Resumen La información se ha convertido en un activo para las compañías debido a que la mayoría de las decisiones estratégicas de los negocios están basadas en el análisis de los datos, sin embargo, no siempre se obtienen los mejores resultados en estos análisis debido a la baja calidad de la información. La calidad de la información tiene varias dimensiones de evaluación, lo cual hace compleja la tarea de lograr un nivel adecuado de calidad. Una de las principales actividades antes de proceder con cualquier tipo de análisis es el preprocesamiento de los datos. Esta actividad es una de las más demandantes en tiempo y no siempre se obtienen los niveles esperados de calidad o se cubren las dimensiones de evaluación de mayor impacto. Este trabajo propone el uso de machine learning como herramienta para realizar limpieza de datos en la dimensión de completitud y coherencia, su validación se hace sobre un conjunto de datos suministrado por una entidad estatal encargada de la protección de los derechos de los niños a nivel nacional. El trabajo de investigación inicia con la selección de las herramientas de procesamiento la información, el análisis descriptivo de los datos, la identificación puntual de los problemas a los cuales se aplicarán las técnicas de machine learning para mejorar la calidad de los datos, experimentación y evaluación de los diferentes modelos y finalmente la implementación del modelo de mejor desempeño. Dentro de los resultados de este trabajo se tiene una mejora en la dimensión de completitud disminuyendo en un 4.9% los datos nulos y en la dimensión de coherencia un 2.6% de los registros con contradicciones, validando de esta forma el uso de machine learning para la limpieza de datos.

Abstract Information has become an asset for companies because most business strategic decisions are made based on data analysis; however, the best results are not always obtained in these analyses due to the low quality of information. It as several evaluation dimensions, making the task complex of achieving an adequate level of quality. One of the main activities before proceeding with any type of analysis is the pre-processing of the data. This activity is one of the most demanding in time; the expected levels of quality are not always obtained, nor are the evaluation dimensions with the most significant impact are covered. This work presents the use of machine learning as a tool to clean data in the dimension of completeness and coherence; its validation is done on a data set provided by a government entity in charge of protecting children’s rights at the national level. It starts from the selection of the information processing tools, the descriptive analysis of the data, the specific identification of the problems in which the machine learning techniques will be applied to improve the quality of the data, experimentation, and evaluation of the different models, and finally the implementation of the best performing model. Among the results of this work, there is an improvement in the completeness dimension, decreasing the null data by 4.9%. In the coherence dimension, 2.6% of the records were identified with contradictions, thus validating machine learning for data cleaning.

ABSTRACT The northeastern slope of the Andes is an area of high diversity of ferns and lycophytes. In this study we assessed the diversity patterns of ferns and lycophytes in ten 250 m x 2 m plots installed at three elevational zones, from 418 to 3447 m.a.s.l., in the Napo province of Ecuador. Floristic diversity was measured using Hill numbers and by partitioning species diversity. Three functional diversity indices were calculated from a set of five leaf traits and weighted by species abundance: functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve) and divergence (FDiv). To disentangle functional diversity from species richness, the standardized effect size (SES) of each index was also calculated. We recorded 148 species, Polypodiaceae and Dryopteridaceae being the most representative families. Species richness continuously decreased with elevation. Floristic composition was highly heterogeneous among elevation zones, with total species turnover found between 1500 and 2000 m.a.s.l. SES-FDiv and SES-FEve were higher than the null expectation for plots at mid-elevations, suggesting that deterministic mechanisms, such as biotic or abiotic filters, could explain assemblage composition at these sites. However, SES-FEve, SES-FRic and SES-FDiv did not differ from the null expectations at low and high elevation sites, suggesting the predominance of a stochastic process. By combining floristic and functional diversity, we were able to infer the observed community patterns with the resource-use strategies of fern and lycophytes in a mountain area, an approach that can be used to understand how assemblages might react to changing environmental conditions.

RESUMEN La vertiente noreste de los Andes del Ecuador tiene alta diversidad de helechos y licófitos. En este estudio describimos patrones de diversidad de estos grupos en diez parcelas de 250 m x 2 m instaladas en tres zonas altitudinales, de 418 a 3447 m.s.n.m., en la provincia de Napo, Ecuador. La diversidad se calculó utilizando los números de Hill y particionando la diversidad de especies. Tres índices de diversidad funcional fueron estimados a partir de cinco atributos de las hojas ponderados por la abundancia de las especies: riqueza (FRic), uniformidad (FEve) y divergencia (FDiv). Para separar la diversidad funcional de la riqueza, se calculó el tamaño del efecto estandarizado (SES) de cada índice. Registramos 148 especies, siendo Polypodiaceae y Dryopteridaceae las familias más representativas. La riqueza disminuyó continuamente en el gradiente altitudinal. La composición de la comunidad tuvo un cambio total de especies entre 1500 y 2000 m.s.n.m. En parcelas intermedias, SES-FDiv y SES-FEve registraron valores más altos de lo esperado por el modelo nulo, lo que sugiere que los mecanismos deterministas, como los filtros bióticos y abióticos, podrían explicar el ensamble en estas comunidades. En parcelas de altitudes bajas y altas los tres índices no difirieron del valor nulo, lo que sugiere que predominan procesos estocásticos. Al combinar composición florística y diversidad funcional, pudimos identificar patrones de diversidad y estrategias de uso de recursos de helechos y licófitos. Este enfoque se puede utilizar para comprender cómo el ensamble de las comunidades es afectado por la variación en las condiciones ambientales.

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar el efecto contextual de los límites político administrativo de los departamentos, en la posibilidad individual de cesárea en el año 2016 y, las características individuales y contextuales asociadas a la misma. Métodos: Estudio transversal de una cohorte de nacimientos. Se realizó un análisis multinivel utilizando como fuente la base de datos de los certificados de nacimientos de Colombia desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se elaboraron tres modelos logísticos multinivel, con las gestantes en el primer nivel y el departamento como segundo nivel. El primer modelo incluyó solo el departamento como efecto aleatorio, seguido de otro con variables individuales y el último incluyó también las variables de contexto. Resultados: La proporción de cesáreas fue de 45.5% (IC 95%: 45.4-45.6), con un rango de 5% al 76%. El coeficiente de partición de varianza fue de 15%, indicando la existencia de una considerable desigualdad geográfica en la posibilidad del parto por cesárea. La región a la que pertenecen los departamentos explicó 71 % de la varianza entre departamentos. En particular, la región Caribe se asoció de manera positiva con la posibilidad de cesáreas comparado con la región Andina (OR:3.88, IC 95%: 2.65-5.67). Conclusiones: El análisis multinivel de la heterogeneidad individual mostró que el departamento juega un papel importante en la posibilidad de partos por cesáreas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que intervenciones con enfoque de universalismo proporcional son necesarias para reducir el parto por cesárea con énfasis en los departamentos de mayor riesgo y en la región Caribe e Insular

Abstract Objectives: To determine the general contextual effect of the department in the variation of Cesarean section in Colombia in 2016, and their individual and contextual related factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on a birth cohort. We used the birth certificate database from January 1 to December 31, 2016. Three multilevel logistic models were constructed. Pregnant women were set at the first level and department at the second level. We fitted a null multilevel model followed by two multiple models, including individual and individual and department variables, respectively. Results: The overall prevalence of C-section was 45.5% (95% CI: 45.4-45.6), ranged from 5 to 76%. The variance partition coefficient was 15%. Individual factors did not explain the general contextual effect. However, the region to which these departments belong explained 71% of the variance. The Caribbean region was positively associated with C-section compared to the Andean region (OR:3.88, 95% CI: 2.65-5.67). Conclusions: Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy showed that the department plays an important role in the variation of C-sections in Colombia. Our results suggest that the proportional universalism approach should be applied to reduce the proportion of C-Section, focusing on departments with the highest risk and on the Caribbean and Insular region.

Abstract Microsatellite primers pairs were developed for the Neotropical tree Roupala montana var. brasiliensis for use in studies on genetic diversity, mating system, and gene flow. Forty-two primer pairs were developed, resulting in 27 polymorphic loci, with two to 27 alleles per locus. The primer pairs were validated against 34 R. montana var. brasiliensis adult trees from four populations. The observed (H o) and expected (H e)heterozygosities ranged among loci from 0.061 to 0.930 (mean of 0.544) and from 0.116 to 0.950 (mean of 0.700), respectively. Null alleles were observed for ten loci. No genotypic linkage disequilibrium was detected in any pair of loci. This set of loci is suitable for population genetic studies of the species.

Abstract The research is focused on the application of the "DIMAPA" Games, which are a set of dynamic, entertaining, motivating and guided activities, based on drawings, mandalas and words designed for the General and Applied Histology and Embryology course; being the main objective of the work to develop the selective attention of the students of Dentistry. This is an applied type investigation, with an explanatory level, an experimental study with a quasi-experimental design and a quantitative approach. The sample of the experimental group consisted of 13 students and the control by 11, on which the attention test d2 was applied; after which the “DIMAPA” games were applied to the experimental group in 30 learning sessions, distributed over 4 per week. After the intervention, the d2 attention test was applied again to our two formed groups and the data obtained was processed. In the analysis and interpretation of the results, it was shown that, according to the Student's t test, the students to whom the "DIMAPA", games were applied significantly increased the development of their selective attention, according to the three parameters evaluated (effectiveness total: p = 0.034, concentration: p = 0.023 and variation: p = 0.048), therefore we conclude that the games "DIMAPA" develop selective attention; For this reason, the proposed alternative hypothesis is accepted rejecting the null (p <0.05).

Resumen La investigación está enfocada en la aplicación de los Juegos “DIMAPA” que son un conjunto de actividades dinámicas, entretenidas, motivadoras y pautadas, basadas en dibujos, mandálas y palabras, diseñadas para el curso de Histología y Embriología General y Aplicada. El objetivo del artículo es desarrollar la atención selectiva de los estudiantes de Odontología. El método de investigación es de tipo aplicada, con un nivel explicativo, con diseño cuasi-experimental. La muestra del grupo experimental esta constituida por 13 estudiantes y el de control por 11, sobre los cuales se aplicó el test de atención d2; luego, al grupo experimental se le aplicaron los juegos “DIMAPA” en 30 sesiones de aprendizaje, distribuidas en 4 por semana. Culminada la intervención se procedió a aplicar nuevamente el test de atención d2 a los dos grupos conformados y se procedió al procesamiento de los datos obtenidos. En el análisis e interpretación de los resultados se demuestra que, según la prueba estadística t de Student, los estudiantes a quienes se les aplicó los juegos “DIMAPA”, aumentaron significativamente el desarrollo de su atención selectiva, de acuerdo a los tres parámetros evaluados (efectividad total: p=0.034, concentración: p=0.023 y variación: p=0.048). Se concluye que los juegos “DIMAPA” desarrollan la atención selectiva.

Abstract In this work we used waveforms and the catalog of National Seismological Service (SSN) to analyze more than 20,000 events with M>= 4.0 for the period 2000-2018 with the goal of determining their moment tensor solutions. Because of large number of events, we automatize the process based on a set criteria. Using epicentral location and magnitude of each earthquake reported by the SSN, a set of valid stations to be used for the moment solution, the length of time series, and the filter band for data and synthetics are automatically selected. To expedite calculations a pre-computed library of Green functions is used. Through a linear inversion, for three-station combinations, the observed data and the corresponding Green functions are used to determine the seismic moment tensor (with null isotropic component). To reduce a possible bias related to the station distribution, each solution is weightened as a function of the azimuthal coverage of the stations used. After the automatic process solutions of only 8,000 earthquakes could be obtained; other events were rejected because of incomplete length of the data segment and/or its integrity. The solution quality is measured by the variance reduction value (VR). A statistical analysis of quality allows us to establish a VR value of ≥ 50% as reasonable threshold for reliable solutions. With these criteria a catalog of ~ 1,500 events have been compiled, including some small events (Mw < 4.0). There is evidence that show that the location of the well-solved events matches the areas of higher density of seismologic stations, and the limits of tectonic plates as well. A comparison between the catalog here obtained and the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) catalog shows similarities. However, the magnitude reported in our catalog is systematically smaller than those reported by GCMT. The moment tensor solution catalog is available online in a public database (132.248.6.13/~cmt). This work is the first in Mexico in which a database of this kind is presented.

Resumen Con el objetivo de obtener las soluciones del tensor de momento para temblores con M ≥4.0 reportados en el territorio nacional en el periodo 2000-2018, hemos analizado más de 20,000 temblores utilizando las formas de onda y el catálogo del SSN (Servicio Sismológico Nacional). Debido al número de eventos, en este artículo proponemos un procedimiento automático basado en un conjunto de criterios que permita obtener las soluciones del tensor de momento para el mayor número posible de eventos. Utilizando la localización epicentral y la magnitud preliminar para cada evento se determina un subconjunto de estaciones válidas. La longitud mínima del registro y el filtro que se aplica a los sismogramas observados y sintéticos es definido de manera automática. La formulación aplicada requiere el conocimiento de la función de Green elástica entre cada par temblor-estación. Para reducir el tiempo de cómputo se usa una biblioteca de funciones de Green pre-calculadas. A través de una inversión lineal, para combinaciones de tres estaciones, los datos observados y las funciones de Green correspondientes son utilizados para determinar el tensor de momentos sísmicos (con parte isotrópica nula). Para minimizar posibles sesgos asociados a una distribución lineal de las estaciones utilizadas, cada solución es pesada en función de la cobertura azimutal. Siguiendo el proceso automático propuesto se obtuvieron soluciones para tan solo 8,000 temblores; ésto debido a ciertas limitaciones como pueden ser el tamaño del registro disponible y/o la integridad de los mismos. La calidad de las soluciones se mide a través del valor de la reducción de la varianza (VR). Un análisis estadístico de la calidad nos permite establecer como límite admissible para soluciones confiables un valor de VR ≥ 50%. Con este criterio, presentamos un catálogo con 1,500 eventos, incluyendo algunos eventos pequeños (Mw &lt; 4.0). La ubicación de los eventos bien resueltos coincide con las áreas de mayor densidad de estaciones sismológicas y, a la vez, con los límites de las placas tectónicas. La comparación entre el catálogo obtenido en este trabajo y el presentado por el Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) arroja similitudes importantes; sin embargo, lamagnitud reportada en nuestro catálogo es sistemáticamente menor que aquélla reportada por el GCMT. La ubicación de los eventos bien resueltos coincide con las áreas de mayor densidad de estaciones sismológicas y, a la vez, con los límites de las placas tectónicas. La comparación entre el catálogo obtenido en este trabajo y el presentado por el Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) arroja similitudes importantes; sin embargo, también muestra un sesgo sistemático en la magnitud reportada por ambos catálogos. El catálogo obtenido es presentado en línea en una base de datos pública (132.248.6.13/~cmt). Este trabajo es el primero en México que presenta una base de datos de esta índole.

ABSTRACT Free listing is a data collection technique used in different subject areas to characterize a given cultural domain. Analysis of a set of lists from a human population allows inferences to be made about the cultural salience of the items in that domain. However, the challenge that the salience index presents is establishing a threshold value for determining whether an item can be considered salient or not. The present analysis reveals how to determine which items of a list have non-randomly determined citation frequency and order. Monte Carlo techniques were used to create a hypothetical null scenario. The present analysis not only objectively identifies which items stand out in relation to the others, it also reveals which items can be considered idiosyncratic and how order and frequency independently influence the salience index. The present analysis represents a useful tool for analyzing data collected through free listing. It also can contribute to understanding processes related to the cultural relevance of items and to the test future hypotheses in different areas of knowledge.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar e relacionar, pré e pós-intervenção terapêutica, em pacientes com enurese noturna monossintomática, os escores de problemas de comportamento, avaliados pelo questionário CBCL/6-18, e os índices de qualidade de vida, avaliados pelo PedsQL™ 4.0. Método: Após avaliação inicial e preenchimento CBCL6/18, procedeu-se avaliação multidisciplinar e preenchimento do PedsQL™ 4.0. Das 140 crianças e adolescentes de 6 a 16 anos inicialmente avaliados, 58 foram excluídos por enurese não monossintomática ou comorbidades associadas. Dos 82 pacientes inicialmente incluídos e randomizados em três grupos de tratamento, 59 preencheram o CBCL/6-18 e PedsQL™ 4.0 no fim do tratamento e puderam ser incluídos neste trabalho. O erro alfa foi estabelecido em 5% para descarte da hipótese de nulidade. Resultados: Dos 59 participantes 45,8% responderam com sucesso total, 23,7% tiveram sucesso parcial, 23,7% não atingiram critério de melhoria e 6,8% desistiram do tratamento. Verificou-se aumento significativo dos índices de qualidade de vida e redução dos escores de problemas de comportamento pós-intervenção, nas três modalidades propostas, nos pacientes que obtiveram resposta total ou parcial ao tratamento. Não se demonstrou correlação entre maiores escores de problemas de comportamento pré-tratamento e insucesso terapêutico. Conclusões: Apenas os participantes que responderam com sucesso às intervenções melhoraram em sua qualidade de vida e problemas comportamentais, o que indica que a enurese é um problema primário que impacta negativamente esses parâmetros. Sugere-se que é viável obter sucesso no tratamento da enurese monossintomática, mesmo em pacientes com altos escores de problemas de comportamento pré-intervenção.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and correlate, before and after the therapeutic intervention, the behavioral problem scores evaluated by the CBCL/6-18 questionnaire and the quality of life indexes evaluated by the PedsQL™ 4.0 in patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Method: After the initial evaluation and completion of the CBCL/6-18 questionnaire, a multidisciplinary evaluation and completion of the PedsQL™ 4.0 questionnaire was performed. Of the initially evaluated 140 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years, 58 were excluded due to non-monosymptomatic enuresis or associated comorbidities. Of the initially included 82 patients, who were randomized to three treatment groups, 59 completed the CBCL/6-18 and PedsQL™ 4.0 questionnaires at the end of the treatment and were included in this study. The α error was set at 5% for ruling out the null hypothesis. Results: Of the total of 59 participants, 45.8% responded with total success, 23.7% were partially successful, 23.7% did not reach the improvement criteria, and 6.8% gave up the treatment. There was a significant increase in quality of life indexes and a reduction of post-intervention behavioral problem scores, in the three proposed modalities, in patients who had a total or partial response to treatment. There was no correlation between higher scores of pre-treatment behavior problems and therapeutic failure. Conclusions: Only the participants who successfully responded to interventions showed improvement in quality of life and behavioral problems, which indicates that enuresis is a primary problem that has a negative impact on these parameters. The authors suggest that it is possible to achieve success in the treatment of monosymptomatic enuresis, even in patients with high pre-intervention behavioral problem scores.

Abstract: A process to apply the method of images for a charge located in a three-layer medium is presented. The images are found according to the boundary conditions between the layers for the electric field. The characteristics of the electric potential are also considered, thus the number of unknown variables becomes a guide to set the image charges needed to solve the problem. The results are compared with finite element simulations through the use of the software FEMM 4.2, showing good agreement. The found limitations of the process are also noted, mainly in regards to the dependence of the images on the coordinates where the field is to be calculated. The model obtained was applied to different cases, where it was seen that it was not limited to three material media only. Finally, the null potential boundary condition was applied, showing how the method of images could be applied to this type of problems.

Resumen: En el presente artículo, se presenta un proceso para aplicar el método de las imágenes en una carga localizada en un medio de tres capas de diferente permitividad. Las imágenes se determinan mediante el análisis de las condiciones de borde del campo eléctrico entre diferentes capas. También se considera el comportamiento del potencial eléctrico, de esta manera, se logra tener el mismo número de ecuaciones y de incógnitas para la determinación del valor de las imágenes. Los resultados del método propuesto se contrastan con los obtenidos mediante la aplicación del método de elementos finitos con el programa FEMM 4.2. Se presentan también las limitaciones del método, principalmente relacionadas con la dependencia del valor de carga de las imágenes con las coordenadas donde se calcula el potencial. El modelo obtenido fue aplicado a diferentes casos, donde se observó que el mismo puede ser utilizado para problemas de una y dos capas. Finalmente, se implementó la condición de Dirichlet, en la cual se aplicó un voltaje nulo a una de las fronteras, con lo cual se demostró que el método de las imágenes también puede ser utilizado en este tipo de problemas.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate patients’ pain levels during four different debonding procedures. The null hypothesis was that the pain perception of the patients undergoing four different debonding applications was not statistically significant different. Material and Methods One hundred and twenty orthodontic patients who underwent orthodontic debonding were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into 4 groups according to technique used in the patients. Debonding groups were as follows: Group 1) Conventional debonding group, Group 2) Medication group (acetaminophen was given 1 hour before debonding), Group 3) Soft bite wax group, and Group 4) Soft acrylic bite wafer group. The patients’ levels of anxiety and fear of pain were evaluated before debonding, and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was applied to evaluate their pain perception during debonding. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to evaluate non-normally distributed data. Categorical data analysis were carried by chi-square and McNemar tests. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results Anxiety scores of the patients were not statistically significant between both genders and debonding groups. In the quadrants in which the patients were perceived, the highest pain level was in the left side of the mandible. The teeth in which the highest pain level was perceived were the lower left and upper right lateral incisors. Although there was no statistically significant difference among the pain scores of the patients in each group, quadrant scores of female patients showed significant differences, being the lowest scores in the soft bite wax group. Conclusions Majority of the patients had no fear of pain before debonding. Pain levels of the patients in the conventional debonding group were not significantly different from those of the other groups, except quadrant scores of females in the soft bite wax group. The null hypothesis was accepted.

PROBLEMIFICATION: Over-reliance on null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is one of the most important causes of the emerging crisis over the credibility and reproducibility of our scienceIMPLICATIONS: Most studies in the behavioural and social sciences have low levels of statistical power. Because 'significant' results are often required, but often difficult to produce, the temptation to engage in questionable research practices that will produce these results is immensePURPOSE: Methodologists have been trying for decades to convince researchers, reviewers and editors that significance tests are neither informative nor useful. A recent set of articles published in top journals and endorsed by hundreds of scientists around the world seem to provide a fresh impetus for overturning the practice of using NHST as the primary, and sometimes sole basis for evaluating research resultsRECOMMENDATIONS: Authors, reviewers and journal editors are asked to change long-engrained habits and realise that 'statistically significant' says more about the design of one's study than about the importance of one's results. They are urged to embrace the ATOM principle in evaluating research results, that is, accept that there will always be uncertainty, and be thoughtful, open and modest in evaluating what the data mean

Abstract Background Panopea generosa is a large and long-lived infaunal clam with a considerable commercial value in Canada, United States and Mexico, in need of population genetic studies across its range of distribution. Goals We set to develop new genetic markers (microsatellites) specific for P. generosa. Methods We tested 30 microsatellite loci generated using next-generation genome sequencing (Illumina Hi-Seq 2500). Results We identified eight as suitable polymorphic genetic markers. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 22 and heterozygosity from 0.429 to 0.818 (observed) and from 0.548 to 0.962 (expected). Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found in three loci, after Dunn-Šidák correction, as a result of heterozygote deficiencies suggesting the presence of null alleles and linkage disequilibrium was found between two loci. Conclusions These markers are highly informative and useful for population genetic studies aimed at informing management and conservation measures of this valuable resource.

Resumen Antecedentes Panopea generosa es una almeja de gran tamaño, infáunica y longeva con un valor comercial considerable en Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, y de la que se requiere conocer su estructura genética poblacional a lo largo de su rango de distribución. Objetivos Desarrollar nuevos marcadores microsatélites específicos para P. generosa. Métodos En este reporte evaluamos 30 loci microsatélites generados mediante secuenciación genómica de siguiente generación (Illumina Hi-Seq 2500). Resultados Se identificaron a ocho como marcadores genéticos polimórficos adecuados. El número de alelos por locus varió entre 5 y 22, la heterocigosidad observada entre 0.429 y 0.818 y la esperada entre 0.548 y 0.962. Tres marcadores se desviaron del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg, después de la corrección de Dunn-Šidák, como resultado de un déficit de heterocigosidad, sugiriendo la presencia de alelos nulos y se encontró desequilibrio de ligamiento entre dos microsatélites. Conclusiones Estos marcadores son altamente informativos y útiles para estudios de genética poblacional encaminados a la implementación de medidas de administración y conservación de este valioso recurso.

Cultivar identification by ampelography is often difficult and is sensitive to environmental conditions, thus it can be problematic to distinguish between closely related cultivars. DNA fingerprinting offers an alternative method that is not influenced by the environment and is relatively easy to perform. However, discriminating between closely related individuals can be problematic if inadequate or insufficient markers are used. Following the estimation of null allele frequencies, an initial set of 35 microsatellite markers was reduced to 20 to generate unique DNA fingerprints for the majority of 111 different grape cultivars and breeding lines. Molecular evidence was utilised to evaluate the accuracy of the reported pedigrees for several cultivars bred in South Africa (SA). The use of markers linked to known downy mildew and powdery mildew resistance loci (Rpv3 and Ren3) provided information regarding the frequency of these resistance loci in the breeding material analysed.

Resumen Contexto: Con el creciente volumen de information generada en tiempo real, nuevos mecanismos son necesarios para garantizar su seguridad, evitando el acceso a personas no autorizadas. Los metodos convencionales de criptografia no son apropiados para imagenes por su debilidad a ataques estadisticos, debido a la fuerte correlation entre pixeles adyacentes y el analisis de los histogramas de gamas de colores, lo que puede ayudar a identificarlos dentro de la imagen; con este objetivo en mente, se propone un algoritmo para el cifrado de imafgenes utilizando atractores caof ticos . Metodo: La sincronizacion caotica se utiliza para la gestion de la clave, la etapa de difusion se realiza mediante secuencias ergof dicas generadas a partir de la soluciof n numefrica del atractor de Lorenz y la etapa de permutaciofn se realiza con la tefcnica de lfinea de onda. Resultados: Se probof el algoritmo propuesto utilizando un conjunto de imafgenes en escala de grises, obteniendo un desempeno adecuado en seguridad y velocidad, la correlation de pixeles es casi nula y la entropia es similar a la presentada en trabajos recientes con el mismo enfoque. Conclusiones: Los metodos caoticos son una buena alternativa para mejorar los niveles de seguridad en la criptografia de imagenes debido a sus propiedades de imprevisibilidad y sensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales. Para trabajos futuros el enfoque presentado podria aplicarse a la encriptacion de imafgenes a color y utilizando diferentes atractores caof ticos.

Abstract Context: With the increasing volumes of information generated in real time, novel mechanisms area needed to ensure security so as to prevent access to unauthorized people. The conventional encryption methods are not appropriate for images, because they are prone to statistical attacks due to the strong correlation between adjacent pixels and the analysis of color gamut histograms, which can help to identify them within the image; with this aim in mind, in this paper an algorithm for image encryption using chaotic attractors is proposed. Method: Chaotic synchronization is used for the key management, the diffusion stage is made by means of ergodic sequences generated from the numerical solution of the Lorenz’s attractor and the permutation stage is accomplished with the wave line technique. Results: The proposed algorithm was tested using a set of gray-scale images obtaining suitable performance in segurity and speed, the pixel correlation is almost null and the entropy is similar to that presented in recent works with the same approach. Conclusions: Chaotic methods are an alternative to improve the security levels in the cryptography of images due to their properties of unpredictability and sensitivity to the initial conditions. For future work the approach presented could be applied to the encryption of color images and using different chaotic attractors.

RESUMO Introdução: O Brasil tem o maior número de academias do mundo (cerca de 20 mil) e aproximadamente de 3,6 milhões de brasileiros praticam atividade física nesses locais. Torna-se necessária uma padronização da triagem de praticantes de academia a fim de reduzir ao máximo o risco de morte súbita e outras morbidades associadas ao exercício físico. Objetivo: Comparar o Questionário de Prontidão para Atividade Física (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, PAR-Q) com o exame físico pré-participação esportiva na detecção de risco à saúde em praticantes de academia. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado nas cidades de São Bernardo do Campo e Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 50 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 35 anos que iniciariam atividades físicas. Realizou-se anamnese, exame físico geral e ortopédico, teste de flexibilidade e o PAR-Q. As variáveis quantitativas foram analisadas pela média, desvio padrão e porcentagens. A comparação das variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal foi feita pelo teste t e a comparação das variáveis qualitativas, pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Fixou-se em 5% a hipótese de nulidade. Resultados: O PAR-Q foi positivo em 20% dos entrevistados, assemelhando-se aos dados da anamnese, em que 28% relataram alguma doença. O questionário teve associação positiva em indivíduos que faziam uso de medicação (p = 0,001), história familiar de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p = 0,001) e antecedentes de cirurgia (p = 0,03). Os participantes com PAR-Q positivo tiveram os maiores valores de índice de massa corpórea, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, mas a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. O PAR-Q não foi capaz detectar morbidades clínicas como: asma (8%), dislipidemia (4%), hipotireoidismo (2%), tabagismo (8%) e cirurgias prévias (40%). O exame abdominal e cardiopulmonar estava alterado em quatro participantes que apresentaram PAR-Q negativo. Conclusão: O PAR-Q foi parcialmente eficaz na identificação de risco para saúde em praticantes de academia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Brazil has around twenty thousand gyms, more than any other country in the world, and they are used by almost 3.6 million Brazilians for the practice of physical activity. There is, therefore, a need to standardize the process of screening new users of these establishments, in order to reduce the risk of sudden death and other afflictions associated with physical exercise. Objective: To compare the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) with the pre-sports participation physical examination, to detect health risks in gym users. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in gyms in São Bernardo do Campo and Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 35, who were starting physical activities, were evaluated. The patient's medical history was gathered, general and orthopedic physical examinations and the flexibility test were conducted, and the subjects were asked to fill out the PAR-Q questionnaire. Quantitative variables were analyzed using means, standard deviations and percentages. Comparison of continuous variables with normal distribution was performed using the t test, and comparison of qualitative variables was performed using the chi-square test or the exact Fisher test. The null hypothesis was set at 5% (p 0.05). Results: The PAR-Q was positive in 20% of the respondents, which was similar to the data from the patient's medical history, in which 28% reported some disease. The questionnaire had a positive association in individuals who used medication (p = 00.1), those with a family history of systemic arterial hypertension (p = 0.001) and those who had previously undergone surgery (p = 0.03).Subjects with a positive PAR-Q had higher figures for highest body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the PAR-Q was not able to detect clinical diseases such as asthma (8%), dyslipidemia (4%), and hypothyroidism (2%), or smoking (8%) and previous surgery (40%). The abdominal and cardiopulmonary examinations showed changes in four participants who responded negatively to the PAR-Q. Conclusion: The PAR- Q was partially effective in identifying health risk among gym users.

RESUMEN Introducción: Brasil tiene el mayor número de gimnasios en el mundo (cerca de 20.000) y alrededor de 3,6 millones de brasileños practican actividad física en estos sitios. Se hace necesaria una estandarización de selección de usuarios con el fin de reducir al máximo el riesgo de muerte súbita y otras morbilidades asociadas con el ejercicio físico. Objetivos: Comparar el Cuestionario de Aptitud para la Actividad Física (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, PAR-Q) con el examen físico pre participación en deportes para detección de los riesgos en la salud en usuarios de gimnasio. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en las ciudades de São Bernardo do Campo e Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Fueron evaluados 50 individuos de ambos sexos, entre 18 y 35 años que iniciarían actividades físicas. Se realizó anamnesis, examen físico general y ortopédico, prueba de flexibilidad y el PAR-Q. Las variables cuantitativas se analizaron mediante desviación estándar media y porcentajes. La comparación de variables continuas con distribución normal fue efectuada por la prueba de la t y la comparación de variables cualitativas, por la prueba de chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher. La hipótesis nula se fijó en 5%. Resultados: El PAR-Q fue positivo en 20% de los entrevistados, de manera similar a los datos de la anamnesis donde el 28% informó padecer alguna enfermedad. El cuestionario tuvo asociación positiva entre los individuos que hacían uso de medicamentos (P=0,001), historial familiar de hipertensión arterial sistemática (p = 0,001) y cirugías previas (p = 0,03). Los participantes con PAR-Q positivo tuvieron los valores más altos del índice de masa corporal, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. El PAR-Q no fue capaz de detectar morbilidades clínicas como: asma (8%), dislipidemia (4%), hipotiroidismo (2%), tabaquismo (8%) y cirugías previas (40%). El examen abdominal y cardiopulmonar fue alterado en cuatro participantes que presentaron PAR-Q negativo. Conclusión: El PAR-Q fue parcialmente eficaz en la identificación de riesgos para la salud en usuarios de gimnasio.