Abstract Introduction. The cultivation of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis and H. monocanthus) is increasing in Costa Rica, but technical information for its management, such as nutritional requirements, fertilization timing, and growth behavior, is lacking. Objective. To quantify and model the growth and nutrient uptake of dragon fruit (H. costaricensis and H. monocanthus) under dry tropics conditions in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from 2017 to 2020 in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Plants were sampled at 76, 165, 308, 450, 607, 903, 1249, and 1706 days after planting (DAP) and 205 fruits were analyzed. Dry matter was quantified, and the uptake of N, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B was calculated. Two logistic models were fitted to determine nutrient uptake, and linear regressions were calibrated for fresh fruit. Results. For a planting density of 3000 plants/ha, the nutritional requirements per hectare were: 137 kg N, 32 kg P, 327 kg K, 63 kg Mg, 32 kg S, 1,60 kg Zn, and 0,21 kg B. The best-fitting logistic model (RMSE = 0.09) accurately estimated the uptake of N, P, Ca, S, Zn, and B. The linear regression model demonstrated high predictive capacity (R2 > 0.85) for the nutrient requirements of N, P, K, Mg, and S in the fruit. Conclusion. Logistic models provided high precision in deterministically modeling nutrient uptake in dragon fruit plants. The study affectively quantified and modeled the nutritional behavior of the plants under Costa Rica’s dry tropical conditions, providing essential information for optimizing fertilization programs for the crop.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de pitahaya (Hylocereus costaricensis y H. monocanthus) está en aumento en Costa Rica, pero carece de información técnica para su manejo, como necesidades nutricionales, momentos de fertilización y comportamiento del crecimiento. Objetivo. Cuantificar y modelar el crecimiento y la absorción de nutrimentos del cultivo de pitahaya (H. costaricensis y H. monocanthus) en condiciones del trópico estacional seco de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó durante los años 2017-2020, en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se muestrearon plantas a los 76, 165, 308, 450, 607, 903, 1249 y 1706 días después de siembra (DDS) y 205 frutas. Se cuantificó la materia seca y se calculó la absorción de N, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn y B. Se ajustaron dos modelos logísticos para determinar la absorción de nutrientes y se calibraron regresiones lineales en fruta fresca. Resultados. Para una densidad de siembra de 3000 planta/ha los requerimientos nutricionales del cultivo por hectárea fueron: 137 kg N, 32 kg P, 327 kg K, 63 kg Mg, 32 kg S, 1,60 kg Zn y 0,21 kg B. El modelo logístico de mejor ajuste (RMSE = 0,09) estimó de forma precisa la absorción de N, P, Ca, S, Zn y B. El modelo de regresión lineal tuvo alta capacidad predictora (R2 > 0,85) para los requerimientos de N, P, K, Mg y S en fruta. Conclusión. Los modelos logísticos tuvieron alta precisión para modelar de manera determinística la absorción de nutrientes en plantas de pitahaya. Además, se logró cuantificar y modelar de forma eficiente el comportamiento nutricional de las plantas en condiciones de trópico estacional seco de Costa Rica, lo que proporciona información esencial para los programas de fertilización del cultivo.

Resumen Antecedentes: La supervivencia de cactus columnares en desiertos ocurre principalmente bajo plantas nodrizas, debido a mejores condiciones para germinar y establecerse (mayor humedad y concentración de nutrientes). Empero, interacciones como la asociación entre hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) y raíces continua relativamente inexplorada. Evaluamos el estado micorrícico y propiedades del suelo rizosférico de cuatro especies de cactus columnares creciendo tanto debajo como fuera de su nodriza. Hipótesis: Se ha relacionado el mejoramiento de propiedades del suelo bajo la nodriza con la abundancia de HMA. Por lo tanto, plantas facilitadas mostrarán más estructuras de HMA y de micorrización de raíces, comparado con las mismas especies creciendo fuera de la nodriza. Especies estudiadas: Nodriza: Olneya tesota, facilitadas: Carnegiea gigantea, Pachycereus pringlei, Pavhycereus schottii, Stenocereus thurberi. Sitio y años de estudio: Subdivisión de la Costa Central del Golfo del Desierto Sonorense, Sonora, México, octubre de 2020. Métodos: Se recolectaron raíces de cactus y suelo rizosférico debajo y fuera de la nodriza. En raíces teñidas se determinó: colonización micorrízica (CM), pelos radicales (PR), densidad visual (DV) y número de esporas (NE). Se analizaron propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo. Resultados: Valores de CM, DV, NE, materia orgánica, nitrato y fósforo total y asimilable fueron mayores bajo la nodriza en comparación con áreas desnudas. Conclusiones: Se confirma la hipótesis planteada y se reafirma el conocimiento previo sobre la calidad del suelo bajo nodrizas, sugiriendo que los HMA juegan un papel importante en la facilitación de cactus bajo las plantas nodrizas, y que estas últimas influencian la formación de HMA.

Abstract Background: Columnar cacti survival in deserts occurs mainly under nurse plants, due to better conditions for germination and establishment, as greater humidity, and nutrient concentration. However, interactions like the association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and roots remain relatively unexplored. We evaluated the mycorrhizal status and soil rhizosphere properties of four columnar cacti species growing both under and outside their nurse plant. Hypotheses: Soil properties improvement under nurse plants has been correlated with the abundance of AMF. Therefore, a greater number of AMF structures and roots mycorrhization would be in facilitated plants, compared to the same species growing outside the nurse. Studied species: Nurse plant: Olneya tesota, facilitated species: Carnegiea gigantea, Pachycereus pringlei, Pachycereus schottii, and Stenocereus thurberi. Study site and dates: Central Gulf Coast subdivision of the Sonoran Desert, Sonora, Mexico; October 2020. Methods: Cacti roots and soil rhizosphere were collected under and outside the nurse plant. Roots were stained, and mycorrhizal colonization (MC), hairy roots (HR), visual density (VD), and number of spores were determined. Physicochemical soil properties were analyzed. Results: Values of MC, VD, spore number, organic matter (OM), nitrate, and total and assimilable phosphorous were higher under the nurse compared to bare areas. Conclusions: The hypothesis that mycorrhization parameters are greater in roots of cacti growing under the nurse was confirmed, besides previous knowledge about soil quality under nurse plants, suggesting that AMF play a significant role in the cacti facilitation process under nurses plants, and that nurse plant plays a significant role in AMF formation.

Abstract In recent years, the use of microorganisms to stimulate plant growth and resistance, including biocontrol and maintenance or improvement of microbial activity and soil functionality, has increased. The aim of this work was to select nutrient media and to optimize the deep cultivation regimes of a biopreparation consisting of the Bacillus pumilus Pol P3(1) 10 B-RKM 0528, Bacillus thuringiensis Pb 30 B-RKM 0341, Bacillus licheniformis 356 B-RKM 0074 and Serratia marcescens Sh-2 B-RKM 0952 strains, which exhibit high growth-stimulating activity. Three different media were use to cultivate the biopreparation: standard meat-peptone broth medium, King's medium and Mueller-Hinton's medium. The main criterion for determining the effectiveness of the nutrient medium was the accumulation of specific components to yield the largest biomass of biopreparation cells. A comparative analysis of growth on the nutrient media was used to assess the viability and biomass accumulation of the biopreparation strains tested. The optimum cultivation period, maximum optical density of biomass growth, viability and optimum medium acidity during bacterial cultivation on nutrient media were determined both for the strains individually and as part of the biopreparation.

Resumen En los últimos años, ha aumentado el papel de los microorganismos para estimular el crecimiento y la resistencia de las plantas, lo que incluye el biocontrol, así como el mantenimiento o la mejora de la actividad microbiana y la funcionalidad del suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue seleccionar medios nutritivos y optimizar los regímenes de cultivo en profundidad del biopreparado compuesto por cepas de Bacillus pumilis Pol P3(1) 10 B-RKM 0528, Bacillus thuringiensis Pb 30 B-RKM 0341, Bacillus licheniformis 356 B-RKM 0074 y Serratia marcescens Sh-2 B-RKM 0952 que proporcionan una elevada actividad estimuladora del crecimiento. Los investigadores utilizaron tres medios para cultivar el biopreparado, que son el medio estándar de caldo de carne y peptonas, el medio de King y el medio de Mueller-Hinton. Los principales criterios para determinar la eficacia del medio nutritivo son la acumulación de componentes específicos para producir la mayor biomasa de células del biopreparado. Los autores utilizaron un análisis comparativo sobre el crecimiento en medio nutritivo para evaluar la alta viabilidad y la acumulación de biomasa del biopreparado ensayado. Los investigadores determinaron el periodo óptimo de cultivo, la densidad óptica máxima de crecimiento de la biomasa, la viabilidad y la acidez óptima del medio durante el cultivo de bacterias en medios nutritivos, tanto individualmente como formando parte del biopreparado.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize seasonal changes in microphytoplankton composition and abundance on Bahia continental shelf, a region with upwelling events. Semi-annual sampling was conducted during summer and winter from 2017 to 2021 at nine points. Microphytoplankton was sampled using a conical plankton net through horizontal subsurface drags, using a flowmeter coupled to the net, to measure the total volume of filtered water. Temperature and salinity were measured in situ, presenting typical values of tropical waters. In addition, dissolved inorganic nutrient concentration corroborated a tropical marine oligotrophic pattern. A total of 144 taxa were identified in the region, with the phyla Heterokontophyta and Dinoflagellata being the most representative, as is typically recorded in tropical coastal regions. The density ranged from 6.08 × 104 to 3.38 × 108 cells L-1, with higher average values in summer. Although cyanobacteria accounted for only 3.2% of species richness in the region, due to summer blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum (2018, 2019, and 2021), it was the most abundant group throughout the study. It was observed that upwelling events do not seem to establish favorable conditions for marked seasonal changes in microphytoplankton composition and abundance. Trichodesmium erythraeum blooms are closely related to physiology and ecological capacity of this species. Except for bloom periods, the study area presented a high species richness and diversity throughout the analyzed time series.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar los cambios estacionales en la composición y abundancia del microfitoplancton en la plataforma continental de Bahía, una región con presencia de eventos de surgencia. Se realizaron muestreos semestrales durante los veranos e inviernos de 2017 a 2021 en nueve puntos. El microfitoplancton se muestreó utilizando una red cónica de plancton en arrastres horizontales debajo de la superficie, utilizando un medidor de corriente acoplado a la red, para medir el volumen total de agua filtrada. La temperatura y la salinidad fueron medidas in situ, presentando valores típicos de aguas tropicales. Además, las concentraciones de nutrientes inorgánicos disueltos corroboraron el patrón oligotrófico marino tropical. Se identificaron un total de 144 taxones en la región, siendo los phyla Heterokontophyta y Dinoflagellata los más representativos, como se registra típicamente en las regiones costeras tropicales. La densidad varió de 6,08 × 104 a 3,38 × 108 células L-1, con valores promedio más altos en verano. Aunque las cianobacterias representaron solo el 3,2% de la riqueza de especies en la región, debido a las floraciones de verano de Trichodesmium erythraeum (2018, 2019 y 2021), fue el grupo más abundante a lo largo del estudio. Se observó que los eventos de surgencia no parecen establecer condiciones favorables para cambios estacionales marcados en la composición y abundancia del microfitoplancton. Las floraciones de Trichodesmium erythraeum están estrechamente relacionadas con la fisiología y la capacidad ecológica de esta especie. Con excepción de los períodos de floración, el área de estudio presentó patrones de alta riqueza y diversidad de especies a lo largo de la serie temporal analizada.

Abstract The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance. fertilizers crisis residue approach Therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing Duncan analyzed 2895 28 95 28.9 7687 76 87 76.8 g 4404 404 4,40 20296 20 296 20,29 24744 247 44 247.4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 stomatamm2 stomatamm stomata mm2 mm stomata/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26.04 (T1 15011 011 15,01 development performance 289 2 9 28. 768 7 76. 440 40 4,4 2029 29 20,2 2474 24 247. 260 26.0 (T 1501 01 15,0 202 20, 26. 15,

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes, energia e outros materiais necessários à indústria desencadeou uma crise econômica global. Motivo que foi investigado sobre as características biológicas e químicas em relação ao rendimento de rabanete nutrido com húmus de resíduo vegetal. O objetivo foi determinar a dose adequada de húmus para obtenção de maior rendimento e sua relação com as características químicas e biológicas do rabanete. Baseia-se em metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Aleatórios, que consistiu de 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos, que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de húmus, e aplicaram 15 dias após a semeadura. As características físicas do rabanete foram avaliadas e processadas por meio de análise de variância e Duncan. Também foram analisadas a concentração de elementos nas folhas e a densidade estomática. Foi determinado que o T5 se destacou no comprimento total da planta com 28,95 cm, peso da planta com 76,87 g, diâmetro equatorial com 4.404 cm e produtividade comercial com 20.296 t/ha. Consumo de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 247,44 kg/ha. Densidade estomática 459 estômatos/mm2 e rentabilidade com 150% e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas destacadas T4 com N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo e Zn. Conclui que o T5 se destacou com 20.296 t/ha, que diferiu em 26,04% em relação ao controle (T1) com 15.011 t/ha. Portanto, esta dose adicionou nutrientes ao solo que melhoraram a disponibilidade para absorção pelas plantas e isso influenciou na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas como N, P e Fe e na densidade estomática com 459 estômatos/mm2, que teve resposta em bom desenvolvimento, fortalecendo contra o estresse ambiental e, portanto, maior desempenho. fertilizantes global vegetal Baseiase Baseia experimental tanto utilizouse utilizou Aleatórios tratamentos T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura Duncan 2895 28 95 28,9 7687 76 87 76,8 g 4404 404 4.40 20296 20 296 20.29 24744 247 44 247,4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm estômatos mm2 mm estômatos/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26,04 (T1 15011 011 15.01 Portanto desenvolvimento portanto desempenho 289 2 9 28, 768 7 76, 440 40 4.4 2029 29 20.2 2474 24 247, 260 26,0 (T 1501 01 15.0 4. 202 20. 26, 15.

Resumo As montanhas de Liupan são uma região importante na China no contexto de cobertura florestal e vegetação devido às enormes práticas de florestamento e plantação, que trouxeram mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, e estoques e estequiometrias do solo raramente são compreendidos. O estudo visa explorar a distribuição de nutrientes do solo a 1 m de profundidade do solo na região da floresta plantada. As amostras de solo em cinco incrementos de profundidade (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm) foram coletadas e analisadas para diferentes características físico-químicas do solo. Os resultados mostraram uma variação significativa nos valores de densidade do solo (BD), porosidade do solo, pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Mais DB do solo (1,41 g cm-3) e pH (6,97) do solo foram observados na camada profunda do solo (80-100 cm), enquanto os maiores valores de porosidade (60,6%), CE (0,09 mS cm-1) e CEC (32,9 c mol kg-1) foram refletidos na camada superior do solo (0-20 cm). Da mesma forma, os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo (SOC), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (AP), nitrogênio total (TN) e potássio disponível (AK) foram calculados na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Com o aumento do incremento da profundidade do solo, uma tendência decrescente no SOC e na concentração de outros nutrientes foi encontrada, enquanto o potássio total do solo (TK) produziu uma correlação negativa com a profundidade da camada do solo. Todos os resultados produziram a distribuição de SOCs e TNs (estoques) em várias profundidades de solo em padrões de floresta 0 → 20cm> 20 → 40cm> 40 → 60cm ≥ 60 → 80cm ≥ 80 → 100 cm. Além disso, as relações estequiométricas de C, N e P, as relações C / P e N / P, apresentaram valores máximos (66,49 e 5,46) em 0-20 cm, e valores mais baixos (23,78 e 1,91) em solo de 80-100 cm profundidade da camada. Embora a relação C / N fosse estatisticamente semelhante em todo o perfil do solo (0-100 cm). Esses resultados destacaram que os incrementos de profundidade do solo podem ser amplamente atribuídos a flutuações nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, estoques e estequiometrias do solo. Mais estudos são necessários para tirar conclusões adicionais sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes, estoques de solo e estequiometria do solo nessas florestas.

Abstract Liupan Mountains are an important region in China in the context of forest cover and vegetation due to huge afforestation and plantation practices, which brought changes in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries are rarely been understood. The study aims to explore the distribution of soil nutrients at 1-m soil depth in the plantation forest region. The soil samples at five depth increments (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for different soil physio-chemical characteristics. The results showed a significant variation in soil bulk density (BD), soil porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electric conductivity (EC) values. More soil BD (1.41 g cm-3) and pH (6.97) were noticed in the deep soil layer (80-100 cm), while the highest values of porosity (60.6%), EC (0.09 mS cm-1), and CEC (32.9 c mol kg-1) were reflected in the uppermost soil layer (0-20 cm). Similarly, the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were calculated in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). With increasing soil depth increment a decreasing trend in the SOC and other nutrient concentration were found, whereas the soil total potassium (TK) produced a negative correlation with soil layer depth. The entire results produced the distribution of SOCs and TNs (stocks) at various soil depths in forestland patterns were 0→20cm > 20→40cm > 40→60cm ≥ 60→80cm ≥ 80→100 cm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P, the C/P, and N/P ratios showed maximum values (66.49 and 5.46) in 0-20 cm and lowest values (23.78 and 1.91) in 80-100 cm soil layer depth. Though the C/N ratio was statistically similar across the whole soil profile (0-100 cm). These results highlighted that the soil depth increments might largely be attributed to fluctuations in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries. Further study is needed to draw more conclusions on nutrient dynamics, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometry in these forests.

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes foi de 20% após a pandemia, o que aumentou o custo da produção agrícola no Peru. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de analisar as características químicas e biológicas e sua relação com o rendimento do rabanete nutrido com composto à base de resíduos vegetais. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental; portanto, foi empregado o modelo estatístico do Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Casualizados, que consistiu em 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de composto à base de resíduos vegetais, e as doses foram aplicadas 14 dias após a semeadura. Foram avaliadas as características físicas (comprimento total da planta, peso da planta, diâmetro equatorial do bulbo e produtividade comercial), concentrações de nutrientes (nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, boro, cloretos e sódio) nas folhas e densidade de estômatos. Os resultados determinaram que o T5 se destacou em comprimento total da planta com 28,07 cm, peso da planta com 75 g, diâmetro equatorial do bulbo com 4,52 cm e produtividade comercial com 22,53 t/ha. Na contribuição total de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 300,44 kg/ha. Rentabilidade com 186,8%. Quantificação de estômatos por tratamento com 598 estômatos/mm2 e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas no T3 com nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo e magnésio. Conclui que o T5, que possui concentração adequada de nutrientes nas folhas como magnésio, manganês, zinco e densidade de estômatos de 598 estômatos/mm2, influenciou reações bioquímicas ótimas que resultaram na maior produtividade com 22,53 t/ha, diferindo em 31,38% em relação ao T1. 20 pandemia Peru motivo vegetais Baseiase Baseia experimental portanto Casualizados T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura comercial, , comercial) (nitrogênio potássio cálcio magnésio enxofre molibdênio ferro manganês cobre boro sódio 2807 28 07 28,0 7 g 452 52 4,5 2253 22 53 22,5 30044 300 44 300,4 kgha kg kg/ha 1868 186 186,8% 59 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm mm2 mm estômatos/mm 3138 31 38 31,38 2 280 28, 45 225 22, 3004 30 300, 18 186,8 313 31,3 186, 31,

Abstract The increase in fertilizer prices was 20% after the pandemic, which increased the cost of crop production in Peru. For this reason, research was conducted on the analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with compost based on plant residues. The objective was to analyze the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with vegetable waste-based compost. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach; therefore, the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of compost based on vegetable residues, and the doses were applied 14 days after sowing. Physical characteristics (total plant length, plant weight, bulb equatorial diameter and marketable yield), nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides and sodium) in leaves and stomata density were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.07 cm, plant weight with 75 g, bulb equatorial diameter with 4.52 cm and commercial yield with 22.53 t/ha. In the total contribution of nitrogen in relation to yield with 300.44 kg/ha. Profitability with 186.8%. Quantification of stomata per treatment with 598 stomata/mm2 and concentration of nutrients in leaves at T3 with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. It concludes that T5, which has an adequate concentration of nutrients in leaves such as magnesium, manganese, zinc and stomata density of 598 stomata/mm2 influenced optimal biochemical reactions that resulted in the highest yield with 22.53 t/ha, differing by 31.38% in relation to T1. 20 pandemic Peru reason residues wastebased waste approach therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing yield, , yield) (nitrogen potassium calcium magnesium sulfur molybdenum iron manganese copper boron sodium evaluated 2807 28 07 28.0 7 g 452 52 4.5 2253 22 53 22.5 30044 300 44 300.4 kgha kg kg/ha 1868 186 186.8% 59 stomatamm2 stomatamm mm2 mm stomata/mm 3138 31 38 31.38 2 280 28. 45 4. 225 22. 3004 30 300. 18 186.8 313 31.3 186. 31.

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate how phytoplankton community diversity, dominance, and rarity are influenced by different local environmental conditions in urban lakes. We expect that richness will be negatively influenced in lakes with higher nutrient concentrations and high turbidity, while abundance will be positively influenced. Thus, lakes with these conditions will have greater dominance of a few species and lower rarity, and the opposite in lakes with lower nutrient concentrations and less turbidity. Methods Phytoplankton and abiotic variables samples were collected in fourteen lakes distributed in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, during a rainy period. Results It was possible to identify an environmental heterogeneity among the lakes. We identified a separation of the lakes according to phytoplankton richness and density, especially due to the contribution of green algae, desmids, and cyanobacteria. Most lakes showed high diversity and evenness values, with a predominance of rare taxa and few dominant species. The main variables associated with phytoplankton were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. Conclusions Therefore, the study of species diversity, dominance, and rarity based on phytoplankton richness and abundance and their relationship with different local environmental conditions can be an important model for assessing water quality in urban lakes. turbidity Thus Goiânia Goiás Brazil period density algae desmids cyanobacteria values temperature oxygen Therefore

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a diversidade, dominância e raridade da comunidade fitoplanctônica são influenciadas por diferentes condições ambientais locais em lagos urbanos. Nós esperamos que a riqueza será influenciada negativamente em lagos com maiores concentrações de nutrientes e maior turbidez, enquanto a abundância será influenciada positivamente. Assim, haverá uma maior dominância de poucas espécies e menor raridade em lagos com essas condições, sendo esperado o contrário em lagos com menores concentrações de nutrientes e menor turbidez. Métodos As amostras do fitoplâncton e das variáveis abióticas foram coletadas em quatorze lagos distribuídos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, durante um período chuvoso. Resultados Foi possível identificar uma heterogeneidade ambiental entre os lagos. Nós identificamos uma separação dos lagos em função da riqueza e densidade fitoplanctônica, especialmente devido à contribuição de algas verdes, desmídias e cianobactérias. A maioria dos lagos apresentou altos valores de diversidade e equitabilidade, com predominância de táxons raros e poucas espécies dominantes. As principais variáveis que estiveram relacionadas com o fitoplâncton, foram a temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e as concentrações de nutrientes. Conclusões Portanto, o estudo da diversidade, dominância e raridade baseada na riqueza e abundância fitoplanctônica e a sua relação com as diferentes condições ambientais locais pode ser um importante modelo na avaliação da qualidade da água em lagos urbanos. urbanos positivamente Assim Goiânia Goiás Brasil chuvoso verdes cianobactérias equitabilidade dominantes dissolvido Portanto

ABSTRACT This study aimed to model nutrient losses in an Oxisol under varied soil properties and vegetation cover. The experimental area was located at the Paraná Rural Development Institute, in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six cover crops in summer, six cover crops in winter, and management systems no-tillage (NT) traditional (control), NT with gypsum, and NT with scarification. Nutrient data were collected at each natural rainfall through sample collection from collection troughs. The design was completely randomized, and the data were adjusted using an exponential function of two variables, as a function of soil density, macroporosity, straw dry mass, green cover, and rainfall. Greater losses of Mg and Ca was related to higher soil density and lower macroporosity. Lower losses of Mg, Ca, K, and P were associated with lower straw dry mass and higher green cover. K and P losses were stable for all soil density values, but they decreased with an increase in macroporosity. Institute Oeste Brazil summer winter notillage no tillage (NT control, control , (control) gypsum scarification troughs randomized variables macroporosity values (control

ABSTRACT Microgreens are young plants of vegetables crops that have stood out for their potential in culinary and their nutritional content. However, cultural practices such as seed density and fertilization methods have not been standardized yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed density and electrical conductivity of nutrient solution in a soilless system of arugula microgreens in two growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, during winter and spring. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, with a factorial arrangement (4 × 4) formed by four sowing densities (50, 100, 150, and 200 g.m-2) and four levels of electrical conductivity, being 0.15, 1, 2, and 3 mS.cm-1. The evaluated characteristics were shoot height, shoot fresh and dry matter yield, and total soluble solids index. Growing microgreens without a nutrient solution is not recommended. The increase of electrical conductivity of nutrient solution and seed density promoted higher values of shoot dry matter yield and total soluble solids index. In winter, the best results were obtained using 150 g.m-2 of seeds at an electrical conductivity of 1 mS.cm-1. In spring, 175 g.m-2 of seeds was necessary, with a minimal electrical conductivity of 1 mS.cm-1. content However yet seasons Alegre RS Brazil spring blocks 4 ( 50, 50 (50 100 20 g.m2 gm2 gm g.m 2 g m 015 0 15 0.15 mS.cm1. mScm1 mScm mS.cm 1. mS cm mS.cm-1 height index recommended g.m- 17 necessary 5 (5 10 m2 01 0.1 cm1 mS.cm1 mS.cm- 0.

Abstract The Private Reserve of Natural Patrimony (RPPN) of the Santuário of Caraça is found in a mountain region within the Quadrilátero Ferrífero geological province in the State of Minas Gerais. In this region, intense metamorphic processes shaped their siliciclastic rocks, enabling the formation of fractures and diaclasis, the favourite routes of weathering during the development of karst landscapes. The natural cavities thus formed, mainly in the RPPN sector called “Pico do Inficionado”, provide shelter for countless swifts of the species Streptoprocne zonaris and S. biscutata, responsible for the accumulation of guano on the floor. However, guano is a substance rich in nutrients, mainly phosphates and nitrates, and this is the main nutrient supply in permanently dry caves. This work studied the physical (density) and chemical (organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium and pH) characteristics of 21 guanos layers, correlating their contents with the depth of seven deposits and separating the results into factors. Considering that, knowing that the guano deposits contain crucial elements such as Ca, Mg, and especially P and N, which act as an energy source for many chemotrophic organisms, the subdivision of the studied elements allowed us to defer three factors: the first one features the concentrations of Al, P, K, Na and CO, the second one was determined for N, pH and density. Finally, the third factor was based on Ca and Mg. The quartzitic material influences the chemical and physical composition of the deepest guano. As the rock changes, elements like Al and K are released and enrich the deeper layers, as well as increasing density due to the presence of sand in the material. (RPPN Gerais rocks diaclasis landscapes formed Pico Inficionado, Inficionado , Inficionado” S biscutata floor However nutrients nitrates caves (density organic carbon nitrogen potassium phosphorus sodium calcium magnesium 2 layers factors Mg N organisms CO Finally changes

ABSTRACT. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most consumed leafy vegetable in Brazil. It is cultivated using at least four distinct systems, the most common of which are conventional and hydroponic systems. These systems provide different cultivation conditions for plants, causing physiological changes that are important for commercial production, such as nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation. However, only a few studies have compared the physiological aspects of these two cultivation systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of ‘Rubinela’ lettuce plants grown in hydroponic and conventional pot systems, by comparing dry mass (DM) and fresh mass (FM) production, number of leaves (NF), stomatal density, and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, sugars, and starch. Plants cultivated in hydroponic systems presented significant differences in chlorophyll content, producing more biomass than plants cultivated in conventional pot systems, probably because of better nutritional conditions, primarily with respect to macronutrients, provided by the nutrient solution of the hydroponic system. The lower water availability encountered by plants cultivated in conventional pot systems influenced the increased sugar and starch concentrations, as well as the anthocyanin content, which may be a strategy to mitigate the possible damage caused by hydric stress conditions. ABSTRACT Lactuca L. L Brazil production accumulation However ‘Rubinela Rubinela DM (DM FM (FM NF, NF , (NF) density carotenoids sugars content macronutrients system concentrations (NF

Abstract In this research, we utilized multivariate analysis to evaluate the efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic aquaculture water using the electrocoagulation process. The elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus is a critical issue in various wastewater treatment plants and aquaculture systems, especially in instances of intensive or super-intensive cultivation. To avert the buildup of pollutants in the water, be it within internal recirculation systems or bodies of water receiving effluents from rearing tanks, it is imperative to employ treatment methodologies designed to effectively eliminate nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. These nutrients have the potential to induce eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. However, conventional biological treatment technologies can be ineffective, as they often only remove one pollutant or the other. Furthermore, the individual operations for these systems are complex and require substantial space. Electrocoagulation is a compact and promising technology for treating aquaculture water and effluents for raw nutrient removal. In this context, our findings showcase the simultaneous removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus through the electrocoagulation method. The best treatment was verified for the highest electrical current density (74 A. m-2), the shortest distance between electrodes (4 cm), and the lowest electrolysis time (50 min). In these conditions, the efficiency removal in ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were 30.5% and 100% respectively. research process superintensive super cultivation tanks ecosystems However ineffective other Furthermore space context method 74 (7 A m2, m2 m 2 , m-2) 4 ( cm, cm cm) 50 (5 min. min . min) conditions 305 30 5 30.5 100 respectively 7 m-2 3 30. 10 m- 1

Resumo Neste estudo, empregamos a análise multivariada para avaliar a eficiência da remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo da água sintética de aquicultura por meio do processo de eletrocoagulação. A preocupação com a remoção desses elementos é crucial na aquicultura, independentemente do sistema de cultivo ser extensivo, intensivo ou superintensivo, uma vez que esses nutrientes podem propiciar o crescimento excessivo de algas e o desenvolvimento de microrganismos que degradam a matéria orgânica, resultando em eutrofização. Esse fenômeno, por sua vez, aumenta a demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, modifica o pH, libera toxinas e, potencialmente, causa a morte de peixes. As abordagens convencionais de tratamento biológico, muitas vezes, revelam-se ineficazes, focando apenas na remoção de um tipo específico de poluente. Além disso, esses sistemas demandam operações individuais complexas e ocupam considerável espaço. Por outro lado, a eletrocoagulação se destaca como uma tecnologia compacta e promissora para o tratamento de água na aquicultura, visando a remoção eficaz de nutrientes brutos. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma notável remoção simultânea de nitrogênio e fósforo por meio da eletrocoagulação. O tratamento mais eficaz foi observado com a maior densidade de corrente elétrica (74 A.m-2), a menor distância entre os eletrodos (4 cm) e o menor tempo de eletrólise (50 min). Nessas condições, as eficiências na remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo total alcançaram respectivamente 30,5% e 100%. estudo extensivo superintensivo orgânica eutrofização fenômeno oxigênio pH potencialmente peixes biológico vezes revelamse revelam ineficazes poluente disso espaço lado brutos 74 (7 A.m2, Am2 Am A.m 2 , m A.m-2) 4 ( cm 50 (5 min. min . min) condições 305 30 5 30,5 100 100% 7 m2 A.m2 A.m-2 3 30, 10 A.m- 1

Abstract Sugarcane cultivation methods and processes usually have negative impacts on the environment. However, this industry has been seeking more sustainable technologies, ranging from the adequate disposal of the organic residues produced to the elimination of pre-harvest burning and introduction of mechanized harvest. The objective of this work was to verify the influence of vinasse application and mechanized harvesting on the physical and chemical aspects of a dystrophic Red Yellow Argisol of medium texture, cultivated with sugarcane. For this, a field experiment in a Completely Randomized Design, with a factorial scheme was conducted. Four management treatments, with three replications, were evaluated: T1 - Without application of vinasse, burned cane followed by manual harvest, without irrigation; T2 - With application of vinasse, mechanized harvest, without irrigation; T3 - With application of vinasse, mechanized harvest, with irrigation; T4 - With application of vinasse, burned cane followed by manual harvest, without irrigation. Soil samples were collected in three depths (0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm and 40 - 60 cm) and soil physical and chemical characteristics were determined. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and compared by the Tukey test (p≤0.05) of probability, using the statistical program ASSISTAT 7.7 beta. The results showed that fertigation with vinasse did not influence soil density, particle density, and total porosity. However, mechanized harvesting increased soil density and total porosity. The soil in the experimental unit without vinasse application presented a more acidic pH and high levels of aluminum saturation, causing a decrease in the availability of nutrients, and the soils treated with vinasse had an increase in nutrient availability. Therefore, the addition of vinasse can be an important strategy in maintaining and increasing long-term soil fertility in sugarcane cropping systems. environment However technologies preharvest pre harvest texture Design conducted treatments replications evaluated T irrigation 0 ( 2 4 6 determined p≤0.05 p005 p 05 (p≤0.05 probability 77 7 7. beta porosity saturation nutrients Therefore longterm long term systems p≤0.0 p00 (p≤0.0 p≤0. p0 (p≤0. p≤0 (p≤0 p≤ (p≤ (p

Resumo O plantio da cana-de-açúcar emprega métodos e processos produtivos de alto potencial de impacto no meio ambiente. Todavia, essas indústrias vêm investindo em tecnologias buscando soluções, que vão desde o descarte dos resíduos produzidos até a erradicação das queimadas. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho verificar a influência da vinhaça e colheita mecanizada nos aspectos físicos e químicos de um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico de textura média, cultivados com cana-de-açúcar. Para as análises da densidade do solo, densidade de partícula e porosidade total, a coleta de dados foi realizada através de um experimento em Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado, com esquema fatorial, em três repetições, a fim de se analisar a interação entre os fatores tratamentos x profundidades. Para tanto, foram utilizados quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4), em três profundidades (0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm e 40 - 60 cm), e com três repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à ANOVA e comparados pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) de probabilidade, utilizando-se o programa estatístico ASSISTAT 7.7 beta. Os resultados mostraram que a fertirrigação não influenciou na densidade do solo, densidade de partícula e porosidade total. Ainda em relação aos atributos físicos do solo, a colheita mecanizada influenciou no aumento da densidade do solo e porosidade total. A unidade experimental sem aplicação de vinhaça apresentou pH ácido e elevados teores de saturação por alumínio, ocasionando uma diminuição da disponibilidade de nutrientes para o solo. Contudo, pode-se concluir que as unidades experimentais tratadas com vinhaça tiveram um aumento na disponibilidade de nutrientes. Portanto, a adição de vinhaça pode ser uma estratégia importante na manutenção e aumento da fertilidade do solo a longo prazo em lavouras de cana-de-açúcar. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar ambiente Todavia soluções queimadas Objetivouse Objetivou média canadeaçúcar. açúcar. total Casualizado fatorial repetições tanto T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T4, T4 , T4) 0 ( 2 4 6 cm) p≤0,05 p005 p 05 (p≤0,05 probabilidade utilizandose utilizando 77 7 7. beta alumínio Contudo podese Portanto (T p≤0,0 p00 (p≤0,0 p≤0, p0 (p≤0, p≤0 (p≤0 p≤ (p≤ (p

Abstract Soil chemical analysis is a fundamental to achieve optimal cultivation conditions in a productive silvopastoral system, essential for the planning and management of this activity. The objective of this research is to map the spatial distribution of nutrients in the soil in a 5-year-old silvopastoral system composed of brachiaria-brizantha and jacarandá-da-bahia, and to analyze the effect of tree density and canopy on nutrient levels. The study was conducted at the experimental area of the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance, and Rural Extension (INCAPER) in the district of Pacotuba, ES. The delimitation of the work area was done using geographic information systems, to create a regular grid of points to enable systematic soil sampling. A total of 75 disturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.10 m to obtain quantitative soil nutrient data. High-quality images obtained using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) allowed for the overlay of soil nutrient data, pasture data, forest inventory data, and sample plot data to assist in comparative analyses. This enabled identification of the areas with lower canopy development, particularly in the northeast portion. By cross-referencing the spatialized soil nutrient data with the data obtained through RPA, it was possible to correlate them with the lower or higher development of the system. The use of RPA, together with a georeferenced database, proved to be an innovative and powerful tool to support decision-making, allowing for the monitoring of system evolution and serving as a basis for evaluating the relationship between chemical elements and tree canopies. activity 5yearold yearold 5 year old brachiariabrizantha brachiaria brizantha jacarandádabahia, jacarandádabahia jacarandá da bahia, bahia jacarandá-da-bahia levels Research Assistance INCAPER (INCAPER Pacotuba ES systems sampling 7 00.10 0010 0 0.10 10 0-0.1 Highquality High quality RPA (RPA analyses portion crossreferencing cross referencing database decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making canopies 00 00.1 001 010 0.1 1 0-0. 00. 01 0. 0-0 0-

Resumo A análise química do solo é uma prática fundamental para obter as condições ideais de cultivo em um sistema silvipastoril produtivo, além de ser essencial para o planejamento e manejo dessa atividade. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo mapear a distribuição espacial dos nutrientes no solo em um sistema silvipastoril de 5 anos composto por brachiaria-brizantha e jacarandá-da-bahia, analisar o efeito da densidade das árvores e das copas nos teores de nutrientes e espacializar os dados. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), localizada no distrito de Pacotuba, ES. A delimitação da área de trabalho foi realizada com o uso de sistemas de informações geográficas, abrangendo a área cultivada, para criar uma malha regular de pontos para permitir a amostragem sistemática do solo. Foram coletadas 75 amostras deformadas de solo nas profundidades de 0-0,10 m para obtenção dos teores de nutrientes do solo. As imagens de alta qualidade obtidas pelo uso de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas (ARP) permitiram sobrepor os dados de nutrientes do solo, de pastagem, do inventário florestal e das parcelas amostrais para auxiliar nas análises comparativas. Isso possibilitou a identificação de áreas com menor desenvolvimento das copas, principalmente na porção nordeste. Por meio do cruzamento dos dados de espacialização dos nutrientes do solo com os dados obtidos com o uso de ARP, foi possível correlacioná-los quanto ao menor ou maior desenvolvimento do sistema. Assim, a utilização de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas, juntamente com banco de dados georreferenciado, mostrou-se uma ferramenta inovadora e poderosa para apoio na tomada de decisões em sistemas silvipastoris, possibilitando o acompanhamento da evolução do sistema, e servir como base para avaliar a relação entre os elementos químicos e as copas das árvores. produtivo atividade sentido brachiariabrizantha brachiaria brizantha jacarandádabahia, jacarandádabahia jacarandá bahia, bahia jacarandá-da-bahia Pesquisa INCAPER, INCAPER , (INCAPER) Pacotuba ES geográficas cultivada 7 00,10 0010 0 0,10 10 0-0,1 ARP (ARP pastagem comparativas nordeste correlacionálos correlacioná los Assim georreferenciado mostrouse mostrou se silvipastoris (INCAPER 00 00,1 001 010 0,1 1 0-0, 00, 01 0, 0-0 0-