Abstract — Urban driving worldwide is characterized by frequent vehicle idling due to traffic congestion, which significantly impacts fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. While strategies such as eco-driving techniques and start-stop systems have been studied extensively in various regions, limited research has been conducted to assess their effects in Latin America. This study evaluates the impact of idling, traffic, and ecodriving on fuel consumption and well-to-wheel (WTW) CO₂ emissions in urban taxi operations under real traffic conditions in Ecuador. Real-world driving data were collected using on-board diagnostics (OBD). A key innovation of this research is the assessment of alternative scenarios, with reduced idling times and power demand, based on the Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) approach. As result, five scenarios were examined: baseline, eco-driving, low traffic, start-stop technology, and a combined scenario. The results shows that urban driving resulted in the highest WTW CO₂ emissions (354 gCO₂/km) compared with rural and highway driving. The combined scenario, which merges lower power demand with start-stop technology, achieved the greatest improvements, reducing WTW CO₂ emissions and fuel consumption by 15% compared to the baseline scenario. Annually, the combined scenario could avoid 3.68 tons of CO₂ emitted per vehicle and fuel savings of 870 USD. These findings underscore the potential of ecodriving and start-stop technology in reducing fuel consumption and emissions to mitigate the environmental impact of road transportation.

Resumen — La conducción urbana a nivel mundial se caracteriza por el frecuente tiempo en ralentí de los vehículos, debido a la congestión del tráfico. Esto impacta significativamente en el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de los vehículos. Si bien se han estudiado ampliamente estrategias como las técnicas de conducción ecológica y los sistemas start-stop en varias regiones, se ha realizado poca investigación para evaluar sus efectos en América Latina. Este estudio evalúa el impacto del ralentí, el tráfico y la conducción ecológica en el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO₂ de pozo a rueda (WTW) en las operaciones de taxis urbanos bajo condiciones de tráfico real en Ecuador. Se recopilaron datos de conducción real utilizando diagnóstico a bordo (OBD). Una innovación clave de esta investigación es la evaluación de escenarios alternativos, con tiempos ralentí y demanda de potencia reducidos, basada en el enfoque de Potencia Específica del Vehículo (VSP). Como resultado, se examinaron cinco escenarios: línea base, conducción ecológica, bajo tráfico, tecnología start-stop, y un escenario combinado. Los resultados muestran que la conducción urbana resultó en las mayores emisiones de CO₂ WTW (354 gCO₂/km) en comparación con la conducción rural y en carretera. El escenario combinado, que fusiona una menor demanda de potencia con la tecnología start-stop, logró mayores mejoras, reduciendo las emisiones de CO₂ WTW y el consumo de combustible en un 15 % en comparación con el escenario base. Anualmente, el escenario combinado podría evitar 3.68 toneladas de CO₂ emitidas por vehículo y ahorrar 870 USD en combustible. Estos hallazgos subrayan el potencial de la conducción ecológica y la tecnología de arranque y parada para reducir el consumo de combustible y las emisiones, contribuyendo a mitigar el impacto ambiental del transporte por carretera.

Abstract This article proposes an industry-specific set of modifying factors for managing mineral resources and reserves for construction aggregates. To gain insights into the regional characteristics of the aggregate market and the requirement of situating mining operations close to urban centers, an application example was developed. It considers the two largest urban concentrations in Brazil to present findings on how the supply and demand of sand and crushed stone occurs in these regions and their relationship with the management of mineral resources and reserves. Furthermore, a conceptual simulation was conducted to showcase how limitations on mining areas can influence the conversion of mineral resources into aggregate mineral reserves. This simulation took into account different scenarios of environmental and social restrictions, which were identified as the primary bottlenecks in the quarries. The findings of the research highlighted the increasing significance of governmental and ESG-related modifying factors in aligning aggregates extraction activities co-existing with other land use in the vicinity. Finally, this article proposes a new indicator for classifying mineral reserves in this sector.

Malawi faces severe climate change impacts, with 30 climate-related disasters recorded in 20 years, causing over 4000 deaths, affecting 2.6 million people and resulting in economic losses of over $1 billion. The southern region, especially Chikwawa District, is hit the hardest, experiencing 40% of these disasters. In light of this, the study aimed to assess organisations' capacity and obstacles to collaborative approaches for adapting and building resilience to climate change-induced extreme weather events. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire distributed among 25 organisations, involving 325 participants. Thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data analysis, and the analytical hierarchy processing (AHP) method was applied to analyse intra-organisational challenges or obstacles to adopting climate resilience strategies. Alarmingly, 90% of organisations suspended operations because of climate-related disasters, with only 5% engaged in flood mitigation approaches. About 67% lacked flood abatement measures, and only 4% had conducted risk assessments. Most enterprises relied on government (80%) and Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (70%) for resilience. Additionally, 85% of the organisations did not act collectively during extreme weather events, facing challenges such as lack of planning, adaptive capacity, leadership and funding. The results of this research offer a baseline for the organisations within the study area to map the way forward in making sure that the relentless impact of climate change-induced hazards should not always turn into disasters for their livelihoods and also the community at large. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides a methodology for the identification of barriers to fostering a culture of proactive organisational adaptation to the escalating impacts of climate change for safeguarding lives and livelihood within a neighbourhood.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a experiência brasileira na resposta a emergências de saúde pública em 2023, bem como a estrutura organizacional e as características epidemiológicas. Métodos. Foram analisadas três emergências (estudos de casos) ocorridas durante o ano do estudo de acordo com as ações empreendidas durante a resposta e os impactos na população. As emergências de saúde pública foram resumidas e analisadas por meio de pesquisas em documentos e sites oficiais do Ministério da Saúde e de autoridades sanitárias municipais. Resultados. Caso 1 – Emergência devido à falta de assistência: considerada pelo governo brasileiro uma emergência de saúde pública de importância nacional, exigiu a mobilização de um Centro de Operações de Emergência em Saúde Pública (COE) para a resposta devido à complexidade das ações. Caso 2 – Emergência devido a zoonoses (arbovírus e influenza aviária): a estrutura de resposta do COE foi usada para desenvolver atividades para interromper o surgimento de arbovírus e evitar uma emergência de influenza aviária no país. Caso 3 – Emergências devido a desastres: exigiram estruturas de resposta municipais e uso do COE para coordenar ações com o apoio do governo federal. Conclusões. A experiência brasileira destaca a importância dos seguintes fatores: coordenação intra e intersetorial na gestão das ações de resposta; monitoramento e comunicação constantes para aprimorar as medidas de resposta; apoio nacional aos esforços municipais de resposta; e adaptação da estrutura do COE aos diferentes contextos e complexidades das emergências enfrentadas.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la experiencia de la respuesta a emergencias de salud pública en Brasil en el 2023, su estructura organizativa y sus características epidemiológicas. Métodos. Se analizaron tres emergencias (estudios de casos) ocurridas durante el año de estudio en lo que respecta a las medidas aplicadas durante la respuesta y su impacto en la población. Las emergencias de salud pública se resumieron y analizaron mediante la investigación de los documentos y sitios web oficiales del Ministerio de Salud y de las autoridades de salud locales. Resultados. En el caso 1, una emergencia por falta de asistencia que el gobierno brasileño consideró una emergencia de salud pública de importancia nacional, fue necesario un centro de operaciones de emergencia (COE) para la respuesta debido a la complejidad de las medidas. En el caso 2, una emergencia debida a varias zoonosis (infecciones por arbovirus y gripe aviar), se utilizó la estructura de respuesta del COE para llevar a cabo actividades destinadas a detener el surgimiento de los arbovirus y prevenir una emergencia de gripe aviar en el país. Por último, en el caso 3, las emergencias debidas a catástrofes requirieron estructuras de respuesta locales y utilizaron el COE para coordinar las medidas aplicadas, con el apoyo del gobierno federal. Conclusiones. La experiencia brasileña destaca la importancia de la coordinación intra e intersectorial en la gestión de las medidas de respuesta, el seguimiento y la comunicación constantes para mejorar esas medidas, el apoyo nacional a las actividades locales de respuesta y la adaptación de la estructura del COE a los diferentes contextos y complejidades de las emergencias afrontadas.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the Brazilian experience of responding to public health emergencies in 2023, the organizational structure, and epidemiological characteristics. Methods. Three emergencies (case studies) that occurred during the study year were analyzed according to the actions implemented during the response and the impacts on the population. The public health emergencies were summarized and analyzed through research on official documents and websites of the Ministry of Health and local health authorities. Results. Case 1 – Emergency due to lack of assistance, considered by the Brazilian government to be a public health emergency of national importance, required an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) for the response due to the complexity of the actions. Case 2 – Emergency due to zoonoses (arboviruses and avian influenza) used the EOC response structure to develop activities aimed at stopping the emergence of arboviruses and preventing an avian influenza emergency in the country. Finally, case 3 – Emergencies due to disasters required local response structures and used the EOC to coordinate their actions with the federal government’s support. Conclusions. The Brazilian experience highlights the importance of intrasectoral and intersectoral coordination in managing response actions, constant monitoring and communication to improve response measures, national support for local response efforts, and adaptation of the EOC structure to the different contexts and complexities of the emergencies faced.

ABSTRACT Planting is considered one of the most essential steps in coffee growing. Lack of uniformity in planting may compromise future operations. Therefore, verifying planting operations quality is fundamental to optimizing production processes and reducing costs. This study aimed to investigate planting techniques through Statistical Process Control (SPC) and aerial images. Carried out in two areas, managed manually and semi-mechanized in the Bom Jardim Farm (MG - Brazil). Data were collected through Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Quality control charts and density maps were used to identify variations in distribution and spacing between plants and planting rows. It was found that the planting carried out manually was 4.7% wider than projected due to spacing reduction from 0.5 m to 0.48 m. The semi-mechanized system displayed a deficit of 7% compared to the projected planting system, using 0.55 m between plants. The density map showed the most significant planting alignment variations. Despite displaying lower results than the manual system, the semi-mechanized system improvements are valid for their minimal average variations. Thus, correcting points found outside the limits can increase the efficiency of semi-mechanized planting. growing Therefore costs SPC (SPC images areas semimechanized semi mechanized MG Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) RPA. RPA (RPA) rows 47 4 7 4.7 05 0 5 0. 048 48 0.4 055 55 Thus (RPA 4. 04

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma estrutura para integrar dados de zoneamento agrícola na análise de riscos de seguros. Baseia-se na combinação de informações públicas do programa brasileiro de zoneamento, o ZARC, com dados abertos de seguros fornecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária. A metodologia apresentada transforma as informações do ZARC em dados de distribuição e as integra em um modelo Bayesiano juntamente com dados de indenizações de seguros, permitindo uma análise de risco abrangente. Utiliza informações sobre tipos de solo do ZARC para desenvolver cenários e calcular distribuições posteriores. A estrutura resultante possibilita a comparação entre municípios, tipos de culturas e classificação geral de risco. O estudo aplica a estrutura para analisar o risco de soja, milho, trigo e milho safrinha no Paraná, resultando em classificações de risco consistentes em todas as culturas e municípios. A estrutura proposta aprimora a análise de gestão de risco agrícola para resseguradoras, seguradoras, agências governamentais e empresas privadas. Pesquisas futuras poderiam explorar a metodologia para comparar seguradoras, analisar riscos em operações estruturadas de crédito e seguro, e avaliar riscos no nível das fazendas. O artigo apresenta uma ferramenta para melhorar a análise de risco e a tomada de decisões no setor agrícola. Baseiase Baseia se Pecuária abrangente posteriores municípios soja Paraná resseguradoras seguradoras privadas seguro fazendas

Abstract This article proposes a framework for integrating agricultural zoning data into insurance risk analysis. It is based on combining official public information from the Brazilian zoning program, ZARC, with open insurance data provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. The methodology presented in this article transforms ZARC information into distributional data and integrates it into a Bayesian model alongside insurance indemnities data, allowing for comprehensive risk analysis. It uses information on soil types from ZARC to develop basic best- and worst-case scenarios and calculate posterior distributions using insurance data. The resulting framework enables the comparison of municipalities, crop types, and overall risk classification. The study applies the framework to analyze the risk of soybeans, corn, wheat, and corn double-crop in Paraná State, resulting in consistent risk classifications across all crops and municipalities. The proposed framework has the potential to enhance agricultural risk management analysis for reinsurers, insurers, government agencies, and private companies. Future research could explore the use of this methodology to compare insurers, analyze risk in structured operations of credit and insurance, and evaluate risks at the farm level. This article presents a potential tool for improving risk analysis and decision-making in the agricultural sector. program Livestock best worstcase worst case municipalities classification soybeans wheat doublecrop double State reinsurers insurers agencies companies level decisionmaking decision making sector

Government institutions in South Africa, including universities, are diversifying revenue sources to maintain operations in response to financial pressures exacerbated by COVID-19. This study focuses on sustaining university finances amidst rising youth unemployment by investigating strategies that emphasize placing graduates in university-driven job opportunities. It addresses how universities support graduate employment aiming to integrate these initiatives into revenue strategies. By leveraging these strategies, the study seeks to combat South Africa's significant youth unemployment problem while benefiting university finances. Conducted across all twenty-six South African public universities, the study employed a positivist epistemology and quantitative methodology. The first of two research questions were addressed by demonstrating a visual representation reflecting a comparison of the university graduate population to the top business industry in each province. This was intended to explore how the top industries relate to the profile of the total graduates produced in each province. The outcome would be to inform decision-making prioritizing industry relations as an important factor to graduates' work placement. The study underscores the potential for universities to develop self-sustaining revenue streams through strategic investment in graduate work placement initiatives. The research not only offers crucial insights for universities to enhance financial sustainability but also addresses youth unemployment, a pressing challenge in the South African economy. By aligning revenue generation with graduate job placements, universities can enhance their financial health while contributing to broader societal goals.

Resumen Esta investigación examina el impacto de los factores financieros específicos de la banca en el retorno sobre los activos promedio (ROAA) de los bancos comerciales de Vietnam. Los resultados indican que las actividades fuera de balance (OBS), el margen de interés neto (NIM) y el tamaño del banco (SIZE) influyen de forma positiva en el ROAA. Por otra parte, las OBS representan oportunidades de generación de beneficios, pero dependen de una gestión cuidadosa del riesgo. Un NIM más alto refleja la rentabilidad del diferencial de tasas de interés, mientras que un mayor tamaño de activos permite la diversificación de operaciones y la reducción de riesgos. Por el contrario, el saldo acreedor (CB) tiene un impacto negativo en el ROAA, ya que una mayor exposición crediticia puede conducir a riesgos crediticiosc y a una rentabilidad reducida. Factores como la relación costo-ingreso (CIR), la morosidad de la cartera de crédito (NPL) y las reservas para préstamos incobrables (LLR) no no tienen un efecto significativo en el ROAA. El artículo enfatiza la importancia de la gestión del riesgo crediticio y del riesgo de mercado para asegurar la sostenibilidad y el crecimiento a largo plazo de los bancos comerciales de Vietnam. Además, los estudios podrían considerar factores macroeconómicos como las fluctuaciones económicas globales y la política monetaria para comprender mejor el entorno financiero y apoyar a los bancos en el desarrollo de estrategias de crecimiento más sostenibles.

Abstract This research examines the impact of bank-specific financial factors on the Return on Average Assets (ROAA) of commercial banks in Vietnam. The results indicate that Off-Balance Sheet activities (OBS), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Bank Size (SIZE) positively influence ROAA. OBS presents profit generation opportunities contingent on careful risk management. A higher NIM reflects profitability from the interest rate spread, while a larger bank size enables diversification of operations and risk reduction. Conversely, Credit Balance (CB) negatively impacts ROAA as increased credit exposure can lead to credit risk and reduced profitability. Factors such as the Cost-to-Income Ratio (CIR), Non-Performing Loan ratio (NPL), and Loan Loss Reserves (LLR) do not significantly affect ROAA. The article emphasizes the importance of credit risk and market risk management to ensure the long-term sustainability and growth of commercial banks in Vietnam. Additionally, studies could consider macroeconomic factors such as global economic fluctuations and monetary policy to better understand the financial environment and support banks in developing more sustainable growth strategies. JEL Classification: G21, G24, G32, G39.

Resumen Esta investigación explora las repercusiones del COVID-19 en el comercio y los mercados globales durante el primer semestre de 2020. El estudio examina el impacto económico de la pandemia en las empresas, enfatizando la necesidad de repensar el negocio o rediseñarlo para asegurar su respuesta ante los desafíos que representó la cuarentena, tal como lo propuso la reingeniería en la segunda mitad de los años 90 del siglo XX. El principal objetivo de este artículo es establecer una conexión entre los principios de la reingeniería y la resiliencia de las empresas emergentes durante la pandemia, reactivando el uso de una herramienta que se utilizó hace más de 20 años. Por ello, el estudio explora, desde una metodología cualitativa -con énfasis en la investigación documental- la relación entre la aparición de la pandemia y el uso de algunos elementos propios de la reingeniería que pueden observarse en las empresas emergentes, encontrando varias conexiones entre ellas. Los resultados destacan cómo, a través de la reinvención y el rediseño, los negocios emergentes hicieron frente a los desafíos que la nueva normalidad manteniendo sus operaciones y brindando continuidad al negocio. JEL: L26; M10; N10; P41; Q55

Abstract This research explores the repercussions of COVID-19 on global trade and markets during the first half of 2020. The study examines the economic impact of the pandemic on companies, emphasizing the need to rethink the business or redesign it to ensure its response to the challenges that the quarantine represented, as proposed by reengineering in the second half of the 90s of the 20th century. The main objective of this article is to establish a connection between the principles of reengineering and the resilience of startups during the pandemic, reactivating the use of a tool that was used more than 20 years ago. Therefore, the study explores, from a qualitative methodology -with emphasis on documentary research- the relationship between the appearance of the pandemic and the use of some elements of reengineering that can be observed in emerging companies, finding several connections between them. The results highlight how, through reinvention and resurgence, emerging businesses met the challenges of the new normal by maintaining their operations and providing business continuity. JEL:L26; M10; N10; P41; Q55

Resumo Esta investigação explora as repercussões da COVID-19 no comércio e nos mercados globais durante o primeiro semestre de 2020. O estudo examina o impacto económico da pandemia nas empresas, enfatizando a necessidade de repensar o negócio ou redesenhá-lo para garantir a sua resposta aos desafios. que a quarentena representava, tal como proposta pela reengenharia na segunda metade da década de 90 do século XX. O principal objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer uma ligação entre os princípios da reengenharia e a resiliência das startups durante a pandemia, reativando a utilização de uma ferramenta que era utilizada há mais de 20 anos. Portanto, o estudo explora, a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa - com ênfase na pesquisa documental - a relação entre o surgimento da pandemia e a utilização de alguns elementos de reengenharia que podem ser observados em empresas emergentes, encontrando diversas conexões entre eles. Os resultados destacam como, através da reinvenção e do ressurgimento, as empresas emergentes enfrentaram os desafios do novo normal, mantendo as suas operações e proporcionando continuidade aos negócios. JEL: L26; M10; N10; P41; Q55

ABSTRACT This research was part of a collaborative project between the Dairy Products Company of Santiago de Cuba and the University of Oriente. The main goal was to carry out a restructuring of the accounting system of said company, through it is internal reorganization and the proposal of implementation of a manual of procedures that allows pointing out the regulations that must govern the work of the Economic Directorate of the entity, establishing the rules and procedures for the clear and precise registration of the accounting operations carried out in the company. For the design of the manual, the provisions of the different resolutions in force in the country were taken into account, as well as the regulations of the Business Group that regulate accounting activity.

RESUMEN La presente investigación formó parte de un proyecto de colaboración entre la Empresa de Productos Lácteos de Santiago de Cuba y la Universidad de Oriente. Tuvo como objetivo fundamental realizar una reestructuración del sistema contable de dicha empresa mediante su reorganización interna y la propuesta de implementación de un manual de procedimientos que permitiera señalar la normatividad que debe regir la labor de la Dirección Económica de la entidad, al establecer las reglas y procedimientos para el registro en forma clara y precisa de las operaciones contables que se realizan en la empresa. Para el diseño de dicho manual se tuvo en cuenta lo establecido en las diferentes resoluciones vigentes en el país, así como las normativas del Grupo Empresarial que regulan la actividad contable.

Abstract This research aimed to highlight the importance of chemical professionals at national, regional and global levels; for this, a systematic review was conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of chemical professionals who are closely linked to regulations set by the Ecuadorian Institute of Standardization (INEN), Codex Alimentarius, among others that govern the operations of companies to research and develop products of various economic sectors with quality. Regarding the linkage of chemical professionals in a global context, the literature review made it possible to align the profile of the chemical professional with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), providing the basis for curriculum design or professional training content. On the other hand, surveys were conducted to representatives of companies in the industrial sector related to chemistry to consult cleaner production activities in the framework of the SDGs, where waste recycling stood out with 30.43%. To deepen the responses, focus groups were conducted, where company representatives expressed a clear interest in closer ties with academic institutions to access updated knowledge, continuous training and advice. In addition, they highlighted the need for chemical professionals to possess leadership, teamwork and effective communication skills. These findings show the need to strengthen collaboration between industry and academia to improve the implementation of sustainable practices in companies where chemical professionals have a relevant role in solving environmental challenges and promoting sustainable practices in various economic sectors.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo destacar la importancia de los profesionales químicos a nivel nacional, regional y global; para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática para evidenciar las capacidades de los profesionales químicos que están estrechamente vinculados a normativas señaladas por el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN), Codex Alimentarius, entre otras que rigen las operaciones de empresas para investigar y desarrollar productos de diversos sectores económicos con calidad. Respecto a la vinculación de los profesionales químicos en un contexto global, la revisión bibliográfica permitió alinear el perfil del profesional químico con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), proporcionando la base para el diseño curricular o contenidos de formación profesional. Por otra parte, se realizaron encuestas a representantes de empresas del sector industrial afines a la química para consultar actividades de producción más limpia en el marco de los ODS, donde el reciclaje de residuos destacó con un 30.43%. Para profundizar en las respuestas se realizaron grupos focales, donde los representantes de empresas expresaron un claro interés en estrechar lazos con las instituciones académicas para acceder a conocimientos actualizados, capacitación continua y asesoramiento. Además, resaltaron la necesidad de que los profesionales químicos posean habilidades de liderazgo, trabajo en equipo y comunicación efectiva. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad de fortalecer la colaboración entre industria y academia para mejorar la implementación de prácticas sostenibles en las empresas donde los profesionales químicos tienen un rol relevante en la resolución de desafíos ambientales y en la promoción de prácticas sostenibles en diversos sectores económicos.

ABSTRACT In a constantly evolving market, it is essential for any growing microenterprise to improve the credibility of the business, generate savings and optimize processes systematically. The objective of the research was to develop a web sales management system using Mean Stack, this development framework allows the frontend and backend to be manipulated individually. To build the system, the agile Kanban methodology is used, allowing work to be divided into stages and classified appropriately following the TEP (Tasks in Progress) format. The research had a quantitative approach, performance tests were carried out with the Apache Jmeter analysis tool. The most relevant results showed a reduction in the waiting time for each request, in the same way, by inducing the system to load and stress tests, the robustness with which the Rest API (Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface) resolves the operations that the user poses from the interface. The success of the web system is attributed to combining a robust development framework for modern web applications, and an agile methodology that accompanies each stage of work with unit tests and maintains more fluid project management.

RESUMEN En un mercado en constante evolución es indispensable para toda microempresa en crecimiento, mejorar la credibilidad del negocio, generar ahorros y optimizar los procesos de manera sistemática. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar un sistema web de gestión de ventas utilizando Mean Stack, este framework de desarrollo permite manipular el frontend y backend de manera individual. Para la construcción del sistema, se usa la metodología ágil Kanban, permitiendo dividir el trabajo por etapas y clasificarlos adecuadamente siguiendo el formato TEP (Tareas En Progreso). La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, se realizaron pruebas de rendimiento con la herramienta de análisis Apache Jmeter. Los resultados más relevantes mostraron una reducción en el tiempo de espera de cada petición, de igual manera, al inducir el sistema a pruebas de carga y estrés se evidenció la robustez con la que el Api Rest (Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface), resuelve las operaciones que el usuario plantea desde la interfaz. El éxito del sistema web se atribuye a combinar un framework de desarrollo robusto para aplicaciones web modernas, y a una metodología ágil que acompaña cada etapa del trabajo con pruebas unitarias y mantiene una gestión de proyectos más fluida.

Resumen En este trabajo propongo compartir una reflexión sobre algunas líneas críticas que se desarrollan en América Latina y que versan sobre lecturas realizadas a partir de diversas materialidades textuales latinoamericanas. El objetivo es indagar en los modos en que es posible realizar lecturas que suponen un «riesgo» o «un salto al vacío» ya que se trata de operaciones críticas que implican leer de «otro modo» y desde otros corpus una literatura latinoamericana contemporánea por momentos difícil de definir desde los marcos teóricos que la crítica generó durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX. En el contexto de una sociedad fuertemente globalizada y ubicada en el sistema capitalista en su versión contemporánea, en esta comunicación pretendo compartir algunos apuntes para una reflexión que parte de las exigencias de los materiales literarios que seleccionamos para desarrollar nuestro trabajo de investigación. Pero, sobre todo, este artículo intenta ahondar en ciertas operaciones de escritura crítica en nuestra contemporaneidad como un modo de reflexionar sobre ella. Se confeccionará, a tal fin, un tapiz textual inspirado en la metodología del comparatismo contrastivo que Marcela Croce presentó en su libro Comparatismo contrastivo. Manual para una práctica urgente publicado en 2023.

Abstract In this work I propose to share a reflection on some critical lines that are developed in Latin America and that deal with readings made from various Latin American textual materialities. The objective is to investigate the ways in which it is possible to carry out readings that involve a «risk» or «a leap into the void» since these are critical operations that involve reading «another way» and from other corpora of contemporary Latin American literature. moments difficult to define from the theoretical frameworks that criticism generated during the last decades of the 20th century. Within the context of a strongly globalized society and located in the capitalist system in its contemporary version, in this communication I intend to share some notes for a reflection that is based on the demands of the literary materials that we select to develop our research work. But, above all, this article attempts to delve into certain operations of critical writing in our contemporaneity as a way of reflecting on it. For this purpose, a textual tapestry inspired by the methodology of contrastive comparatism that Marcela Croce presented in her book Comparatismo contrastivo. Manual para una práctica urgente published in 2023.

Resumen: El transporte urbano de carga ocasiona desafíos en la gestión de los centros históricos, debido a su particular dinámica urbana y a las características de su infraestructura vial. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo proponer un sistema de gestión del transporte urbano de carga (TUC) adecuado a las características, demanda y patrones de comportamiento del transporte de mercancías al realizar sus entregas, considerando, por un lado, el giro del establecimiento comercial y, por el otro, el tipo de distribuidor. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante entrevistas a los responsables de los establecimientos y un estudio observacional, muestran las principales características en la entrega, y a partir de ellos se definen propuestas de gestión vial para ordenar la distribución.

Abstract: Urban freight transport in the historic central business districts show management challenges, due their urban dynamics and their road infrastructure characteristics. For the above, this research aims to analyze the characteristics, demand and behavioral patterns of the urban freight transport in its deliveries, considering, on the one hand, the type of retail trade and, on the other, the supplier. Through interviews in the establishments and an observational study, the data are analyzed by statistical methods. The results shown the delivery characteristics and road management proposals are defined to improve the distribution.

Abstract Introduction. In recent years, there has been an increase in the consumption of fresh agricultural products, raising concerns about foodborne outbreaks related to these products due to the incorporation of pathogenic microorganisms into the fruits. The aspects related to this incorporation have been studied in some fruits; however, not everything associated with this issue has been clarified. Objective. To investigate and summarize the incorporation of pathogenic microorganisms into fruit structures. Development. This work was conducted in Costa Rica between July 2021 and September 2022. It contrasts the definition of internalization and infiltration and describes the conditions that favor the incorporation of pathogenic microorganisms into fruit, as well as the routes and distribution patterns of the incorporated microorganisms. Control strategies to prevent the incorporation of pathogens into these structures are also discussed. Conclusion. Most research on the incorporation of pathogenic microorganisms into fruits focuses on a few products and yields diverse and sometimes contradictory results. It is pertinent to direct future research towards evaluating the phenomenon under conditions closer to those of commercial operations of interest and to reinforce strategies that ensure the proper implementation of good agricultural practices and good manufacturing practices.

Resumen Introducción. En los últimos años se ha visto un aumento en el consumo de productos agrícolas frescos, lo que genera preocupación por brotes alimentarios relacionados con estos, debido a la incorporación de microorganismos patógenos en los frutos. Los aspectos relacionados con esta incorporación han sido estudiados en algunos frutos, sin embargo, no se ha logrado esclarecer todo lo asociado con este tema. Objetivo. Investigar y resumir lo relacionado con la incorporación de microorganismos patógenos en estructuras frutales. Desarrollo. Este trabajo se realizó en Costa Rica entre julio de 2021 y setiembre de 2022; en él se contrasta la definición de internalización e infiltración y se describen las condiciones que favorecen la incorporación de microorganismos patógenos en los frutos, así como las vías de entrada y los patrones de distribución de los microorganismos incorporados. También se discuten las estrategias de control para prevenir la incorporación de patógenos en dichas estructuras. Conclusión. La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre la incorporación de microorganismos patógenos en frutos se concentran en pocos productos y rinden resultados diversos y a veces contradictorios. Resulta pertinente orientar investigaciones futuras hacia la valoración del fenómeno en condiciones más cercanas a las de operaciones comerciales de interés, así como reforzar las estrategias que aseguren una adecuada implementación de las buenas prácticas agrícolas y las buenas prácticas de manufactura.