Phalotris lemniscatus is the only species representative of Phalotris genus in Uruguay. This species has a wide distribution that includes Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and northern Argentina extending to the areas bordering Bolivia and Paraguay. Although this snake is not aggressive, there were two snakebite accidents in Uruguay. They occurred on the hands after excessive and prolonged handling of the specimens. Locally they showed mild edema, but in systemically Phalotris venom caused alterations in blood coagulation. The patients recovered completely after 3 days. More studies will be required to establish an adequate therapy for Phalotris severe envenomations.

Phalotris lemniscatus es la única especie representante del género Phalotris en Uruguay. Esta especie tiene una amplia distribución que incluye Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul en Brasil y el norte de Argentina que se extiende a las áreas fronterizas con Bolivia y Paraguay. Aunque este ofidio no es agresivo, se registraron dos accidentes en Uruguay en los que se observó acción local y sistémica del veneno. Los mismos ocurrieron en las manos después de manipulación excesiva y prolongada de los ejemplares. Localmente presentaron edema leve, pero en términos sistémicos el veneno de Phalotris causó alteraciones en la coagulación. Los pacientes se recuperaron totalmente después de 3 días. Serán necesarios más estudios para establecer una terapia adecuada para los envenenamientos graves provocados por esta especie.

The Snake Fungal Disease (SFD) has been reported in several species of rattlesnakes and colubrid snakes in the United States of America and Europe, but not in South America. A specimen of the South American colubrid (Xenodon merremii, commonly known as false yarara) was presented at the Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital de Clínicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Argentina), presenting a crusty open wound in the skin, and another injury consisting of discolored and dull scales. The specimen died 16 days after starting the treatment. At necropsy, lesions in the hepatic parenchyma were observed, whereas the lung showed no appreciable macroscopic lesions. The lesions found in this case were compatible with SFD.

La Enfermedad Fúngica de las Serpientes (EFS) ha sido reportada en varias especies de serpientes cascabel y de colúbridos de Estados Unidos de América y Europa, pero no en América del Sur. Un espécimen del colúbrido sudamericano Xenodon merremii (conocido popularmente como falsa yarará) arribó al Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Argentina), presentando una solución de continuidad costrosa en la piel, y otra lesión consistente en decoloración y pérdida de brillo de las escamas. El ejemplar falleció a los 16 días de iniciado el tratamiento. A la necropsia, se observaron lesiones en el parénquima hepático, mientras que el pulmón no evidenció lesiones macroscópicas apreciables. Las lesiones encontradas fueron compatibles con EFS.

Understanding the variation of the ophidian vertebral morphology is an essential tool in snake paleobiology, but so far this field remains hardly investigated. A major problematic is the still scarce knowledge about the basis of homogeneity of intracolumnar shape variation along the vertebrae of the precloacal region in these animals. For instance, this variation can be overwhelmingly low in cases such as in vipers, for which it seems almost impossible to describe a concrete regionalization of the precloacal region without ambiguity. This study has applied geometric morphometrics to analyze if the shape variation of the vertebrae of the precloacal vertebrae of an adult specimen of Daboia russelli allows differentiating any sort of parcellation within the column of this organism. We have also explored if size is associated with the organization of vertebral shape along the axial skeleton. The multivariate analyses showed that the main pattern of vertebral shape variation in D. russelli concerns the neural spine and the hypapophysis, whereas the shape of the vertebral centrum appears to be nearly invariant along the series. Our analysis also showed that the precloacal region can be sudivided into two portions that merge in a transitional boundary of largest vertebrae in the middle of the column. From this middle region towards the distal ends of the column vertebrae become smaller changing their shapes in two antithetical ways.

Entender la variación en la morfología vertebral de los ofidios es crucial para la paleobiología del grupo pero, hasta ahora, este campo está poco investigado. Uno de los principales problemas es el escaso conocimiento sobre las bases de la homogeneidad en la variación de la forma a lo largo de la región precloacal en estos animales. Por ejemplo, en el caso de las víboras, dicha variación puede ser muy pequeña lo cual hace casi imposible la descripción de una regionalización precisa sin ambigüedad. En este estudio se ha aplicado morfometría geométrica para analizar si la variación de la forma vertebral de un individuo adulto de la especie Daboia russelli permite subdividir la región precloacal. Además, hemos explorado si el tamaño está asociado con la organización vertebral a lo largo del esqueleto axial. Los análisis multivariantes han demostrado que el patrón principal de la variación de la forma vertebral está determinado por la espina neural y la hipapofisis, mientras que el centro vertebral varía poco a lo largo de la serie. Nuestro análisis ha mostrado que la región precloacal puede ser dividida en dos series cuya separación está marcada por las vértebras más grandes, posicionadas aproximadamente en la mitad de la columna. Tomando como referencia la mitad de la columna, hacia los extremos distales, las vértebras tienden a ser más pequeñas cambiando su forma de modo antitético.

In the present study, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766), is isolated, purified and characterized biochemically and biologically. Purification was performed by liquid chromatography (LC) using CM-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-50, homogenized enzyme had a molecular weight of 18749 Da. Trials with egg yolk phospholipids, and commercial lecithin showed that EDTA, PMSF, glutathione and cysteine inhibited the activity with values greater than 50%. The PLA2 had a significant anticoagulant effect, showing a delay of 2'30" on the coagulation time with 9.6 µg of the enzyme. The indirect impact on human erythrocyte hemolysis gave an equivalent of 4.35 µg as HD50. Mean edematic dose and minimum myotoxic dose were 91.5 mg and 125.89 mg / mL respectively, these values were below enzymes phospholipase A2 from others poisons. There was no hemorrhagic activity. Immunodiffusion tests and immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the PLA2 of L. muta was immunogenic reactivity against lachesic monovalent antivenom (INS-Peru). However, the neutralization by the antivenom was partial.

El presente trabajo informa de la purificación y caracterización bioquímica y biológica de la fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) de Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766). La purificación se realizó por cromatografía liquida (CL) usando CM-Sephadex C-50 y Sephadex G-50, obteniéndola al estado homogéneo con un peso molecular de 18749 Da. Los ensayos con PLA2 realizados sobre fosfolípidos de yema de huevo y lecitina comercial, mostraron que los agentes EDTA, PMSF, glutatión y cisteína, inhibieron la actividad con valores mayores al 50%. La PLA2 de L. muta produjo un notable efecto anticoagulante, observándose un retardo de 2'30" en el tiempo de coagulación con 9,6 µg de la enzima. La hemólisis indirecta sobre eritrocitos humanos dio un equivalente de 4,35 µg como dosis hemolítica media (HD50). Los valores de dosis edemática media y dosis miotóxica mínima fueron de 91,5 µg y 125,89 µg/mL respectivamente; valores por debajo de PLA2 de otros venenos. No se registró actividad hemorrágica directa. Las pruebas de inmunodifusión e inmunoelectroforésis revelaron que PLA2 de L. muta tuvo reactividad inmunogénica contra el antiveneno lachésico monovalente (INS-Perú). Sin embargo, la neutralización por el antiveneno fue parcial.

Introduction. In the General Hospital of Tampico, a significant number of cases of snake bites were reported. Nevertheless, until now, there have been no reports about the clinical and epidemiological behavior and treatment protocol for accidental poisoning in children. Methods. Pediatric files with a diagnosis of accidental poisoning from April 1994 until December 2006 were analyzed. Variables analyzed were body region affected, classification of the degree of poisoning, dose of fabotherapy administered, complications, time of the accidental poisoning and time elapsed until treatment. Results. Of 610 patients, 171 (28%) were pediatric cases with the majority (65%) being male. The highest incidence (70.7%) was reported for the 6- to 15-year age group. The pelvic extremities are among the most affected anatomic site (55.5%). The highest incidence occurred during the evening (47.9%) and during the Spring/Summer months (94%). The most severe degrees of intoxication (III-IV) were reported in 121 cases (77.7%), and 70.6% of the cases required >40 flasks of fabotherapy. Average hospital stay was from 6 to 10 days. Local infections were the main complication in 21% of the patients and 47% of the patients arrived at the hospital after a delay of >24 h. Conclusions. Snake bites in pediatric patients have a low incidence (28%) as compared to the adult population but demonstrate a greater severity of intoxication due to the increase of the concentration of poison in a child with lower body weight. Complications are more serious, requiring a longer hospital stay. Likewise, use of a higher amount of fabotherapy is required.

Introducción. En el Hospital General de Tampico donde se realizó este estudio se atienden muchos casos de mordedura por ofidio, pero poco se ha escrito del comportamiento epidemiológico, clínico y de tratamiento en niños. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, en el cual se analizaron los ingresos pediátricos por mordedura por ofidio de abril de 1994 a diciembre de 2006. Se revisaron variables como: sitio anatómico afectado, grado de envenenamiento, dosis de faboterápico, complicaciones, hora del accidente y tiempo transcurrido. Resultados. De 610 pacientes, 171 (28%) fueron niños; 65% del género masculino; en 70.7% la edad fue de 6 a 15 años; los miembros pélvicos fueron los más afectados (55.5%); la mayor incidencia se observó en horario vespertino (47.9%) y la época del año donde hubo más accidentes por mordedura de ofidio fue en primavera-verano (94%). La intoxicación grave (grado III-IV) se observó en 121 casos (77.7%); 70.6% requirió más de 40 frascos de faboterápico; con hospitalización de 6 a 10 días; 21% presentó infecciones locales; y en 47% se retardó la atención en más de 24 horas. Conclusiones. Los accidentes por mordedura de ofidio en pediatría tienen incidencia baja, comparado con la de los adultos; los niños son más susceptible de presentar intoxicación más importante y sus complicaciones son de mayor gravedad, con necesidad de más estancia hospitalaria, requiriendo de una cantidad mayor de faboterápico.

São analisados três pacientes que apresentaram comprometimento da função respiratória após acidente por Crotalus durissus. As manifestações respiratórias surgiram nas primeiras 48 horas após a picada do ofídio e consistiram de dispnéia, taquipnéia, uso da musculatura acessória da respiração (casos 1 e 2) e batimento das aletas nasais (caso 2). Dois pacientes (casos 1 e 2) apresentaram insuficiência respiratória aguda. O diagnóstico desta complicação no caso 1 foi clínico pois o paciente apresentou apnéia. O paciente do caso 2, 24 horas após o acidente ofídico apresentou dificuldade respiratória intensa e períodos de apnéia sendo intubado, permanecendo em respiração espontânea. Houve agravamento dos sinais clínicos de insuficiência respiratória e a determinação de pH e gases do sangue arterial mostrou em relação ao exame inicial elevação da pressão parcial de gás carbônico (40 mmHg para 50,3 mm Hg) caracterizando insuficiência ventilatória aguda. Ambos foram tratados com emprego de ventilação artificial mecânica, tendo o paciente do caso 1 permanecido no ventilador durante 33 dias e o do caso 2 durante 15 dias. Ambos desenvolveram insuficiência renal aguda, necessitaram de diálise peritoneal e recuperaram a função renal. A paciente do caso 3, apesar dos sintomas e sinais de comprometimento respiratório não apresentou alterações do pH e gases arteriais. Espirometria realizada 58 horas após o acidente mostrou capacidade vital forçada (CVF) e volume espirado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) abaixo do previsto (60 e 67% respectivamente). As espirometrias realizadas nos dias subseqüentes evidenciaram melhora progressiva destes parâmetros. No 10º dia após o acidente constatou-se aumento de 20% da CVF e de 17% do VEF1 comparativamente ao exame inicial. A relação entre VEF1 e a CVF manteve-se praticamente inalterada e em valores próximos ao previsto, caracterizando distúrbio ventilatório do tipo restritivo. O comprometimento respiratório nestes pacientes foi atribuído à ação da crotoxina na musculatura respiratória desde que não se encontravam presentes outras condições etiológicas que pudessem ocasioná-lo como uremia avançada, atelectasias, infecção pulmonar, hipopotassemia, congestão e edema pulmonar agudo.

Three patients presented respiratory abnormalities following Crotalus durissus snakebite. These abnormalities appeared in the first 48 h after the snake bite and consisted of dyspnea, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles of respiration (cases 1 and 2) and flaring of the nostrils (case 2). Cases 1 and 2 developed acute respiratory failure. Case 2, 24 h after the snakebite presented difficult breathing and periods of apnea. He was intubated in the emergency room and transferred to the intensive case unit where he arrive with spontaneous breathing. His respiratory pattern worsened and measurement of arterial pH and blood gases showed metabolic and respiratory acidosis with partial carbon dioxide pressure increasing from 40 to 50,3 mmHg compatible with acute ventilatory failure. Both patients needed mechanical ventilation. Weaning from the ventilator was accomplished after 33 days in case 1 and after 15 days in case 2. Both patients also presented acute renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis with full recovery of the renal function. Measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1.0) was carried out 58 hours after the snakebite in case 3. Both FVC and FEV 1.0 were reduced in relation to the predicted values (60 and 67% respectively) but the ratio FEV 1.0/FVC was in the normal range. These findings were compatible with a restrictive pattern of ventilatory failure. Serial measurements showed progressive increase of both FVC and FEV 1.0 reaching 72 and 79% of the predicted values, respectively, in the 10 th day after the snakebite. Case 1 developed deep coma attributed to cerebral hypoxia suffered during several episodes of seizure and died of pulmonary infection 10 months after the snakebite. Cases 2 and 3 recovered completely. These respiratory abnormalities were attributed to the action of crotoxin in the respiratory muscles since the patients did not present complications such as severe uremia, atelectasis, pulmonary infection, cardiac failure and pulmonary edema that could also produce them.

Os autores obtiveram a transferência do Hepatozoon tupinambis (Laveran e Salibeni, 1909) parasita do lagarto Teiidae, Tupinambis teguixin, L., para a serpente cascavel, Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laur.), alimentando-a com mosquitos experimentalmente infectados. o parasita mantém os seus caracteres morfológicos no animal receptor, nos limites do tempo observado (cerca de 100 dias). O ofídio receptor apresentou cistos esquizogônicos do fígado.

The authors achieved a transfer of the Hepatozoon tupinambis (Laveran and Salibeni, 1909), a parasite of the Sauria: Tupinambis teguixin, L., to a rattlesnake of the species Crotalus durissus terrificus, feeding the latter with experimentally infected mosquitoes. The parasite maintained its morphological characteristics in the recepting animal throughout the whole observation period (about 100 days). Schizogonic cysts were found in the liver of the rattlesnake.