Abstract Climate change and the lack of fuel management in oak forests promote favorable conditions for the occurrence of forest fires. The objective of the present research was to know the relationship of dasometric variables, terrain slope (Pe), depth of leaf litter (Ph) and depth of mulch (Pm) on the fuel load in oak forests in the Mountain region of Guerrero. The dasometric variables mean diameter (Dm), mean height (Am), number of trees ha-1 (Na) and basal área ha-1 (Ab) were evaluated according to the sampling design of the 2015 National Forest and Soil Inventory; At each sampling site, three planar intersection lines were established for sampling woody material (Ml), leaf litter (Ho) and mulch (Ma) were collected in 0.09 m2. The total fuel load ranged from 23.2 to 46.5 t ha-1 (p < 0.05), the Ma presented the highest load with 43%, followed by woody material (Ml) and leaf litter (Ho) with 31 and 26%. The total charge (Ct) showed a relationship with Ma, Ho and Ml (r = 0.81 to 0.41), Ho with Ph and Pe (r = 0.71 and -0.72). The c1h showed a relationship with Na, Ma, Pe and Dm (r = 0.72 to -0.41), the c10h showed a correlation with Ab, Pe and Na (r = 0.51 to 0.42). The dasometric variables only explain the fuel load with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 cm.

Resumen El cambio climático y la falta de manejo a los combustibles en los bosques de encino propicia condiciones favorables para la ocurrencia de incendios forestales. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer la relación de variables dasométricas, pendiente del terreno (Pe), profundidad de la hojarasca (Ph) y profundidad del mantillo (Pm) sobre la carga de combustible en bosques de encino en la región Montaña de Guerrero. Las variables dasométricas diámetro medio (Dm), altura media (Am), número de árboles ha-1 (Na) y Área basal ha-1 (Ab) se evaluaron de acuerdo al diseño de muestreo del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos 2015; en cada sitio de muestreo se establecieron tres líneas de intersección planar para el muestreo de material leñoso (Ml), se recogió la hojarasca (Ho) y mantillo (Ma) en 0.09 m2. La carga total de combustibles osciló de 23.2 a 46.5 t ha-1 (p < 0.05), el Ma presentó mayor carga con el 43 %, seguido el material leñoso (Ml) y hojarasca (Ho) con el 31 y 26 %. La carga total (Ct) mostró relación con el Ma, Ho y Ml (r = 0.81 a 0.41), la Ho con Ph y Pe (r = 0.71 y -0.72). El c1h mostró relación con el Na, Ma, Pe y Dm (r = 0.72 a -0.41), el c10h evidenció correlación con el Ab, Pe y Na (r = 0.51 a 0.42). Las variables dasométricas solo explican la carga de combustible con diámetro menor o igual a 2.5 cm.

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

Resumen El Pico de Orizaba es un área natural protegida en la que destacan bosques de Pinus hartwegii sometidos a presiones naturales y antrópicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los parámetros dasométricos de ocho rodales con cuatro exposiciones (N, S, E y O) y dos altitudes (3 700 y 3 900 m). Se ubicaron áreas con cobertura representativa y se establecieron tres sitios de dimensiones fijas de 1 000 m2 por cada combinación de exposición-altitud. La obtención de información se complementó con imágenes de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT). Se obtuvo mayor densidad de arbolado (593 árboles ha-1) en la combinación E-3 700 y la mínima en la zona O-3 900 (113 árboles ha-1). Los extremos de área basal mínima (11.9 m2 ha-1) y máxima (35.2 m2 ha-1) correspondieron a las combinaciones S-3 900 y E-3 700, respectivamente. El área basal y volumen disminuyeron con la altitud. La estructura horizontal mostró mayor número de individuos en categorías diamétricas bajas (10-40 cm) y la estructura vertical en las de 25 a 30 m de altura. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis evidenció diferencias significativas entre las ocho combinaciones para las variables diámetro (DN), altura total (AT) y volumen (VOL), cuya reducción más notable fue sobre la exposición sur al incrementar la altitud de 3 700 a 3 900 m, lo que indica que la combinación S-3 900 es menos favorable para el crecimiento del arbolado. Las combinaciones exposición-altitud con parámetros dasométricos superiores y más potencial de crecimiento fueron N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700 y O-3 900.

Abstract Pico de Orizaba is a natural protected area with Pinus hartwegii forests subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to compare the mensuation parameters of eight stands with four exposures (N, S, E, and W) at two different altitudes (3 700 and 3 900 m). Areas with representative coverage were located and three sites of fixed dimensions of 1 000 m2 were established for each exposure-altitude combination. The collected information was complemented with images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The highest tree density (593 trees ha-1) was obtained in the E-3 700 combination, and the lowest, in the W-3 900 area (113 trees ha-1). The extremes of minimum (11.9 m2 ha-1) and maximum (35.2 m2 ha-1) basimetric area corresponded to combinations S-3 900 and E-3 700, respectively. The basimetric area and volume decreased with the altitude. The horizontal structure showed a greater number of individuals in low diameter categories (10-40 cm), and the vertical structure in the 25 to 30 m height categories. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between the eight combinations for the diameter (DN), total height (TA) and volume (VOL) variables. The most notable reduction was on the southern exposure, as the altitude increased from 3 700 to 3 900 m, indicating that the S-3 900 combination is less favorable for tree growth. The exposure-elevation combinations with superior mensuration parameters and more growth potential were N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700, and W-3 900.

Resumen Los cafetales (Coffea arabica) de la región de la Montaña de Guerrero mantienen las características de un bosque, además contribuyen a la generación de recursos económicos que ayudan a un gran número de familias a mitigar parte de sus necesidades básicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la estructura y los usos de las especies de sombra de los cafetales en dos comunidades Me’phaa de la Montaña de Guerrero. Se muestrearon 12 parcelas en Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec y La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec; se utilizó el método de punto-centro-cuadrado; a los árboles se les midió la distancia, altura, cobertura de copa y diámetro normal. Se estimó la diversidad alfa basada en la riqueza de especies (S), el Índice de Simpson, Shannon-Wiener y el número efectivo de especies (N0, N1 y N2), la similitud se calculó con el Coeficiente Jaccard (I J ) y se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Para reconocer los usos de los árboles se aplicaron entrevistas (50 en TC y 10 en LC) estructuradas a los cafeticultores. Se registraron 35 especies, 16 en Tres Cruces y 22 en La Ciénega, de las cuales 83.3 % fueron nativas, por lo que se clasifica como manejo tradicional. Alnus acuminata en LC y Myrsine juergensenii en TC fueron las de mayor IVI. Los cafeticultores señalaron a 24 especies en TC y 14 en LC que proporcionan sombra, generan materia orgánica, frutos, flores y combustibles; las especies más empleadas son Clethra mexicana y A. acuminata.

Abstract The coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations of the Montaña de Guerrero region preserve the characteristics of a forest and also contribute to the generation of economic resources that help a large number of families to meet some of their basic needs. The objective of this work was to identify the structure and uses of shade species in coffee plantations in two Me'phaa communities in the Montaña de Guerrero region. Twelve plots in Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec and La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec, were sampled using the point-center-square method; trees were measured for distance, height, crown cover and normal diameter. The alpha diversity was estimated based on species richness (S), Simpson's Index, Shannon-Wiener’s Index, and the effective number of species (N0, N1 and N2); similarity was calculated with the Jaccard index (J I ), and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined. In order to identify the uses of the trees, structured interviews (50 in TC and 10 in LC) were carried out with coffee growers. Thirty-five species were recorded -16 in Tres Cruces and 22 in La Ciénega-, of which 83.3 % were native; therefore, the region is classified as under traditional management. Alnus acuminata in LC and Myrsine juergensenii in TC had the highest IVI. Coffee growers reported 24 species in TC and 14 in LC that provide shade, generate organic matter, fruits, flowers, and fuel. The most commonly used species are Clethra mexicana and A. acuminata.

Abstract Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural, forestry and cultural diversity and have been little studied in coastal regions of Mexico. The SA managed by mixtecs and afro-mexicans are unknown. Questions: Which agroforestry systems are found in Mixtec and Afro-Mexican communities? Which are the forms of management, agricultural and agroforestry practices and useful species in agroforestry systems? Studied species: Various. Study site and dates: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. October 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with local specialists in three Mixtec and three Afro-Mexican communities. Questions were asked about traditional agroforestry systems, agricultural, agroforestry and management practices, and useful species. Tours and collections of herbarium specimens were carried out. Each system was described, management and agroforestry practices were categorized; and the number of useful species by category of use and cultural group was recorded. Results: Six agroforestry systems were recorded and described: milpa, pastures, plots, acahuales; piñal and coconut. Agricultural practices in Mixtec communities are carried out with basic tools and inputs and the production is for self-consumption and local sale, while in Afro-Mexican communities they are technical, and their destination is regional sale. The most common agroforestry practices were the boundaries and isolated trees. Conclusions: The cultural groups share agroforestry systems, forms of management, and number of useful species is similar, but they differ in agricultural practices. In the agroforestry systems, edible and timber species (firewood, poles, fences, construction) are mainly conserved.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrosilvícolas (SA) integran diversidad agrícola, forestal y cultural. En regiones costeras de México han sido poco estudiados, particularmente los manejados por mixtecos y afromexicanos de la costa de Oaxaca. Preguntas: ¿Qué SA se encuentran en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas?, ¿Cuáles son las especies útiles, formas de manejo, prácticas agrícolas y agroforestales de los SA? Especies de estudio: Diversas. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. Octubre 2021 a octubre 2022. Métodos: Se realizaron 60 entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas locales en tres comunidades mixtecas y tres afromexicanas. Se preguntó acerca de especies útiles, sistemas agrosilvícolas, prácticas agrícolas, agroforestales y de manejo. Se realizaron recorridos y colectas de ejemplares de herbario. Se describió cada sistema por sus prácticas agroforestales y de manejo. Se registró el número de especies útiles por categoría de uso y grupo cultural. Resultados: Se documentaron y describieron seis SA: milpa, potreros, solares, acahuales, piñal y cocotal. Las prácticas agrícolas en comunidades mixtecas se realizan con herramientas e insumos básicos y la producción tiene un fin de autoconsumo y venta local, mientras que en comunidades afromexicanas son tecnificadas y su destino es la venta regional. Linderos y árboles aislados fueron las prácticas agroforestales más comunes. Conclusiones: Mixtecos y Afromexicanos comparten SA, formas de manejo y prácticas agroforestales, difieren en las prácticas agrícolas. En los SA se conservan principalmente especies comestibles y maderables. El número de especies útiles es similar en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas.

Abstract Introduction: University dropout is now considered a complex phenomenon that goes beyond the number of students not enrolled and that is continuously growing, especially in the first years of study. Objective: In the present study, a prediction model combining Survival Analysis, Decision Trees, and Random Forest, under the Machine Learning philosophy, is proposed for the early diagnosis of possible factors causing dropout in university students. Methods: The proposal consists of 3 phases: the Survival Analysis that allows estimating the probability of permanence of the student (survival). Phase 2 starts from the probability value obtained in the previous phase and uses it as a response variable in the modeling process based on Decision Trees to establish survival patterns around the variables considered. Finally, in phase 3, the critical variables in the model are identified using the Random Forest. Results: The proposed methodology allowed the design of a prediction model to identify the main segmentation variables in behavior patterns of possible cases of academic dropout. Conclusion: Even though the proposal was developed considering a particular case of a Chilean university, the efficient combination of metaheuristics allows the extrapolation of the methodology to any context and academic reality. However, the conditions and needs of each institution must be considered.

Resumen Introducción: La deserción universitaria se considera actualmente como un fenómeno complejo que va más alla del número de estudiantes no matriculados, y que viene en continuo crecimiento sobre todo en los primeros años de estudio. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se propone un modelo de predicción que combina el Análisis de Supervivencia, Árboles de Decisión y Random Forest, bajo la filosofía de Machine Learning, para el diagnóstico temprano de los posibles factores de la deserción en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: La propuesta consta de 3 fases: el Análisis de Supervivencia que permite estimar la probabilidad de permanencia del alumno (supervivencia). La fase 2 parte del valor de probabilidad obtenido en la fase anterior y lo utiliza como variable respuesta en el proceso de modelado basado en los árboles de decisión para establecer patrones de supervivencia en torno a las variables consideradas. Finalmente, en la fase 3 se identifican las variables más importantes en el modelo, utilizando Random Forest. Resultados: La metodología propuesta permitió diseñar un modelo de predicción, que identifica las principales variables de segmentación en patrones de comportamiento de posibles casos de deserción académica. Conclusión: Si bien la propuesta fue desarrollada considerando un caso particular de una universidad chilena, la eficiente combinación de la metaheurística permite la extrapolación de la metodología a cualquier contexto y realidad académica. Sin embargo, se deben considerar las condiciones y necesidades de cada institución.

Resumo Introdução: A deserção universitária é atualmente considerada um fenômeno complexo que vai além do número de estudantes não matriculados, e que vem em contínuo crescimento sobretudo nos primeiros anos de estudo. Objetivo: No presente estudo, é proposto um modelo de predição que combina Análise de Sobrevivência, Árvores de Decisão e Random Forest, sob a filosofia de Machine Learning, para o diagnóstico precoce dos possíveis fatores de deserção em estudantes universitários. Métodos: A proposta consiste em 3 fases: a Análise de Sobrevivência que permite estimar a probabilidade de permanência do aluno (sobrevivência). A fase 2 parte do valor de probabilidade obtido na fase anterior e o utiliza como variável resposta no processo de modelagem baseado em árvores de decisão para estabelecer padrões de sobrevivência em torno das variáveis consideradas. Finalmente, na fase 3, as variáveis críticas do modelo são identificadas usando Random Forest. Resultados: A metodologia proposta permitiu desenhar um modelo de previsão, que identifica as principais variáveis de segmentação em padrões de comportamento de possíveis casos de deserção acadêmica. Conclusão: Embora a proposta tenha sido desenvolvida a partir de um caso particular de uma universidade chilena, a combinação eficiente da meta-heurística permite a extrapolação da metodologia para qualquer contexto e realidade acadêmica. No entanto, devem ser consideradas as condições e necessidades de cada instituição.

Abstract In sampling of pests with low densities, it is common to obtain a large number of zeros, which is difficult to manage since the Poisson and negative binomial probability distributions are not suitable for modeling and equations to estimate the optimal sample size are not available. In this study model the excess of zeros by estimating parameters through the methods of moments and maximum likelihood of the zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial distributions, and to derive equations to calculate the optimal sample size. Systematic sampling was used to select 100 trees per grove of Río Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) at Finca Sayula, Veracruz, Mexico (latitude 19.20722, longitude -96.35194), from June to July 2021 and January 2022. The number of leafminers (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) and aphids (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) present in three leaves per shoot per tree, considered as a sample unit, was counted. Simulations were performed in RStudio with different proportions of zero (0.1, 0.4, and 0.6) to compare the parameters obtained in the field using the methods of moments and maximum likelihood. Equations were derived to estimate the optimal sample size in studies of pests with low densities, based on the zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial probability distributions. The method of moments yields optimal sample sizes smaller than those obtained by maximum likelihood, because they distinguish the origin from zero, so its use is recommended.

Resumen En muestreos de plagas con densidades bajas es común obtener gran cantidad de ceros, lo que es difícil de manejar, ya que las distribuciones de probabilidad Poisson y binomial negativa no son adecuadas para su modelación y no se dispone de ecuaciones para estimar el tamaño de muestra óptimo. En este estudio se modelo el exceso de ceros mediante la estimación de parámetros a través de los métodos de momentos y de máxima verosimilitud de las distribuciones Poisson cero inflado y binomial negativa cero inflado, y derivar ecuaciones para calcular el tamaño de muestra óptima. Se utilizó muestreo sistemático para seleccionar 100 árboles por huerto de toronja (Citrus paradisi Macfad) Río Red, en la Finca Sayula, Veracruz, México (latitud 19.20722, longitud -96.35194), de junio a julio 2021 y enero 2022. Se contó el número de minadores (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) y pulgones (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) presentes en tres hojas por brote por árbol, consideradas como unidad muestral. Se realizaron simulaciones en RStudio con diferentes proporciones de cero (0.1, 0.4 y 0.6) para comparar los parámetros obtenidos en campo, mediante el método de los momentos y máxima verosimilitud. Se derivaron ecuaciones para estimar el tamaño de muestra óptimo en estudios de plagas con densidades bajas, a partir de las distribuciones de probabilidad Poisson cero inflado y binomial negativa cero inflado. El método de los momentos arroja tamaños de muestra óptimos menores a aquellos obtenidos mediante máxima verosimilitud, debido a que distinguen el origen del cero, por lo que se recomienda su uso.

Resumen Las tierras secas representan el principal bioma terrestre, proveyendo numerosos servicios ecosistémicos a un ingente número de personas. En estos ambientes, los bosques son a menudo dominados por árboles de porte multi-fustal, explotados por los habitantes locales para obtener productos forestales útiles para su sustento. En los territorios del centro-oeste de Argentina, los bosques de Neltuma flexuosa (algarrobo) están distribuidos en diferentes unidades de paisaje, los que presentan variaciones en las características topográficas y edáficas. En este estudio reconstruimos, a través de métodos dendrocronológicos, el crecimiento, el intervalo para obtener productos maderables, y el turno biológico de corta en función de la variabilidad topo-edáfica en tres bosques diferentes de algarrobo. Los resultados indican que la heterogeneidad del paisaje modula el crecimiento radial de la especie, influenciando el incremento diamétrico y el turno de corta. En este sentido, se evidencia una tendencia decreciente en valores de productividad según un gradiente edáfico desde textura limosa a arenosa. Estos hallazgos proveen información novedosa y de utilidad para los planes de manejo forestal de los bosques de N. flexuosa, indicando la necesidad por considerar la heterogeneidad espacial establecidas por las unidades de paisaje/suelos en estudios relativos a la dinámica forestal de los bosques de tierras secas.

Abstract Drylands represent the main earth biome, providing ecosytemic services to a large number of people. Along these environments, woodlands are often dominated by multi-stemmed trees, which are exploited by local inhabitants to obtain forest products for their livelihood. In central-west Argentina, Neltuma flexuosa (algarrobo) woodlands are distributed across different landform units, varying in topographical and soil characteristics. This research aimed to reconstruct stem-growth time until harvestable diameter was achieved, and biological rotation age according to topo-edaphic variability in three algarrobo forests using dendrochronological methods. Results indicated that landform heterogeneity modulated species radial growth, influencing stem increments and cutting cycle period. In this sense, a decreasing trend in tree productivity emerged along a loamy-to-sandy textured soil gradient. These findings provide useful novel information for N. flexuosa forest management, suggesting the need to account for spatial landform/soil heterogeneity when examining desert forest dynamics.

ABSTRACT: The number of chilling hours is responsible for maximizing budding and flowering in temperate climate fruit trees, and this number varies widely between years. An important source of variability is the occurrence of the ENSO - El Niño Southern Oscillation. With the intent of further understanding, the objective set was to analyze the influence of ENSO on chilling hours in Rio Grande do Sul State. To perform the analysis it was used data of air temperature - below 7.2 oC - from 24 meteorological stations. The results showed that when La Niña occurs, the percentage of chilling hours was above average for the period analyzed in all locations, and when El Niño occurs, the values were below average in 79% of the locations. The highest number of chilling hours, observed in each location, mainly occurred during the presence of La Niña and the lowest number was mainly observed during the occurrence of El Niño. The largest deviation (%) of chilling hours from the average occurred in May. Despite the month of July having the highest number of chilling hours, the occurrence of El Niño or La Niña does not show any difference between them. The month of September also shows no difference when comparing instances of El Niño and La Niña. ABSTRACT trees years Oscillation understanding State 72 7 2 7. stations occurs locations 79 location % (% May them (

RESUMO: O número de horas de frio é responsável pela maximização da brotação e floração em fruteiras de clima temperado, e esse número varia muito entre os anos. Uma importante fonte de variabilidade é a ocorrência do ENOS - El Niño Oscilação Sul. Com intuito de um melhor entendimento, objetivou-se analisar a influência do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul, sobre o acúmulo de horas de frio no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizou-se dados de temperatura do ar, abaixo de 7,2 oC, de 24 estações meteorológicas. Os resultados mostraram que, quando da ocorrência de La Niña, o percentual de horas de frio foi superior à média em todas as localidades e durante o El Niño os valores ficaram abaixo da média em 79% das localidades. O maior número de horas de frio, observado em cada localidade ocorreu, predominantemente, durante a La Niña e, o menor número foi observado, predominantemente, durante a ocorrência de El Niño. O maior desvio (%) de horas de frio em relação à média ocorreu no mês de maio. Apesar do mês de julho ter o maior número de horas de frio, a ocorrência do El Niño ou La Niña não apresenta diferença entre si. O mês de setembro também não apresenta diferença na comparação entre os eventos de El Niño e La Niña. RESUMO temperado anos Sul entendimento objetivouse objetivou se isso utilizouse utilizou ar 72 7 2 7, oC meteorológicas que 79 predominantemente % (% maio si (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of decision trees to select sows based on the production parameters of parity order (PO) 1 sows from a commercial herd. Data were collected at a piglet production unit with a capacity of housing 5,500 sows in collective pens. Piglet production and sow culling information was collected from PO1 and PO2 sows. The period from January 2017 to March 2020 was analyzed. The correlation analysis was used to identify the influence of the production parameters on sow culling after exploring the database using the graphical analysis and descriptive statistics. The ANOVA was applied to evaluate differences in the response variables between culled and unculled sows. Two models were proposed using the decision tree method: model 1 referred to sow culling, and model 2 comprised the total number of liveborn piglets (TBA). The calculated value was close to 0, although the correlations of the production parameters with culling were statistically significant. The mean number of weaned piglets was higher for unculled sows in PO1 (p < 0.05). The number of weaned piglets, total number of liveborn piglets, and weaning-service interval did not differ in the unculled and culled sows in PO2 (p > 0.05). Using a confusion matrix as a metric tool, the decision tree method used in this study provided consistent results for this database, indicating its possible use for decision-making in sow selection. PO (PO herd 5500 5 500 5,50 pens 201 202 analyzed statistics TBA. TBA . (TBA) 0 significant p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) weaningservice weaning service tool decisionmaking making selection 550 50 5,5 20 (TBA 00 0.0 55 5, 0.

ABSTRACT The pear tree (Pyrus spp.) is a fruit tree of temperate climate, so it needs a certain number of hours under cold temperatures to overcome its natural dormancy. It can be cultivated in the tropics, but few regions have cold enough winters to overcome the natural dormancy of pear trees. For this purpose, it is necessary to select cultivars with less need for cold conditions combined with the use of bud-inducing to sprouting and flowering products. This study aimed to test doses of hydrogenated cyanamide (Dormex) to break dormancy and induce bud sprouting in different pear cultivars under subtropical conditions. The branches of five pear tree cultivars, ‘Cascatense’, ‘Primorosa’, ‘Seleta’, ‘Packham’s Triumph’, and ‘William’s’, were sprayed with Dormex (a commercial product containing 52% hydrogen cyanamide, CH2N2) at 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% or with water (control). The trees were evaluated at two, four, six, eight, 10, and 12 weeks after the application of the treatments in two consecutive years. The European pear trees ‘William’s’ and ‘Packham’s Triumph’ showed low budding rates compared to hybrid pear trees. Hybrid pear showed better performance in subtropical regions, with higher budding rates, than European pear. CH2N2 efficiently induces bud sprouting of pear, with especially 4 and 5% Dormex. Pyrus spp. spp climate tropics purpose budinducing inducing products (Dormex ‘Cascatense, Cascatense ‘Cascatense , ‘Cascatense’ ‘Primorosa, Primorosa ‘Primorosa ‘Primorosa’ ‘Seleta, Seleta ‘Seleta ‘Seleta’ ‘Packhams Packhams ‘Packham s Packham Triumph, Triumph ‘Williams, Williams ‘William William 52 CHN CH N 1 2 3 5 control. control . (control) four six eight 10 years ‘Williams ‘William’s CH2N (control

Abstract Families of 38 month-old Calycophyllum spruceanum planted at three locations in the Peruvian Amazon were analyzed for breeding purpose. Significant differences were detected among families, sites and combined sites for the traits trunk diameter (D), height (H), number of nodes (NN), number of branches (NB) and survival rate (SUR), except for NN at site 2 and SUR at site 3 and combined sites. The correlation of the genotype-environment interaction was simple for D, H, NN, and SUR (0.77-0.89). Heritability was generally highest for D, H, NN, and NB (0.12-0.7), and the genotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 8.6-27.4%. Genetic correlations between these traits within and among sites ranged from 0.35-1.0. The selection of 75 trees from different families, within blocks and locations, suggested the possibility of genetic gains (6.1-29.8%) for D, H, NN, and NB, and that the remaining effective population size can be exploited in future selection cycles. monthold month old purpose families D , (D) H (H) (NN) (NB SUR, (SUR) genotypeenvironment genotype environment 0.770.89. 077089 0.77 0.89 . 0 77 89 (0.77-0.89) 0.120.7, 01207 0.12 0.7 12 7 (0.12-0.7) 8.627.4%. 86274 8.6 27.4%. 8 6 27 4 8.6-27.4% 0.351.0. 03510 0.35 1.0. 35 1 0.35-1.0 6.129.8% 61298 6.1 29.8% 29 (6.1-29.8% cycles (D (H (NN (SUR 770 0.770.89 07708 077 089 0.8 (0.77-0.89 120 0.120.7 0120 012 0.1 07 0. (0.12-0.7 627 8.627.4% 8627 86 8. 274 27.4% 8.6-27.4 351 0.351.0 0351 035 0.3 10 1.0 0.35-1. 129 6.129.8 6129 61 6. 298 29.8 (6.1-29.8 0.770.8 0770 08 (0.77-0.8 0.120. 01 (0.12-0. 62 8.627.4 862 27.4 8.6-27. 0.351. 03 1. 0.35-1 6.129. 612 29. (6.1-29. 0.770. (0.77-0. 0.120 (0.12-0 8.627. 27. 8.6-27 0.351 0.35- 6.129 (6.1-29 0.770 (0.77-0 (0.12- 8.627 8.6-2 6.12 (6.1-2 (0.77- (0.12 8.62 8.6- (6.1- (0.77 (0.1 (6.1 (0.7 (0. (6. (0 (6 (

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to present a methodological tool for the phenotypic evaluation in progeny tests of Guazuma crinita in producer plots of the Aguaytía river basin, Ucayali, Peru, which allows field technicians to standardize the morphological evaluation criteria of trees in forest plantations. Therefore, the phenotypic traits were evaluated for plant height (m), diameter at the height of the base (cm), number of branches, number of rings, stem form, branch orientation, presence and quantity of leaves. The heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits were also estimated. Therefore, 32 morphological categories were plotted based on the significant correlations (p? 0.05) shown between the place of planting, the stem form, the orientation of the branches and the presence of leaves. For the same reason, the progeny showed low morphological patterns, being a low factor of phenotypic variability. It is concluded that the correlations between the biometric and morphological traits evaluated, allowed to validate the phenotypic evaluation procedures of Guazuma crinita progeny tests at 36 months of age. basin Ucayali Peru plantations Therefore m, m , (m) cm, cm (cm) rings form leaves estimated 3 p (p 0.05 005 0 05 planting reason patterns variability age (m (cm 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma ferramenta metodológica para avaliação fenotípica em testes de progênie de Guazuma crinita em parcelas de produtores na bacia do rio Aguaytía, Ucayali, Peru, que permite aos técnicos de campo padronizar os critérios de avaliação morfológica das árvores em plantações florestais. Também foi estimada a herdabilidade e as correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre os caracteres. Dessa maneira, os caracteres fenotípicos foram avaliados para altura da planta (m), diâmetro na altura da base (cm), número de ramos, número de anéis, forma do fuste, orientação do ramo, presença e quantidade de folhas. Sendo assim, 32 categorias morfológicas foram plotadas com base nas correlações significativas (p? 0,05) mostradas entre local de plantio, forma do fuste, orientação do ramo e presença de folhas. Conclui-se que as correlações entre os caracteres biométricas e morfológicas avaliadas permitiram a validação dos procedimentos de avaliação fenotípica dos testes de progênies de Guazuma crinita aos 36 meses de idade. Aguaytía Ucayali Peru florestais maneira m, m , (m) cm, cm (cm) ramos anéis fuste folhas assim 3 p (p 0,05 005 0 05 plantio Concluise Conclui se idade (m (cm 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT Trees provide habitat and resources for resident and transient fauna on the cities. The choice of tree species for urban planting follows multifactorial criteria, but little consideration is given to the resources they provide. We aimed to identify functional groups of 154 native tree species indicated for urban afforestation in the municipality of São Paulo from the floral and fruiting resources made available to potential floral and fruiting visitors. We observed a proportional number of species with abiotic and biotic dispersal and a predominance of bee-pollinated tree species or fleshy fruits consumed by birds. We proposed eight functional groups characterized by sharing potential floral and frugivorous visitors that showed uneven richness. A choice focused on taxonomic identification and species size may promote high functional redundancy and impact the richness of plant-animal interactions and decrease the permeability of cities for fauna. criteria 15 beepollinated bee pollinated birds plantanimal plant animal 1

RESUMO Árvores fornecem habitat e recursos para a fauna residente e transiente nas cidades. A escolha de espécies arbóreas para plantio urbano segue critérios multifatoriais, mas pouco considera os recursos que elas disponibilizam para a fauna. Objetivamos identificar grupos funcionais de 154 espécies arbóreas nativas indicadas para plantio urbano do município de São Paulo a partir dos recursos florais e frutíferos disponibilizados para visitantes florais e frutíferos potenciais. Observamos um número proporcional de espécies com dispersão abiótica e biótica e um predomínio de espécies de arbóreas polinizadas por abelhas ou com frutos carnosos consumidos por aves. Propusemos oito grupos funcionais caracterizados pelo compartilhamento de visitantes florais e frugívoros potenciais que apresentaram uma riqueza desigual. Uma escolha focada na identificação taxonômica e porte das espécies pode promover uma alta redundância funcional e impactar a riqueza de interações planta-animal e diminuir a permeabilidade das cidades para fauna. multifatoriais 15 aves desigual plantaanimal planta animal 1

ABSTRACT The Semiarid region in the Northeast of Brazil is characterized by Caatinga tropical forests, adapted to 8-to-9 months of annual water stress. Human activities have resulted in environmental degradation due to tree removal and soil exposure to erosion factors; however, planting native trees, such as Mimosa tenuiflora and Cnidoscolus quercifolius, may accelerate environmental recovery. Tree recovery was evaluated in a degraded areas under a 14-year period of grazing exclusion (2005 to 2019) and planting of M. tenuiflora (2005 and 2009) and C. quercifolius (2007 and 2009) and under natural regeneration. Data on survival, height, and diameter of planted seedlings, and the number, species, height, and diameter of naturally regenerating trees were collected. The absence of grazing allowed for the establishment of 50.5% and 44.6% of the 204 M. tenuiflora and 204 C. quercifolius planted seedlings, which presented mean heights of 395 and 355 cm and mean basal diameters of 92 and 76 mm. Naturally regenerated M. tenuiflora and C. quercifolius totaled 190 and 7 plants, with heights of 95 and 139 cm, and basal diameters of 10 and 26 mm. A naturally established specimen of Cenostigma pyramidale with a height of 175 cm and basal diameter of 36 mm was found. This denotes the positive effect of seedling planting on tree cove compared to a nearby continuously grazed area; however, full recovery, especially regarding diversity of the tree community, requires more than 14year grazing exclusion, tree planting, and natural regeneration. forests 8to9 8 9 8-to- stress factors however year 14 2005 (200 2019 M 2009 C 2007 regeneration survival seedlings number species collected 505 50 5 50.5 446 44 6 44.6 20 39 35 19 plants 13 1 2 17 3 found area community 8to 8-to 200 (20 201 50. 4 44. (2 (

RESUMO A região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil é caracterizada pela floresta tropical Caatinga adaptada a déficit hídrico anual de 7-a8 meses. As atividades humanas degradam o ambiente pela remoção das árvores e exposição do solo aos agentes erosivos; porém o plantio de árvores nativas, tais como Mimosa tenuiflora e Cnidoscolus quercifolius, pode acelerar a recuperação ambiental. A recuperação arbórea de uma área degradada foi avaliada considerando 14 anos sem pastejo (de 2005 a 2019), o plantio de M. tenuiflora (2005 e 2009) e C. quercifolius (2007 e 2009), e a regeneração natural. Foram coletados dados de sobrevivência, altura e diâmetro das mudas plantadas, e a quantidade, espécie, altura e diâmetro dos regenerantes. A ausência do pastejo permitiu o estabelecimento de, respectivamente, 50,5% e 44,6% das 204 M. tenuiflora e das 204 de C. quercifolius, com médias altura de 395 e 355 cm, e de diâmetro basal de 92 e 76 mm. Foram observados 190 e sete regenerantes de M. tenuiflora e C. quercifolius, com média de 95 cm e 139 cm de altura, e de 10 mm e 26 mm de diâmetro basal. Foi observado um regenerante de Cenostigma pyramidale, com altura de 175 cm e diâmetro basal de 36 mm. Isto mostrou o efeito positivo do plantio de mudas na cobertura arbórea comparada ao cenário ainda observado na área adjacente pastejada continuamente, mas a recuperação completa, especialmente quanto à diversidade da comunidade arbórea, precisa de mais do que 14 anos sem pastejo, plantio de mudas e regeneração natural. 7a8 7 a8 7-a meses erosivos nativas ambiental 1 200 2019, 2019 , 2019) M (200 2009 C 2007 2009, natural sobrevivência plantadas quantidade espécie respectivamente 505 50 5 50,5 446 44 6 44,6 20 39 35 9 19 13 2 pyramidale 17 3 continuamente completa 7a 201 (20 50, 4 44, (2 (