Abstract The objective of this work is to develop a prototype of a positioning system to validate the numerical models for predicting the occurrence of solid waste on the coasts. For this purpose, the design and implementation of a radiofrequency system that allows the tracing of Lagrangian buoy trajectories has been carried out. The system is composed of two types of devices: surface drifting buoys and receivers that allow the extraction of data from the buoy trajectories in real time. The buoys incorporate a GNSS receiver that records their position and communicates with LoRa technology with a transceiver located in its coverage area. This system can serve not only as a validation tool for numerical hydrodynamic models, but also represents a scalable methodology with a wide potential for use in the field of observational Oceanography.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo del prototipo de un sistema de posicionamiento que permita validar los modelos numéricos de predicción de aparición de residuos sólidos en las costas. Para ello, se ha realizado el diseño e implementación de un sistema de radiofrecuencia que permite el trazado de las trayectorias de boyas Lagrangianas. El sistema se compone de dos tipos de dispositivos: boyas de deriva superficial y receptores que permitan la extracción de los datos de las trayectorias de las boyas en tiempo real. Las boyas incorporan un receptor GNSS que registra su posición y se comunican con tecnología LoRa con un transceptor que se encuentre en su área de cobertura. Este sistema puede servir no sólo como herramienta de validación de modelos hidrodinámicos numéricos, también representa una metodología escalable, con amplio potencial de uso en el campo de la Oceanografía observacional.

Abstract The study of benthic meiofauna has been undertaken in Latin America since the beginning of the 20th century, recently gaining attention due to its recognized role on the ecological functioning of meiofauna assemblages. Bibliometric data provide information regarding research results, explain the degree to which a subject has advanced, and identify its major strengths and weaknesses. In Latin American countries, this type of review is scarce for meiofauna communities. This study analyzes knowledge of marine meiofauna by focusing on the documents Latin American authors published from 1990 to 2021. Documents from three bibliographic databases were analyzed to obtain the most relevant bibliometric indicators. Moreover, the interrelationships between authors, countries, and concepts were analyzed using science mapping techniques. Latin American research on marine meiofauna has increased since the 1990s, producing a total of 399 documents over three decades by almost 1,000 authors. Brazil produced the majority of these documents (predominantly published by Brazilian authors and institutions). The number of documents by country was associated with five development indicators. Their main sources and keywords indicate that ecology, oceanography, and biogeography were the main addressed topics, especially on deep marine environments. Most productive authors were clustered into main research groups with varying degrees of links. We conclude that research efforts on marine meiofauna are gaining importance despite the small number of documents by a relatively low number of research groups. We found a high centralization of documents by countries and a relation with four indicators, such as country size and research spending. Greater regional collaboration could further expand the knowledge of marine meiofauna in Latin America. th century assemblages results advanced weaknesses communities 199 2021 indicators Moreover techniques 1990s s 39 1000 1 000 1,00 predominantly institutions. institutions . institutions) ecology oceanography topics environments links spending 19 202 3 100 00 1,0 20 10 0 1, 2

Abstract It is known that several animals are sensitive to magnetic fields. Magnetoreception in animals is the ability to sense the geomagnetic field of the Earth and to use their vectorial properties for navigation and terrestrial location. Animals can also show magneto-sensitivity, unrelated to navigation and show changes in behavior during the application of magnetic fields. The aim of the present study was to analyze the behavior of the shrimp Litopennaeus vannamei under the presence of artificial magnetic fields of different intensities under laboratory conditions. Shrimps were chosen because of their economic importance and because they have been neglected in the study of magneto-sensitivity in animals. The laboratory experiments were performed with the use of a pair of circular coils and four aquariums (three treatments and a control, with 20 shrimps each). Our results show for the first time that L. vannamei shrimps are magneto-sensitive, showing a preference to swim against the magnetic field lines direction as is done by magnetotactic bacteria from the Southern Hemisphere. Also, it was observed that the shrimps remain still after the application of magnetic field intensities from 44 to 237 µT, which could be useful for maintaining shrimps in their captive areas. location magnetosensitivity, magnetosensitivity magneto sensitivity, sensitivity conditions three control 2 each. each . each) L magnetosensitive, magnetosensitive sensitive, magneto-sensitive Hemisphere Also 4 23 µT areas

Abstract: The best dimension of spatial scale (quadrant dimension) and images resolution (1 and 4 km) were evaluated, with respect to frequency and permanence of oceanic thermal fronts that characterize seasonal and interannual variability of the California Current System during 2006-2010, from the analysis of daily images of sea surface temperature (1 km Ultra High-Resolution Multi-Scale and Advance Very High-Resolution Radiometer resolution of 4 km pixel resolution). Fronts identification was performed using Single Edge Detection (SIED) algorithm and to identify the best distribution in the area different quadrant dimensions were compared (0.5°, 1.0° and 2.0° geographical latitude and longitude). 1.0° quadrant turned out to be the most suitable because it presented a lower dispersion of front frequency and a greater number of observations. Together with high-resolution images (1 km) they allowed to detect a greater number of mesoscale structures, which identifies seasonal and year-to-year variability of ocean dynamics in California Current southern portion.

Resumen: Se evaluó la mejor dimensión de la escala espacial (dimensión de cuadrantes) y resolución espacial de imágenes (1 y 4 km), con respecto a la frecuencia y permanencia de frentes oceánicos de temperatura que caracterizan la variabilidad estacional e interanual en la región sur del Sistema de la Corriente de California durante 2006-2010, a partir del análisis de imágenes diarias de temperatura superficial del mar (“Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution” de 1 km y “Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer” de 4 km de resolución de píxel). La identificación de los frentes oceánicos de temperatura se realizó mediante el algoritmo de detección de borde (SIED, por sus siglas en inglés). Para identificar la mejor distribución de los frentes se compararon diferentes dimensiones de cuadrantes (0,5°, 1,0° y 2,0° latitud y longitud geográfica). El cuadrante de 1,0° resultó ser el más adecuado por presentar una menor dispersión de la frecuencia de frentes y un mayor número de observaciones, aunado a las imágenes de alta resolución (1 km) que permitieron detectar un mayor número de estructuras de mesoescala de la variabilidad estacional e interanual de la dinámica oceánica de la porción sur de la Corriente de California.

ABSTRACT Background. The euphotic zone (EUZ) is the most superficial section of the water column where solar radiation is sufficient to produce photosynthesis. In situ depth is measured using light profiler probes but can also be monitored using remote sensing. Objective. To determine the temporal and spatial variability of Bahía de Banderas Euphotic Zone (EUZ) and its relationship with other variables that contribute to turbidity. Methods. Different data sources (OceanColor, Copernicus, NOAA, CONAGUA) were used to obtain time series (2003 to 2020) of particulate inorganic matter (PIM), Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd490), depth of the Secchi disk (ZSD), ZEU, daily precipitation and water level of the Ameca and Pitillal rivers and a correlation analysis was made between these variables, and a cluster analysis to determine if there are spatial differences in the bay, as well as scatter plots to observe trends among environmental parameters. Two seasonal maps (rainy and dry season) were drawn based on the climatic medians of ZEU and the prevailing geostrophic currents. Results. The euphotic zone (EUZ) was deeper from June to August (48.54 ± 21.93 m) and shallower from February to April (22.95 ± 12.98 m); the cluster analysis determined that the bay is divided into two areas: the north, whose ZEU is shallower (higher correlation with MIP and Chl-a), and the south, where it is deeper (higher correlation with Chl-a). Conclusions. The parameter that has the greatest effect on the depth of the ZEU is the Chl-a, and only the area closest to the mouth of the Ameca and Pitillal rivers presents an inverse relationship between the ZEU with the MIP and the Chl-a.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La zona eufótica (ZEU) es la sección más superficial de la columna de agua donde la radiación solar es suficiente para producir fotosíntesis. La profundidad in situ se mide usando sondas perfiladoras de la luz, pero también se puede monitorear utilizando percepción remota. Objetivo. Determinar la variabilidad temporal y espacial de la zona eufótica (ZEU) de Bahía de Banderas y su relación con otras variables que contribuyen a la turbidez. Métodos. Se utilizaron distintas fuentes de datos (OceanColor, Copernicus, NOAA, CONAGUA), para obtener series de tiempo (2003 al 2020) de materia inorgánica particulada (MIP), Clorofila-a (Chl-a), coeficiente de atenuación difusa a 490 nm (Kd490), profundidad del disco de Secchi (ZSD), ZEU, precipitación diaria y nivel hídrico de los ríos Ameca y Pitillal, se hizo un análisis de correlación entre estas variables. A partir de lo anterior, se realizó un análisis de conglomerados para determinar si existen diferencias espaciales en la bahía, así como diagramas de dispersión para observar las tendencias entre los parámetros ambientales. Se realizaron dos mapas estacionales (lluvias y secas) con base a las medianas climáticas de ZEU y a las corrientes geostróficas predominantes. Resultados. La profundidad de la zona eufótica (ZEU) fue mayor de junio a agosto (48.54 ± 21.93 m) y menor de febrero a abril (22.95 ± 12.98 m); el análisis de conglomerado determinó que la bahía se divide en dos áreas: la norte cuya ZEU es más somera (mayor correlación con la MIP y Chl-a), y la sur, donde es más profunda (mayor correlación con la Chl-a). Conclusiones. El parámetro que tiene mayor efecto sobre la profundidad de la ZEU es la Chl-a, y solamente el área más cercana a la desembocadura de los ríos Ameca y Pitillal presenta relación inversa entre la ZEU con la MIP y la Chl-a.

Resumen Introducción: Las “conchas lámpara” o braquiópodos tienen un rico registro fósil, pero hoy solo viven unas 400 especies. Su diversidad en el Pacífico Oriental es poco conocida y solo se concen ocho especies del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Registrar los especímenes de Costa Rica y proporcionar un mapa de distribución en la costa del Pacífico. Métodos: Revisamos las colecciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica (MZ-UCR) y la Institución Scripps de Oceanografía. Resultados: Encontramos 22 registros en MZ-UCR y 10 en Scripps, ambos incluyen especímenes no identificados, así como Glottidia audebarti y Discradisca strigata, que frecuentemente se recolectan intermarealmente. Conclusión: El estudio de los braquiópodos vivos del Pacífico oriental se encuentra en una etapa temprana; los estudios ecológicos podrían centrarse en las especies intermareales, de más fácil acceso.

Abstract Introduction: Lamp shells or brachiopods have a rich fossil record but only about 400 extant species. Their diversity on the Eastern Pacific is poorly known and only eight species are reported for the Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: To list the specimens from Costa Rica and provide a distribution map along its Pacific coast. Methods: We checked collections at the University of Costa Rica (MZ-UCR) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Results: We found 22 records at MZ-UCR and 10 at Scripps, both include unidentified specimens, as well as Glottidia audebarti and Discradisca strigata, which are frequently collected intertidally. Conclusion: The study of Eastern Pacific living brachiopods is at an early stage; ecological studies could focus on the more easily accessed intertidal species.

Abstract The Gulf of California is known for its high productivity, diversity, and unique oceanography. Based on old and recent contributions, we estimate a richness of 160 copepod species in this province. This work seeks to identify latitudinal and seasonal patterns of the copepod composition, abundance, and diversity in the Gulf of California during 1985. Differences between four zones of the gulf (NGC, CGC, SGC, EGC) and between the cold and warm seasons were hypothesized, based on taxonomic and ecological data. Samples were collected during the CORTES cruises (1985), which also measured salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen at each station. We analyzed the latitudinal and seasonal variation of the copepod community with multivariate analyses (NMDS-PCA) and correlated these with the environmental data (CCA). Seventy-nine copepod species were identified, averaging 265,649 and 98,885 ind/10 m3 in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Only 53 of these occurred in both seasons, indicating seasonal change in species composition. Composition and diversity varied latitudinally in the cold season (P < 0.05 in all comparisons but CGC vs. SGC), but not in the warm season (except NGC vs. the rest of the gulf). There was seasonal change in the composition and the abundance (P < 0.005 cold vs. warm season). Richness and diversity were negatively correlated with salinity (decreasing from the north of the gulf); the abundance and composition were mainly affected by the shift in temperature. These patterns also match the phytoplankton abundance and size structure in the gulf, probably the main factors affecting copepod distribution. productivity oceanography contributions 16 province 1985 NGC, (NGC SGC EGC hypothesized 1985, , (1985) temperature station NMDSPCA NMDS PCA (NMDS-PCA CCA. CCA . (CCA) Seventynine Seventy nine identified 265649 265 649 265,64 98885 98 885 98,88 ind10 ind 10 ind/1 m respectively 5 P 005 0 05 0.0 vs SGC) except gulf. gulf) 0005 0.00 season. season) decreasing distribution 1 198 (1985 (CCA 26564 26 64 265,6 9888 9 88 98,8 ind1 ind/ 00 0. 000 19 (198 2656 2 6 265, 988 8 98, (19 (1 (

Abstract Continental margins usually have a high degree of environmental heterogeneity, which, in turn, promotes high benthic biodiversity. The South-Southeast regions concentrate the most well-mapped areas of the Brazilian continental margin regarding seafloor geomorphology and physical oceanography. However, the structure of the soft-sediment benthic fauna of the continental slope is still unknown. Characterization and understanding of the Brazilian continental slope biota are imperative since human activities are increasing in the last decades, especially after the discovery of the pre-salt reservoir in Santos Basin. In this study, we aimed to establish a baseline of the spatial distribution of the benthic macrofaunal communities regarding their latitudinal and bathymetric patterns in the Santos Basin to support future environmental monitoring activities in the region. As part of the Santos Project – The Santos Basin Regional Environmental Characterization (PCR-BS) – coordinated by CENPES/PETROBRAS, a benthic oceanographic cruise was carried out in 2019. Sediment samples were collected using a GOMEX-type box corer in 47 stations distributed in eight transects (400– 2,400 m depth range). In total, 12 additional stations (1,300–2,200 m) were defined to cover an area where oil and gas are exploited. Our results showed that macrofaunal assemblages of the Santos Basin present strong depth zonation related to changes in organic matter input, as well as to temperature, carbonate, and grain size. At local scale, the northern sector stood out for having a higher abundance of macrofauna in the upper slope (400 m) and it probably reflects the oceanographic processes and the organic enrichment caused by the upwelling events that occur at Cabo Frio region. The zonation pattern and the dominance of some polychaete, peracarid crustacean, and bivalve families were similar to other SE Brazilian continental margins. heterogeneity which turn biodiversity SouthSoutheast South Southeast wellmapped mapped oceanography However softsediment soft sediment unknown decades presalt pre salt study region PCRBS PCR BS (PCR-BS CENPESPETROBRAS CENPES PETROBRAS CENPES/PETROBRAS 2019 GOMEXtype GOMEX type 4 400– 400 2400 2 2,40 range. range . range) total 1 1,300–2,200 13002200 300 200 (1,300–2,20 exploited input temperature carbonate size scale (40 polychaete crustacean 201 40 240 2,4 1,300–2,20 1300220 30 20 (1,300–2,2 (4 24 2, 1,300–2,2 130022 3 (1,300–2, ( 1,300–2, 13002 (1,300–2 1,300–2 1300 (1,300– 1,300– 130 (1,300 1,300 13 (1,30 1,30 (1,3 1,3 (1, 1, (1

Abstract Integrating intricate environmental data within a unified analytical framework for extensive conservation and monitoring initiatives encounters several challenges. These challenges encompass defining a conceptual model outlining cause-and-effect relationships, addressing dissimilarities in data source quantity and information content, grappling with missing or noisy data, fine-tuning model optimization, achieving accurate predictions, and tackling the issue of imbalanced observations across factors. In the context of the Santos project, dedicated to comprehending the spatio-temporal dynamics of benthic, pelagic, and physical systems for the facilitation of conservation and monitoring programs, the application of machine learning’s random forest (RF) technique for modeling univariate data offers notable advantages. This approach adeptly handles non-linearity, covariation, and interactive effects among predictors. For modeling multivariate data sets, a hybrid strategy combining a self-organizing map (SOM) and RF is harnessed to effectively tackle the challenges. Addressing missing values, the bagging imputation technique demonstrated superior performance compared to other methods. Both machine learning techniques discussed herein exhibit resilience against the impact of noisy data, yet the identification of noisy data remains feasible based on model outputs. In scenarios of imbalanced data sets, we investigate the correlation between the RF model’s overall statistics and those of individual classes. The joint interpretation of these statistics aids in comprehending model limitations and facilitates discussions on the environmental mechanisms shaping observed patterns. We propose two analytical workflows that not only enable the exploration and enhancement of model accuracy but also facilitate the investigation of potential cause-and-effect relationships inherent in the data. Furthermore, these workflows lay the foundation for implementing long-term learning algorithms, a pivotal increment for monitoring initiatives. Notably, these workflows, alongside the discussed analytical challenges, can be seamlessly implemented within iMESc, an open-source application. causeandeffect cause effect content finetuning fine tuning optimization predictions factors project spatiotemporal spatio temporal benthic pelagic programs learnings s (RF advantages nonlinearity, nonlinearity non linearity, linearity non-linearity covariation predictors sets selforganizing self organizing SOM (SOM values methods outputs models classes patterns Furthermore longterm long term algorithms Notably iMESc opensource open

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar, desde una perspectiva de la Oceanografía Socioambiental, la producción de pescadores artesanales por parte de un grupo de profesionales que movilizó conocimientos y verdades para la creación de legislación pesquera en el estero Laguna de Patos (Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil). Como resultado, es posible observar una formación discursiva estructurada por ejes paradigmáticos clásicos de la oceanografía que operan en el sentido de estereotipar a los pescadores artesanales e incidir en la creación de políticas públicas. analizar Socioambiental Rio Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) resultado públicas

Abstract The aim of the present article is to analyze, from a Socio-Environmental Oceanography perspective, the production of artisanal fishermen by a group of professionals who mobilized knowledge and truths to create the fishery legislation for Lagoa dos Patos estuary (Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil). Results have shown a discursive formation structured by CO’s paradigmatic axes, which operate in the sense of stereotyping artisanal fishermen and of influencing the creation of public policies. analyze SocioEnvironmental Socio Environmental perspective Rio Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) COs CO s axes policies

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar, em uma perspectiva da Oceanografia Socioambiental, a produção do pescador artesanal por um grupo de profissionais que mobilizaram conhecimentos e verdades para a criação de uma legislação de pesca no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (RS). Como resultado, observa-se uma formação discursiva estruturada por eixos paradigmáticos clássicos da oceanografia que operam no sentido de estereotipificar os pescadores artesanais e influenciam a criação de políticas públicas. analisar Socioambiental RS. RS . (RS) resultado observase observa se públicas (RS

Abstract The Antarctic region has experienced recent climate and environmental variations due to climate change, such as ice sheets and ice shelves loss, and changes in the production, extension, and thickness of sea-ice. These processes mainly affect the freshwater supply to the Southern Ocean and its water masses formation and export, being crucial to changes in the global climate. Here, we review the influence of the glacial freshwater input on the Antarctic Peninsula adjacent ocean. We highlight each climate process’ relevance on freshwater contribution to the sea and present a current overview of how these processes are being addressed and studied. The increase of freshwater input into the ocean carries several implications on climate, regionally and globally. Due to glacier melting, the intrusion of colder and lighter water into the ocean increases the stratification of the water column, influencing the sea-ice increase and reducing ocean-atmosphere exchanges, affecting the global water cycle. This study shows the role of each hydrological cycle processes and their contributions to the regional oceanography and potentially to climate.

Abstract The formation of dense water masses at polar regions has been largely influenced by climate changes arising from global warming. In this context, based on ensemble simulations with a coupled model we evaluate the meridional shift of a climate signal (i.e., a cold and fresh water input pulse generated from melting of positive Antarctic sea ice (ASI) extremes) towards the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO). This oceanic signal propagated from Southern Ocean towards the equator through the upper layers due to an increase in its buoyance. Its northward shift has given by the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) flows, that inject cold and fresh mode/intermediate waters from into subtropical basin. The signal has reached low latitudes through the equatorial upwelling and spreads out southwards, through the upper branch of southern subtropical gyre. We concluded that 10 years of coupled simulations was enough time to propagate the climate signal generated by ASI positive extremes melting, which reached TOA around 2 year later. The oceanic connection between Southern Ocean and TAO is indeed established within the timescale analyzed in the study (10 years). Nonetheless, the period needed to completely dissipate the disturbance generated from ASI seems to be longer.

Abstract The Brazil Current (BC) is a western boundary current, with an average vertical extension of 500 m, which occupies the southwestern margin of Atlantic Ocean. Recently, the South Brazil Bight - SBB (23º S - 28º S) has been intensively explored by the oil and gas industries, which brought a high demand in operational oceanography and ocean state monitoring. In this study we present a new technique based on the vertical dynamic modes of oscillation, to extrapolate velocity profiles in the SBB, with potential applications to data acquired by Vessel Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (VMADCP). Using four quasi-synoptic crosssectional velocity data, acquired by Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (LADCP), we observed that the mean circulation of this region can be characterized as a 2-dynamical mode system. This mean circulation is mainly dominated at surface by the BC and at intermediate levels by the Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC), which flows northward. Furthermore, observed mesoscale vortical features in the SBB, such as eddies and meanders, are shown to be primarily barotropic-mode dominated. In our extrapolation methodology, the use of an independent set of velocity time series obtained by four moorings has shown to be a valid way for obtaining the relative contribution of each dynamical mode in the velocity field in the SBB. Normalized mean squared errors below 10% and radar diagrams show that the presented methodology was able to reproduce the main dynamic features observed by LADCP transects. Also, with this technique, we extrapolated three VMADCP sections and the results agreed with previous observations. (BC current 50 m Ocean Recently 23º º industries monitoring oscillation VMADCP. . (VMADCP) quasisynoptic quasi synoptic LADCP, , (LADCP) 2dynamical 2 system IWBC, IWBC (IWBC) northward Furthermore meanders barotropicmode barotropic 10 transects Also observations 5 (VMADCP (LADCP (IWBC 1

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de generar insumos para el manejo del Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo, la Dirección Territorial Pacífico de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, inició en 2006 un monitoreo de condiciones oceanográficas en el área. En la actualidad este monitoreo cuenta con una malla de muestreo de solo seis estaciones ubicadas a 0,93 km (0,5 millas náuticas) y 1,85 km (1 milla náutica) desde la isla, por lo que es poco eficiente debido a la reducida distancia entre estaciones e insuficiente dada la gran extensión del Santuario. Por lo tanto, se diseñó una malla de muestreo con base en datos de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) tomados in situ, derivados del sensor remoto MODIS-Aqua. Se analizó la estructura de autocorrelación espacial a través de una función de semivarianza. La decisión para elegir la mejor malla de muestreo entre los diferentes tamaños, fue basada en la disimilitud entre estaciones asociada al modelo de semivarianza, en la varianza del error de predicción, en el patrón de corrientes marinas predominante durante el ciclo anual, y en aspectos logísticos relacionados con las limitantes de desplazamiento de las embarcaciones que realizan los monitoreos oceanográficos en el SFF Malpelo. Como resultado de considerar estas variables, se obtuvo una malla de muestreo con estaciones cada 7,41 km (4 millas náuticas) compuesta por ocho estaciones nuevas y las seis de la malla de muestreo histórica.

ABSTRACT In order to generate inputs for the management of the Sanctuary, the Pacific Territorial Directorate of National Natural Parks began in 2006 a monitoring of oceanographic conditions in the area. Currently, this monitoring has a sampling network of only six stations located 0.93 km (0.5 nm) and 1.85 km (1 nm) from the island, so it is not efficient due to the reduced distance between stations, and insufficient given the large extension of the Sanctuary. Therefore, a sampling network was designed based on Sea Surface Temperature (TSM) data taken in situ and derived from the Modis-Aqua remote sensor. The spatial autocorrelation structure was analyzed through a semi-variance function. The decision to choose the best sampling network among the different sizes was based on the dissimilarity between stations associated with the semi-variance model, on the variance of the prediction error, on the predominant pattern of marine currents during the annual cycle, and on aspects logistics related to the movement limitations of the vessels that carry out oceanographic monitoring in the SFF Malpelo. As a result of considering these variables, a sampling network was obtained with stations every 7.41 km (4 nm) , composed of eight new stations and six of the historical sampling network.