Verlorenvlei is a globally important RAMSAR wetland on the arid west coast of South Africa. A prolonged drought between 2016 and 2021 and increasing competition for water from the agricultural sector resulted in extremely low water levels. We used historical aerial and satellite imagery from 1942 and rainfall and water level data for the past 50 years, to assess habitat changes within the estuarine functional zone of the Verlorenvlei Estuarine Lake. Prior to the drought, lake water levels and water surface area remained stable (1113 ± 27 ha (SE)). Since then, there has been a 64% decrease in open water area, exposing 193 ha of sandbanks, of which 190.9 ha were hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich. The water in the lower lake was hypersaline (>100), and in the middle, it was acidic (pH<3). The low water level plus sediment and nutrient input from surrounding agriculture resulted in a localised increase in reeds. Additional pressures, such as fires, have reduced the above-ground biomass of reeds and sedges, potentially altering surface morphology and reducing stored carbon. Despite flooding and filling up in June 2023, the lake remained in an acidic state (3.9-4.3). Similar low-lake level, hypersaline and acidic conditions are predicted to become more common under future climate change scenarios where aridity and extreme weather events are anticipated. Inflow of fresh water into the estuary and control of farming practices are required to keep the Verlorenvlei in a functional state, with long-term monitoring necessary to assess the ecological condition in response to restoration actions. SIGNIFICANCE: We assessed the habitat changes in Verlorenvlei, an estuarine lake on the arid west coast of South Africa. Estuarine lakes are scarce, and an extended drought greatly reduced the water surface area, exposing hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich soils, leading to lake acidification and a negative response from biota. Competition for water from agribusiness and the burning of reeds are added pressures. Subsequent heavy rains have been slow to buffer lake acidity, and the impacts thereof serve as a warning for the management of similar ecosystems and their ecological water requirements, especially under climate change where extreme weather conditions, increased aridity and competition for water are realities.

Abstract Mudanza (2010) is the first book by Verónica Gerber (1981), a book where the author narrates the migration that five artists made from literature to art. In this book we can find a kind of program of the ways in which the author has thought about the transfers between writing and visuality throughout all her work. In Mudanza, the texts open a zone of interval, of indetermination, a kind of no man’s land in the heart of the word and the image, as if the writers turned artists sacrificed the results of that moving-out in order to explore everything that happens in that change of location. Gerber writes with that same ambiguity, composing texts halfway between literature, essay, autobiography, and visual writing. This article investigates the question of what happens when images and words leave themselves, outlining what we could call a figural writing that makes the interval the place of a potency that works against the stereotype and the univocal meaning.

Resumen Mudanza (2010) es el primer libro de Verónica Gerber (1981), un libro donde la autora narra la migración que cinco artistas realizaron desde la literatura al arte. En este libro podemos encontrar una suerte de programa de los modos en que la autora ha pensado los traslados entre escritura y visualidad a lo largo de todo su trabajo. En Mudanza, los textos abren una zona de intervalo, de indeterminación, una suerte de tierra de nadie en el corazón de la palabra y de la imagen, como si las y los escritores devenidos artistas sacrificaran los resultados de esa mudanza para poder explorar todo lo que acontece en ese traslado. Con esa misma ambigüedad escribe Gerber, componiendo textos a medio camino entre la literatura, el ensayo, la autobiografía, la escritura visual. Este artículo indaga en la pregunta por aquello que acontece cuando las imágenes y las palabras salen de sí mismas, perfilando lo que podríamos llamar una escritura figural que hace del intervalo el lugar de una potencia que trabaja en contra del estereotipo y el sentido unívoco.

ABSTRACT The procedure presented was developed with the objective of determining indicators for the evaluation of the initial phase of the basketball free throw, in the 9-10-year-old category. In its preparation, the low percentages of effectiveness in both attempted and scored were taken into account, as well as the deficiencies in execution obtained in the preliminary study, carried out on 120 children from the western zone, with a mastery of only 25% of the biomechanical aspects to be achieved in the teaching process; this constituted one of the main motivations for the preparation of the evaluation procedure. The documentary analysis, observation through structured guides and videography techniques, as well as the interview, made it possible to detect insufficiencies in the evaluation of the execution of the free throw in sports initiation. In the work, the assessment was carried out, through the criteria of specialists and the criteria of users, and leaves open a space to expand actions of a methodological order and of a scientific, technical, physiological, theoretical and psychological nature that serve the development of teachers and coaches. base.

RESUMEN El procedimiento que se presenta se elaboró con el objetivo de determinar indicadores para la evaluación de la fase inicial del tiro libre del baloncesto, en la categoría 9-10 años. En la confección del mismo, se tuvieron en cuenta los bajos porcientos de efectividad tanto en intentados y anotados, como las deficiencias en la ejecución obtenidas en el estudio preliminar, realizado a 120 niños de la zona occidental, con un dominio de solo el 25 % de los aspectos biomecánicos a alcanzar, en el proceso de enseñanza; ello constituyó una de las principales motivaciones para la confección del procedimiento evaluativo. El análisis documental, la observación a través de guías estructuradas y las técnicas de videografía, así como la entrevista, permitieron detectar las insuficiencias en la evaluación de la ejecución del tiro libre en la iniciación deportiva. En el trabajo, se realizó la valoración, mediante criterio de especialistas y criterio de usuarios, y deja abierto un espacio para ampliar acciones de orden metodológico y de carácter científico, técnico, fisiológico, teórico y psicológico que sirvan al desarrollo de los profesores y entrenadores de base.

RESUMO O procedimento apresentado foi elaborado com o objetivo de determinar indicadores para a avaliação da fase inicial do lance livre no basquetebol, na categoria de 9 a 10 anos de idade. Em sua elaboração, foram levados em conta os baixos percentuais de eficácia tanto nos arremessos tentados como nos arremessos marcados, bem como as deficiências na execução obtidas no estudo preliminar, realizado em 120 crianças da zona oeste, com um domínio de apenas 25% dos aspectos biomecânicos a serem alcançados no processo de ensino; isso constituiu uma das principais motivações para a elaboração do procedimento de avaliação. A análise documental, a observação por meio de guias estruturados e técnicas de videografia, bem como a entrevista, permitiram detectar as insuficiências na avaliação da execução do lance livre na iniciação esportiva. No trabalho, a avaliação foi realizada por meio de critérios de especialistas e critérios de usuários, e deixa um espaço aberto para ampliar ações de ordem metodológica e de natureza científica, técnica, fisiológica, teórica e psicológica que sirvam ao desenvolvimento de professores e treinadores de base.

ABSTRACT Certain open access publishers based on the article processing charges model have found it highly profitable to operate within a gray zone that encompasses both legitimate and predatory publishing practices. In this context, maximum profits can be obtained by adequate combinations of journal acceptance rates and elevated article processing charges. Considering that the gray zone can be particularly challenging to identify and that it poses risks for authors aiming to establish academic carreers, we believe it is important to provide a comprehensive description of it.

SYNOPSIS The fracturing and movement of rock that occurs in the vicinity of a stemmed borehole charge in open pit mining operations are described by examining the effects of the emitted stress waves - shock and elastic - and the expansion of high-pressure detonation product gases. Three principal modes of momentum transfer to fractured rock are identified, all linked to gas expansion work. This work can be delivered radially (burden), axially (stemming), and in the collar zone (cratering). Flyrock is generated under unusual combinations of blast parameters and rock properties. Although infrequent and seldom predictable, the generation of flyrock can nonetheless be interpreted and modelled in terms of the principal mechanisms of rock projection described in this study. The physical processes underlying these principal mechanisms are identified and will permit the development of predictive models for flyrock velocities.

RESUMO Objetivo da Investigação: O objetivo desta pesquisa é demonstrar a importância da realização do planejamento de projetos de reassentamentos humanos para populações em situação de vulnerabilidade social que habitam áreas irregulares. Metodologia: Este trabalho foi dividido nas etapas de Fundamentação Teórica, onde foram abordados os temas: assentamentos humanos informais e áreas de preservação, áreas de risco e ocupações irregulares em Porto Alegre, e foi apresentada a Vila dos Pescadores - objeto de estudo deste trabalho; Estudos de Casos, com análises sobre populações realocadas; e Medidas a serem adotadas para realização dos reassentamentos, com proposta hipotética para Vila dos Pescadores, por fim foram apresentadas as considerações finais. Resultados: Foi possível observar que as principais consequências da falta de planejamento nos projetos de reassentamentos, principalmente no que diz respeito a preocupação com a população residente, ocasiona graves problemas para a comunidade atingida. Originalidade/Valor: Neste trabalho, foi selecionada como objeto de estudo a Vila dos Pescadores, situada na cidade de Porto Alegre, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, um local identificado pelas autoras como área potencial para estudo de reassentamento da população residente. A Vila em questão foi escolhida porque além de encontrar-se em uma Área de Preservação Ambiental - classificada como área de risco -, ela situa-se em um local visado pelo poder público e iniciativa privada, por ser bastante relevante para o desenvolvimento urbano da cidade, pois a realocação dos moradores poderia trazer alguns benefícios urbanos como: a melhoria do fluxo viário, com a duplicação de uma importante via de ligação entre a zona sul e o centro da cidade; e a liberação da área de orla a fim de garantir o livre acesso à população nas faixas de orla, valorizando e preservando os espaços públicos abertos garantindo a manutenção e equilíbrio dos ecossistemas e por consequência melhorar a qualidade de vida da população em geral.

ABSTRACT Research Purpose: The goal of this research is to demonstrate the importance of planning human resettlement projects for populations in social vulnerability that live in irregular areas. Methodology: This work was divided into the stages of Theoretical Foundation, where the themes were addressed: informal human settlements and preservation areas, risk areas and irregular occupations in Porto Alegre, and presented the Vila dos Pescadores - object of study of this work; Case Studies, with analyzes of relocated populations; and Measures to be adopted to carry out the resettlements, with a hypothetical proposal for Vila dos Pescadores, finally, the final considerations were presented. Findings: It was possible to observe that the main consequences of the lack of planning in resettlement projects, especially regarding the concern for the resident population can cause serious problems for the affected community. Originality/Value: In this work, the Vila dos Pescadores neighbourhood, located in the city of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil was selected as the object of study, a place identified by the authors as a potential area for studying the resettlement of the resident population. The neighbourhood in question was chosen because, in addition to being located in an Environmental Preservation Area - classified as a risk area -, its location is targeted by public authorities and the private sector as it is very relevant to the urban development of the city because the relocation of its residents could bring some urban benefits, such as: improved road flow, with the duplication of an important connection road between the south zone of the city and the city center; and by freeing this waterfront portion of the area in order to guarantee free access to the population in the waterfront strips, valuing and preserving open public spaces, ensuring the maintenance and balance of ecosystems and consequently improving the quality of life of the population in general.

Abstract The early ontogeny of Triportheus albus and T. angulatus, two fish species of Triportheidae, is described using morphological, meristic, and morphometric characters. These species are exploited by subsistence fisheries and have potential as an alternative source of fish, given the decline in the natural stocks of other commercially important fish species in the Amazon. The specimens were collected in the open water limnetic zone, under of the macrophyte stands, and in subsurface areas near sandbars in the Amazon basin. Intra and interspecific morphometric analyzes were performed to evaluate growth models between species. The combination of color pattern, body morphology, morphometric proportions and myomeres number distinguishes the species from each other and from other congeners. Some morphometric relationships related to head as snout length and eye diameter as well as length from the snout to the origins of anal and length from the snout to the origins of pelvic, related with standard length were different between the two species of Triportheus, reflecting different growth models between them. An identification key for larvae and juveniles of some species of Triportheus from the Eastern Amazon is presented. T angulatus Triportheidae morphological meristic characters zone stands basin pattern morphology congeners pelvic them presented

Resumo A ontogenia inicial de Triportheus albus e T. angulatus, duas espécies de peixes pertencentes a Triportheidae, é descrita usando caracteres morfológicos, merísticos e morfométricos. Essas espécies são exploradas pela pesca de subsistência e têm potencial como fonte alternativa de pescado, dado o declínio nos estoques naturais de outras espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes na Amazônia. Os espécimes foram coletados na zona limnética de águas abertas, sob bancos de macrófitas e em áreas subsuperficiais próximas a bancos de areia na bacia amazônica. Análises morfométricas, intra e interespecíficas, foram realizadas para avaliar modelos de crescimento entre as espécies. A combinação do padrão de coloração, morfologia corporal, proporções morfométricas e número de miômeros distingue as espécies entre si e de outras congêneres. Algumas relações morfométricas relacionadas à cabeça, como comprimento do focinho e diâmetro do olho, assim como o comprimento do focinho à origem da nadadeira anal e o comprimento do focinho à origem da nadadeira pélvica, relacionadas ao comprimento padrão foram diferentes entre as duas espécies de Triportheus, refletindo modelos distintos de crescimento entre elas. Uma chave de identificação para larvas e juvenis de algumas espécies de Triportheus da Amazônia Oriental é apresentada. T angulatus Triportheidae morfológicos morfométricos pescado abertas amazônica interespecíficas coloração corporal congêneres cabeça olho pélvica elas apresentada

Abstract The three-dimensional variability of the subaerial beach is examined for Stanwell Park Beach, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This embayed environment has previously been studied over long time scales (decades), but not over shorter time scales (days, weeks). Embayed beaches experience rotation events during which opposite accretion and erosion patterns are observed at the extremities of the beach. To analyse this phenomenon, the beach is mapped with 10 Real-Time Kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS) surveys collected from 10th February 2016 to 14th May 2016. This study aims to examine short-term changes (days, weeks) to the morphology of the subaerial beach of Stanwell Park Beach and any factors that may influence its behaviours. We show that a short-time beach rotation event occurs over one month, caused by a large eastern swell. However, swell with a southern direction generates rip current channels on the subaerial beach face. During this particular event, the amount of sediment transported is lower than during beach rotation events. Furthermore, Stanwell Park Beach has two lagoons that can open to discharge water accumulated in these lagoons. We show that during heavy rainfall, the lagoons open, transporting sediment in surf zone and thus causing erosion. This study provides a clear demonstration of the sensitivity of embayed beaches to short-term variability in wave climate. threedimensional three dimensional NSW, NSW , (NSW) Australia decades, decades (decades) days, days (days weeks. weeks . phenomenon 1 RealTime Real Time RTKGPS RTK GPS (RTK-GPS th 201 shortterm short term behaviours shorttime month However face Furthermore rainfall climate (NSW (decades 20 2

Abstract: Background and Aims: Parasitic plants represent approximately 1% of the world’s angiosperm diversity. The highest richness of parasitic plant species among angiosperms belongs to Orobanchaceae, the only family with three main nutritional stages: autotrophic, hemiparasitic, and holoparasitic. Hemiparasitic genera are the most diverse, unstudied, and sometimes neglected within Orobanchaceae. Pedicularideae, the largest tribe of hemiparasitic taxa in Orobanchaceae, contains several poorly known genera. One of these is Lamourouxia, a genus of 30 species distributed throughout the Americas, but mostly endemic to Mexico. Due to the lack of knowledge about the biogeographic patterns, endemism, and conservation status of Lamourouxia species, the objectives of this study were to estimate their species richness and endemism, determine the areas of endemism in the Americas, and assess their conservation status. Methods: Applying a taxonomic revision of physical and digitized herbaria specimens, citizen science observations, and scientific open access databases, we conducted biogeographic analyses for the whole genus. Moreover, the conservation status of all Lamourouxia species was assessed following the IUCN Red List guidelines. Key results: The highest species richness, highest weighted endemism, and corrected weighted endemism values occurred in southern Mexico. Three areas of endemicity were distributed throughout western Mexico. Four species were classified as Endangered (EN), and three as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the IUCN risk categories. Endemic and rarely recorded Lamourouxia species were mostly distributed in unprotected areas in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico. Conclusions: The Mexican Transition Zone is the center of diversification of Lamourouxia, and one third of the genus is endemic to this region. It is strongly encouraged to carry out actions to conserve threatened species of Lamourouxia, which are distributed in the Sierra Madre del Sur, the biogeographic province with the highest number of endemic species in Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las plantas parásitas representan aproximadamente 1% de la diversidad mundial de angiospermas. La mayor riqueza de especies de plantas parásitas pertenece a Orobanchaceae, la única familia con tres principales niveles nutricionales: autótrofo, hemiparásito y holoparásito. Los géneros hemiparásitos son los más diversos, desconocidos y olvidados dentro de Orobanchaceae. Pedicularideae, la tribu más grande de taxones hemiparásitos, contiene varios géneros escasamente estudiados. Uno de esos es Lamourouxia, con 30 especies distribuidas en América y mayormente endémicas de México. Debido al vacío de conocimiento de los patrones biogeográficos, endemismo y estado de conservación de sus especies, los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la riqueza de especies y endemismo, determinar las áreas de endemismo en América y evaluar su estado de conservación. Métodos: Con la revisión taxonómica de ejemplares de herbario físicos y digitalizados, observaciones de ciencia ciudadana y bases de datos científicas de acceso libre, realizamos análisis biogeográficos para Lamourouxia. También evaluamos el estado de conservación de sus especies siguiendo los lineamientos de la Lista Roja de la UICN. Resultados clave: Los más altos valores de riqueza de especies, endemismo ponderado y endemismo ponderado corregido se encontraron en el sur de México. Tres áreas de endemismo se distribuyen en el occidente de México. Cuatro especies fueron clasificadas en la categoría de riesgo de la UICN “amenazada” y tres como “críticamente amenazada”. Las especies endémicas y raramente registradas de Lamourouxia se encuentran distribuidas principalmente en áreas sin protección de la Sierra Madre del Sur, México. Conclusiones: La Zona Mexicana de Transición es el centro de diversificación de Lamourouxia y un tercio del género es endémico de esta región. Se recomienda implementar acciones para conservar las especies amenazadas de Lamourouxia que se distribuyen en la Sierra Madre del Sur, la provincia biogeográfica con el mayor número de especies endémicas de México.

Abstract Background: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) associated with milia lesions has been increasingly reported, but its prevalence has not been reported in a Brazilian BP population yet. Objectives: To describe the occurrence and clinical-laboratorial findings of BP-milia association in a southeastern Brazilian sample. Methods: A descriptive study based on the medical charts of 102 BP patients was accomplished. Clinical and laboratory data of BP-milia patients were compiled. Total serum IgE measurements, immunoblot assays based on basement membrane zone antigens, and HLA-DQ alleles typing were performed. Results: Milia was evident in 8 (7.8%) BP patients, five males, aged between 46 and 88 years. Increased total IgE levels were determined in 7 (87.5%) of the eight patients. In five of eight patients, immunoblotting showed IgG reactivity against the BP180-NC16a domain but not against collagen VII or laminin-332; it also revealed reactivity against the BP180 C-terminal domain or LAD-1, or both in four of them. The HLA-DQB1*03:01 and HLA-DQA1*05:05 alleles were identified in three of five BP-milia patients. Moreover, three of five cases presented the HLA-DQB1*06 allelic group. Study limitations: HLA determination was performed in five patients. Conclusions: Milia formation in BP patients seems to be less uncommon than previously admitted. Laboratory data revealed increased IgE; autoantibodies against the BP180 C-terminal domain or LAD-1, or both; and the HLA-DQB1*06 allelic group, described for the BP-milia association. Careful determination of antibodies against basement membrane zone molecules and HLA characterization in different populations may provide further insights into this association. © 2022 Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract: The present work is committed to overcoming that formalist view of international historiography that closes the history of the port of Cobija (former Bolivian port) in the triennium of 1877 and 1879. We present the background to affirm that the port was not completely erased in that triennium, especially marked by earthquake, tidal wave and war. It is shown that the definitive decline of Cobija has to do with the emergence of the Gatico mineral (10 kilometers north of Cobija), a mineral that was industrialized in 1905, generating a territorial transformation in economic, demographic and political terms. The other process that we want to analyze refers to the coup de grace that Cobija received in 1913 through a nationalist community agency in Tocopilla that prevented the resurgence of the port through a project related to Chuquicamata and the Guggenheim family of New York, which sought revitalize the deteriorating port. In addition, we are committed to understanding the territory of Cobija and its adjacency zone as a territory defined by open traffic and population mobility, which in practice meant a demographic dispersion in very close mines, which also leads us to reconsider and reflect on the ways of accounting for the population in what was the commune of Cobija.

Resumen: El presente trabajo apuesta por superar aquella mirada formalista de la historiografía internacional que cierra la historia del puerto de Cobija (ex puerto boliviano) en el trienio de 1877 y 1879. Exponemos los antecedentes para afirmar que el puerto no fue completamente borrado en aquel trienio, especialmente marcado por el terremoto, maremoto y guerra. Se demuestra que la decadencia definitiva de Cobija tiene que ver con el surgimiento del mineral de Gatico (10 kilómetros al norte de Cobija), mineral que se industrializa en 1905, generando una transformación territorial en términos económicos, demográficos y políticos. El otro proceso que queremos analizar remite al golpe de gracia que recibió Cobija en 1913 a través de una agencia comunitaria nacionalista en Tocopilla que evitó el resurgimiento del puerto a través de un proyecto relacionado con Chuquicamata y la familia Guggenheim de Nueva York, el cual buscaba revitalizar al desmejorado puerto. Además, apostamos por comprender el territorio de Cobija y su zona de adyacencia como un territorio definido por el tránsito abierto y de movilidad poblacional, que en la práctica significó una dispersión demográfica en minas muy cercanas, lo que también nos lleva a reconsiderar y reflexionar sobre los modos de contabilización de la población en lo que fue la comuna de Cobija.

Resumen El trauma aórtico es la segunda causa de muerte por trauma cerrado. Presentamos el caso de un paciente al que se le realizó un abordaje híbrido dadas las características, la localización y las particularidades anatómicas de la lesión, con excelentes resultados. Se trata de un paciente de 31 años que ingresó remitido con un cuadro de 15 días de evolución de un trauma contundente por la caída desde un parapente (desde 15 metros de altura). En la atención inicial se evidenció una fractura abierta del miembro inferior izquierdo manejada con tutor externo, hemotórax y neumotórax bilateral, manejados con toracostomía cerrada. Se tomaron imágenes según los protocolos de trauma, que evidenciaron lesión aórtica de grado III. Se decidió reparación híbrida: debranching desde la aorta ascendente hacia el tronco braquiocefálico y la arteria carótida común izquierda, con posterior reparación endovascular con endoprótesis aórtica para cobertura desde la zona cero a la zona cuatro de Ishimaru con sistema endovascular Zenith Cook dissection (Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, Indiana, Estados Unidos). La evolución posterior fue satisfactoria y sin complicaciones.

Abstract Aortic trauma is the second cause of death due to blund trauma. We present a patient who underwent a hybrid approach given the characteristics, location, and anatomical characteristics of the lesion, with excellent results. A 31-year-old male patient was admitted with a 15-day of blunt trauma due to a fall from a paraglider (15 meters). Initial care revealed an open fracture of the left lower limb managed with an external tutor, hemothorax and bilateral pneumothorax, managed with a closed thoracostomy. Images were taken according to trauma protocols, showing grade III aortic injury. Hybrid repair was decided, debranching from the ascending aorta towards the brachiocephalic trunk and the left common carotid artery, with subsequent endovascular repair aortic endoprosthesis for coverage from zone zero to zone four of Ishimaru with Zenith Cook dissection endovascular system (cook Medical INC., Bloomington, In, USA), uncomplicated procedures.

Resumen En este trabajo se cuantifican tendencias de aumento de suelo urbanizado en la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia, para modelar escenarios futuros. El modelo se basa en la clasificación de imágenes satelitales y en la inclusión de factores influyentes en el urbanismo. La visualización de las zonas probables de desarrollo se logra a partir de tres etapas. 1). Preprocesamiento, en la que se define la zona de estudio y adecúa las imágenes. 2). Procesamiento, en la que se clasifican las imágenes 2000, 2012 y 2017 y se generan mapas de coberturas y usos: urbanizado, zona verde y área abierta. 3). Postprocesamiento, en la que se valida la precisión de la clasificación. 4). Modelamiento de escenarios futuros, en la que se incorporan los factores de cambio hacia suelo urbanizado y las restricciones, se genera un análisis de cambio y uno de áreas potenciales de transición a territorio urbanizado, para crear los modelos predictivos 2017, 2025 y 2030. El modelo se valida comparando la predicción 2017, con la imagen de clasificación del mismo año, modificando factores hasta que la imagen de predicción 2017 sea representativa de la imagen producto de clasificación.

Abstract This article quantifies the trends in the growth of urbanized land in Tunja city, Colombia, with the aim of modelling future scenarios. The modeling is based on the satellite images classification and the inclusion of the driving factors in the urban development. The view of the viable development areas is achieved through the following stages. 1). The preprocessing, which defines the study area and adapts the images. 2). The processing, which classifies the images of years 2000, 2012 and 2017 and generates coverage and use maps: urbanized, green zone and open area. 3). The postprocessing, in which the accuracy of the classification of images is validated. 4). The Modeling of future scenarios, that incorporates factors of change and restrictions towards urbanized areas. It generates the analysis of change and potential areas of transition to urbanized areas, providing predictive data for 2017, 2025 and 2030. The modeling is validated comparing the 2017 prediction with the classiication image of the same year and then, modifying factors until the 2017 prediction image is representative of the classiication image.

Résumé Dans ce travail, il se quantifie les tendances de l'augmentation des sols urbanisées à Tunja, en Colombie, sont modélisé dans scénarios futurs. Le modèle est basé sur la classification des images satellites et l'inclusion des facteurs d'influence dans la planification urbaine. Les zones probables de développement sont visualisées à travers les étapes: 1). Prétraitement, pour définir la zone d'étude et ajuste les images. 2). Le traitement, pour classifier les images 2000, 2012 et 2017, générer des cartes de couverture et d'utilisation: urbanisé, espace vert et espace ouvert. 3). Post-traitement, pour valider l'exactitude du classement. 4). La modélisation des scénarios futurs pour integrer les facteurs de changement vers les terres urbanisées et les restrictions, générer une analyse des changements et l'une des zones potentielles de transition vers le sol urbanisé, et pour créer les modéles prédictifs 2017, 2025 et 2030. Le modèle est validé en comparant la prédiction 2017, avec l'image classiiée de la même année, et en modifiant les facteurs jusqu'à ce que l'image de prédiction 2017 soit représentative de l'image du produit de la classiication.

Resumo Neste trabalho são quantificadas as tendências no aumento da urbanização do solo na cidade de Tunja, Colômbia para o modelamento dos cenários futuros. O modelo baseia-se na classificação de imagens satelitais e na inclusão de fa-tores de influência para o planejamento urbano. A visualização das áreas prováveis de desenvolvimento no futuro consegue-se a partir do desenvolvimento das seguintes etapas: 1) Pré-processamento para definição da área de estudo e ajuste das imagens. 2) Processamento, com a classificação das imagens dos anos 2000, 2012 e 2017, além da geração de mapas de coberturas e usos dos solos: urbanizado, zonas verdes e áreas abertas. 3) Post-processamento, etapa na qual valida-se a precisão da classificação assignada. 4) Modela-mento dos cenários futuros, com a incorporação dos fato-res de mudança para solos urbanizados e suas restrições. Nesta etapa gera-se uma análise de mudança e uso de áreas potenciais de transição para território urbanizado, visando a criação de modelos preditivos para os anos 2017, 2025 e 2030. O modelo é validado comparando a predição para 2017 com a imagem de classificação correspondente ao mesmo ano, fazendo a modificação dos fatores, até conseguir que a imagem de predição 2017 seja representativa da imagem produto da classiicação.

Abstract A proposal that could be defined as “fractal ethnography” is in the reviewed book, a methodological and theoretical experiment to account for a region whose point of reference is Frontera Comalapa, Chiapas. The author, originally from that place, resorts to the ethnographic record and to different sources from which he does not exclude those that are characteristic of these times. He elaborates encapsulated descriptions, which together give the possibility of thinking about that zone of the Mexico-Guatemala border. Divided into four parts, the book, which does not have a temporal sequence and in which it is committed to the recording of speech, is also an existential reflection open to several questions whose answer is that of the fragments with which its author, Carlos Gutiérrez Alfonzo, out of amazement, has formed it.

Resumen Una propuesta que podría definirse como “etnografía fractal” está en el libro reseñado, un experimento metodológico y teórico para dar cuenta de una región cuyo punto de referencia es Frontera Comalapa, Chiapas. El autor, originario de ese lugar recurre al registro etnográfico y a diferentes fuentes de las que no excluye las que son características de estos tiempos. Elabora descripciones encapsuladas, que unidas dan la posibilidad de pensar sobre esa zona de la frontera México-Guatemala. Dividido en cuatro partes, el libro, que no tiene una secuencia temporal y en el que se apuesta por el registro del habla, es también una reflexión existencial abierta a varias preguntas cuya respuesta es la de los fragmentos con los que su autor, Carlos Gutiérrez Alfonzo, de mano del asombro, lo ha formado.

Abstract The majority of ornithogenic soils studied in Antarctica focus on the influence of penguins, wherever little reports evaluated the influence of flying birds on soil genesis. This study aimed to characterize the morphologic, chemic, physic, mineralogic, and micromorphologic ornithogenic soil pockets influenced by flying birds in Snow Island, Maritime Antarctica. Fifteen soil pockets were selected, described, sampled and analyzed, these sites constitute the main areas with intense long-term terrestrial biological activity in Snow Island. In order to investigate the impact of phosphatization, we compared the soil pockets with the surrounding soils and soils affected by penguins. Zone of phosphatization have a high concentration of P, K, and Ca. The XRD patterns for the clay fraction of ornithogenic soils show that phosphate minerals are the main crystalline phases (leucophosphite, minyulite, fluorapatite, and apatite). We show that even under typical periglacial conditions, sites influenced by flying birds present active chemical weathering processes. The phosphatization release exchangeable bases and accelerate mineralogical and micromorphological transformations in soils. Under the current global warming trend and expected sea-level rise, the ornithogenic environments are susceptible to accelerated erosion rates and a great part of these hotspots may be lost for the open sea.