmospheric emissions from a local copper (Cu) smelter. This study aimed to assess health risks by analyzing the levels of Cu, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 20 Mednogorsk topsoil samples and three background area samples. The phytotoxicity of metals to Lolium perenne was also evaluated. The soil ingestion protocol of the US Environmental Protection Agency was used for health risk assessment. Phytotoxicity tests were performed on ryegrass using a standard protocol. The levels of Cu correlated with those of other elements, indicating that the smelter was the source. Of concern, the carcinogenic risk exceeded the 10−04 threshold in 85% and 15% of the samples for children under five years of age and adults, respectively. In addition, 60% of the samples exceeded the safe Pb threshold for children's health (80 mg kg−1). These risk levels are unacceptable and require specific intervention by the relevant authorities. However, only 20% of the samples showed high phytotoxicity, mostly in acidic soils (pH<4.0). This discussion focuses on the potential of soil phytostabilization to reduce human metal exposure, as the results provide valuable insights for managing metal pollution in regions affected by nonferrous smelter emissions worldwide.

Resumen Las fundiciones de metales no ferrosos son una fuente reconocida de acumulación de metales en los suelos circundantes. En Mednogorsk, Rusia, la contaminación del suelo se debe a las emisiones atmosféricas de una local fundición de cobre. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los riesgos para la salud humana mediante el análisis de los contenidos de cobre, arsénico, cadmio, plomo y zinc en 20 muestras de suelos de Mednogorsk y tres muestras de suelos del área no contaminada. Complementariamente, se evaluó la fitotoxicidad de los metales para una especie indicadora, Lolium perenne, utilizando un protocolo estándar. Para la evaluación de riesgos para la salud humana, se utilizó el protocolo de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los EEUU. Los contenidos de cobre se correlacionaron con los de otros elementos, lo que indica que la fundición de cobre es la fuente de emisión. Lo preocupante es que el riesgo cancerígeno superó el umbral de 10−4 en el 85% de las muestras para niños de edad <5 años y en el 15% de las muestras para los adultos. Además, el umbral de plomo considerado seguro para la salud infantil (80 mg kg−1) se superó en el 60% de las muestras. Estos niveles de riesgo son inaceptables y requieren una intervención específica por parte de las autoridades pertinentes. Sin embargo, sólo el 20% de las muestras mostraron alta fitotoxicidad en L. perenne, principalmente en suelos ácidos (con pH <4,0). Considerando estos resultados, se evalúe la factibilidad de un proceso de fitoestabilización del suelo para reducir la exposición humana a los metales. Los resultados proporcionan información valiosa para gestionar la contaminación por metales en regiones afectadas por emisiones de fundiciones no ferrosas en todo el mundo.

The mining industry has yet to fully accept and embrace the strategic role of technology and innovation in successful business planning and execution. In this study, we empirically determine the factors that influence acceptance of technology solutions in the mining industry in South Africa, assess critical success factors influencing adoption of advanced technology in the South African mining industry, and explore challenges faced by the mining industry in South Africa in adopting advanced technology in its operations. Thematic content analysis is employed in the data analysis. Results show that critical success factors to the adoption of mining technology include learning culture, knowledge sharing, high labour costs, and behaviour of other firms in the industry; commonly identified challenges include inadequate engagement with external stakeholders, uncertainties, the cyclical nature of the sector, and high risk related to the adoption of unproven technology and performance systems focused on volumetric production. The study encourages mining companies to implement usage of technology. This can be properly done through regular engagement with the Minerals Council South Africa.

A dengue evoluiu de uma doença restrita a alguns países para um grave problema global de saúde pública, atingindo mais de 120 países nos últimos anos. No Brasil, após sua reintrodução em 1981, o país enfrentou diversas epidemias, com mais de 16 milhões de casos registrados até o momento. Em 2023, sob a vigência do fenômeno climático El Niño registrou-se uma das maiores epidemias de dengue no país, com mais de 1,6 milhões de casos notificados. Temperaturas e pluviosidade mais elevadas em conjunto com a circulação simultânea dos quatro sorotipos do vírus da dengue aumentaram ainda mais o risco de disseminação da doença em 2024, especialmente em populações sem imunidade para alguns dos sorotipos. Diante deste quadro, o Ministério da Saúde promoveu várias ações para enfrentar a situação, incluindo a instalação de uma Sala Nacional de Arboviroses e um Comitê de Operações de Emergência, repasses financeiros para apoiar estados e municípios em ações contingenciais de vigilância e prevenção de doenças, com ênfase no enfrentamento das arboviroses e investimentos em inovações para o controle da dengue, como vacinação e o método Wolbachia. Ainda assim, o primeiro trimestre de 2024 registrou um número de casos suspeitos de dengue superior ao de 2023, destacando a necessidade de aprimoramentos no monitoramento da situação epidemiológica para detecção precoce de epidemias e da preparação dos serviços de saúde para o cuidado dos casos com sinais de gravidade. Após mais de 40 anos de epidemias recorrentes, o controle efetivo da dengue no país requer ações sustentadas de prevenção por meio de estratégias inovadoras, envolvendo esforços coordenados de todas as esferas da gestão em saúde, juntamente com a participação ativa da população. Ações estruturais para a melhoria na cobertura de saneamento básico e para mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climá

Dengue has evolved from a disease restricted to a few countries into a serious global public health issue, affecting over 120 countries in recent years. In Brazil, after its reintroduction in 1981, the country has faced several epidemics, with over 16 million cases registered to date. In 2023, under the influence of the El Niño climatic phenomenon, one of the largest epidemics occurred in the country, with over 1.6 million cases reported. High temperatures and precipitation in line with the simultaneous circulation of all four serotypes of the dengue virus increased the risk of disease spread in 2024, especially in populations without immunity to some of the serotypes. In such a scenario, the Ministry of Health undertook various actions to address the situation, including the establishment of a National Arbovirus Situation Room and an Emergency Operations Commitee, financial support to assist states and municipalities in contingency actions for disease surveillance and prevention, with an emphasis on combating arboviruses, and investments in innovations for dengue control, such as vaccination and the Wolbachia method. However, the number of notified dengue cases in the first trimester of 2024 supplanted the whole year of 2023, highlighting the need for a more effective monitoring of the epidemiological situation for early outbreak detection and the preparation of health services for the care of cases with signs of severity. After more than 40 years of recurrent dengue epidemics, the effective control of dengue requires sustained preventive actions using innovative strategies, with coordinated efforts at all levels of health management, along with active participation of the population. Structural actions to improve basic sanitation coverage and to mitigate the effects of climate change are critical conditions for reducing the burden of dengue in the population.

Abstract Background Goblet cell carcinoma (GCC) of the appendix is a unique lesion that exhibits features of both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors. Due to the rarity of this cancer, multiple grading (e.g., Tang, Yozu, and Lee) and staging systems (e.g., tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis [TNM]) have been developed for classification. This study aimed to compare commonly used classification systems and evaluate the prognostic effectiveness immunohistochemical staining may or may not have for appendiceal GCC. Methods An electronic medical records review of patients who were diagnosed with GCC of the appendix in our hospital system from 2010 to 2020. The data were collected regarding the age at diagnosis, gender, initial diagnosis at presentation, operation(s) performed, final pathology results, current survival status, and year of recurrent disease or death year. Results Ten patients were evaluated. Seventy percent of the patients were above the age of 50 years at diagnosis. Postdischarge survival ranged from 1 month to 109 months postdiagnosis. Two patients expired from GCC at 13- and 54-months following diagnosis. When comparing the classification systems, Lee categorized more patients as high risk than Tang and Yozu. Immunohistochemical staining was analyzed using four staining methods: Ki67, E-cadherin, Beta-catenin, and p53. Tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis staging has supportive evidence for worsening prognosis and overall survival secondary to the depth of invasion of the tumor. Conclusion Tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis staging may be superior to the other classification systems in predicting overall mortality. Our study demonstrated that immunohistochemistry staining does not appear to have a significant impact in determining the prognosis for GCC of the appendix. (GCC tumors cancer e.g., eg e g (e.g. Yozu tumor nodes TNM [TNM] 201 2020 gender presentation operations operation s operation(s performed results status evaluated 5 10 postdiagnosis 13 54months 54 methods Ki67 Ki Ecadherin, Ecadherin E cadherin, cadherin E-cadherin Betacatenin, Betacatenin Beta catenin, catenin Beta-catenin p53 p Tumor mortality e.g. (e.g [TNM 20 202 Ki6 p5 e.g 2

Abstract It is commonly assumed that beach seining (BS) is more sustainable than bottom trawling because it involves non-motorized operations and limited fishing power. However, no scientific evidence supports this assumption. To address this gap, we evaluated the impact of beach seining, taking a small-scale shrimp fishery in northeast Brazil. Data collected monthly from December 2016 to November 2017 and in literature, were assessed (BS 31,001 individuals, 119 species, 37 families, and 19 orders; BT 6,031 individuals, 58 species, 20 families, and 14 orders). Beach seining demonstrated a lower proportion of bycatch (BS 1:2.3; BT 1:3.2), higher total shrimp catch (BS 87.2 t; BT 65 t), and greater species diversity than bottom trawling catches (BS 119; BT 58). Other aspects were closer associated with bottom trawling, such as the composition of dominant families (Sciaenidae and Pristigasteridae), the proportion of rare species (BS 30%; BT 24%) juveniles (BS 11g; BT 13g), the risk of species extinction, and the composition of ecological guilds. Despite their social significance, both fishing gears showed similar ecological indicators and adverse effects. The findings establish that the ecological concerns related to the impact of bottom trawling are also applicable to beach seine. BS nonmotorized non motorized power However assumption gap smallscale small scale Brazil 201 literature 31001 31 001 31,00 individuals 11 3 1 orders 6031 6 031 6,03 5 2 orders. . orders) 12.3 123 2.3 1:2.3 13.2, 132 3.2 , 1:3.2) 872 87 87. t t, t) 58. 58) Sciaenidae Pristigasteridae, Pristigasteridae Pristigasteridae) 30% 30 24% 24 11g g 13g, 13g 13g) extinction guilds significance effects seine 3100 00 31,0 603 03 6,0 12 12. 23 2. 1:2. 13 13.2 32 3. 1:3.2 8 310 0 31, 60 6, 1:2 13. 1:3. 1: 1:3

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Firms rely on information systems (IS) to improve information sharing and visibility, cut costs, and boost productivity. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are being used as important strategic tools in this direction, providing competitive advantages and resulting in increased operational efficiencies. However, ERP implementation failure rates remain high because of ineffective risk management to limit supply chain disruptions during implementation. The objective of supply chain risk management (SCRM) is to enable firms to remain sustainable in the face of major disruptions. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of SCRM capabilities associated with ERP implementation to limit supply chain disruptions during ERP operations. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A generic qualitative research design was used to collect primary data through semi-structured interviews with fourteen ERP providers and clients in South Africa. Thematic analysis was utilised to evaluate the data. FINDINGS: The study determined that SCRM capabilities can assist firms in returning to superior operations after ERP implementation. Furthermore, the findings shed light on the specific SCRM processes used during ERP implementation, as well as identifying areas for improvement. RECOMMENDATIONS/VALUE: This study equips ERP providers and ERP clients with valuable insight into understanding the capabilities of SCRM in ERP implementation. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Along with leveraging the SCRM capabilities identified, managers are advised to use formal and external assessment tools, implement a formal SCRM process, increase efforts to involve supply chain partners during ERP implementation and selection, and finally, incorporate a change management division to reduce disruption during ERP implementation JEL CLASSIFICATION: L14.

BACKGROUND: Competitive intelligence (CI) involves monitoring competitors and providing organisations with actionable and meaningful intelligence. Some studies have focussed on the role of CI in other industries post-COVID-19 pandemic OBJECTIVES: This article aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the South African insurance sector and how the integration of CI and related technologies can sustain the South African insurance sector post-COVID-19 epidemic METHOD: Qualitative research with an exploratory-driven approach was used to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the South African insurance sector. Qualitative secondary data analyses were conducted to measure insurance claims and death benefits paid during the COVID-19 pandemic RESULTS: The research findings showed that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the South African insurance industry, leading to a reassessment of pricing, products, and risk management. COVID-19 caused disparities in death benefits and claims between provinces; not everyone was insured. Despite challenges, South African insurers remained well-capitalised and attentive to policyholders. Integrating CI and analytical technologies could enhance the flexibility of prevention, risk management, and product design CONCLUSION: COVID-19 requires digital transformation and CI for South African insurers' competitiveness. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI), big data (BD), and CI enhances value, efficiency, and risk assessments CONTRIBUTION: This study highlights the importance of integrating CI strategies and related technologies into South African insurance firms' operations to aid in their recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. It addresses a research gap and adds to academic knowledge in this area

PURPOSE: This paper explores the influence of ISO 9001:2015 certification on business performance in the packaging industry in South Africa. Additionally, the study proposes a comprehensive and sustainable quality management system (QMS) framework that harmonises with the stipulated requirements of the standard to address the challenges posed by the unpredictable and volatile business landscape DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This study adopted a quantitative research method and collected empirical data through surveys conducted in various mainstream packaging material sectors across South Africa. The participants were selected using a stratified sampling technique. The collected data underwent descriptive and inferential analysis FINDINGS/RESULTS: The findings confirmed that the implementation of the ISO 9001:2015 certification has a significant influence on organisational performance. However, organisations should focus on integrating all business processes, prioritising lean manufacturing and ensuring effective leadership engagement at the strategic, tactical and operational levels to maximise the potential benefits of ISO 9001:2015 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The proposed integrated framework facilitates the detection and analysis of ineffective activities across organisational structures and processes within the supply chain. This comprehensive approach measures and improves all risk parameters, enabling sustainable development and providing insights into the impact and contributions of input variables to business operations ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study addresses a practical gap in the industry by examining how ISO 9001:2015 certification can be effectively applied to enhance business improvement, even in the absence of the standard being overdue for revision. It provides valuable insights into strategies for leveraging the certification's potential to optimise business performance in such dynamic environments

An effective institutional coordination and communication are essential determinants of community disaster resilience capacities and successful execution of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. Several international agreements endorse adopting consolidated, decentralised, participatory approaches to manage hydrometeorological hazards. Yet, the capacity of local governments to develop and implement effective disaster risk reduction strategies remains inconsistent and relatively unknown. In its quest to achieve sustainable economic development, Namibia has developed a DRR legislative framework and enlisted a central body to execute the strategic policy for disaster disruption mitigation and national resilience building. This study adopts a qualitative case study approach to assess the role of the central disaster risk management institution in establishing effective institutional coordination and communication structures for successful flood early warning system operations. Based on its legislative mandate, the study presents a hierarchically contextualised account of the institutions' empirical progress in DRR streamlining. CONTRIBUTION: The study identifies bureaucracy, limited institutional capacities, inadequate funding and response and relief prioritisation as major challenges to system efficacy. It provides directives for better institutional coordination and communication to reduce future harm.

Abstract The shearing behavior of discontinuities is one of the factors with major influence on rock slope stability analysis, which is predictable when adopting different analytical models. However, these methodologies, generally of a purely deterministic nature, do not allow an assessment of the influence of the variability of the input parameters of the models on the shear behavior of unfilled rock discontinuities and, consequently, on the risk involved in the rock slope stability analyses. The purpose of this article is to present a methodology for rock slope risk assessment based on the development of a model to predict the shear behavior of unfilled rock discontinuity considering the variability of its input parameters, using a Mamdani fuzzy controller. The input variables of the model are the boundary normal stiffness and initial normal stress acting on the discontinuity, its roughness, the uniaxial compressive strength, the basic angle of friction of the intact rock and the shear displacement imposed on the discontinuity. The model outputs are the membership functions for the shear strength and dilation of the unfilled rock discontinuity, and from which the membership function can be defined for the factor of safety of the rock slope considering the failure mechanism governed by discontinuity. The results reveal the use and importance of fuzzy logic and fuzzy number operations in assessing the risk in rock slopes and may be used even in situations where there are major uncertainties on the existing information of the characteristics of the unfilled discontinuities. analysis However methodologies nature consequently analyses controller roughness

ABSTRACT Introduction: it is made a proposal to local governments to improve the protection and inclusion of the most vulnerable people in emergency and/or disaster response operations, addressing the gaps identified during hurricanes Irma and Maria. It provides methodological tools, with an intersectionality approach, for the mitigation of gender-specific inequalities, by disability and age, as a consequence of mobilities induced by adverse weather events. Methods: It was used a case study, focusing on the socio-economic dynamics of the territories. It included the identification and review of documents and the selection of communities, based on the criterion of having been affected by a disaster or emergency, for which the population had to, temporarily or permanently, leave their homes. They were identified the key actors involved in risk management and their previously identified roles, based on their functions in the decision-making process at the government and community levels. It was carried out intersectional analysis of inequalities. Results: Methodology for addressing equity gaps by gender, age and disability status as consequences of induced mobility in disaster environments; Key actors sensitized and trained; Six case studies of people living in areas recurrently affected by the impact of extreme hydrometeorological disasters; Three files on successful risk management experiences where the protagonists have been women/girls. As conclusions, the study provides a novel perspective by unveiling elements on the differentiated impact of disasters on vulnerable groups, specifically women, people with disabilities, older adults and children, from the use of the methodological perspective of intersectionality, focusing the analysis on the pre-existing limitations and capacities of people and groups of people in emergency and/or disaster contexts.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se realiza propuesta a los gobiernos locales para mejorar la protección y la inclusión de las personas más vulnerables, en las operaciones de respuesta en contexto de emergencia y desastre, donde se abordan las brechas identificadas durante los huracanes Irma y María. Aporta herramientas metodológicas, con enfoque de interseccionalidad, para la mitigación de las desigualdades específicas de género, por discapacidad y por edades, como consecuencia de movilidades inducidas por eventos climatológicos adversos. Métodos: Se utiliza el estudio de caso, que se centró en las dinámicas socioeconómicas de los territorios. Se incluye la identificación y revisión de documentos y la selección de las comunidades, sobre el criterio de haber sido afectadas por algún desastre o emergencia, por lo cual su población tuvo que abandonar de manera temporal o permanente sus viviendas. Se identificaron los actores clave involucrados en la gestión de riesgos, y sus roles previamente identificados, a partir de sus funciones en el proceso de toma de decisiones, en el nivel de gobierno y de la comunidad. Se realiza análisis interseccional de las desigualdades. Resultados: Se propone metodología para el abordaje de brechas de equidad por género, edad y condición de discapacidad como consecuencias de movilidad inducida en ámbitos de desastres; se identificaron actores claves, sensibilizados y capacitados; Se realizaron 6 estudios de caso de personas residentes en áreas recurrentemente afectadas por el impacto de desastres hidrometeorológicos extremos; Se realizaron 3 Fichas sobre experiencias exitosas de gestión de riesgos donde los protagonistas hayan sido mujeres/niñas. Como conclusiones, el estudio aporta una perspectiva novedosa al develar elementos sobre el impacto diferenciado de los desastres en grupos vulnerables, específicamente mujeres, personas con discapacidad, adultos mayores y niños, desde la utilización de la perspectiva metodológica de la interseccionalidad, focalizando el análisis en las limitaciones y capacidades preexistentes de las personas y grupos de personas en contextos de emergencia y desastres.

Abstract Stomas are essential for colorectal surgery and are widely used not only for selected cases for bowel obstructions but also in rectal cancer operations to divert stool away from low rectal anastomosis. On the other hand, complications with stomas/ stomas reversal are not uncommon. In this study, we aimed at studying the frequency and the predictors of temporary stomas being permanent, and the contributing factors of surgical stoma/stoma closure related complications. In our cohort, only about 40% of the patient closed their initially planned temporary stomas. The occurrence of intestinal leak, wound sepsis, or any type of morbidity with 30 days of operation were significant predictors of permanent stomas. In addition, alarmingly although Hartmann’s procedure was uncommon in our practice, only 9% of those who underwent Hartmann’s have had it reversed. Moreover, the only factor that significantly increased stoma related complications was having an end colostomy. There was a tendency toward late closure of stomas with median 8.2 months, however early closure did not correlate to complications. In conclusion, further studies are needed to delineate the low rate of stoma closure. Patients who develop postoperative complications, even wound sepsis, would be at a higher risk of living with permanent stomas. Hartmann’s procedures are commonly associated with stoma problems, and reluctance to reverse the stomas. anastomosis hand study stomastoma cohort 40 leak sepsis 3 addition Hartmanns Hartmann s practice 9 reversed Moreover colostomy 82 8 2 8. months conclusion problems 4

RESUMEN En la subcuenca del Lago Poopó en el altiplano boliviano, cuyas aguas tributan al dicho lago, se encuentran los municipios de Huanuni, Poopó, Pazña, Machacamarca y Antequera, en los que se tienen acumulaciones de desmontes y relaves de operaciones mineras pasadas, además de descargas de relaves de operaciones de la minería cooperativizada actual, que se caracterizan por ser altamente generadoras de drenajes ácidos de roca, que son la principal fuente de contaminación por metales pesados de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de la subcuenca. Por otra parte, y desde otro enfoque, las comunidades mineras de la sub cuenca Poopó, no cuentan con plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas y tampoco con rellenos sanitarios para la disposición de residuos sólidos urbanos, lo que hace que, tanto las aguas negras o servidas y la basura, finalmente vayan a parar a los ríos, magnificando los impactos a los ecosistemas acuáticos de la zona y el riesgo a la salud de sus pobladores. Además, por efecto del cambio climático, las zonas mineras son cada vez más vulnerables en términos de la escasez de agua, lo que hace pensar que, habrá, si es que no se ha iniciado ya, una pugna entre si el agua deficitaria será para uso de las operaciones mineras cooperativizadas o para cubrir el abastecimiento a las poblaciones mineras y su producción agrícola. Adicionalmente, los índices productivos agrícolas son cada vez menores por la falta de agua (precipitaciones anuales promedio de 360 mm) y por la calidad de las aguas de riego, contaminadas con metales pesados tóxicos disueltos; en ese contexto, la falta de productos agrícolas incide fuertemente en la seguridad alimentaria, no sólo de las comunidades mineras, sino también de las ciudades. En el contexto arriba descrito, es fácil establecer cuáles han sido los efectos significativos de impacto ambiental que ha causado la aplicación de una economía lineal en el desarrollo económico local de las comunidades mineras; por lo que, se hace imprescindible desarrollar una propuesta de un modelo de desarrollo económico local circular que genere las bases técnicas para implementar la circularidad en el desarrollo económico local de comunidades mineras en zonas de escasez hídrica del altiplano boliviano ubicadas en la sub cuenca Poopó, a objeto de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores a partir del establecimiento de un propuesta enfocada en: El cierre ambiental a bajo costo de los pasivos ambientales mineros que están alterando la calidad de las aguas de riego; además, postular un manejo inteligente de los recursos hídricos, que involucra el diseño, dimensionamiento e implementación de plantas de tratamiento, tanto de las aguas ácidas en interior mina, como para las aguas residuales urbanas de las comunidad minera, para su uso tanto en el procesamiento mineral y riego; y también, el adecuado manejo de los residuos sólidos urbanos (basura), generados por la población minera, a objeto de producir compost, a partir tanto de la fracción orgánica de los mismos y de los lodos de tratamiento de aguas servidas de la comunidad, que serán usados tanto para la fertilización de suelos para mejorar la producción agrícola en carpas solares, como para la obtención de top soil artificial para para la rehabilitación mediante coberturas secas de los sitios de almacenamiento de residuos generadores de DAR, empleando a mujeres palliris (rescatadoras de minerales de desmontes). La propuesta se basa en los resultados de varios trabajos de investigación que han sido desarrollados por separado y a lo largo de una década.

Abstract In the sub-basin of Lake Poopó in the Bolivian altiplano, whose waters flow into the lake, are the municipalities of Huanuni, Poopó, Pazña, Machacamarca and Antequera, where there are accumulations of waste and tailings from past mining operations, these are characterized by the high generation of acid rock drainage, which is the main source of heavy metal contamination of surface and groundwater in the sub-basin. On the other hand, and from another perspective, the mining communities of the Poopó sub-basin do not have urban wastewater treatment plants or sanitary landfills for the disposal of solid urban waste, which means that both sewage and garbage eventually end up in the rivers, magnifying the impacts on the aquatic ecosystems of the area and the risk to the health of its inhabitants. Furthermore, due to climate change, mining areas are increasingly vulnerable in terms of water scarcity, which suggests that there will be, if it has not already begun, a struggle between whether the water shortage will be for the use of cooperative mining operations or to cover the supply to the mining populations and their agricultural production. In addition, agricultural production rates are decreasing due to the lack of water (average annual rainfall of 360 mm) and the quality of irrigation water, contaminated with dissolved toxic heavy metals; in this context, the lack of agricultural products has a strong impact on food security, not only in mining communities, but also in the cities. In the context described above, it is easy to establish which have been the significant effects of environmental impact caused by the application of a linear economy in the local economic development of mining communities; therefore, it is essential to develop a proposal for a circular local economic development model that generates the technical bases to implement circularity in the local economic development of mining communities in areas of water scarcity in the Bolivian highlands located in the Poopó sub-basin, in order to contribute to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants from the establishment of a proposal focused on: The low-cost environmental closure of mining environmental liabilities that are altering the quality of irrigation water; in addition, postulate an intelligent management of water resources, involving the design, sizing and implementation of treatment plants, both for acidic water inside the mine, as for urban wastewat er from the mining community, for use in both mineral processing and irrigation; and also, the proper management of urban solid waste (garbage), generated by the mining population, in order to produce compost, from both the organic fraction of the same and the sludge from wastewater treatment of the community, which will be used both for soil fertilization to improve agricultural production in solar tents, and for obtaining artificial top soil for the rehabilitation through dry covers of the storage sites of waste generating ARD, employing women palliris (rescuers of minerals from waste dumps). The proposal is based on the results of several research papers that have been developed separately and over the course of a decade.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Capital Structure (CE) management strategies followed by non-financial companies included in the CPI during the Covid-19 economic crisis. We classify companies by operations in different geographic locations. Then, we use a random and fixed effects regression analysis to estimate the CE requirements of different companies, by region, to understand the strategies implemented. The study was carried out for the period 2018t1-2020t2, for which we have available data, but also comparative data for normal times (2018t1-2019t4) vs. Covid-19 times (2020t1-2020t2). The contribution is to describe CE management practices in Mexico, due to the lack of studies of this type, but also to analyze these practices in periods of economic crisis, where working capital is usually high. The conclusion is that CE management is related to tangibility, size, GDP growth, sales growth, profit margin, and risk and liquidity.

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las estrategias de gestión de la Estructura de Capital (EC) seguidas por las empresas no financieras incluidas en el IPC durante la crisis económica de Covid-19. Clasificamos empresas por operaciones en diferentes lugares geográficos. Luego, empleamos un análisis de regresión de efectos fijos y aleatorios para estimar los requerimientos la EC de las diferentes empresas, por regiones, para comprender las estrategias implementadas. El estudio se realizó para el período 2018t1-2020t2, para el cual tenemos datos disponibles, pero también comparativos para tiempos normales (2018t1-2019t4) vs tiempos Covid-19 (2020t1-2020t2). El aporte es describir las prácticas de gestión de la EC en México, debido a la falta de estudios de este tipo, pero también analizar estas prácticas en períodos de crisis económica, donde el capital de trabajo suele ser alto. La conclusión es que la gestión del EC está relacionada con la tangibilidad, tamaño, crecimiento del PIB, crecimiento en ventas, margen de utilidad y el riesgo y liquidez.