Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

Abstract: How does feminist metaphysics inform the ontological commitments of feminist International Relations? Since feminisms entered into IR, debates over epistemology and methodology have dominated discussions among feminists in the discipline. Reflections on ontology, especially on gender as a kind, seem to be subsumed under the notion of social construction. However, exactly what and how gender is constructed deserves further exploration in feminist IR research. In this article, I propose a dialogue between Philosophy and IR, aiming to provide a feminist metaphysics for the ontology of gender. I mobilise Ásta’s conferring framework to ground the explanation of gender as social construction that serves the interests of feminists in IR, and I exemplify its use through the debate between empiricist and critical feminists.

Résumé : Comment la métaphysique féministe informe-t-elle les compromis ontologiques des féminismes dans les relations internationales (RI) ? Depuis l’apparition des féminismes dans le RI, les débats sur l’épistémologie et la méthodologie ont eu prévalence dans les discussions entre les féministes de cette discipline. Les réflexions sur l’ontologie, en particulier sur le genre en tant que catégorie, semblent se résoudre autour de la notion de construction sociale. Néanmoins, ce qu’est exactement et comment se construit le genre est une question qui demande une plus ample exploration dans la recherche féministe des RI, dans le but d’apporter une métaphysique féministe à l’ontologie du genre. Je me sers du modèle d’attribution d’Asta pour servir de base à une explication des mécanismes de construction sociale du genre qui concernent les féministes dans les RI, et j’exemplifie leur utilisation par le débat entre féministes empiristes et critiques.

Resumen: ¿Cómo la metafísica feminista informa los compromisos ontológicos de los feminismos en las Relaciones Internacionales (RI)? Desde la entrada de los feminismos en las RI, los debates sobre epistemología y metodología han dominado las discusiones entre las feministas de la disciplina. Las reflexiones sobre la ontología, en especial sobre el género como categoría, parecen resolverse en torno a la noción de construcción social. Sin embargo, exactamente qué y cómo se construye el género merece una mayor exploración en la investigación feminista de las RI. En este artículo, establezco un diálogo entre la Filosofía y las RI con el objetivo de aportar una metafísica feminista para la ontología del género. Recurro al modelo de atribución de Ásta para sustentar una forma de explicar los mecanismos de construcción social del género que interesan a las feministas en las RI y ejemplifico su uso a través del debate entre feministas empiricistas y críticas.

Abstract This article presents a study on the conceptions of a group of university students about the concepts of potential difference and electromotive force (emf). The study is carried out through the use of the Case Study methodology and the data analysis was carried out through the Coding and Content Analysis method. The survey was designed to reveal the ontological characteristics of their conceptions. The participants in this research are all the students who were taking a basic electromagnetism course at the university level. Students' explanations reveal incorrect ontological categorizations of these concepts or the assignment of false ontological attributes. This analysis sheds some light on possible teaching strategies that could be designed to achieve conceptual change, taking into account the difficulties associated with incorrect ontological categorization of concepts.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre as concepções de um grupo de universitários sobre os conceitos de diferença de potencial e força eletromotriz (fem). O estudo é realizado através da utilização da metodologia de Estudo de Caso e a análise dos dados foi realizada através do método de Codificação e Análise de Conteúdo. A pesquisa foi projetada para revelar as características ontológicas de suas concepções. Os participantes desta pesquisa são todos os alunos que estavam cursando um curso básico de eletromagnetismo no nível universitário. As explicações dos alunos revelam categorizações ontológicas incorretas desses conceitos ou a atribuição de falsos atributos ontológicos. Esta análise lança alguma luz sobre possíveis estratégias de ensino que poderiam ser desenhadas para alcançar a mudança conceitual, levando em consideração as dificuldades associadas à categorização ontológica incorreta de conceitos.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta un estudio sobre las concepciones de un grupo de alumnos universitarios acerca de los conceptos de diferencia de potencial (ddp) y fuerza electromotriz (fem). Dicho estudio se lleva a cabo mediante el uso de la metodología de Estudio de Caso y el análisis de datos llevado a cabo mediante el método de Codificación y Análisis de Contenido. La encuesta fue diseñada para revelar las características ontológicas de sus concepciones. Los participantes en esta investigación son la totalidad de los alumnos que estaban cursando una asignatura de electromagnetismo básico de nivel universitario. Las explicaciones de los estudiantes revelan categorizaciones ontológicas incorrectas de estos conceptos o la asignación de atributos ontológicos falsos. Este análisis arroja alguna luz acerca de posibles estrategias de enseñanza que pueden ser diseñadas para lograr el cambio conceptual, teniendo en cuenta las dificultades asociadas a la categorización ontológica incorrecta de los conceptos.

Résumé Cet article présente une étude sur les conceptions d'un groupe d'étudiants universitaires sur les concepts de différence de potentiel et de force électromotrice (fem). L'étude est réalisée à l'aide de la méthodologie de l'étude de cas et l'analyse des données a été réalisée à l'aide de la méthode de codage et d'analyse de contenu. L'enquête visait à révéler les caractéristiques ontologiques de leurs conceptions. Les participants à cette recherche sont tous les étudiants qui suivaient un cours de base en électromagnétisme au niveau universitaire. Les explications des élèves révèlent des catégorisations ontologiques incorrectes de ces concepts ou l'attribution de faux attributs ontologiques. Cette analyse met en lumière les stratégies d'enseignement possibles qui pourraient être conçues pour réaliser un changement conceptuel, en tenant compte des difficultés associées à une catégorisation ontologique incorrecte des concepts.

RESUMO Entre as muitas controvérsias que o pensamento sociológico de Niklas Luhmann tende a estimular, destaca-se a diversidade de interpretações do princípio da desontologização radical da semântica tradicional vetero-europeia. Dada a moeda do debate, este documento identifica uma série de elementos ontológicos na sua teoria e argumenta que, longe de invalidar, são fundamentais para abordar os problemas que levanta. Especificamente, examina a sua conceptualização da ontologia, complexidade, sistemas complexos, tempo e realidade como uma condição de possibilidade da ciência.

ABSTRACT Within the several controversies aroused by Niklas Luhmann’s sociological approach, stands a wide range of interpretations about the radical de-ontologization of traditional vetero-european semantics. Due the contemporary relevance of this discussion, the following article identifies a group of ontological elements and argues that, far from refuting his theory, these are substantial to cope with its issues. Specifically, it examines Luhmann’s conceptualizations on ontology, complexity, systems, complex systems, time and reality as science’s condition of possibility.

RESUMEN Entre las numerosas controversias que suele estimular el pensamiento sociológico de Niklas Luhmann, destaca la diversidad de interpretaciones sobre el principio de la des-ontologización radical de la semántica tradicional vétero-europea. Dada la vigencia del debate, el presente trabajo identifica un conjunto de elementos ontológicos en su teoría y sostiene que, lejos de invalidarla, son fundamentales para afrontar los problemas que plantea. Puntualmente, examina su conceptualización de la ontología, la complejidad, los sistemas, los sistemas complejos, el tiempo y la realidad como condición de posibilidad de la ciencia.

RÉSUMÉ Parmi les nombreuses controverses que la pensée sociologique de Niklas Luhmann tend à susciter, se distingue la diversité des interprétations sur le principe de dé-ontologisation radicale de la sémantique traditionnelle vétéro-européenne. Compte tenu de la validité du débat, cet article identifie un ensemble d’éléments ontologiques dans sa théorie et soutient que, loin de l’invalider, ils sont essentiels pour résoudre les problèmes qu’elle pose. Plus précisément, il examine sa conceptualisation de l’ontologie, de la complexité, des systèmes, des systèmes complexes, du temps et de la réalité comme condition de possibilité pour la science.

In Pieter Odendaal's debut, asof geen berge ooit hier gewoon het nie (as if no mountains ever lived here), the poet expands the complex question "re mang?" (who are we?) into an important theme and utilises it as a structural element by building the different sections of the volume around various conceptions of 'us'. In this article, I argue that Odendaal's poetry should be read in terms of relational ontology, seeing as relationality and interconnectedness are important themes in the text. The poetry creatively introduces a posthumanist way of looking at subjectivity and intersubjectivity. The text problematises the position of humankind on earth and in the larger universe, and asks questions regarding the basic ways in which we understand the concept of 'us', our existence and the ways in which we relate to every other inhabitant of the planet (human or non-human; living or non-living). In the process the Cartesian view of humankind is deconstructed and the human's ontological position is decentralised. Everything on earth is placed on equal ontological footing as part of a never-ending network of interactions, associations, and influences. This kind of posthumanist and relational ontological thinking is foregrounded throughout asof geen berge ooit hier gewoon het nie. I analyse this foregrounding in poems which explore the following themes and topics: interpersonal relationships between people that experience life differently because of differing backgrounds (but also between family members and lovers); the relationship between humans and nature (in the broadest sense of the word); time, and the inevitability of finitude and death that connects everything; and the difficulty of dialogue aimed at finding justice, reconciliation, acceptance and appreciation, by means of a realisation of posthuman interdependence.

RESUMEN En este artículo problematizo el protagonismo del comprender en Ser y tiempo, para demostrar que la modificación conceptual que hace Nancy de la relación como remisión a la estructura relacional "ser-a" es el elemento clave para su transformación de la ontología heideggeriana en una ontología de los cuerpos. Para realizarlo, primero evalúo las implicaciones de la interpretación del lenguaje como dóxa en Heidegger. Luego, a partir de Nancy desarrollo la noción de sentido como transitividad del ser, soportada en la estructura "ser-a". En tercer lugar, expongo otra noción de mundo correspondiente a la aperturidad ontológica sin ser apriorística, que atenta contra la preeminencia ontológica del humano y enfatiza la fundamentalidad del ser-con. Finalmente, resalto dos consecuencias de este cambio metodológico: la transformación de la existencia en creación de mundo en lugar de comprensión y de la comunidad como régimen ontológico singular-plural.

ABSTRACT In this paper, I problematize the prominence of understanding in Being and Time. In order to demonstrate that the conceptual modification that Nancy does of the relation as "reference" to the relational structure "being-to" is the key element to transform the Heideggerian ontology into an ontology of bodies. To do it, first, I evaluate the implications of the interpretation of language as doxa in the first Heidegger. Then, departing from Nancy, I develop the notion of sense as transitivity of being, supported by the structure "being-to". In third place, I expose another notion of the world, corresponding to the ontological opening without being aprioristic; which works against the ontological preeminence of the human and emphasizes the fundamentality of being-with. Finally, I explain two consequences of this methodological change: the transformation of the existence as creation, instead of comprehension, and of the community as a singular-plural ontological regime.

Resumo Problematizamos a prática científica na psicologia e apresentamos elementos teóricos que possibilitam uma crítica ontológica a esse campo. Consideramos que falta à produção de conhecimento psicológico uma concepção ontológica sobre a sociedade, o agir humano e a produção do conhecimento, secundarizando a investigação e o debate a respeito do que é o próprio ser sobre o qual o conhecimento se debruça. Concluímos afirmando que tal postura resulta no aprofundamento das divergências entre as diferentes escolas da psicologia, notadamente de objeto e de método, e que é necessário aprofundar a análise no sentido de desvelar a concepção de ser humano que subjaz às diferentes escolas, criticando-a tendo em vista o sujeito concreto com o qual se lida nos diferentes contextos sociais.

Abstract We discuss scientific practice in psychology and present theoretical elements that allow an ontological critique of this field. We argue that the production of knowledge in psychology lacks an ontological conception of society, human action and the production of knowledge, relegating investigation and debate about the very nature of the object that science examines. We conclude by stating that this position results in further differences between the different schools of psychology, notably of object and method, and that a deeper analysis is needed in order to uncover the conception of human being underlying the different schools, criticizing it in view of the concrete subject that is dealt with in different social contexts.

Resumen En este texto, problematizamos la práctica científica en la psicología y presentamos elementos teóricos que posibilitan una crítica ontológica a ese campo. Consideramos que falta a la producción de conocimiento psicológico una concepción ontológica sobre la sociedad, la acción humana y la producción de conocimiento, subordinando la investigación y el debate acerca de lo que es el propio ser sobre el cual el conocimiento se centra. Concluimos que tal postura da como resultado la profundización de divergencias entre las diferentes escuelas de psicología, de objeto y de método, y que es necesario profundizar el análisis en el sentido de desvelar la concepción de ser humano que subyace a las diferentes escuelas, criticándola al considerar el sujeto concreto con el que lidia en los diferentes contextos sociales.

Résumé Nous discutons la pratique scientifique en psychologie et présentons des éléments théoriques qui permettent une critique ontologique de ce domaine. Nous considérons que la production de connaissances psychologiques manque d’une conception ontologique de la société, de l’action humaine et de la production de la connaissance, mettant de côté l’investigation et le débat sur ce qu’est l’être même sur lequel cette connaissance se concentre. On conclut en affirmant qu’une telle posture a pour conséquence d’approfondir les divergences entre les différentes écoles de psychologie, notamment d’objet et de méthode, et qu’il est nécessaire d’approfondir l’analyse afin de dévoiler la conception d’être humain qui sous-tend les différentes écoles, en la critiquant au regard du sujet concret qu’elle traite dans différents contextes sociaux.

Das multilinguale Wörterbuch zur Substantivvalenz Portlex gilt als Ausgangpunkt für die Entstehung der automatischen Sprachgeneratoren Xera und Combinatoria, deren Entwicklung und Handhabung hier präsentiert wird. Beide Prototypen dienen zur automatischen Generierung von Nominalphrasen mit ihren mono- und biargumentalen Valenzstellen, die u.a. als Wörterbuchbeispiele oder als integrierte Bestandteile künftiger autonomer E-Learning-Tools eine Anwendung finden könnten. Als Modelle für neuartige automatische Valenzwörterbücher mit Benutzerinteraktion fassen wir die Sprachgeneratoren in ihrem heutigen Zustand auf. Bei dem spezifischen methodologischen Verfahren zur Entwicklung der Sprachgeneratoren stellt sich die syntaktisch-semantische Beschreibung der vom Valenzträger eröffneten Leerstellen aus syntagmatischer und paradigmatischer Sicht als Schwerpunkt heraus. Zusammen mit Faktoren wie der Repräsentativität, der grammatischen Korrektheit, der semantischen Kohärenz, der Frequenz und der Vielfältigkeit der lexikalischen Kandidaten sowie der semantischen Klassen und der Argumentstrukturen, die feste Bestandteile beider Ressourcen sind, sticht ein mehrschichtiger Prototypsbegriff hervor. Die kombinierte Anwendung dieses Prototypbegriffs sowie von word embeddings zeigt zusammen mit Techniken aus dem Gebiet der maschinellen Verarbeitung und Generation natürlicher Sprache (NLP und NLG) einen neuen Weg zur künftigen Entwicklung von automatisch generierten plurilingualen Valenzwörterbüchern. Insgesamt stellt der Beitrag die Sprachgeneratoren sowohl aus der Perspektive ihrer Entwicklung als auch aus Nutzersicht dar. Der Fokuss wird auf die Rolle des Prototypbegriffs bei der Entwicklung der Ressourcen gelegt.

The multilingual dictionary of noun valency Portlex is considered to be the trigger for the creation of the automatic language generators Xera and Combinatoria, whose development and use is presented in this paper. Both prototypes are used for the automatic generation of nominal phrases with their mono- and bi-argumental valence slots, which could be used, among others, as dictionary examples or as integrated components of future autonomous E-Learning-Tools. As samples for new types of automatic valency dictionaries including user interaction, we consider the language generators as we know them today. In the specific methodological procedure for the development of the language generators, the syntactic-semantic description of the noun slots turns out to be the main focus from a syntagmatic and paradigmatic point of view. Along with factors such as representativeness, grammatical correctness, semantic coherence, frequency and the variety of lexical candidates, as well as semantic classes and argument structures, which are fixed components of both resources, a concept of a multi-sided prototype stands out. The combined application of this prototype concept as well as of word embeddings together with techniques from the field of automatic natural language processing and generation (NLP and NLG) opens up a new way for the future development of automatically generated plurilingual valency dictionaries. All things considered, the paper depicts the language generators both from the point of view of their development as well as from that of the users. The focus lies on the role of the prototype concept within the development of the resources.

Resumo O presente artigo busca, por meio da descrição dos contornos de três gestos próprios à sociologia pragmática, trazer novas questões para a teoria social, que escapem daquelas estabelecidas pelo “novo movimento teórico”, tal como definido por Jeffrey Alexander. Por meio da descrição do gesto metafísico de inversão da sociologia clássica durkheimiana, pretendo responder como é possível fazer uma sociologia contemporânea que respeite a introdução progressiva de novas entidades na composição do social (sejam elas, animais, objetos, e entidades não humanas, de modo geral). Por meio da descrição do gesto epistemológico de delegação, ambiciono dar conta do desafio de tornar a sociologia capaz de abrir-se maximamente àqueles cuja experiência nos colocamos como tarefa conhecer. Por fim, por meio do gesto de enquadramento metodológico das situações indeterminadas, problemáticas e dos momentos críticos (para os atores pesquisados), tento responder à questão de como é possível observar o que é fundamental e pertinente para aqueles a quem delegamos a capacidade de produzir conhecimento sobre o mundo, a realidade, a justiça, etc. Espero, com esse exercício de exposição teórica e metodológica da sociologia pragmática, contribuir para a introdução, na teoria social, de ângulos não contemplados pelo novo movimento teórico.

Abstract By describing the outlines of three specific pragmatic sociology gestures, this article seeks to bring new issues to social theory, which escape those established by the “new theoretical movement” as defined by Jeffrey Alexander. By describing the metaphysical operation of the inversion of classical Durkheimian sociology, I intend to answer how the creation of a contemporary sociology that respects the progressive introduction of new entities in the composition of the social (be they animals, objects and general non-human entities) is possible. Through the description of epistemological gesture of delegation, I aim to address the challenge of making sociology capable of opening itself to the most to those whose experiences we place as a task to understand. Finally, by means of the gesture of methodological framing of undetermined, problematic situations and critical moments (for the surveyed actors), I attempt to answer the question of how it is possible to observe what is essential and pertinent to those to whom we delegate the capacity to produce knowledge about the world, about reality, and justice, among others. I hope, with this theoretical and methodological exposure of pragmatic sociology exercise, to contribute to the introduction, in social theory, of angles not covered by the new theoretical movement.

Résumé Sur la base d’une approche générale de trois gestes spécifiques de la sociologie pragmatique, cet article vise à apporter à la théorie sociale des questions qui échappent au « nouveau mouvement théorique » tel que défini par Jeffrey Alexander. La description du renversement métaphysique de la sociologie classique durkheimienne vise à montrer qu’il est possible d’avoir une théorie contemporaine qui respecte l’introduction progressive des nouvelles entités dans la composition du social (qu’il s’agisse d’animaux, d’objets et, plus généralement, d’entités non humaines). La description de l’épistémologie de délégation a pour objectif d’amener la sociologie capable de s’ouvrir le plus possible à ceux dont nous cherchons à connaître l’expérience. Enfin, la description du cadre méthodologique des situations indéterminées et problématiques, ainsi que des moments critiques (pour les acteurs eux-mêmes), souligne l’importance d’observer ce qui est fondamental et pertinent pour les personnes à qui nous déléguons la capacité de produire des connaissances sur le monde, la réalité, la justice, etc. Avec cet exposé théorique et méthodologique inspiré de la sociologie pragmatique, nous espérons contribuer à l’introduction, dans la théorie sociale, d’approches jusqu’à présent non envisagées par le nouveau mouvement théorique.

RESUMO O propósito deste artigo é aproximar as discussões da filosofia social analítica do movimento de virada ontológica que ocorre hoje nas Ciências Sociais. Com esse fim, apresentam-se alguns dos autores mais representativos da ontologia social analítica sobre o tema da intencionalidade coletiva. Demonstra-se que, de forma similar ao que acontece na teoria sociológica, seus principais representantes divergem sobre a relação de prioridade entre o nível micro ou macro da realidade social, defendendo posições identificadas com o holismo (John Searle e Margaret Gilbert), o coletivismo moderado (Raimo Tuomela) ou o individualismo relacional (Michael Bratman). Defende-se que a similaridade dessa problemática com as discussões sociológicas, sobre a relação micro/macro, representa uma importante plataforma de interlocução entre estas tradições disciplinares.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to bring the discussions of Analytical Social Philosophy to the ontological turning point that occurs today in the Social Sciences. To that end, some of the most representative authors of the Analytical Social Ontology on the topic of collective intentionality are presented. It is shown that, similarly to what happens in sociological theory, its main representatives diverge on the priority between the micro or the macro levels of social reality, defending positions identified with holism (John Searle and Margaret Gilbert), moderate collectivism (Raimo Tuomela) or relational individualism (Michael Bratman). It is argued that the similarity of this problem with the sociological discussions on the micro/macro relationship represents an important platform for dialogue between these disciplinary traditions.

RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es aproximarse a las discusiones de la filosofía social analítica del movimiento de giro ontológico que ocurre hoy en las Ciencias Sociales. Con ese fin, se presentan algunos de los autores más representativos de la ontología social analítica sobre el tema de la intencionalidad colectiva. Se demuestra que, de forma similar a lo que ocurre con la teoría sociológica, sus principales representantes divergen sobre la relación de prioridad entre el nivel micro o macro de la realidad social, defendiendo posiciones identificadas con el holismo (John Searle e Margaret Gilbert), el colectivismo moderado (Raimo Tuomela) o el individualismo relacional (Michael Bratman). Se defiende que la similitud de esa problemática con las discusiones sociológicas sobre la relación micro/macro, representa una importante plataforma de interlocución entre estas tradiciones disciplinarias.

RÉSUMÉ Le but de cet article est de rapprocher les discussions de philosophie sociale analytique du tournant ontologique qui se produit aujourd’hui en Sciences Sociales. À cette fin, certains des auteurs les plus représentatifs de l’ontologie sociale analytique sur le thème de l’intentionnalité collective sont présentés. On montre que, à l’instar de ce qui se passe en théorie sociologique, ses principaux représentants divergent sur la relation prioritaire entre le niveau micro ou macro de la réalité sociale, défendant des positions identifiées à l’Holisme (John Searle et Margaret Gilbert), le Collectivisme Modéré (Raimo Tuomela) ou l’Individualisme Relationnel (Michael Bratman). On fait valoir que la similitude de ce problème avec les discussions sociologiques, sur la relation micro / macro, représente une plateforme importante pour le dialogue entre ces traditions disciplinaires.

O ponto de partida no projeto de qualquer sequência de ensino a partir de uma visão de mudança ontológica conceitual é conhecer a natureza do conceito alvo. Este trabalho apresenta a análise ontológica do conceito de indução eletromagnética, realizada com o objetivo de construir um guia para o desenho de uma proposta didática centrada na natureza do conceito e em seu caráter relativístico. Deste estudo conclui-se que a indução eletromagnética é um tipo de conceito de Processo Direto, seja qual for o sistema inercial escolhido para realizar a análise.

The starting point in the design of any teaching sequence from an ontological-conceptual-change view is to know the nature of the target concept. This work presents the ontological analysis of the concept of electromagnetic induction, carried out with the purpose of constructing a guide for the design of a didactic proposal centered in the nature of the concept and in its relativistic character. From this study, it is concluded that the electromagnetic induction is a Direct Process type of concept, whatever inertial system is chosen to carry out the analysis.

Le point de départ de la conception de toute séquence d'enseignement d'un point de vue ontologique-conceptuel est de connaître la nature du concept cible. Cet ouvrage présente l'analyse ontologique du concept d'induction électromagnétique, réalisée dans le but de construire un guide pour la conception d'une proposition didactique centrée sur la nature du concept et dans son caractère relativiste. De cette étude, il est conclu que l'induction électromagnétique est un concept de type Processus Direct, quel que soit le système inertiel choisi pour effectuer l'analyse.

El punto de partida de la enseñanza planteada desde una perspectiva de cambio conceptual ontológico es conocer la naturaleza del concepto a enseñar. En este trabajo se presenta el análisis ontológico del concepto de inducción electromagnética con el objeto de que constituya una guía para el diseño de una propuesta didáctica centrada en la naturaleza de este concepto y en su carácter relativista. A partir de este estudio, se concluye que la inducción electromagnética, independientemente del sistema de referencia inercial elegido para realizar el análisis, es un concepto tipo Proceso Directo.

No presente artigo procura-se realizar uma depuração analítica da retomada do conceito de ontologia na filosofia e na antropologia das duas primeiras décadas do século xxi. Nossa hipótese é que essa “virada ontológica” nas ciências humanas, a despeito de suas variações internas, tem em comum um movimento “antinarcísico” de busca obsessiva por uma alteridade radical. No caso da filosofia, essa busca se mostra por meio do reconhecimento do estatuto de realidade daquilo que não concerne ao humano; no caso da antropologia, esse reconhecimento se volta para os conceitos ou formas de vida não ocidentais. Procuramos ainda mostrar como ambas as disciplinas buscam transformar o acesso ao outro numa forma de colocar a si mesmo (o ser humano ou os conceitos ocidentais) em questão. Na filosofia, esse outro é imaginado nos espaços indiferentes ao ser humano ou nas personagens ficcionais teratológicos; na antropologia, trata-se de uma outra forma de vida ou uma outra metafísica conceitual.

Dans cet article nous cherchons à procéder à une dépuration analytique de la reprise du concept d'ontologie en philosophie et en anthropologie des deux premières décennies du xxi e siècle. Notre hypothèse est que ce « tournant ontologique » dans les sciences humaines, malgré ses variations internes, peut être défini par un mouvement « anti-narcissique » de recherche obsessionnelle d'une altérité radicale. Dans le cas de la philosophie, cette recherche se manifeste par la reconnaissance du statut de la réalité de ce qui ne concerne pas à l'humain ; dans le cas de l'anthropologie, cette reconnaissance se tourne vers des concepts ou des formes de vie non occidentaux. Enfin, nous essayons de montrer comment les deux disciplines cherchent à transformer cet accès à l'autre en un moyen de se remettre (l'être humain ou les concepts occidentaux) en question. Dans la philosophie, cet autre est imaginé dans des espaces indifférents à l'humain ou dans les personnages de fiction tératologiques ; en anthropologie, c'est un autre mode de vie ou une autre métaphysique conceptuelle

This article seeks to make an analytical effort to recover the concept of ontology in philosophy and anthropology in the first two decades of the 21st century. Our hypothesis is that this “ontological turn” in the human sciences, despite its internal variations, can be defined by an “anti-Narcissus” movement of obsessive search for a radical alterity. In the case of philosophy, it shows itself through the recognition of the status of reality of that which does not concern the human; in the case of anthropology, this recognition turns to non-Western concepts or forms of life. Finally, we seek to show how both disciplines seek to transform this access to otherness into a way of calling oneself (human being or Western concepts) in question. In philosophy, this other is imagined in the spaces indifferent to human or in the fictional teratological characters; in anthropology, it is about another form of life or other conceptual metaphysics.

O artigo examina a “virada praxiológica” nas ciências sociais da segunda metade do século xx, virada manifesta em teorias que, a despeito de suas discordâncias quanto a questões diversas, se ancoram todas em uma ontologia processual que toma o mundo social como domínio de práticas. Concentrando-se nas semelhanças, mais do que nas diferenças, entre as variadas vertentes de praxiologia, o artigo oferece uma pintura ideal-típica da virada praxiológica na teoria social. Partindo de suas fontes filosóficas na fenomenologia existencial e na pragmática da linguagem, o texto trata de sete postulados presentes, ainda que sob diferentes roupagens, nas teorias praxiológicas de autores como Giddens, Garfinkel, Taylor, Bourdieu e Latour. Como “guinadas internas” que se combinam na praxiologia, aqueles postulados incluem as viradas existencial, culturalista, habitual, corporal, objetal, intersubjetivista e multidimensional.

Dans cet article j'examine le « tournant praxéologique » dans les sciences sociales dans la seconde moitié du siècle xx e, un tournant qui se manifeste dans les théories qui, en dépit de leurs désaccords sur différentes questions, sont toutes ancrées dans une ontologie procédurale qui prend le monde social comme domaine de pratiques. En mettant l'accent sur les similitudes, plutôt que sur les différences, entre les divers aspects de la praxéologie, je présente un tableau idéal-typique du tournant praxéologique dans la théorie sociale. À partir de ses sources philosophiques dans la phénoménologie existentielle et de la pragmatique du langage, j'aborde sept postulats présents, bien que sous des formes différentes, dans les théories praxéologiques d'auteurs comme Giddens, Garfinkel, Taylor, Bourdieu et Latour. En tant que « virages internes » qui se combinent dans la praxéologie, ces postulats incluent les tournants existentiel, culturaliste, habituel, corporel, objectal, intersubjectiviste et multidimensionnel.

The article examines the “praxeological turn” within the social sciences in the second half of the 20th century, a turn which is manifest in theories that, despite their disagreements over diverse questions, are all anchored in a processual ontology that apprehends the social world as a domain of practices. Focusing on the resemblances rather than on the differences between varied branches of praxeology, the article offers an ideal-typical account of the praxeological turn in social theory. Starting with its philosophical sources in existential phenomenology and in the pragmatics of language, the text deals with seven postulates shared by the praxeological theories of authors, such as Giddens, Garfinkel, Taylor, Bourdieu and Latour. As “internal turns” combined within praxeology, those postulates include the existential, the cultural, the habitual, the bodily, the objectal, the intersubjectivist and the multidimensional turns.

Résumé: Dans cet article, l’auteur développe la ligne de pensée de M. le Profeseur Michele Tiraboschi, qui propose une révision ontologique du droit du travail, fondée uniquement sur la subordination et la protection du travailleur. En outre, proposer de le faire en considérant ces deux éléments préalables en partant du principe que le travail n’est pas une marchandise; étudier sa pluralité non seulement comme travail, mais aussi comme œuvre, et dans le cadre de la compétence et du statut professionnel, qui va bien au-delà de l’employabilité.

Abstract: In this article, the author develops Tiraboschi’s line of thought, which proposes an ontological revision of labour law, based solely on subordinate and the worker’s protection. Furthermore, proposing to do so by considering both previous elements under the premise that labor is not a commodity; to study it’s plurality not only as work, but also as labor, and within the frame of professional competence and status, which goes way beyond employability.

Resumen: En este artículo el autor desarrolla la línea de pensamiento de Michele Tiraboschi, que propone una revisión ontológica del derecho laboral basada únicamente en la subordinación y la protección del trabajador. Además, propone hacerlo considerando ambos elementos previos bajo la premisa de que el trabajo no es una mercancía; estudiar su pluralidad no sólo como trabajo, sino también como labor, y dentro del marco de la competencia y condición profesional, que va mucho más allá de la empleabilidad.