Abstract Introduction. Evaluating onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.) in different environments to understand their adaptation is important due to the crop’s relevance in food supply across various countries, the reduction in its genetic diversity, the loss of beneficial traits, and resistance to diseases and pests. Objective. To assess the agronomic performance of onion cultivars under different environments to identify the best ones in terms of adaptation, yield, and interaction. Materials and methods. From November 2017 to August 2018, at the La Selva Research Center of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, twenty-one onion cultivars plus two controls were evaluated: Peruana of the Aggregatum group and Yellow Granex of the Cepa, under open-field and protected conditions with plastic roofing, using multilocation trials in a randomized complete block design and four replications. Evaluations were consucted on categories such as bulb weight, number, length, and diameter, along with the interaction of cultivars and environments. Results. In othe open field, due to lower temperatures compared to those recorded under protected conditions resulted in higher yields of weight and number of bulbs. Under protected environments, Aggregatum group cultivars behaved as if they were from the Cepa group, producing fewer large-size bulbs. The adaptation of cultivars varied by environment: in the open field, L55 and L63 cultivars exhibited the best yields, while under protected conditions, RPT20 and RPT11 showed the best adaptation. Conclusion. Environments significantly influenced the behavior of Aggregatum group cultivars, with higher production of extra-large bulbs. Temperature contrasts in protected enviroments with plastic roofing affected cultivars yields, while open-field conditions were more favorable.

Resumen Introducción. La evaluación de cultivares de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en diferentes ambientes para conocer su adaptación es importante debido a la relevancia del cultivo en la alimentación en diferentes países, la reducción de su diversidad genética, la perdida de sus rasgos benéficos y la resistencia a enfermedades y plagas. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de cultivares de cebolla bajo diferentes ambientes, para identificar los mejores en adaptación, rendimiento e interacción. Materiales y métodos. De noviembre 2017 a agosto de 2018, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, se evaluaron veintún cultivares más dos testigos de cebolla: Peruana del grupo Aggregatum y Yellow Granex del Cepa, bajo condiciones de campo abierto y protegido con techo plástico, con ensayos multilocacionales en un diseño de bloques completos al azar y cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó por categorías: peso, número, longitud y diámetro de los bulbos; junto con la interacción de los cultivares y los ambientes. Resultados. En campo abierto, por presentar temperaturas menores a las registradas en las condiciones protegidas, se obtuvieron los mayores rendimientos de peso y número de bulbos. En ambientes protegidos, los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum, se comportaron como si fueran del grupo Cepa, al producir pocos bulbos de gran tamaño. La adaptación de los cultivares fue diferente en los ambientes: en campo abierto los cultivares L55 y L63 presentaron los mejores rendimientos, mientras que bajo condiciones protegidas, RPT20 y RPT11 fueron los que mejor se adaptaron. Conclusión. Los ambientes influyeron significativamente en el comportamiento de los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum con una mayor producción de bulbos extragrandes. Los contrastes de temperaturas que se presentaron en los ambientes protegidos con techo plástico, afectaron los rendimientos de los cultivares, mientras que las condiciones ambientales a campo abierto fueron favorables.

ABSTRACT While zinc (Zn) is an essential element for plant metabolism, anthropic activities and poor agricultural practices as well as frequent use of pesticides and fertilizers rich in this element can cause toxic levels of Zn to plants. A study was done under greenhouse conditions in Tunja, Colombia in which bulb onion seedlings (Allium cepa L.) were exposed to 0 (control), 20, 40, and 80 mg L-1 of Zn in mixture with a nutrient solution containing macro and micronutrients. The excess Zn in the solution had a rather drastic effect on the accumulation of dry weight and reduced the absolute growth rate, the specific leaf area, the water uptake, the water use efficiency, the leaf area, the length of all roots per plant, and on the contrary, increased the content of total soluble solids in the juice of the bulb. Thus, most growth-related variables were negatively affected from 20 mg L-1 and up of Zn in solution. In addition, the toxic effect of Zn is more drastic on plants growing in nutrient solution compared to those growing in soil. The experiment lasted until 54 days after transplanting, which was the limit for plant survival, especially at higher concentrations of Zn, so it can be inferred that these plants have low tolerance to high Zn contents in the substrate.

RESUMEN A pesar de que el zinc (Zn) es un elemento esencial para el metabolismo de las plantas, las actividades antrópicas y las malas prácticas agrícolas, así como también, el uso frecuente de plaguicidas y fertilizantes ricos en este elemento pueden causar que niveles tóxicos de Zn estén disponibles para las plantas. Se realizó en Tunja, Colombia, un trabajo en invernadero en el que plántulas de cebolla de bulbo (Allium cepa L.) se expusieron a 0 (control), 20, 40, y 80 mg L-1 de Zn en solución nutritiva. El exceso de Zn en la solución tuvo un efecto bastante drástico sobre la acumulación de peso seco, también redujo los valores de la tasa absoluta de crecimiento, del área foliar especifica, del consumo de agua, de la eficiencia en el uso del agua, del área foliar, de la longitud de raíces y, por el contrario, incrementó el contenido de solidos solubles totales en el zumo del bulbo. De este modo, la mayoría de las variables relacionadas con el crecimiento fueron afectadas negativamente a partir de 20 mg L-1 de Zn en la solución. Además, el efecto tóxico del Zn es más drástico cuando las plantas crecen en solución nutritiva en comparación a cuando crecen en suelo. Por otro lado, el experimento duró solo hasta 54 días después del trasplante, dado que fue el momento máximo que pudieron soportar las plantas, especialmente aquellas que se expusieron a contenidos de Zn más elevados, con lo que se puede inferir que estas plantas tienen baja tolerancia a contenidos elevados de Zn en el sustrato.

ABSTRACT: Seventy-five pectinolytic strains collected from vegetables grown in the counties of Santarém, Belterra, and Mojuí dos Campos, located in the western region of the Pará State, Brazil, were studied according to their pathological and genetic variability. The strains were grouped in 5 clusters according to pathogenicity in potato, pepper, carrot, and onion, and 38 strains were selected for genetic analysis using rep-PCR. These strains were divided into 35 genetic groups according to rep-PCR at 70% similarity. These results indicated high pathological and genetic variability of the strains causing soft rot in vegetables in the western region of the Pará State, which will be used in etiological research and for the development and assessment of management techniques for the soft rot in vegetables in this region. ABSTRACT Seventyfive Seventy five Santarém Belterra Campos State Brazil potato pepper carrot onion 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similarity 7

RESUMO: Setenta e cinco isolados de bactérias pectinolíticas coletados de hortaliças cultivadas nos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, região oeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, foram estudadas de acordo com sua variabilidade patológica e genética. Os isolados foram agrupados em cinco grupos de acordo com a patogenicidade em batata, pimenta, cenoura e cebola, e 38 isolados foram selecionados para análise genética por rep-PCR. Esses isolados foram divididos em 35 grupos genéticos de acordo com rep-PCR a 70% de similaridade. Esses resultados indicaram alta variabilidade patológica e genética dos isolados causadores da podridão mole em hortaliças da região oeste do Pará, os quais serão utilizados em pesquisas etiológicas e para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de técnicas de manejo da podridão mole em hortaliças nesta região. RESUMO Santarém Campos Pará Brasil batata pimenta cebola 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similaridade 7

ABSTRACT The hidden hunger for Se in the world population is well known. As a strategy to address this issue, this study aimed to biofortify onion (Allium cepa L.), since it is a condiment vegetable consumed by different economic classes and is widely used in the food industry. To this end, Se doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g ha-1) and application forms (soil and foliar) were evaluated on the biofortification of the bulb and crop yield. The Se source was sodium selenate. Via soil, Se was applied together with NPK fertilizer in the pre-transplantation of the seedlings. Via foliar application, Se was sprayed 77 d after seedlings were transplanted. The Se increased yield up to 99 g ha-1, which was 14.7% higher than the yield obtained in the crop not fertilized with Se. Foliar application of Se was more efficient than soil application in the biofortification of onion, although both were effective. With the dose that promoted the highest yield, the Se concentrations reached 0.487 and 0.317 mg Se kg-1 in onion dry mass, when the supply was made via foliar and soil applications, respectively. The increase in Se supply did not influence bulb quality, as demonstrated by the macro- and micronutrients content and pungency.

Abstract Alliaceae crops includes several species of agricultural importance for the Arequipa region, among them the onion is the most produced in the country, however, these crops are affected by phytoparasitic nematodes, including Meloidogyne spp. which causes significant losses in the yield. The aim of the present study was to characterise the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp) and determine the population density of phytoparasitic nematodes in alliaceae crops in the main producing localities of the Arequipa region. Samples of roots and soil were collected in onion, chinese onion, leek and chives crops in the provinces of Arequipa, Castilla, Caylloma and Islay. The identification of nematode genus was found by morphological characteristics and the characterization of Meloidogyne were performed by perineal patterns and electrophoretic pattern of esterase (Est). In the 38 soil samples, different genus of plant-parasitic nematodes was found: Aphelenchus, Dorylaimus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Mononchus, OGMA, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema and free-living nematodes, in root samples, eight populations of Meloidogyne spp. were found. distributed among three species: (1) M. incognita phenotype Est I1, Rm: 1.0 with 33.33% of frequency and Est I2, Rm: 1.03, 1.07 (50%); (2) M. javanica Est J3, Rm: 1.03, 1.24, 1.37 (16.67%) and an atypical species named Meloidogyne sp. Rm: 0.85 (33.33%). The identification of genus and species phytoparasitic nematodes in alliaceae will allow the adoption of more efficient integrated management measures, because have a distinct parasitism behavior.

Resumen Cultivo de aliáceas comprenden diversas especies de importancia agrícola para la región Arequipa, entre ellas la cebolla es la de mayor producción en el país, sin embargo, estos cultivos son afectados por nematodos fitoparásitos entre ellas Meloidogyne spp. que ocasiona pérdidas significativas en la producción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar al nematodo de las agallas (Meloidogyne spp) y determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos fitoparásitos en cultivos de aliáceas en las principales localidades productoras de la región Arequipa, se colectaron muestras de raíces y suelo de cultivos de cebolla, cebolla china, poro y cebollín en las provincias de Arequipa, Castilla, Caylloma e Islay. La identificación de los géneros de nematodos se hizo mediante características morfológicas y la caracterización de Meloidogyne se hizo mediante patrones perineales y por padrón electroforético de esterasa (Est). En las 38 muestras de suelo se encontraron doce géneros de nematodos fitoparásitos: Aphelenchus, Dorylaimus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Mononchus, OGMA, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema y nematodos de vida libre, en muestras de raíces, se encontraron ocho poblaciones de Meloidogyne spp. distribuidas en tres especies: (1) M. incognita fenotipo Est I1, Rm: 1.0 con 33,33% de frecuencia y Est I2, Rm: 1.03, 1.07 (50%); (2) M. javanica Est J3, Rm: 1.03, 1.24, 1.37 (16,67%) y una especie atípica denominada Meloidogyne sp. Rm: 0.85 (33,33%). La identificación de géneros y especies de nematodos fitoparásitos en aliáceas, permitirá adoptar medidas de manejo integrado más eficientes, debido a que poseen un comportamiento de parasitismo distinto.

ABSTRACT: Several over-the-counter drugs are offered to patients, and they do not have information on the side effects due to their frequent consumption. This stimulated us to evaluate the antitoxicological effect of potato tocosh (Solanum tuberosum) compared to sulfamethoxasol-trimethopin in onion roots (Allium cepa). Rootlets of 3.0 cm were developed in 20 onion bulbs, which were sustained in four procedures: control (100 ml of distilled water), problem 1 (20 uL of tocosh), problem 2 (sulfamethoxasol-trimethoxasol 1%) and problem 3 (sulfamethoxasol-trimethopine 1% plus 20 uL of tocosh.). The Tjio and Levan staining technique was applied for cellular observation. Group 3 presented: clastogenic chromosomal anomalies: bridges (2.3%), multiple bridges (1.2%), chromosome in c-metaphase (0.5%) and aneugenic: sticky chromosome (1.1%) and yolk nuclear (1.3%) and without aberrations (99.6%) while the group that received antibiotic plus tocosh expressed a lack of chromosomal abnormalities. Under laboratory conditions, at a dose of 2uL of tocosh, the best antitoxicological effect was perceived in roots of Allium cepa which shows tocosh as an antitoxicological alternative to the toxic power of certain drugs.

RESUMEN: Varios fármacos de venta libre son ofrecidos a pacientes y no les alcanzan información de los efectos secundarios por su consumo frecuente. Ello estimuló a valorar el efecto antitoxicológico del tocosh de papa (Solanum tuberosum) frente al sulfametoxasol-trimetropina en raíces de cebolla (Allium cepa). Se desarrollaron raícillas de 3,0 cm en 20 bulbos de cebolla, las cuales se sostuvieron en cuatro procedimientos: testigo (100 ml de agua destilada), problema 1 (20 uL de tocosh), problema 2 (sulfametoxasol-trimetropina 1%) y problema 3 (sulfametoxasol-trimetropina 1% más 20 uL de tocosh.). Se aplicó la técnica de coloración de Tjio y Levan para la observación celular. El grupo 3 presentó: anomalías cromosómicas clastogénicas: puentes (2,3%), puentes múltiples (1,2%), cromosoma en c-metafase (0,5%) y aneugénicas: cromosoma pegajoso (1,1%) y yema nuclear (1,3%) y sin aberraciones (99,6%) mientras la agrupación que recibió antibiótico más tocosh expresó falta de anormalidades cromosómicas. En las condiciones de laboratorio, a una dosis de 2uL de tocosh se percibió el mejor efecto antitoxicológico en raicillas de Allium cepa lo cual muestra al tocosh como una alternativa antitoxicológica ante el poder tóxico de ciertos fármacos.

ABSTRACT The common climatic characteristics in semi-arid regions can cause abiotic stress and be a limiting factor for crops. Under these conditions, the use of beneficial elements such as selenium (Se) is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increase yield. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of onion grown in a semi-arid region under the application of Se. A field experiment was performed in a randomized block design, where five doses of Se (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g ha-1), by foliar application, were tested on two onion hybrids (Andrômeda and Rio das Antas). Growth, nutritional and yield variables were analyzed. Se increased the height and accumulation of dry mass in onion plants, with a maximum at the 60 g ha-1 dose of Se, the same dose at which the highest commercial (78.15 t ha-1) and total (86.03 t ha-1) bulb yields were obtained in Rio das Antas; however, for Andrômeda, there was no effect of Se on yield. Applied Se doses also increased the content of this element in the bulbs. Despite increasing bulb yields only in the Rio das Antas hybrid, 60 g ha-1 of Se is recommended for onions due to its effects on plant growth and the biofortification of bulbs with Se. semiarid semi arid crops conditions (Se Therefore design 0, 0 (0 15 30 45 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , Andrômeda Antas. . Antas) Growth analyzed plants ha- 78.15 7815 78 (78.1 86.03 8603 86 03 (86.0 however hybrid ( 3 4 78.1 781 7 (78. 86.0 860 8 (86. 78. (78 86. (86 (7 (8

RESUMO As características climáticas comuns em regiões semiáridas podem causar estresse abiótico e ser um fator limitante ao cultivo agrícola. Nessas condições, o uso de elementos benéficos como o selênio (Se) é uma alternativa para mitigar os efeitos deletérios dos estresses abióticos e aumentar a produtividade. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico da cebola cultivada em região semiárida sob aplicação de Se. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo, delineado em blocos casualizados completos, onde foram testadas cinco doses de Se (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g ha-1), por aplicação foliar, em dois híbridos de cebola (Andrômeda e Rio das Antas). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, nutricional e produtividade. O Se aumentou a altura e o acúmulo de massa seca em plantas de cebola, com máxima na dose 60 g ha-1 de Se, mesma dose em que foi obtida a maior produtividade comercial (78,15 t ha-1) e total (86,03 t ha-1) de bulbos em Rio das Antas, todavia, para Andrômeda, não ocorreu efeito do Se sobre a produtividade. As doses de Se também aumentaram o teor desse elemento nos bulbos. Apesar de aumentar a produtividade de bulbos apenas em Rio das Antas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 60 g ha-1 de Se em cebola devido aos efeitos no crescimento da planta e na biofortificação dos bulbos com Se. agrícola condições (Se Portanto campo completos 0, 0 (0 15 30 4 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , foliar Andrômeda Antas. Antas . Antas) ha- 78,15 7815 78 (78,1 86,03 8603 86 03 (86,0 todavia recomendase recomenda se ( 3 78,1 781 7 (78, 86,0 860 8 (86, 78, (78 86, (86 (7 (8

Abstract Moisture in the soil can be studied in several ways, but a fundamental way is the suction with which the water is retained. The retention exerted by the soil or soil substrate in its pore space on moisture is a representation of the amount of negative pressure that the plant must exert through its roots to suck the water found in it. If this magnitude of suction is high, then it can become restrictive to plant growth. The water found in the porous space, usually called soil solution, is not found in a pure state, but is normally found in solution and has chemical elements that the plant may or may not need for its growth and development, whereby absorbing said water, also absorbs the chemical elements in solution. For these reasons, 4 treatments were planted which consisted of maintaining the soil in ranges of 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa of water retention and quantifying the nutritional absorption. With respect to nutritional uptake which was present in the soil substrate, Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) showed significant difference (Pvalue < 0,05) in the soil water suction ranges of 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa and Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Sulfur (S) showed significant difference (Pvalue < 0,05) in the 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa ranges but showed no significant difference (Pvalue > 0,05) in the 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa ranges. Therefore, it was concluded that there is an inverse effect of the increase of water suction in the soil on the decrease of nutritional absorption capacity.

Resumen La humedad en el suelo se puede estudiar de varias maneras, pero una forma fundamental es la succión con que el agua es retenida. La retención que ejerce el suelo o sustrato de suelo en su espacio poroso sobre la humedad es una representación de la cantidad de presión negativa que debe ejercer la planta por medio de sus raíces para poder succionar el agua que se encuentra en el mismo. Si esta magnitud de succión es alta, entonces puede llegar a ser restrictiva para el crecimiento de la planta. El agua que se encuentra en el espacio poroso llamada usualmente solución del suelo, no se encuentra en estado puro, sino que se encuentra normalmente en disolución y posee elementos químicos que puede o no necesitar la planta para su crecimiento y desarrollo donde al absorber dicha agua, absorbe también los elementos químicos en disolución. Por estas razones se plantaron 4 tratamientos que consistieron en mantener el suelo en ámbitos de 5 – 15 kPa (kilo pascales), 15 – 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa de retención de agua. Con respecto a la absorción nutricional que se presentó en el sustrato de suelo, el nitrógeno (N) y el Fósforo (P) mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue < 0,05) en los ámbitos de succión de agua en el suelo de 5 – 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa y el Potasio (K), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg) y Azufre (S) mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue < 0,05) en los ámbitos de 5 – 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa, pero no mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue > 0,05) en los ámbitos de 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa. Por lo anterior, se concluyó que si existe un efecto inverso del aumento de la succión de agua en el suelo en la disminución de la capacidad de absorción nutricional.

ABSTRACT Soil-to-plant metal(loid) accumulation has been highly evaluated recently due to its significant impact on human health. This study reports the concentrations of 15 metal(oid)s in four vegetables (tomato, onion, chili, and lettuce) cultivated in a greenhouse and three shade houses (two roofs of buildings and one in the UNAM Botanical Garden) in four locations in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. In this experiment, the contribution of metals and metalloids due to atmospheric deposition and irrigation may be negligible. Hence, the concentration of metals depends only on transfer from the soil. Soil analysis indicates that only vanadium in one location (a rooftop garden in the municipality of Venustiano Carranza) exceeds the permissible limits according to Mexican regulations. Lettuce shows the highest concentrations and transfer factors for most metals compared to the other vegetables studied. Transfer factors were exceptionally high for Cd (lettuce) and Hg (tomato), presenting values above 1. Concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were compared with limit values recommended by different international agencies for vegetables. It was observed that, except for As, these values are exceeded in various vegetables harvested in this study. This information must be corroborated with more detailed studies evaluating the chemical species in which those metal(oid)s are present and identify the physical and chemical parameters of the soil that may have interfered with the soil-plant transfer factor.

RESUMEN La acumulación de metales y metaloides del suelo a la planta ha sido extensamente evaluada en los últimos años por su impacto significativo en la salud humana. Este estudio reporta las concentraciones de 15 metales y metaloides en cuatro vegetales (tomate, cebolla, chile y lechuga) cultivados en un invernadero y tres casas de sombra (dos techos de edificios y otra en el Jardín Botánico de la UNAM), en cuatro localidades del área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. En este experimento la contribución de metales y metaloides debida a la sedimentación atmosférica y el riego puede ser insignificante y se considera que la concentración de metales depende únicamente de la transferencia desde el suelo. El análisis del suelo indica que sólo el vanadio en la Alcaldía Venustiano Carranza excede los límites permisibles según las normas mexicanas. Para la mayoría de los metales, la lechuga muestra las concentraciones y factores de transferencia más altos en comparación con las otras hortalizas estudiadas. Los factores de transferencia fueron excepcionalmente altos para Cd (lechuga) y Hg (tomate), con valores > 1. Las concentraciones de As, Cd, Hg y Pb se compararon con los valores límite recomendados por diferentes organismos internacionales para hortalizas. A excepción del As, estos valores se superan en varios vegetales cosechados en este estudio. Esta información debe ser corroborada con estudios más detallados que evalúen las especies químicas en las que están presentes esos metaloides y se identifiquen los parámetros físicos y químicos del suelo que pudieron haber interferido en el factor de transferencia suelo-planta.

The purpose of the study was to calculate the effects of urban untreated wastewater irrigation on the heavy metals accumulation in vegetable samples consisting turnip (Brassica rapa), radish (Raphanus sativus), spinach (Spinacia olerácea), pumpkin (Cucúrbita moschata), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), onion (Allium cepa), smooth luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), vegetable gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus). This was accomplished by monitoring waste as well as fresh water-irrigated agricultural fields of Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was used to assess the concentrations of these heavy metals. The concentration of a total of six metals including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were detected and quantified in vegetable samples. Concentration of Pb was very low, while Fe concentration was higher in all the samples under investigation in the waste water-irrigated vegetables. The highest concentrations of Zn were observed in onion (441.3±2.7 mg.kg-1), and smooth luffa (293.1±0.5 mg.kg-1). Onion (361.95±2.3 mg.kg-1), turnip (292.15±5.6 mg.kg-1) and Spinach (280.25±4.8 mg.kg-1) showed exceedingly higher concentrations of Fe. Daily intakes of metals (DIM) were calculated for both adults as well as children. The DIM values for Ni and Cd exceeded the recommended value. The concentration of Fe and Zn was higher in wastewater-irrigated area samples as compared to fresh water-irrigated vegetables. The data obtained displayed a trend of heavy metal Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>Pb. Our findings have demonstrated the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables irrigated by the wastewater as confirmed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Resumo A cebola é considerada uma das principais hortaliças em todo o mundo. Nas zonas áridas, o déficit hídrico pode afetar o rendimento de culturas como a cebola. Nesta pesquisa foram utilizados quatro níveis de irrigação (100% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET100, 80% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET80, 70% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET70 e 60% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET60) em combinação com dois níveis de adubação (100% da adubação recomendada NPK100 e 75% da adubação recomendada NPK75). A produção total (peso fresco) de cada unidade experimental foi colhida, pesada e, em seguida, classificada em comercializável e não comercializável e calculada a eficiência geral e a comercializável do uso da água. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise ANOVA, e as médias foram comparadas pelo método Duncan LSD. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) foi utilizada para classificar os tratamentos em clusters. Os resultados utilizados indicaram que a eficiência do uso da água pela cebola aumenta se um leve estresse hídrico (85% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura) for exercido sobre as plantas a 100% do nível de fertilização recomendado. A disponibilidade de fertilizantes ajuda a planta a gerir o estresse hídrico, mantendo um nível adequado de rendimento. A falta de fertilizantes, combinada com o estresse hídrico, resultou numa rápida diminuição do rendimento, diminuindo assim a eficiência do uso da água. O nível de déficit hídrico recomendado nestas circunstâncias seria de 88,9% das necessidades hídricas da planta.

Abstract Onion is considered a major vegetable crops all over the world. In arid zones water deficit can affect the yield of crops such as onion. Through this research, four levels of irrigation were used (100% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET100, 80% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET80, 70% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET70, and 60% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET60) in combination with two levels of fertilization (100% of the recommended fertilization NPK100 and 75% of the recommended fertilization NPK75). The total yield (fresh weight) of each experimental unit were harvested, weighed, and then sorted into marketable and unmarketable and both the overall and the marketable water use efficiency were calculated. The results were statically analyzed using the ANOVA analysis and the means were compared using the Duncan LSD method. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to classify the treatments into clusters. Results used indicated that the water use efficiency of onion increase if a mild drought stress (85% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration) were exerted on the plants at 100% of the recommended fertilization level. The availability of fertilizers helps the plant manage the drought stress while keeping an adequate level of yield. The lack of fertilizers combined with the drought stress resulted in rapid decrease in the yield thus decreasing the water use efficiency. The recommended water deficit level under these circumstances would be 88.9% of the plant water requirements.

The indiscriminate use of herbicides makes weeds resistant, increasing the demand for more efficient herbicides. Novel potential herbicides were prepared from sorbic acid, being 8 dienamides and 6 epoxides. Subsequently, phytotoxic activities of sorbic acid and 14 synthesized compounds were evaluated against sorghum, onion, cucumber, lettuce, and beggartick seeds. Furthermore, the protein target of the most active substance in plants was identified in silico. Among the tested compounds, (2E,4E)-N-(p-fluorophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienamide (2c), (2E,4E)-N -(o-naphthyl) hexa-2,4-dienamide (2d), (E)-N-methylphenyl-3-((2R,3R)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl)acrylamide (3b), (E)-N-bromophenyl-3-((2R,3R)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl)acrylamide (3e), and (E)-N-methoxyphenyl-3-((2R,3R)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl)acrylamide (3f) showed pronounced inhibitory activities, both of shoots and roots, making them candidates for promising herbicides. All compounds altered seed development, and compounds 2c, 2d, 3b, 3e, and 3f presented equal or superior results to the commercial control herbicide S-metolachlor. Docking studies suggest that enzyme mitogen-activated protein kinase can be the target of those compounds. resistant epoxides Subsequently 1 sorghum onion cucumber lettuce seeds Furthermore silico 2E,4ENpfluorophenylhexa2,4dienamide 2E4ENpfluorophenylhexa24dienamide EENpfluorophenylhexadienamide 2E,4E N p fluorophenyl hexa 2,4 dienamide 2E 4E 2 4 E 2c c , (2c) 2E,4EN 2E4EN EEN onaphthyl o naphthyl -(o-naphthyl hexa2,4dienamide hexa24dienamide hexadienamide 2d d (2d) ENmethylphenyl32R,3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENmethylphenyl32R3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENmethylphenylRRmethyloxiranylacrylamide methylphenyl 3 2R,3R methyloxiran yl acrylamide 2R 3R R 3b b (3b) ENbromophenyl32R,3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENbromophenyl32R3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENbromophenylRRmethyloxiranylacrylamide bromophenyl 3e e (3e) ENmethoxyphenyl32R,3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENmethoxyphenyl32R3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENmethoxyphenylRRmethyloxiranylacrylamide methoxyphenyl f (3f roots development Smetolachlor. Smetolachlor S metolachlor. metolachlor S-metolachlor mitogenactivated mitogen activated 4ENpfluorophenylhexa2 4dienamide ENpfluorophenylhexa 2E4E EE 24 2, (2c 4EN EN hexa2 (2d ENmethylphenyl32R 3R3methyloxiran2ylacrylamide ENmethylphenyl ylacrylamide 2R3R RR (3b ENbromophenyl32R ENbromophenyl (3e ENmethoxyphenyl32R ENmethoxyphenyl 4ENpfluorophenylhexa ENmethylphenylR Rmethyloxiranylacrylamide ENbromophenylR ENmethoxyphenylR

There are many stilts and industry, which discharge sewage, domestic garbage and industrial effluents in the Pouca Saúde River from the port environment of Santos, São Paulo (SP) State. However, ecotoxicological studies in this river are rare. In this study, we seek to fill this gap by analyzing physicochemical, toxicological, and chemical conditions. Surface water and sediment samples were collected at 2 sampling sites with riparian community activities and industrial activities in the summer, autumn, winter and spring. The parameters analyzed were pH, alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, oils, greases, dissolved oxygen (DO), toxicological and cytotoxicity with mitotic index (MI) of onion roots using Allium cepa roots, and concentration of Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni and Cd. Our results showed alterations in the DO, turbidity, oils/greases and reduction of MI when compared to the respective control. Ni and Zn in sediment samples presented concentrations exceeding levels occasionally associated with adverse biological effects “threshold effect level”. These results suggested that the water quality of the Pouca Saúde River is influenced by both presences of heavy metals contamination and the seasons, i.e. by the tide. Thus, the toxic potential monitoring carried out in this study is of paramount importance to this river. industry sewage Santos SP (SP State However rare physicochemical conditions summer autumn spring pH alkalinity turbidity salinity oils greases DO , (DO) (MI Pb Hg Cd oilsgreases control threshold level. level . level” seasons ie i e i.e tide Thus (DO

ABSTRACT: The state of Santa Catarina is the largest national producer of onions. The consumption of onion (Allium cepa) by domestic animals can cause hemolytic anemia and hyperhemoglobinemia of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. The epidemiological data and the pathological clinical picture were obtained during a visit to the property where the disease occurred. A herd of 54 beef cattle from a property in the municipality of Bom Retiro/SC, was placed in an onion crop, which had not been completely harvested because it was outside the desired standard for trade. The animals remained in this field for eight days. At the end of this period, all of them presented apathy, anorexia, brown urine and mucous membranes and an onion odor on expiration. The macroscopic changes observed were pale mucous membranes, blood with decreased viscosity and increased clotting time, liver with an evident lobular pattern and remains of onion in the rumen. The carcass gave off a strong onion odor. By histological analysis, there was central lobular coagulation necrosis in bridging in the liver. In the kidneys, there were intracytoplasmic hyaline droplets in tubular epithelial cells and a deposit of eosinophilic material in the lumen of the tubules. For the diagnosis of onion poisoning, epidemiological data associated with clinical signs, such as pale mucous membranes with evidence of hemoglobin pigmentation (brown mucosa) and hemoglobinuria, should be taken into account. This article seems to be the first report of onion poisoning in cattle in Brazil. ABSTRACT onions Allium cepa erythrocytes occurred 5 RetiroSC Retiro SC Retiro/SC crop trade days period apathy anorexia expiration time rumen analysis kidneys tubules signs mucosa hemoglobinuria account Brazil

RESUMO: O estado de Santa Catarina é o maior produtor nacional de cebola. O consumo de cebola (Allium cepa) por animais domésticos pode causar anemia hemolítica, hiper-hemoglobinemia de corpúsculos de Heinz nos eritrócitos. Os dados epidemiológicos e o quadro clínico-patológico foram obtidos em visita à propriedade onde a enfermidade ocorreu. Um rebanho de 54 bovinos de corte de uma propriedade localizada no município de Bom Retiro/SC, foi colocado em uma lavoura de cebola, a qual não havia sido completamente colhida por estar fora do padrão desejado para o comércio. Os animais permaneceram por um período de oito dias nesta lavoura e, ao final deste período, todos apresentaram apatia, anorexia, urina e mucosas de coloração marrom e odor de cebola na expiração. As alterações macroscópicas observadas foram mucosas pálidas, sangue com viscosidade diminuída e aumento do tempo de coagulação, fígado com padrão lobular evidente e restos de cebola no rúmen. A carcaça exalava forte odor de cebola. Pela análise histológica havia, no fígado, necrose de coagulação centrolobular em ponte e nos rins havia gotas hialinas intracitoplasmáticas em células do epitélio tubular e depósito de material eosinofílico na luz de túbulos. Para o diagnóstico da intoxicação por cebola deve-se levar em conta principalmente os dados epidemiológicos associados aos sinais clínicos, como palidez de mucosas com evidências de pigmentação por hemoglobina (mucosa marrom) e hemoglobinúria. Este artigo parece ser o primeiro relato de intoxicação por cebola em bovinos no Brasil. RESUMO Allium cepa hemolítica hiperhemoglobinemia hiper hemoglobinemia eritrócitos clínicopatológico clínico patológico ocorreu 5 RetiroSC Retiro SC Retiro/SC comércio apatia anorexia expiração pálidas rúmen túbulos devese deve se clínicos mucosa hemoglobinúria Brasil

Abstract Introduction. Implement type and tillage direction in favor of the slope have caused significant soil loss in horticultural soils. This problem has generated a loss of the most productive horizons and a detriment of the soil's physical properties. Objective. To determine the effect of the spader plow, rotary plow and rotavator on bulk density, porosity and aggregate stability in an Andisol soil under 2 non-continuous onion cycles in Tierra Blanca, Cartago. Materials and methods. The 3 implements were used in soil preparation for growing onion (Allium cepa L.). Evaluations were carried out on the pre-tillage of the first cycle, at the end of the first cycle, on the pre-tillage of the second cycle and at the end of the second cycle. The evaluated variables were bulk density, porosity and aggregate stability. Results. The soil during the fallow state presented a relatively high bulk density, low porosity and low aggregate stability. With tillage, bulk density decreased, porosity increase and aggregate stability improved during the different evaluation moments. Conclusion. The changes found are a consequence of the soil’s structural reorganization as a product of tillage after a fallow period.

Resumen Introducción. El tipo de implemento y la dirección de la labranza a favor de pendiente han ocasionado que en los suelos hortícolas se presente una importante pérdida de suelo. El problema ha generado una pérdida de los horizontes más productivos y detrimento de las propiedades físicas del suelo. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto que ejercen el palín mecánico, la rastra rotativa y el rotador, sobre la densidad aparente, porosidad y estabilidad de agregados de un suelo Andisol bajo 2 ciclos no continuos de cebolla en Tierra Blanca, Cartago. Materiales y métodos. Los 3 implementos fueron utilizados en la preparación del suelo para el cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.). Se realizaron evaluaciones en la prelabranza del ciclo 1, al final del primer ciclo de cultivo, en la prelabranza del ciclo 2 y al final del segundo ciclo de cebolla. Se evaluaron las variables de densidad aparente, porosidad y estabilidad de agregados. Resultados. Se encontró que el suelo, durante el estado de barbecho, presentó una densidad aparente relativamente alta, con porosidad y estabilidad de agregados bajas. Con la labranza, disminuyó la densidad aparente, aumentó la porosidad del suelo e incrementó la estabilidad de agregados durante los diferentes momentos de evaluación. Conclusión. Los cambios encontrados son una consecuencia de la reorganización de la estructura del suelo, producto de la labranza, cuando se sale de un periodo de barbecho.