This work aimed to incorporate the active compounds of the jambolan leaf in sunflower seed oil, in order to increase the nutritional quality of the oil. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction was conducted to establish the process conditions related to temperature, potency, solvent:sample ratio and time to obtain the enriched sunflower seed oil (ESSO). An experimental design was applied to examine the effect of variables (temperature, power, solvent:sample ratio and time) on the extraction mass yield (EMY). The application of maximum temperature, increased power, sample:solvent ratio and time resulted in higher EMY. Maximum theoretical EMY value was 35.16% (60 °C, 100%, 1:12 g mL-1 and 15 min). The characterization of the oils obtained from ESSO and sunflower seed oil (SSO) verified a higher content of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, a large proportion of active compounds, antioxidant activity, content of phytosterols, α-tocopherol and squalene, and induction time for ESSO. purpose ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted temperature potency solventsample solvent sample . (ESSO) (temperature power (EMY) samplesolvent 3516 35 16 35.16 60 (6 C °C 100 100% 112 1 12 1:1 mL1 mL mL- min. min min) SSO (SSO flavonoids activity phytosterols αtocopherol α tocopherol squalene (ESSO (EMY 351 3 35.1 6 ( 10 11 1: 35.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumo Introdução: O processo de desnutrição-inflamação é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em pacientes com DRC, influenciando a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o estado inflamatório e nutricional de idosos em hemodiálise (HD) e sua associação com qualidade de vida. Métodos: Estudo realizado em serviços de saúde de três cidades diferentes. O Escore de Desnutrição-Inflamação (MIS, por sua sigla em inglês) foi utilizado para avaliar estado inflamatório e nutricional, com medidas antropométricas, estado proteico, massa magra e funcionalidade. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada com KDQOL-SFTM. Os dados foram analisados utilizando análise multivariada e modelo de Poisson para avaliar fatores que aumentaram o risco de desenvolver desnutrição e inflamação. Resultados: O MIS identificou prevalência de 52,2% de desnutrição e inflamação na população. Na análise univariada, a maioria dos domínios do KDQOL-SFTM apresentou escores maiores para idosos nutridos. Medidas antropométricas associadas à massa muscular e funcionalidade foram menores em idosos desnutridos. A modelagem multivariada revelou maior risco nutricional de 50,6% para mulheres e idosos pois o risco de desnutrição aumentou em 2,4% para cada ano adicional de vida e em 0,4% para cada mês adicional de HD. Maior circunferência muscular do braço (CMB) e maior albumina sérica foram fatores de redução da desnutrição em 4,6% e 34,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: Demonstrou-se que albumina sérica mais elevada e CMB preservada são bons indicadores de melhor estado nutricional. Maior MIS foi associado a pior qualidade de vida, idade mais avançada, menor renda e escolaridade, maior tempo em diálise e presença de comorbidades. Introdução desnutriçãoinflamação DRC HD (HD Métodos diferentes DesnutriçãoInflamação Desnutrição Inflamação MIS, (MIS inglês proteico KDQOLSFTM. KDQOLSFTM KDQOL SFTM. SFTM Resultados 522 52 2 52,2 população univariada nutridos desnutridos 506 50 6 50,6 24 4 2,4 04 0 0,4 (CMB 46 4,6 347 34 7 34,7% respectivamente Conclusão Demonstrouse Demonstrou se avançada escolaridade comorbidades 5 52, 50, 2, 0, 4, 3 34,7 34,

Abstract Introduction: The malnutrition-inflammation process is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), influencing quality of life. The aim of this study was to identify the inflammatory and nutritional status of elderly hemodialysis (HD) and its association with quality of life. Methods: This study was carried out in health services in three different cities. The Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) was used to assess the inflammatory and nutritional status, with anthropometric measurements, protein status, lean mass and function. The quality of life was assessed using KDQOL-SFTM. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis and the Poisson model to evaluate the factors that increased the risk of developing malnutrition and inflammation. Results: The MIS identified a 52.2% prevalence of malnutrition and inflammation in the population. In univariate analysis, most KDQOL-SFTM domains presented higher scores for nourished elderly. Anthropometric measures associated with muscle mass and functionality were lower in the malnourished elderly. Multivariate modeling revealed a higher nutritional risk of 50.6% for women and older age, since with each additional year of life the risk of malnutrition increased by 2.4% and by 0.4% with each additional month on HD. Greater arm muscle circumference (AMC) and higher serum albumin were factors for reducing malnutrition by 4.6% and 34.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Higher serum albumin and preserved AMC have been shown to be good indicators of better nutritional status. Higher MIS was associated with poorer quality of life, older age, lower income and education, longer time on dialysis, and presence of comorbidities. Introduction malnutritioninflammation CKD, CKD , (CKD) HD (HD Methods cities MalnutritionInflammation Malnutrition Inflammation (MIS measurements function KDQOLSFTM. KDQOLSFTM KDQOL SFTM. SFTM Results 522 52 2 52.2 population 506 50 6 50.6 age 24 4 2.4 04 0 0.4 (AMC 46 4.6 347 34 7 34.7% respectively Conclusion education dialysis comorbidities (CKD 5 52. 50. 2. 0. 4. 3 34.7 34.

ABSTRACT Whey is a residue from the cheese industry whose use as a raw material in human food formulations has been studied, mainly due to its nutritional composition and the negative impact it has on the environment when discarded. The objective of the present investigation was to obtain a dairy dessert from whey proteins. The numerical optimization method was used through an I-Optimal response surface. The selected factors were: protein (cottage cheese), xanthan gum, starch and system water, the variations were subject to the maximum allowable of these components for the mixture. The variables appearance, texture, general acceptance and stability. The sensory characterization of the dessert was carried out with five tasters from the Science Department of the Food Industry Research Institute, who generated the descriptors using the controlled association method. The selected formulation presented a protein content (cottage cheese) of 33.21%; 0.158% xanthan gum, 4.43 starch, 46% water and 16.2% sugar. The sensory evaluation allowed to establish the descriptors, color, homogeneity, strawberry smell, milky note in the smell, strawberry flavor, milky flavor, sweet flavor, acid flavor, consistency and creaminess. The overall impression for the quality turned out to be excellent.

RESUMEN El lactosuero es un residuo de la industria quesera cuyo aprovechamiento como materia prima en formulaciones alimentarias para humanos ha sido estudiado, principalmente por su composición nutricional y por el impacto negativo que tiene sobre el medio ambiente cuando se desecha. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue obtener un postre lácteo a partir de proteínas del lactosuero. Se utilizó el método de optimización numérica a través de una superficie respuesta I-Óptimo. Los factores seleccionados fueron: proteína (requesón), goma xantana, almidón y agua del sistema, las variaciones estuvieron sujetas al máximo permisible de estos componentes para la mezcla. Se evaluaron las variables: apariencia, textura, aceptación general y estabilidad. La caracterización sensorial del postre se realizó con cinco catadores de la Dirección de Ciencias del Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia, quienes generaron los descriptores mediante el método de asociación controlada. La formulación seleccionada presentó un contenido de proteína (requesón) de 33,21 %; 0,158 % de goma xantana, 4,43 de almidón, 46 % de agua y 16,2 % de azúcar. La evaluación sensorial permitió establecer los descriptores, color, homogeneidad, olor a fresa, nota láctea en el olor, sabor a fresa, sabor lácteo, sabor dulce, sabor ácido, consistencia y cremosidad. La impresión general para la calidad resultó ser excelente.

Introduction: Malnutrition is an inpatient complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality, modifiable by improving nutritional intake. For this, it is essential to know the patient's satisfaction regarding intra-hospital feeding. Currently there is no validated and adapted tool for the Chilean population to evaluate this area. Aim: to develop a cross-cultural adaptation of the validated ACHFPSQ questionnaire, which has shown to be capable of identifying aspects to improve in the quality and planning of intrahospital feeding and applying corrective measures based on its observations with a positive impact on the food service. Materials and methods: The methodology of this process, applied in an internal forum between the authors, was based on a series of translations from the original language and reverse into Chilean Spanish that were unified in a consensus instrument with which a pilot test was carried out in 30 patients. After this test, the respondents’ suggestions were collected to apply modifications and a quality control for cross-cultural adaptations to define the final version of the instrument. Results: the authors’ forum evaluated the translations positively, having to apply a single explanatory modification to the instrument. In the pilot test, 93% required assistance to complete the survey. Only two respondents made suggestions, with no impact on the final instrument. Discussion and conclusion: the questionnaire becomes a new tool available to evaluate service quality standards and other nutritional indicators, allowing to objectify the impact of possible changes in food services.

Resumen Introducción: La malnutrición es una complicación hospitalaria asociada a mayor morbimortalidad, modi- ficable al mejorar la ingesta nutricional. Para esto es fundamental conocer la satisfacción del paciente sobre la alimentación intrahospitalaria. Actualmente, no existe una herramienta validada y adaptada a población chilena para evaluar dicha esfera. Objetivo: elaborar una adaptación transcultural del cuestionario validado ACHFPSQ, que ha demostrado ser capaz de identificar aspectos a mejorar en calidad y planificación de la alimentación intrahospitalaria y aplicar medidas correctivas a partir de sus observaciones con un impacto positivo en el servicio de alimentación. Materiales y métodos: La metodología de este proceso, aplicada en un foro interno entre los autores, se basó en una serie de traducciones desde el idioma original e inversas al español de Chile que fueron unificadas en un instrumento consenso con el cual se realizó una prueba piloto en 30 pacientes. Tras dicha prueba, se recogieron las sugerencias de los encuestados para aplicar modificaciones y un control de calidad de adaptaciones transculturales para definir la versión final del instrumento. Resultados: el foro de autores evaluó positivamente las traducciones, debiendo realizar una sola modificación aclarativa al instrumento. En la prueba piloto, un 93% requirió asistencia para completar la encuesta. Solo dos encuestados hicieron sugerencias, sin impacto en el instrumento final. Discusión y conclusión: el cuestionario se convierte en una nueva herramienta disponible para evaluar estándares de calidad de servicio y otros indicadores nutricionales, permitiendo objetivar el impacto de posibles cambios en los servicios de alimentación.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) accumulation by component, yield, and nutritional composition of forage of four corn hybrids harvested at 121, 128, 135 and 142 d after sowing. In each harvest, five plants were randomly taken and separated into their components (stem, leaves, grain, cob, bracts, and tassel) and DM was determined; chemical composition and in-situ digestibility were analyzed in a composite sample of a whole plant. The accumulation of grain in the total DM increased from 35.8 to 43.9 % from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively, and diluted the other components, especially the proportion of stem and leaves, which decreased inversely proportional to the accumulation of grain. Total DM content differed between hybrids, from 3.8 and up to 8.3 percentage units on the same days to harvest. Nonetheless, the hybrid did not affect DM yield or grain production, increasing by 2.1 and 1.4 t ha-1 between harvests, respectively. NDF content decreased and starch increased (both linearly), affecting net energy for lactation, which increased from 1.49 to 1.56 Mcal kg-1 from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively. The interaction between days to harvest and hybrid affected starch content, which was 5.2 units higher in a hybrid with similar NFC and NDF content than its counterparts. DM, NDF and starch digestibilities were affected by the hybrid, but not by the days to harvest.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca (MS) por componente, rendimiento y composición nutricional del forraje de cuatro híbridos de maíz cosechados a 121, 128, 135 y 142 días después de la siembra. En cada cosecha, se tomaron al azar cinco plantas y se separaron en sus componentes (tallo, hojas, grano, olote, brácteas y espiga) y se determinó la MS; en una muestra compuesta de planta completa se analizó la composición química y digestibilidad in situ. La acumulación de grano en la MS total se incrementó de 35.8 a 43.9 % de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente, y diluyó a los demás componentes, sobre todo la proporción de tallo y de hojas, que decrecieron inversamente proporcional a la acumulación de grano. El contenido de MS total difirió entre híbridos de 3.8 y hasta 8.3 unidades porcentuales a mismos días a cosecha. Sin embargo, el híbrido no afectó el rendimiento de MS ni la producción de grano incrementándose 2.1 y 1.4 t ha-1 entre cosecha, respectivamente. El contenido de FDN disminuyó y el almidón se incrementó (ambos linealmente), afectando la energía neta de lactancia que aumentó de 1.49 a 1.56 Mcal kg-1 de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente. La interacción entre días a cosecha e híbrido afectó el contenido de almidón, el cual fue 5.2 unidades superior en un híbrido con similar contenido de CNF y FDN que sus contrapartes. Las digestibilidades de la MS, de la FDN y del almidón fueron afectadas por el híbrido, pero no por los días a cosecha.

Abstract Scaptotrigona mexicana honey is characterized by its nutritional and antioxidant properties, but it has a high moisture content that affects its stability during storage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties by UV-Visible spectroscopy, profile of phenolic compounds by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and fatty acids and volatile compounds by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, minerals by microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, from honey stored in different containers that, along with traditional methods, are commonly used to increase its stability. Most physicochemical and antioxidant properties were not significantly different from those of freshly harvested honey. The results suggest that the packaging with an exhaust check valve has a significant effect on the decrease in moisture content and water activity, but not on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties for at least 2 yr of storage. These results suggest that the type of container should be considered when storing honey as it significantly (P<0.05) affects its properties and quality.

Resumen La miel de Scaptotrigona mexicana se caracteriza por sus propiedades nutricionales y antioxidantes, pero tiene un alto contenido de humedad que afecta su estabilidad durante el almacenamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes mediante espectroscopía UV-Visible, perfil de compuestos fenólicos por cromatografía líquida de ultra alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de masas y ácidos grasos y compuestos volátiles mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, minerales por espectroscopía de emisión atómica de plasma de microondas, a partir de miel almacenada en diferentes recipientes que, junto con los métodos tradicionales, se utilizan comúnmente para aumentar su estabilidad. La mayoría de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes no fueron significativamente diferentes de las de la miel recién cosechada. Los resultados sugieren que el envase con válvula de retención de escape tiene un efecto significativo en la disminución del contenido de humedad y la actividad del agua, pero no en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes durante al menos 2 años de almacenamiento. Estos resultados sugieren que el tipo de recipiente debe considerarse al momento de almacenar la miel, ya que afecta significativamente (P<0.05) sus propiedades y calidad.

ABSTRACT Due to the smaller size of berries plants and some vegetables, their production in containers has grown worldwide. To understand the effect of increasing doses of ammoniacal N, we evaluated production, firmness and size of fruits and concentration of macronutrients in leaves of four blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars (Duke, Legacy, Cargo, and Suziblue) in south central Chile. All were grown in pots with substrate during their third growing season. The results showed an interaction of ammoniacal N dose with blueberry cultivar in most of the parameters evaluated, except for firmness and size of fruits. The increasing dose of ammoniacal N allowed higher production per plant in only two of the four cultivars without effects on the quality attributes firmness and size of fruits. Differences in production per plant and fruit firmness were obtained between cultivars, with production values per plant between 86-210, 142-219, 195-203, and 504-979 g in ʻDukeʼ, ʻLegacyʼ, ʻCargoʼ, and ʻSuziblueʼ, respectively, and greater fruit firmness in ʻSuziblueʼ. The concentrations of macronutrients in leaves showed interactions between cultivar and doses of ammoniacal N, which did not allow obtaining a single dose of ammoniacal N that generate nutritional concentration values in leaves associated with greater fruit production in the four blueberry cultivars.

ABSTRACT Increasing paddy consumption can be done through efforts to increase yields by improving production technology, one of which is using organic nano silica fertilizer. Food biofortification efforts in paddy are also considered a solution for improving nutrition to help improve community nutrition. This research aims to determine the colour cultivar and dosage of nano silica organic fertilizer and the interaction between the two, which provide high growth and production and determine the nutritional quality of functional paddy. Functional paddy planting occurred in Manakku Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, from May to August 2023. The research was arranged in a separate plot design with the main plot varying doses (kg ha-1) of nano silica organic fertilizer consisting of control (d0), 500 (d1), 1000 (d2), and 1500 (d3), as well as subplots of four cultivars of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), namely Inpari 24 (v1), Pamelen (v2), Pamera (v3) and Inpago 7 (v4) as well as one cultivar of black rice Jeliteng (v5). The results were that the interaction of 1000 kg ha-1 organic nano silica fertilizer and red rice ‘Inpago 7’ (d2v4) provides the best yield of 5.62 t ha-1. Characters that have a significant positive correlation with yield are plant height (0.64**), number of productive tiller (0.74**), grain total (0.54*), and weight of 1000 grains (0.88**). The quality of functional rice based on glycaemic index (GI) analysis showed that the black rice ‘Jeliteng’ with a dose of organic nano silica fertilizer of 1000 kg ha-1 (58.9%) had the lowest GI value.

Abstract Dairy production in Ecuador is a source of economic income for many small and medium producers, however the lack of technical advice leads to problems in the quality of milk, and affects their production volume. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a pilot plan to improve the quality of milk produced by 57 small producers from different parishes of the cantons of Quito, Rumiñahui and San Miguel de los Bancos in the province of Pichincha, through a training plan in good milking practices and feeding strategies. Two initial samplings were carried out (between October and November 2021) prior to the training, and two final samplings (in June 2022) to measure the impact of the training. A total of 1.273 samples were collected, of these only 4.02 % (52/1273) (of the samples) complied with the reference values of the national regulations, while 95.98 % (1243/1273) did not comply with any of the evaluated parameters; however, the vast majority of the milk is suitable for human consumption, yet its nutritional quality needs to be improved. We were able to reduce considerably (although not statistically) the somatic cell count (SC, from an initial average of 623530 CS ml-1 to 365660 CS ml-1 after training, being correlated with the significant increase in the percentage of lactose between the initial and final sampling; there were also significant differences in the percentage of fat and total solids, although in these two cases their values decreased after training (fat from 2.58 % in the initial sampling to 2.10 % in the final sampling and total solids of 11, 44 % to 11.00 %);showed no significant differences between samples. It is concluded that the training was beneficial since the considerable decrease in the somatic cell count increased the volume of milk production of the small producers, and therefore their economic income. For the rest of the parameters, it is recommended to reinforce training in nutrition, feeding, pasture management, etc., in order to increase their values, as well as to maintain constant training programs for producers, supported by academia, private and public entities.

Resumen La producción láctea en Ecuador es una fuente de ingresos económicos para muchos pequeños y medianos productores; sin embargo, la falta de asesoría técnica conlleva a que tengan problemas en la calidad de la leche y se vea afectado su volumen de producción, por lo que la presente investigación tuvo como finalidad realizar un plan piloto para el mejoramiento de la calidad de leche producida por 57 pequeños productores de diferentes parroquias de los cantones Quito, Rumiñahui y San Miguel de los Bancos de la provincia de Pichincha, mediante un plan de capacitación en buenas prácticas de ordeño y estrategias de alimentación. Se realizaron 2 muestreos iniciales (entre octubre y noviembre de 2021), previo a la capacitación, y 2 muestreos finales (en junio de 2022) para medir el impacto de estas. Se recolectaron 1.273 muestras, donde solamente el 4,02 % (52/1.273) de las mismas, cumplen con los valores referenciales de la normativa nacional, mientras que el 95,98 % (1.243/1.273) no cumple con alguno de los parámetros evaluados; sin embargo, la gran mayoría de dicha leche sí es apta para el consumo humano, pero requiere ser mejorada en su calidad nutricional. Se logró disminuir considerablemente (aunque no estadísticamente) el conteo de células somáticas, de un promedio inicial de 623.530 CS ml-1 a 365.660 CS ml-1 luego de la capacitación, siendo correlacionado con el aumento significativo del porcentaje de lactosa entre el muestreo inicial y el final; también existió diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de grasa y sólidos totales, aunque en estos dos casos disminuyeron sus valores luego de la capacitación (grasa de 2,58 % en el muestreo inicial a 2,10 % en el final y sólidos totales de 11,44 % a 11,00 %). El resto de los parámetros no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los muestreos. Se concluye que la capacitación fue beneficiosa, pues la disminución considerable del conteo de células somáticas aumentó el volumen de producción de leche de los pequeños productores y, por ende, sus ingresos económicos. Para el resto de los parámetros se recomienda reforzar las capacitaciones de nutrición, alimentación, manejo de pasturas, etc., para incrementar sus valores, así como mantener constantes programas de capacitación a los productores, apoyados desde la academia, la empresa privada y entidades públicas.

ABSTRACT The hidden hunger for Se in the world population is well known. As a strategy to address this issue, this study aimed to biofortify onion (Allium cepa L.), since it is a condiment vegetable consumed by different economic classes and is widely used in the food industry. To this end, Se doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g ha-1) and application forms (soil and foliar) were evaluated on the biofortification of the bulb and crop yield. The Se source was sodium selenate. Via soil, Se was applied together with NPK fertilizer in the pre-transplantation of the seedlings. Via foliar application, Se was sprayed 77 d after seedlings were transplanted. The Se increased yield up to 99 g ha-1, which was 14.7% higher than the yield obtained in the crop not fertilized with Se. Foliar application of Se was more efficient than soil application in the biofortification of onion, although both were effective. With the dose that promoted the highest yield, the Se concentrations reached 0.487 and 0.317 mg Se kg-1 in onion dry mass, when the supply was made via foliar and soil applications, respectively. The increase in Se supply did not influence bulb quality, as demonstrated by the macro- and micronutrients content and pungency.

Abstract Introduction. Corn (Zea mays) is widely used in animal feed, either as grain, green fodder or silage. Objective. To evaluate the yield and nutritional quality of 6 Costa Rican corn varieties selected for grain production. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at 4 experimental sites (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde and Guápiles) between September and December 2018. At each site, a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 8 treatments (6 varieties and 2 corn hybrids). Plant height was evaluated, Dry Mass (DM) production, chemical composition and in vitro DM digestibility at forage harvest were evaluated. Results. Plant height and DM production were affected by treatments. Yields of the Costa Rican DM varieties EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 and JSáenz (12.7-14 t.ha-1) were similar to the forage hybrid CLTHY002 (13.5 t.ha-1). Only DM and CP content varied in the treatments. Conclusions. The Costa Rican corn varieties EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz and Upiav-G6, have potential to be used as a forage source for animal feeding because they achieved yields and nutritive values like those obtained with the hybrids selected by Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) for forage production.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) es ampliamente utilizado en la alimentación animal, tanto en forma de grano, como forraje verde o ensilaje. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción y calidad nutritiva de 6 variedades de maíces costarricenses seleccionados para la producción de grano. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 4 sitios experimentales (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde y Guápiles) entre setiembre y diciembre del 2018. En cada sitio, se trabajó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 repeticiones y 8 tratamientos (6 variedades y 2 híbridos de maíces). Se evaluó la altura de la planta, la producción de materia seca (MS), la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS a la cosecha de los forrajes. Resultados. La altura de la planta y la producción de MS fueron afectadas por los tratamientos. Los rendimientos de MS de las variedades costarricenses EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 y JSáenz (12,7-14 t.ha-1) fueron semejantes al híbrido forrajero CLTHY002 (13,5 t.ha-1). Solamente el contenido de MS y PC varío entre los tratamientos. Conclusión. Las variedades de maíces costarricenses EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz y Upiav-G6, tienen potencial para ser utilizadas como fuente forrajera para la alimentación de rumiantes, ya que alcanzaron rendimientos y valores nutritivos semejantes a los obtenidos con los híbridos seleccionados por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) para la producción de forrajes.

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, L.) is the most important vegetable in the world in terms of production volumes, which will have to continue to increase to meet future consumption needs. In this regard, the use of nanotechnology could make the supply of nutrients to plants more efficient and improve and increase agricultural production. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of foliar application of Zn, Cu, and Fe nanoparticles on tomato production and quality. In 2021, a Roma-type tomato crop was established under protected agriculture. The treatments consisted of the individual and combined foliar application of nanoparticles of Zn, Fe, Cu, Zn+Fe, Zn+Cu, Fe+Cu, Zn+Fe+Cu, plus a control without application. It was found that the individual application of the nanoparticles did not improve tomato production, however, the combined supply increased the yield. The highest production was recorded with Zu+Fe+Cu, which was 66% higher than the control plants, with this treatment the lycopene content also doubled (2.23 mg g-1 dry matter). The nanoparticles increased the nutrient content within the maximum limit allowed for consumption. Therefore, the application of micronutrient nanoparticles supplied in combination is a viable alternative to improve tomato yield and quality.

Resumen El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum, L.) es la hortaliza de mayor importancia a nivel mundial por volúmenes de producción, que deberá seguir aumentando para satisfacer la necesidad de consumo futuro. Al respecto, el uso de la nanotecnología podría eficientar y mejorar el aporte de nutrientes a las plantas y aumentar la producción agrícola. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación foliar de nanopartículas de Zn, Cu y Fe, sobre la producción y calidad del tomate. En el año 2021 se estableció el cultivo de tomate tipo roma en agricultura protegida. Los tratamientos consistieron en la aplicación foliar individual y en combinación de nanopartículas de Zn, Fe, Cu, Zn+Fe, Zn+Cu, Fe+Cu, Zn+Fe+Cu, más un testigo sin aplicación. Se encontró que la aplicación individual de las nanopartículas no mejoró la producción de tomate; sin embargo, el suministro combinado aumentó el rendimiento. La mayor producción se registró con Zu+Fe+Cu, que fue 66% superior a las plantas del testigo, con este tratamiento también aumentó al doble el contenido de licopeno (2.23 mg g-1 de materia seca). Las nanopartículas aumentaron el contenido nutrimental dentro del límite máximo permitido para consumo. Por lo que la aplicación de nanopartículas de micronutrientes suministradas en combinación es una alternativa viable para mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad del tomate.

ABSTRACT Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes and accumulates astaxanthins, while Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis produces phycocyanins. The ornamental shrimp Neocaridina davidi is commercially important for its variety and intensity of coloration. We evaluate the effect on the coloration of N. davidi by consuming H. pluvialis and S. platensis as a food supplement to preserve their nutritional quality. H. pluvialis was subjected to stress to obtain aplanospores with astaxanthin. Live microalgae were included in gelled spheres to provide them as a supplement to three-day-old N. davidi juveniles with different phenotypes: wild (NdW), red (NdR), and blue (NdB). The experiment involved the commercial food supply and spheres with or without microalgae for 31 days. Chromatophores present in the uropod of each phenotype were examined, their number and expansion estimated, and the area covered by optical density (OD). Results show that H. pluvialis reached a greater astaxanthin accumulation on day 30. The coloration of the NdR and NdB phenotypes improved by consuming microalgae, increasing the OD in the uropod. NdB phenotype showed better coloration when consuming S. platensis (56.2%), while the NdR phenotype was more favored when consuming H. pluvialis (74.2%). The chromatophores expanded their area by doubling in the NdR and NdB phenotypes, where H. pluvialis increased its intensity four times in NdR. The number of chromatophores was significant only in NdR with S. platensis. In conclusion, gelling is a viable method to preserve the nutritional quality of live microalgae and transfer bioactive compounds that improve the coloration of N. davidi.

Abstract Introduction: Food is a strong determinant of health and an act of expression of affection. Alongside a vast array of updates in latent food diversification, we are witnessing a paradigm and cultural change, with new food trends emerging in family diets. There is also evidence of the health benefits of consuming plant-based foods and for the sustainability of the planet. Objective: After a need identified in practice, this study aimed to systematize health professional's perspectives on the dietary diversification of latent vegetarians, supporting measures to improve the quality of care. Methods: According to the methodological principles of a systematic review, the EBSCO and PUBMED platforms were used, based on the PRISMA protocol, and the terms were measured as MesH Browser descriptors, from which 13 articles were extracted. Results: With this review, it was possible to map the current scientific evidence and identify parallels between the studies found, the standards of the European reference entities, and clinical practice, which promote a more sustained nursing intervention. Conclusion: The results obtained are relevant to better empower families, by specialized professionals and holders of adequate training. It is important to produce more knowledge, emphasizing diet planning and monitoring, in order to mitigate the risks of nutritional deficiencies (appropriate and individualized supplementation), which could compromise the child's development.

Resumen Introducción: La alimentación es un fuerte determinante de la salud y un acto de expresión de afecto. Junto a una amplia gama de actualizaciones en la diversificación alimentaria latente, estamos asistiendo a un cambio de paradigma y cultural, con nuevas tendencias alimentarias emergentes en las dietas familiares. También hay evidencia de los beneficios para la salud del consumo de alimentos de origen vegetal y para la sostenibilidad del planeta. Objetivo: Después de una necesidad identificada en la práctica, este estudio tuvo como objetivo sistematizar las perspectivas de los profesionales de la salud en la diversificación dietética de vegetarianos latentes, apoyando medidas para mejorar la calidad de la atención. Métodos: De acuerdo con los principios metodológicos de una revisión sistemática, se utilizaron las plataformas EBSCO y PUBMED, con base en el protocolo PRISMA, siendo medidos los términos como descriptores MesH Browser, de los cuales se extrajeron 13 artículos. Resultados: Con esta revisión, fue posible mapear la evidencia científica actual e identificar paralelismos entre los estudios encontrados, los estándares de las entidades europeas de referencia y la práctica clínica, que promueven una intervención de enfermería más sostenida. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos son relevantes para una mejor formación de las familias por parte de profesionales especializados y con la formación adecuada. Es importante producir más conocimiento, con énfasis en la planificación y el seguimiento de la dieta, con el fin de mitigar los riesgos de deficiencias nutricionales (suplementación adecuada e individualizada), que pueden comprometer el desarrollo del niño.

Resumo Introdução: A alimentação é um forte determinante em saúde e um ato de expressão de carinho. A par de um vasto conjunto de atualizações na diversificação alimentar no latente, assiste-se a uma mudança paradigmática e cultural, surgindo novas tendências alimentares nas dietas familiares. Existem também evidências dos benefícios para a saúde do consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal e para a sustentabilidade do planeta. Objetivo: Após necessidade identificada na prática, este estudo teve por objetivo sistematizar as perspetivas dos profissionais de saúde na diversificação alimentar do latente vegetariano, sustentando medidas na melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados. Métodos: De acordo com os princípios metodológicos de uma revisão sistemática, foram utilizadas as plataformas EBSCO e PUBMED, com base no protocolo PRISMA, sendo aferidos os termos como descritores MesH Browser, do qual se extraíram 13 artigos. Resultados: Com esta revisão foi possível mapear a evidência científica atual e identificar paralelismos entre os estudos encontrados, normas das entidades de referência europeias e a prática clínica, promotores de uma intervenção de enfermagem mais sustentada. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos constituem relevância para melhor capacitar as famílias, por profissionais especializados e detentores de formação adequada. É importante a produção de mais conhecimento, com ênfase no planeamento e acompanhamento da dieta, no sentido da mitigação de riscos de carências nutricionais (suplementação adequada e individualizada), que poderão comprometer o desenvolvimento da criança.