RESUMO Os trabalhadores do agronegócio são expostos a condições de trabalho com altas temperaturas regularmente, mesmo em ambientes cobertos, como os packing houses. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de resfriadores evaporativos na redução da exposição ocupacional de trabalhadores ao calor e na melhoria do conforto térmico da área de seleção e embalagem de um packing house de uvas de mesa. A avaliação ocorreu de acordo com os critérios da legislação brasileira, aplicando-se as Normas Regulamentadoras (NR’s) 15 e 17, do Ministério do Trabalho. O estudo ocorreu durante dois períodos climáticos de produção: seco e chuvoso, com os resfriadores evaporativos ligados e desligados. Com os resfriadores evaporativos ligados, houve redução da exposição ocupacional dos trabalhadores ao calor, sem ultrapassar o limite de tolerância da temperatura de bulbo úmido para as atividades desenvolvidas, de acordo com a NR 15. Contudo, não apresentou índices adequados de conforto térmico, segundo a NR 17. Para as condições de semiárido, os resfriadores tornaram o ambiente termicamente confortável para os trabalhadores locais. Para reduzir os riscos à saúde do trabalhador, sugere-se adotar pausas quando houver desconforto por calor e fornecer água e sais minerais aos trabalhadores para reposição das perdas por suor. regularmente cobertos houses mesa brasileira aplicandose aplicando se NRs s (NR’s 1 17 Trabalho produção chuvoso desligados desenvolvidas Contudo semiárido locais trabalhador sugerese sugere suor

ABSTRACT Agribusiness workers are regularly exposed to high temperatures, even in covered environments such as packing houses. This study aimed to assess the effect of evaporative coolers on reducing occupational heat exposure for workers and consequently improving the thermal comfort of the selection and packaging areas in a table grape packing house. The evaluation was conducted as per the criteria of the Brazilian legislation, based on the Regulatory Norms (NR’s) 15 and 17 of the Department of Labor. The study was conducted during two climatic production periods, dry and rainy, with the evaporative coolers on and off. With the coolers on, the workers’ occupational exposure to heat was reduced without exceeding the wet bulb globe temperature index tolerance limit for the activities carried out according to the NR 15. However, it did not provide adequate thermal comfort indices according to NR 17. Under semiarid conditions, coolers rendered the environment thermally comfortable for local workers. To reduce the risks to workers’ health, it is suggested that they take breaks in case of discomfort from the heat and provide workers with water and mineral salts to replenish sweat loss. temperatures houses house legislation NRs s (NR’s 1 Labor periods rainy off However conditions health loss

ABSTRACT Introduction: sexual satisfaction and safety are key elements for male well-being, integrating physical and emotional aspects of intimacy. These concepts encompass the full enjoyment of sexual relationships, along with comfort and confidence in the protective practices used. Objective: determine sexual happiness and satisfaction with sexual safety in men from Asunción and Central during 2023. Methodology: a cross-sectional study was carried out in Asunción and Central during the months of September to November 2023. The study population consisted of eligible men who were over 18 years of age, who were assigned the sex male at birth, residents of the selected cities. The study variables were demographics, mental health (anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation). Results: the study included 143 participants. Of these, 55.24 % (79) were between 18 and 29 years old, 69.23 % (99) identified as gay, and 12.59 % (18) as bisexual. Men who have sex with men showed a higher probability of reporting satisfaction, with an age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.82 (95 % CI: 1.41-3.57, p=0.001) compared to heterosexuals. Having three or more stable partners and eleven or more non-stable partners was strongly associated with being MSM (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: men who have sex with men reported higher levels of sexual satisfaction, suggesting a positive experience in their intimate relationships. However, this group also showed a tendency to have a higher number of sexual partners, both stable and non-stable. These differences in sexual behaviors may indicate distinct social norms or personal preferences among the studied groups.

RESUMEN Introducción: la satisfacción y seguridad sexual son elementos clave para el bienestar masculino, integrando aspectos físicos y emocionales de la intimidad; estos conceptos engloban el disfrute pleno de las relaciones sexuales, junto con la comodidad y confianza en las prácticas de protección utilizadas. Objetivo: determinar la felicidad sexual y satisfacción con la seguridad sexual en hombres de Asunción y Central durante el 2023. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal en Asunción, y Central durante los meses de setiembre a noviembre del 2023. La población de estudio lo constituyeron los hombres elegibles que tenían mayor de 18 años, a quienes se les asignó el sexo masculino al nacer, residentes de las ciudades seleccionadas. Las variables del estudio fueron las demográficas, salud mental (ansiedad, depresión e ideación suicida). Resultados: el estudio incluyó 143 participantes. De estos, el 55,24 % (79) tenía entre 18 y 29 años, el 69,23 % (99) se identificó como gay, y el 12,59 % (18) como bisexual. Los Hombres que tienen sexo con hombres mostraron una mayor probabilidad de reportar satisfacción, con una odds ratio ajustada por edad de 2,82 (IC 95 %: 1,41-3,57, p=0,001) en comparación con los heterosexuales, tener tres o más parejas estables y once o más parejas no estables se asoció fuertemente con ser HSH (p=0,003 y p=0,001, respectivamente). Conclusión: los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres reportaron niveles más altos de satisfacción sexual, lo que sugiere una experiencia positiva en sus relaciones íntimas. Sin embargo, este grupo también mostró una tendencia a tener un mayor número de parejas sexuales, tanto estables como no estables. Estas diferencias en comportamientos sexuales pueden indicar distintas normas sociales o preferencias personales entre los grupos estudiados.

Abstract The payment of child support is one of the main challenges regarding gender equity and economic justice. Recent figures show that 84% of child support payments decreed by the family courts are not paid, and in nine out of ten cases the plaintiffs are women. This article explores the experiences of nonpayment of child support from a gender perspective. For this purpose, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women in the cities of Antofagasta, Santiago de Chile, and Temuco, as part of a study on women’s economic autonomy in Chile. The findings show that non-payment of child support is closely linked to the persistence of the feminization of reproduction and the absence of co-responsibility in child-rearing and childcare. It is also related to a reluctance to request the payment of child support as a strategy to avoid economic dependence, vulnerability to violence, and institutional revictimization. This evidence suggests that nonpayment of child support constitutes a form of economic violence and that cultural norms and social dynamics with respect to gender are at the root of tensions over co-responsibility in the reproductive sphere.

Resumen El pago de las pensiones alimenticias es uno de los principales desafíos en torno a la equidad de género y a la justicia económica. Cifras recientes demuestran que el 84 % de las pensiones alimenticias decretadas por los tribunales de familia son incumplidas y en nueve de cada 10 casos las demandantes son mujeres. En el presente artículo se exploran las experiencias sobre el incumplimiento del pago de las pensiones alimenticias desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello, se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres de las ciudades Antofagasta, Santiago de Chile y Temuco en el marco de una investigación sobre autonomía económica de mujeres en Chile. Los hallazgos muestran que el incumplimiento del pago de las pensiones de alimentos está estrechamente vinculado a la persistencia de la feminización de la reproducción y a la ausencia de corresponsabilidad en la crianza y el cuidado de hijos e hijas. También se relaciona con la resistencia a solicitar el pago de pensiones de alimentos como estrategia para evitar la dependencia económica, la vulnerabilidad a la violencia y la revictimización institucional. Estas evidencias sugieren que el impago de las pensiones constituye una forma de violencia económica y que las normas culturales y dinámicas sociales con respecto al género están en la base de las tensiones sobre la corresponsabilidad en el ámbito reproductivo.

ABSTRACT This article examines the transformative potential of adopting a non-binary approach to international law, particularly focusing on international economic law. Traditional binary categories of sex and gender within legal frameworks not only restrict a comprehensive understanding of human diversity but also perpetuate systemic inequalities. By challenging these binaries, the article discusses how international law can evolve to represent global diversity more holistically. The article addresses the resistance faced when integrating non-binary perspectives due to prevailing cultural, social, and political norms. On these grounds, future research should delve deeper into how gender norms could be incorporated into international trade policies, and the intersections of gender, race, and class in our understanding of international law. Ultimately, the article advocates for an international law framework that not only acknowledges but celebrates and systematically incorporates a spectrum of gender identities, thus fulfilling its promise of universality.

RESUMEN Este artículo examina el potencial transformador de adoptar un enfoque no binario en el derecho internacional, enfocándose particularmente en el derecho internacional económico. Las categorías binarias tradicionales de sexo y género dentro de los marcos legales no solo restringen una comprensión integral de la diversidad humana, sino que también perpetúan desigualdades sistémicas. Al desafiar estos binarios, el artículo discute cómo el derecho internacional puede evolucionar para representar de manera holística la diversidad global. El artículo aborda la resistencia enfrentada al integrar perspectivas no binarias debido a las normas culturales, sociales y políticas predominantes. Sobre esta base, las investigaciones futuras podrían profundizar cómo los conceptos no binarios podrían incorporarse en las perspectivas del comercio internacional y explorar las intersecciones de género, raza y clase en nuestra compresión del derecho internacional. En última instancia, el artículo aboga por un marco de derecho internacional que no solo reconozca sino que celebre e incorpore sistemáticamente un espectro de identidades de género, cumpliendo así su promesa de universalidad.

ABSTRACT As a consequence of family relationships of subordination based on dependency, some people are expelled from their biological families for being sexually diverse, self-identified with divergent genders and/or with sexual orientations that are not necessarily heteronormative. Given the conditions in which they are expelled, people who do not have an extended family to support them end up facing street conditions or similar precarious situations, which prevent them from meeting the minimum necessary for a consistent subsistence. Despite this, in some exceptional cases it happens that a group of people in the same situation come together to guarantee their minimum, to have the possibility of performing socially and contributing to others through solidarity. These relationships reach such a point that they recognize themselves as families with defined roles as mothers, children or siblings. To promote a way to recognize, protect and guarantee the rights of these subjects, this article proposes, from the authentic interpretation of constitutional norms, a disruptive way of understanding new family models from and for increasingly diverse realities.

RESUMEN Como consecuencia de las relaciones familiares de subordinación basadas en la dependencia, algunas personas son expulsadas de sus familias biológicas por ser sexualmente diversas, auto-reconocidas con géneros divergentes y/o con orientaciones sexuales no necesariamente heteronormativas. Dadas las condiciones en que son expulsadas, las personas que no cuentan con una familia extendida que las apoyen terminan afrontando condiciones de calle o situaciones precarias similares, las cuales impiden satisfacer los mínimos necesarios para la congrua subsistencia. Pese a esto, en algunos casos excepcionales se da el caso en que personas en la misma situación se unen para garantizar entre todos sus mínimos, tener la posibilidad de desempeñarse socialmente y aportar a los demás desde la solidaridad. Estas relaciones llegan a tal punto que se auto-reconocen como familias con roles de madres, hijos o hermanos definidos. Para propender a una forma de reconocer, proteger y garantizar los derechos de estos sujetos, el presente artículo propone, desde la interpretación auténtica de normas constitucionales, una forma disruptiva de comprender los nuevos modelos de familia desde y para realidades cada vez más diversas.

Abstract Neoliberalism goes beyond a simple economic program or political ideology; it is a global civilizing project of a practical normative logic that defines the norms of life and social relations. But perhaps the greatest novelty offered by neoliberalism with respect to classical liberalism is the general principle of generalized competition that forces the rejection of cooperation as a basic principle of coexistence, equality and social development. This principle of generalized competition has been incorporated in all social organizations, including academia, as a reference of scientific knowledge. In the last 20 years, Higher Education Institutions have undergone a change of model under the protection of a deep economic and ethical crisis in Spain and the influence of globalization. In this sense, this paper focuses mainly on two issues: generalized competition and changes in higher education institutions in Spain. On the one hand, generalized competition has replaced cooperation as a basic principle in coexistence and social development and, on the other hand, higher education institutions in Spain have undergone changes that have increased inequality and the gender gap, leading to the consolidation of an elitist and patriarchal university.

Resumen El neoliberalismo va más allá de un simple programa económico o una ideología política, se trata de un proyecto civilizatorio global de una lógica normativa práctica que define las normas de vida y las relaciones sociales. Pero quizás, la mayor novedad que ofrece el neoliberalismo con respecto al liberalismo clásico es el principio general de la competencia generalizada que obliga a rechazar la cooperación como principio básico de la convivencia, la igualdad y el desarrollo social. Ese principio de la competencia generalizada se ha incorporado en todas las organizaciones sociales, incluida la Academia como referente del conocimiento científico. Y es que, en estos últimos 20 años, las Instituciones de Educación Superior, han sufrido un cambio de modelo al amparo de una profunda crisis económica y ética en España y la influencia de la globalización. En este sentido desde este trabajo se centran principalmente dos temas: la competencia generalizada y los cambios en las instituciones de educación superior en España. Por un lado, que la competencia generalizada ha reemplazado a la cooperación como principio básico en la convivencia y desarrollo social y, por otro, que las instituciones de educación superior en España han experimentado cambios que han incrementado la desigualdad y la brecha de género, llevando a la consolidación de una universidad elitista y patriarcal.

Resumen: Este trabajo se basa en el supuesto de que, si bien las propuestas de políticas institucionales para combatir la violencia contra las mujeres han avanzado en Brasil, principalmente debido a las acciones y reflexiones del activismo feminista producidas en el campo de los estudios feministas, existe una brecha en términos de propuestas de políticas efectivamente elaboradas. y los debates producidos por los feminismos negros sobre raza y clase. En ese sentido, a partir del análisis de 36 proyectos de ley de la Cámara de Diputados que se presentaron entre 2011 y 2022 y se convirtieron en normas jurídicas, observaremos los avances y limitaciones desde la perspectiva de los feminismos negros. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar del impacto inequívoco de las agendas feministas en el Poder Legislativo, el conjunto de leyes recientemente redactadas refleja las demandas del feminismo liberal y hegemónico, que tienden a producir una lectura unidimensional de las mujeres, desconsiderando los efectos de las inseparables vínculo entre género, raza y clase. Resumen Brasil elaboradas clase sentido 3 201 202 jurídicas Legislativo hegemónico género 20 2

Resumo: Este trabalho parte do pressuposto de que, embora as propostas políticas institucionais de combate à violência contra mulheres tenham avançado no Brasil, sobretudo devido às ações do ativismo e das reflexões produzidas no campo de estudos feministas, há uma lacuna no que se refere às proposições políticas efetivamente elaboradas e os debates produzidos pelos feminismos negros. Neste sentido, a partir da análise de 36 proposições legislativas da Câmara dos Deputados, que foram apresentadas entre 2011 e 2022 e viraram normas jurídicas, observaremos os avanços e as limitações a partir da perspectiva dos feminismos negros. Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar do inequívoco impacto das pautas feministas no Poder Legislativo, o conjunto de leis recentemente elaboradas reflete as demandas dos feminismos liberal e hegemônico, os quais tendem a produzir uma leitura unidimensional das mulheres, desconsiderando os efeitos da indissociável vinculação entre gênero, raça e classe. Resumo Brasil negros sentido 3 Deputados 201 202 jurídicas Legislativo hegemônico gênero classe 20 2

Abstract: This work is based on the assumption that, although institutional policy proposals to combat violence against women have advanced in Brazil, mainly due to activism actions and reflections produced in the field of feminist studies, there is a gap in terms of propositions effectively crafted policies and the debates produced by black feminisms. In this sense, based on the analysis of 36 proposals of the Chamber of Deputies that were presented between 2011 and 2022 and became legal norms, we will observe the advances and limitations from the perspective of black feminisms. The results show that, despite the unequivocal impact of feminist agendas in the Legislative Branch, the set of recently drafted laws reflects the demands of liberal and hegemonic feminism, which tend to produce a one-dimensional reading of women, disregarding the effects of the inseparable link between gender, race and class. Abstract Brazil studies feminisms sense 3 201 202 norms Branch feminism onedimensional one dimensional gender class 20 2

Abstract: Given the prevalence of mental disorders and elevated psychological symptoms, there has been a call for action to scale up health services. To provide optimal care, detecting symptoms early and evaluating the psychological state is essential. Self-report measures are useful to evaluate specific diagnoses and explore psychological symptoms. The present study aimed to provide new psychometric evidence of the Argentine version of the Brief Symptoms Checklist. Through non-probabilistic and intentional sampling, 760 individuals aged 18 to 63 (M = 28.1; SD = 8.61) were selected. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the nine correlated factors model exhibited the best-fit indices and yielded full configural, metric and scalar invariance across gender and region. The factors mainly showed adequate reliability values similar to previous research. T values are provided as population-based norms. The results showed that the instrument is valid and reliable, and could be a valuable tool in various contexts, particularly in primary care, where the evaluation requires a very short time and useful information.

Resumen: Dada la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales y los síntomas psicológicos elevados, ha habido un llamado a la acción para ampliar los servicios de salud. Para brindar una atención óptima, es fundamental la detección temprana de los síntomas y la evaluación del estado psicológico. Las medidas de autoinforme tienen una amplia utilidad para evaluar diagnósticos específicos y explorar síntomas psicológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar nuevas evidencias psicométricas de la versión argentina de la versión breve del Inventario de Síntomas Psicológicos. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico e intencional, se seleccionaron 760 individuos de 18 a 63 años (M = 28.1; DE = 8.61). A través de análisis factoriales confirmatorios se halló que el modelo de nueve factores correlacionados mostró un mejor ajuste y se encontraron evidencias acerca de su invariancia escalar, métrica y configural según género y región. Los factores mostraron mayormente valores de confiabilidad adecuados, concordantes con investigaciones previas. Se proporcionaron puntajes normativos T. Los resultados mostraron que el instrumento es válido y confiable, y podría ser una herramienta valiosa en diversos contextos, particularmente en la atención primaria, donde la evaluación exige tiempos muy breves e información de utilidad.

Resumo: Dada a prevalência dos transtornos mentais e sintomas psicológicos elevados, houve um apelo à ação para ampliar os serviços de saúde. A detecção precoce dos sintomas e a avaliação do estado psicológico são fundamentais para oferecer cuidados ideais. As medidas de autorrelato têm ampla utilidade para avaliar diagnósticos específicos e explorar sintomas psicológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi gerar novas evidências psicométricas da adaptação argentina da versão curta do Inventário de Sintomas Psicológicos. Por meio de amostragem não probabilística e intencional, foram selecionados 760 indivíduos de 18 a 63 anos (M = 28,1; DP = 8,61). Por meio de análises fatoriais confirmatórias, constatou-se que o modelo de nove fatores correlacionados apresentou melhor ajuste e foram encontradas evidências sobre sua invariância escalar, métrica e configuracional segundo gênero e região. Os fatores apresentaram majoritariamente valores de confiabilidade adequados, condizentes com pesquisas anteriores. São fornecidos escores normativos T. Os resultados mostraram que o instrumento é válido e confiável, podendo ser uma ferramenta valiosa em vários contextos, particularmente na atenção primária, onde a avaliação requer tempos muito curtos e informações úteis.

No Brasil, as discussões jurídicas e políticas sobre infância e adolescência são frequentemente orientadas pelo ideal da pureza, inocência e vulnerabilidade feminina. Esta construção tem servido historicamente tanto para censurar o exercício da agência sexual de crianças e adolescentes, quanto para legitimar a exclusão das meninas que não correspondem ao perfil idealizado que deveria ser protegido. Esse é o caso das jovens esposas brasileiras, um grupo grande, mas invisibilizado, de meninas continuamente negligenciadas pelos discursos, serviços e políticas de proteção infantil no país. Este artigo visa apresentar e explorar o cenário atual do casamento infantil no Brasil, analisando as normas legais nacionais que cercam a prática, resumindo os achados de duas pesquisas qualitativas relevantes produzidas localmente sobre o assunto, desenvolvidas pelo Instituto Promundo e pela Plan International Brasil, analisando dados quantitativos nacionais sobre a extensão e as principais características do casamento infantil, especificamente o Censo Demográfico de 2010 e as Estatísticas do Registro Civil de 2021, ambos produzidos pelo IBGE, e problematizando o que se entende por agência das jovens esposas. A principal proposição do presente artigo é que necessitamos de uma compreensão mais matizada, dinâmica e crítica da agência infantil para compreender verdadeiramente o casamento infantil no Brasil e desenvolver serviços e políticas públicas que tanto o previnam a prática, quanto ajudem as jovens esposas.

En Brasil, los debates jurídicos y políticos sobre la infancia y la adolescencia a menudo son guiados por el ideal de la pureza, inocencia y vulnerabilidad femenina. Esta construcción ha servido históricamente tanto para censurar el ejercicio de la agencia sexual por parte de niñas y adolescentes, como para legitimar la exclusión de aquellas que no corresponden al perfil idealizado que debe protegerse. Este es el caso de las jóvenes esposas brasileñas, un grupo grande pero invisible de niñas continuamente ignoradas por los discursos, servicios y políticas de protección infantil en el país. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar y explorar el escenario actual del matrimonio infantil en Brasil, analizando las normas legales nacionales que rodean la práctica, resumiendo los hallazgos de dos investigaciones cualitativas relevantes producidas localmente sobre el tema, realizadas por el Instituto Promundo y Plan International Brasil, analizando datos cuantitativos nacionales sobre el alcance y las principales características del matrimonio infantil, específicamente el Censo Demográfico de 2010 y la Estadística del Registro Civil de 2021, ambos elaborados por el IBGE, y problematizar lo que se entiende por agencia de las esposas jóvenes. La propuesta principal de este artículo es que necesitamos una comprensión más matizada, dinámica y crítica de la agencia infantil para comprender verdaderamente el matrimonio temprano en Brasil y desarrollar servicios y políticas públicas que lo prevengan y ayuden a las esposas jóvenes.

In Brazil, legal and political discussions on childhood and adolescence are usually guided by the ideal of pure, innocent, and vulnerable girls. This construction has historically served to both censor the exercise of child and adolescent sexual agency and legitimize the exclusion of unruly girls who do not correspond to the envisioned profile that should be protected. That is the case for Brazilian young wives, a large but invisible group of girls continuously neglected by child protection discourses, services, and policies in the country. This paper aims to introduce and explore the current scenario of child marriage in Brazil by overviewing the national legal norms surrounding the practice, summarizing two relevant locally produced qualitative research on the subject, carried out by Instituto Promundo and Plan International Brasil, analysing available national quantitative data on the extent and key characteristics of early marriage, specifically IBGE's 2010 Demographic Census and 2021 Civil Registry Statistics, and problematizing what is understood as the young wives' agency. Its main proposition is that a more nuanced, dynamic, and critical understanding of children's agency is needed for truly comprehending the practice of child marriage in Brazil and developing public services and policies that both prevent it and aid young wives in their daily lives.

Abstract: The objective of this research is to describe the meanings and practices from the values and principles that emerge during the humanized care provided by the surgical team to the geriatric patient scheduled for surgery. Through the qualitative and interpretive paradigm, and from an objectivist and methodological epistemic framework, the perception existing among surgeons on how humanized care should be towards the elderly is reflected. Ten surgeons were interviewed through semi-structured sessions, and the analysis was carried out using the matrix of categories with the support of the ATLAS Ti 8.0 ® program. The perception of surgeons regarding humanized care considers that care is strengthened during the higher education they receive at the university and is fortified through the norms that govern the profession, in the sense of always aiming for the well-being and respect for the dignity of patients, especially the most vulnerable.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es describir los significados y prácticas desde los valores y principios emergentes durante el trato humanizado brindado por el equipo quirúrgico hacia al paciente geriátrico programado para cirugía. A través del paradigma cualitativo e interpretativo, y desde un marco epistémico objetivista y metodológico, se refleja la percepción existente entre los cirujanos sobre cómo debería ser el trato humanizado hacia el adulto mayor. Se entrevistó a diez cirujanos mediante sesiones semiestructuradas, y el análisis se realizó utilizando la matriz de categorías por medio del apoyo del programa ATLAS Ti 8.0 ®. La percepción de los cirujanos respecto del cuidado humanizado considera que el cuidado se fortalece durante la formación superior que reciben en la universidad y se fortifica por medio de las normas que rigen la profesión, en el sentido de siempre apuntar al bienestar y el respeto hacia la dignidad de los pacientes, sobre todo los más vulnerables.

Resumo: O objetivo desta investigação é descrever os significados e práticas desde os valores e princípios emergentes durante o tratamento humanizado oferecido pela equipe cirúrgica ao paciente geriátrico programado para cirurgia. Através do paradigma qualitativo e interpretativo, e desde um marco epistêmico objetivista e metodológico, reflete-se a percepção existente entre os cirurgiões sobre como deveria ser o tratamento humanizado ao idoso. Entrevistaram-se dez cirurgiões mediante sessões semiestruturadas, e realizou-se a análise utilizando-se a matriz de categorias por meio do apoio do programa ATLAS Ti 8.0®. A percepção dos cirurgiões a respeito do cuidado humanizado considera que o cuidado se fortalece durante a formação superior que recebem na universidade e se fortifica por meio das normas que regem a profissão, no sentido de sempre visar o bemestar e o respeito à dignidade dos pacientes, sobretudo dos mais vulneráveis.

ABSTRACT During 2022, an investigation was conducted on 16 farms to evaluate management of pressurized irrigation systems in Portoviejo City. Factors that affected management were identified, such as; A) Presence of leaks or breaks in the irrigation system deployed on the field, B) Modifications done to the initial project constructions, C) Lack of knowledge regarding managing, operating and maintaining (AOM) irrigation system, D) Absence of a filtering system, E) Absence of a hydraulic design of the system or implementation of a hydraulic project, F) Absence of water collectors. Factor D) was the most frequent troubling issue, identified in 14 out of 16 evaluations. Quality of the system was tested based on hydraulic evaluation and calculations to determine the uniformity of the output following the established hydraulic system norms. As a result, Localized irrigation systems displayed the highest rating, with a maximum efficiency of 93.90%. Sprinkler systems had a wider range, from 29.90% to 73.10%, with an average of 52.33%, which was considered unacceptable. Factor A showed little variation in uniformity evaluations, while factor D, C and E showed greater disparity in uniformity values.

RESUMEN Durante 2022, se realizó una investigación en los sistemas de riego presurizados de 16 fincas del cantón Portoviejo para evaluar su gestión desde la etapa de proyección hasta la operación de los Sistemas. Los Factores limitantes más relevantes que afectaron la gestión fueron: A) Presencia de fugas o roturas en campo presentes en el sistema, B) Modificaciones constructivas al proyecto inicial, C) Desconocimiento de procedimiento de Administración, Operación y Mantenimiento (AOM) del sistema de riego, D) Ausencia de sistema de filtrado, E) Ausencia de proyecto o diseño hidráulico del sistema, F) Ausencia de obras de captación. El factor D) fue el problema más frecuente, identificado en 14 de 16 evaluaciones. La Calidad del Riego se evaluó a partir de evaluaciones hidráulicas y cálculo de los Coeficientes de Uniformidad establecidos en las Normas para estos sistemas. Se evidenció una mayor Uniformidad en los sistemas de riego localizado con un máximo del 93.90%. La Uniformidad en los sistemas de aspersión tuvo un rango amplio, de 29.90% a 73.10%, con una media de 52.33%, lo cual categoriza como inaceptable. El factor A mostró poca influencia en la Uniformidad, mientras que los factores limitantes D, C y E fueron los que mayor incidencia tuvieron en la calidad del Riego.

Resumo A crítica jusfilosófica contemporânea tem exercitado sobretudo uma dimensão negativa, deixando de apresentar uma dimensão positiva, propositiva, que oferte o novo, tão necessário em tempos de crise do pensamento utópico e de suposta ausência de alternativas. Propõe-se, então, reavaliar como a filosofia do direito, na condição de filosofia prática, ao tematizar o agir, prescreve e oferece possibilidades de futuro. Para tanto, examinar-se-á a conjetura, em Reale, e a imaginação institucional, em Unger, extraindo-lhes elementos para repropor a jusfilosofia como pensamento projetual. Concluir-se-á que a filosofia do direito possui potencialidades imaginativas que podem ser aproveitadas a fim de conceber projetos de novas normas, instituições e sociedades, reaproximando pensamento e ação. negativa positiva propositiva novo alternativas Propõese, Propõese Propõe se, se Propõe-se então prática agir futuro tanto examinarseá examinar á conjetura Reale institucional Unger extraindolhes extraindo lhes projetual Concluirseá Concluir normas sociedades ação

Abstract Contemporary legal-philosophical criticism has predominantly exercised a negative dimension. It has not, however, presented a positive, propositional dimension that offers something new in times of crisis in utopian thinking and the alleged absence of alternatives. It is then proposed to reevaluate how the philosophy of law, as a practical philosophy, when thematizing action, prescribes and offers possibilities for the future. To this end, the concept of conjecture, in Reale, and institutional imagination, in Unger, iwill be examined for the purpose of assembling elements to re-propose philosophizing about law as projectual thinking. It will be concluded that the philosophy of law possesses imaginative potential that can be harnessed to conceive projects for new norms, institutions and societies, reconnecting thought and action. legalphilosophical legal philosophical not however positive alternatives action future end conjecture Reale imagination Unger repropose re propose norms societies

Pakhanate-state of state waar pakhanate-tendense voorkom, is histories 'n bekende verskynsel. Klassieke voorbeelde van state waar pakhanate-tendense voorgekom het, was Rusland en Japan. Tans word talle state, waaronder Venezuela, Sirië, Montenegro en Mexiko as pakhanate geïdentifiseer, of prominente tendense word in hierdie verband daar waargeneem. Teen die agtergrond van uitgebreide endemiese korrupsie, staatskaping en gepaardgaande ondersoeke kan met reg gevra word of Suid-Afrika behoort tot die kategorie van state wat losweg as pakhanate beskryf kan word? Hierdie artikel konseptualiseer en kontekstualiseer die konsep en beoordeel die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks daarvan aan die hand van geïdentifiseerde kriteria.

Pakhanate states or states reflecting tendencies of pakhanate, are a historically well-known phenomenon. These states are also referred to as Mafia states. Classic examples of states where tendencies of pakhanate occurred, were Russia and Japan. Currently many states are identified as pakhanate states, examples of which are Venezuela, Columbia, Kosovo, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Myanmar, Transnistria and Mexico, as prominent pakhanate tendencies are being observed there. Pakhanate states (or related tendencies) can be identified because of a lack of clear differentiation between the political and criminal elite in a particular state and their related decisions. This, according to Naim (2012:1), is referred to as "a fusing of government and criminal groups" in a world that is experiencing "a revolution of crime". Pakhanate tendencies, although unique within their own context, are developing throughout the world against the backdrop of a combination offactors, including a history of crime and the existence of established criminal syndicates; states that experienced fundamental change and where low levels of political institutionalisation and power vacuums occur; existing historical trends of patrimonialism and neo-patrimonial tendencies within states; non-democratic tendencies in general, and sometimes an environment where neo-liberal values and a free trade environment provide the space for criminally orientated organisations to grow and establish their authority. Access to sophisticated technology, for example weapons, communication logistics and infrastructure, seems to be of critical importance in the development and growth of pakhanate tendencies. By making use of theoretical principles emphasising the Weberian "strong state" and "constitutional government" and related underlying principles and norms, this article critically assesses pakhanate states and related tendencies. Criteria related to the so-called Weberian strong state have been identified and qualified with normative criteria (democratic in nature), emphasising aspects such as constitutionalism, the public good, and the notion of responsible government and sound principles related to good governance. In a world that is currently experiencing fundamental change, weakening states, escalating conflicts and war, the prominence of non-state actors operating in an environment of freedom, and limited control, with access to modern and sophisticated technology, pakhanate tendencies seem to be on the increase. Against the background of extensive endemic corruption, state capture and concomitant investigations, it can be asked with good cause if South Africa belongs to this category of states. Several authors and writers such as Africa, Vegter and others have reflected on Mafia tendencies within the South African state and society. These perspectives are related to several recent works discussing endemic corruption and state capture within the South African context. This is related to the investigation of the Zondo Commission and its report linking influential politicians and the ruling ANC to endemic corruption and state capture. To support this perspective, the Global Organised Crime Index (2023) positions South Africa at number 7 within the category referred to as "mafia states". This is just below the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Nigeria. This article conceptualises and contextualises the concept pakhanate state (or related tendencies) and evaluates the South African context with reference to theoretical criteria identified in the discussion. Focus points of the article include: • characteristics and functions of the traditional nation state; • normative criteria referring to the concept of a strong and constitutional state; • a conceptualisation and operationalisation of the pakhanate phenomenon; • the identification of the pakhanate phenomenon as a worldwide tendency; • application and assessment of the application of the pakhanate phenomenon within the Sout African context; and • concluding perspectives. From a methodological perspective, this study is qualitative and deductive in nature, with an application with reference to identified case studies - particularly South African. An assessment of the South African context will be made by using the criteria associated with pakhanate states and the related phenomena.

Abstract Introduction/Frame: Treatment courts (TCs) were developed in the 1980s to address challenges facing individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD) involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system. TCs are an alternative to the punitive nature of the CJ system by joining SUD treatment with the accountability of the judicial system. By design, treatment court (TC) implementations are highly varied. Each implementation adopts the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) key components that are consistent with yet bound by their community resources, values, and political realities. Research Questions/Objective: Using qualitative community-based participatory research, two case studies and one phenomenological study were conducted with treatment courts in a mid-Atlantic state in the USA to examine successful TC operations. Methodology: Using purposive sampling, the analytic plan included individual semi-structured interviews with judges, TC team members, program graduates, and community stakeholders. Interviews were professionally transcribed and coded consistent with thematic analysis procedures. Results: Analysis revealed themes of judicial sovereignty juxtaposed with a lack of knowledge of SUDs, the importance of a fully dedicated coordinator to serve as an extension of the judge, and purposeful courtroom set-up and norms conducive to a therapeutic rather than punitive approach. Final Considerations: Transferable recommendations to other specialty docket evaluators and teams which can be adopted to fit a variety of dockets, including mental health court, veterans court, and juvenile court include mandatory judicial training, evolving operations norms, values alignment among the TC team, and a TC coordinator to oversee day-to-day operations. In addition, stakeholder engagement to drive an iterative evaluation process converges with the traditions of action research in community settings.

RESUMEN Introducción: La presencia del miedo a una enfermedad infecciosa desencadena factores psicológicos asociados con el control conductual percibido sobre la aceptación de la vacunación, normas subjetivas de aceptación de la vacunación, actitudes hacia la aceptación de la vacunación y la percepción de la infectividad de la enfermedad. Objetivo: El estudio evaluó cómo los síntomas del miedo a la viruela del mono se relacionan específicamente con la intención de ser vacunado contra la viruela del mono en una muestra de 506 individuos peruanos con una edad promedio de 27,11 años (DE = 9,77). Métodos: Los participantes respondieron a la Escala de Miedo a la Viruela del Mono (MFS) y a un solo ítem de Intención de ser vacunado contra la viruela del mono. Utilizando análisis de redes, se identificaron los síntomas centrales del miedo y las asociaciones entre los síntomas y la intención de vacunarse. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que el nodo con mayor centralidad fue el ítem 5 de la MFS. En cuanto a la conexión entre la intención de ser vacunado y los ítems de la MFS, se observó una relación directa con el ítem 1 y una relación inversa con el ítem 6. Además, la relación entre estos ítems de la MFS y la intención de vacunarse es mayor en hombres en comparación con mujeres. Si bien se esperaría que una mayor presencia de síntomas de miedo a la viruela del mono llevara a las personas a tener una mayor intención de ser vacunadas contra la enfermedad, los resultados podrían llevar a otros investigadores a generar evidencia para explicar esta relación en otros países de América Latina. Discusión: La evidencia es útil para desarrollar políticas que favorezcan la vacunación contra la viruela del mono en Perú y otros países de América Latina.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The presence of fear of an infectious disease triggers psychological factors associated with perceived behavioral control over vaccination acceptance, subjective norms of vaccination acceptance, attitudes toward vaccination acceptance, and perceived infectiousness from disease. Objective: The study evaluated how symptoms of fear of Monkeypox specifically relate to intention to be vaccinated against Monkeypox in a sample of 506 Peruvian individuals with a mean age of 27.11 years (SD = 9.77). Methods: Participants responded to the Monkeypox Fear Scale (MFS) and a single item of Intention to be vaccinated against Monkeypox. Using network analysis, central fear symptoms and associations between symptoms and intention to vaccinate were identified. Results: The results suggest that the node with the highest centrality was item 5 of the MFS. Regarding the connection between the intention to be vaccinated and the MFS items, a direct relationship was observed with item 1 and an inverse relationship with item 6. In addition, the relationship between these MFS items and intention to vaccinate is higher in men compared to women. While it would be expected that a greater presence of symptoms of fear of Monkeypox could lead people to have a greater intention to be vaccinated against the disease, the results could lead other researchers to generate evidence to explain this relationship in other Latin American countries. Discussion: The evidence is useful for developing policies that favor vaccination against Monkeypox in Peru and other Latin American countries.