Resumo As vigas de madeira lamelada colada (MLC) fabricadas com barras de aço coladas podem alcançar melhorias no seu desempenho mecânico e os efeitos da disposição das barras de aço na seção transversal são de interesse tecnológico. Esta pesquisa objetivou a avaliação do comportamento mecânico de vigas com reforços simétricos (zonas de compressão e de tração) e vigas com reforços assimétricos (zona de compressão), sob condições de carregamento impostas ao estado limite de serviço. Portanto, vigas de MLC com taxas de reforço variando de 0,5% a 4% foram simuladas pelo método dos elementos finitos. Em relação às vigas sem reforços, as flechas das vigas reforçadas assimetricamente resultaram até 31,5% menores e, as vigas com reforços simétricos foram mais eficientes, cuja redução das flechas foi de até 45%. Comparativamente ao arranjo simétrico das barras, a distribuição assimétrica proporcionou uma redução de até 10,5% na tensão normal da zona de compressão da MLC. A armadura disposta de forma assimétrica contribuiu efetivamente para o aumento da rigidez da viga e foi mais eficiente na redução das tensões normais na zona compressiva, evitando com isso o escoamento inicial da madeira. (MLC tecnológico zonas tração compressão, , compressão) serviço Portanto 05 0 5 0,5 4 finitos 315 31 31,5 eficientes 45 45% 105 10 10,5 compressiva 0, 3 31, 1 10,

Abstract Glued laminated timber (glulam) beams manufactured with glued steel bars can achieve improvements in their mechanical performance and the effects of the arrangement of steel bars in the cross-section are of technological interest. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of beams with symmetric reinforcements (compression and tension zones) and beams with asymmetric reinforcements (compression zone), under loading imposed at the serviceability limit state. To achieve this goal, glulam beams with reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.5% to 4% were simulated using the finite element method. When compared to the nonreinforced beams it was found for the deflections that the asymmetric reinforcements provided reductions of up to 31.5% and the cases with symmetric reinforcements were more efficient, with deflection reductions of up to 45%. In comparison to the symmetric arrangement of the bars, the asymmetric distribution provided a reduction of up to 10.5% in the normal stress of the glulam beam compression zone. The asymmetrically arranged reinforcement effectively contributed to increasing the stiffness of the beam and was more efficient in reducing normal stresses in the compressive zone, thus preventing the initial yielding of the wood. (glulam crosssection cross section interest zones zone , zone) state goal 05 0 5 0.5 4 method 315 31 31.5 45 45% 105 10 10.5 wood 0. 3 31. 1 10.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although nerves and vessels of the penis play important role in erection, there are few studies on their development in human fetus. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze, quantitatively, in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, the development of the nerves and vessels in the fetal penis at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: Fifty-six fresh, macroscopically normal human fetuses aged from 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC) were used. Gestational age was determined by the foot length criterion. Penises were immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and routinely processed for paraffin embedding, after which tissue sections from the mid-shaft were obtained. We used immunohistochemical staining to analyze the nerves and vessels in the corpus cavernous and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image-J software. Results: The quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of nerves varied from 3.03% to 20.35% in the corpora cavernosa and from 1.89% to 23.88% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that nerves growth (incidence) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.9421, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.9312, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. Also, the quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of vessels varies from 2.96% to 12.86% in the corpora cavernosa and from 3.62% to 14.85% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that vessels growth (appearance) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.8722, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.8218, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of nerves in the corpus spongiosum during the 2nd trimester of gestation, when compared with nerves in the corpora cavernosa. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of vessels in the corpus spongiosum when compared with the corpora cavernosa, during the whole fetal period studied. Conclusions: In the fetal period, the human penis undergoes major developmental changes, notably in the content and distribution of nerves and vessels. We found strong correlation between nerves and vessels growth (amount) with fetal age, both in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. There is significant greater proportional number of nerves than vessels during the whole fetal period studied. Also, nerves and vessels grow in a more intense rate than that of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum areas. Introduction erection fetus Therefore quantitatively ages Methods Fiftysix Fifty six fresh 1 3 postconception post conception WPC (WPC criterion 10 formalin embedding midshaft mid shaft obtained ImageJ Image J software Results 303 03 3.03 2035 20 35 20.35 189 89 1.89 2388 23 88 23.88 incidence (incidence r2=0.9421, r209421 r r2 0 9421 (r2=0.9421 p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 r2=0.9312, r209312 9312 (r2=0.9312 p<0.0001, , respectively studied Also 296 2 96 2.96 1286 12 86 12.86 362 62 3.62 1485 14 85 14.85 appearance (appearance r2=0.8722, r208722 8722 (r2=0.8722 r2=0.8218, r208218 8218 (r2=0.8218 addition nd gestation Conclusions changes amount (amount areas 30 3.0 203 20.3 18 8 1.8 238 23.8 r2=0.9421 r20942 942 (r2=0.942 p<0.000 p0000 000 r2=0.9312 r20931 931 (r2=0.931 29 9 2.9 128 12.8 6 3.6 148 14.8 r2=0.8722 r20872 872 (r2=0.872 r2=0.8218 r20821 821 (r2=0.821 3. 20. 1. 23. r2=0.942 r2094 94 (r2=0.94 p<0.00 p000 00 r2=0.931 r2093 93 (r2=0.93 2. 12. 14. r2=0.872 r2087 87 (r2=0.87 r2=0.821 r2082 82 (r2=0.82 r2=0.94 r209 (r2=0.9 p<0.0 p00 r2=0.93 r2=0.87 r208 (r2=0.8 r2=0.82 r2=0.9 r20 (r2=0. p<0. p0 r2=0.8 r2=0. (r2=0 p<0 r2=0 (r2= p< r2= (r2 (r

ABSTRACT. Size-frequency, length-weight, and length-length relationships for Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1978) and Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841) from the north coast of the Yucatan peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico were studied. All specimens were collected from the artisanal fishery of halfbeaks, which is under an exploratory fishery license. Five thousand two hundred-one individuals (5,134 H. brasiliensis and 67 H. unifasciatus) were sampled and analyzed. The size-frequency analysis showed that individuals of H. brasiliensis among 31.5 to 34.5 cm of total length (TL) class dominated the fishery samples; however, the separation index (≥2) detected two modes in the last months of the year, identifying a cohort with a length below the average (24.5 to 26.5 cm TL). The isometric growth pattern was found in females and pooled sex in H. unifasciatus, and positive allometric growth was found in males and H. brasiliensis. The TL was 9 and 4.5% greater than the fork length for H. brasiliensis and H. unifasciatus, respectively. The size of H. brasiliensis (45.5 cm TL) exceeds the reported in previous studies from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean Sea, and a new record of maximum length for H. unifasciatus (31cm TL) was reported to the FishBase database.

ABSTRACT: A system of allometric equations was generated and evaluated to estimate the total biomass and its components during the reforestation of Pinus patula in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca State, Mexico. For this purpose, 18 trees were directly sampled, which represented the growth potential of the site. Using this destructive method, the fresh weight in situ, and samples of each component of the tree were obtained to estimate the dry weight. The total tree biomass was related to its normal diameter by adjusting allometric equations using regression techniques. The exponential equation was selected to estimate the total biomass because it presented the best statistical indicators. The exponential model was again fitted to each component by using a system of simultaneous equations. The allometric equations obtained showed good performance in estimating aerial biomass in components and total tree biomass in the reforestation of Pinus patula, with similar diameters and environmental conditions. The distribution of aerial biomass estimated in the field was 69.8 % for stems, 20.5 % for branches, and 9.7 % for foliage.

RESUMEN: Se generó y evaluó un sistema de ecuaciones alométricas para estimar biomasa total y por componentes en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México. Se realizó un muestreo dirigido de 18 árboles que representaron el potencial de crecimiento del sitio y mediante el método destructivo se obtuvo el peso fresco in situ, así como muestras de cada componente del árbol para estimar el peso seco. Se relacionó la biomasa total del árbol con su diámetro normal a partir del ajuste de ecuaciones alométricas a través de técnicas de regresión. La ecuación exponencial fue seleccionada para estimar la biomasa total por presentar los mejores indicadores estadísticos. El modelo exponencial fue ajustado nuevamente a cada componente mediante un sistema de ecuaciones simultáneas. Las ecuaciones alométricas obtenidas mostraron un buen rendimiento para estimar la biomasa aérea en componentes y árbol total en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en diámetros y condiciones ambientales semejantes. La distribución de la biomasa aérea estimada en campo fue en promedio de 69,8 % para fuste, de 20,5 % para ramas y de 9,7 % para follaje.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed distributions associated with Bayesian nonlinear modeling error in the description of total plant dry matteraccumulation (TDMA) of Allium sativumas a function of days after planting (DAP). According to the DIC criterion, Logistic and Gompertzmodels that use student’s t distribution error exhibited the highest DIC with logistic error distribution. In general, the difference of DIC in all the scenarios was not more than 5.The Bayes factor (BF) criterion showed no difference in the Logistic and Gompertzmodel fit when four distributions are used for the errors, where BF values do not exceed 2. Posterior distributions and the usual estimators of Logistic and Gompertz model parameters were similar even forvaried error distribution. In summary, there was no difference in the use of 4 distributions associated with the modeling error of garlic plant growth by the Bayes factor, whereby the results showed that alternating between error distributions significantly changes the number of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations. ABSTRACT TDMA (TDMA DAP. DAP . (DAP) students student s general 5The The 5 (BF errors 2 summary MCMC (MCMC iterations (DAP

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar algumas distribuições associadas ao erro na modelagem não linear bayesiana na descrição do acúmulo de matéria seca total da planta (MSTP) de Allium sativum em função dos dias após o plantio (DAP). Pelo critério DIC os modelos Logístico e Gompertz que utilizam a distribuição do erro t de Student apresentaram a melhor qualidade de ajuste, sendo que o modelo Logístico apresentou o maior DIC com a distribuição de erro Logística. No geral, a diferença de DIC em todos os cenários não apresentou valores superiores a cinco. Pelo critério do Fator de Bayes (FB), não houve diferença no ajuste do modelo Logístico e Gompertz quando se utilizam as quatro distribuições para os erros, sendo que os valores de FB não superaram 2. As distribuições a posteriori e os estimadores usuais dos parâmetros dos modelos Logístico e Gompertz apresentaram semelhanças mesmo variando a distribuição do erro. Em suma não houve diferença na utilização das quatro distribuições associadas ao erro na modelagem do crescimento planta de alho pelo fator de Bayes, sendo que os resultados mostram que alternar entre as distribuições dos erros altera de forma significativa o número de iterações de MCMC. RESUMO MSTP (MSTP DAP. DAP . (DAP) Logística geral cinco FB, , (FB) 2 MCMC (DAP (FB

ABSTRACT Preventing the occurrence of extreme hydrological events exceeds the current abilities of humanity. However, using adequate tools to estimate the probability associated with different values of hydrological variables, such as heavy rainfall, can help mitigate social and environmental damage. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that the records of maximum rainfall, at different intervals of duration, in the three main rainfall stations in the state of Acre fit the log-normal distribution of two parameters (LN2) and, therefore, to evaluate the events of heavy rainfalls, based on the association between the duration of the rain and the return period. The equations conformed to the classic model of the LN2 model using the method of maximum likelihood once the baseline assumption of stationarity was met using the Mann-Kendall test. Adherence to the model was verified using the Anderson-Darling test. The adjusted distributions allowed for estimating the rainfall intensity at different durations and return periods for the cities of Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá, and Rio Branco and are relevant elements for planning actions aimed at strengthening the components of water safety in the state of Acre. humanity However variables damage lognormal log normal LN (LN2 therefore rainfalls period MannKendall Mann Kendall test AndersonDarling Anderson Darling Sul Tarauacá (LN

RESUMO Evitar a ocorrência de eventos hidrológicos extremos ultrapassa as habilidades atuais da humanidade. Todavia, a utilização de ferramentas adequadas para estimar a probabilidade associada a diferentes valores de variáveis hidrológicas, a exemplo das chuvas intensas, pode auxiliar na atenuação dos danos sociais e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a hipótese de que os registros de chuvas máximas, em diferentes intervalores de duração, nas três principais estações pluviométricas do estado do Acre, ajustam-se à distribuição log-normal de dois parâmetros (LN2) e, com isso, avaliar os eventos de chuvas intensas, com base na associação entre a duração da chuva e o período de retorno. As equações foram conformadas ao modelo clássico do modelo LN2 pelo método da máxima verossimilhança, uma vez atendido o pressuposto basal da estacionariedade pelo teste de Mann-Kendall. A aderência ao modelo foi verificada por meio teste de Anderson-Darling. As distribuições ajustadas permitiram estimar a intensidade de chuva, em diferentes intervalores de duração e períodos de retorno, para as cidades de Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá e Rio Branco, e são elementos relevantes ao planejamento de ações voltadas ao fortalecimento dos componentes da segurança hídrica no estado do Acre. humanidade Todavia hidrológicas intensas ambientais máximas Acre ajustamse ajustam se lognormal log normal LN (LN2 isso retorno verossimilhança MannKendall. MannKendall Mann Kendall. Kendall Mann-Kendall AndersonDarling. AndersonDarling Anderson Darling. Darling Anderson-Darling Sul Branco (LN

ABSTRACT This study examines the distributional behavior of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) in the area between latitudes 06° 00´ and 11° 59´ S during four research activities conducted by Imarpe from February to June 2022. This area was initially restricted in the first fishing season due to the high presence of juvenile specimens. The purpose was to observe the redistribution of anchovy to propose management measures for fisheries sustainability. During activities 1 and 2, a high concentration and abundance of anchovy were observed, while in activities 3 and 4, the anchovy dispersed, migrating towards areas away from the coast. This variability in distribution affected energetic and morphometric descriptors, with high values during high concentrations and lower values when it was dispersed. In the coastal strip of the 55.56 km (30 nautical miles), there was an overlap of juveniles and adults, with normal somatic growth between activities 1 and 4. The main modes in each activity were 8.5, 10, 9.5, and 10.5 cm, respectively. Biomass varied from 6.86 million tons in activity 1 to 3.00 million tons in activity 4, influenced by oceanographic conditions and chlorophyll-a productivity.

ABSTRACT Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased in prevalence in recent years. The main risk factors for suffering from it in adolescents are: obesity, genetic predisposition and family history. The case of a 15-year-old female patient who attended health services with a previous diagnosis of prediabetes and overweight is presented. The physical examination revealed overweight and central fat distribution. Laboratory tests indicated hyperglycemia and thyroid hormones within normal ranges. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed and treatment with diet, physical exercise and metformin was proposed. She was reassessed after 3 months and it was found that the patient was not fully complying with the treatment. This case report aims to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of an adolescent patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus because early diagnosis and intensive treatment is essential in the management of this pathology in this age group.

RESUMEN La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de inicio temprano ha aumentado su prevalencia en los últimos años. Los principales factores de riesgo de padecerla en la adolescencia son: la obesidad, la predisposición genética y los antecedentes familiares. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de 15 años, que acudió a los servicios de salud con diagnóstico previo de prediabetes y sobrepeso. Al examen físico se observó sobrepeso y distribución de grasa central. Los exámenes de laboratorio indicaron hiperglucemia y hormonas tiroideas dentro de rangos de normalidad. Se diagnosticó diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y se propuso tratamiento con dieta, ejercicios físicos y metformina. Se reevaluó a los 3 meses y se constató que la paciente no cumplía el tratamiento a cabalidad. Este reporte de caso tiene como objetivo describir las características clínicas y de laboratorio de una paciente adolescente con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 porque el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento intensivo es fundamental en el manejo de esta patología en este grupo etáreo.

Abstract Introduction and Aim: The timing of anterior fontanelle (AF) closure may be a useful marker for early disease detection. However, the few published studies on this topic have reported significant differences in the normal age ranges of AF closure between countries. The aim of this study was to report AF closure time in the Portuguese population during the last two decades. Methods: This was a 21-year retrospective observational study of healthy Portuguese children conducted from January 1999 to December 2019. Data on the age of AF closure were collected by a single pediatrician during outpatient child visits at specific ages (1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months) and during unscheduled visits due to appointment changes or illness. Clinically closed AF was defined as the absence of a depressible fontanelle on physical examination. AF closure time was calculated as the mean age between the age of the last palpable AF and the age of the first clinically closed AF. Results: A total of 684 children (gestational age ≥37 weeks, birth weight ≥2500 grams) were evaluated, of whom 364 (53.2%) were boys. The mean ± 1 standard deviation (SD) age of AF closure was 14.3 ± 4.9 months (range 2−33 months). The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, representing ± 2 SD of AF closure time, were 6 and 25 months, respectively. Other percentiles were P5 - 7 months, P25 - 11 months, P50 - 14 months, P75 - 16 months, and P95 - 22 months. Noteworthy, 0.6% and 3.1% of children had a closed AF at three and six months, respectively, while 2.9% still had an open AF at 24 months. AF closure occurred earlier in males than in females (13.6±4.7 vs. 15.1±5.0, p <0.001). A statistically significant difference was found in the mean ± 2 SD of the gender comparison (p=0.045). Conclusions: This study showed a normal distribution of AF closure age in Portuguese children. The acknowledgment of age-related variations in AF closure timing in different populations is important to raise clinicians’ awareness for timely suspicion and detection of pathologic cases and the need for clinical study.

Resumo Introdução e Objetivo: O tempo para o encerramento da fontanela anterior (FA) pode ser um indicador útil na deteção precoce de doença. Os escassos estudos publicados sobre o tema evidenciam a existência de diferenças significativas entre países na definição do intervalo de idades normal para o encerramento da FA. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o intervalo de idades de encerramento da FA na população portuguesa ao longo das últimas duas décadas. Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospetivo, com a duração de 21 anos, efetuado em crianças portuguesas saudáveis entre Janeiro de 1999 e Dezembro de 2019. Foram recolhidos dados relativos à idade de encerramento da FA por um único pediatra em contexto de consulta de saúde infantil realizada em idades específicas (1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 e 36 meses) e de consultas não programadas devido a reagendamentos ou situação de doença aguda. Foi definida FA clinicamente encerrada como ausência de fontanela anterior depressível no exame objetivo. A idade de encerramento da FA foi calculada como a idade média entre a idade da criança na última palpação da FA aberta e a idade na consulta em que se objetivou o seu encerramento. Resultados: Um total de 684 crianças (idade gestacional ≥37 semanas, peso ao nascimento ≥2500 gramas) foram avaliadas, 364 (53%) das quais do sexo masculino. A idade média de encerramento da FA ± 1 desvio-padrão (DP) foi de 14.3 ± 4.9 meses (variação 2−33 meses). Os percentis 2.5 e 97.5, correspondentes a ± 2 DP do tempo de encerramento da FA, foram 6 e 25 meses de idade, respetivamente. A distribuição das idades de encerramento foi ainda caracterizada pelos seguintes percentis: P5 - 7 meses, P25 - 11 meses, P50 - 14 meses, P75 - 16 meses e P95 - 22 meses. Aos três e seis meses de vida, 0.6% e 3.1% das crianças, respetivamente já tinham a FA encerrada, enquanto aos 24 meses de idade, 2.9% mantinham-na aberta. O encerramento da FA foi significativamente mais precoce no sexo masculino do que no sexo feminino (13.6±4.7 vs. 15.1±5.0, p <0.001) e a média ± 2 DP da comparação entre os sexos também foi estatisticamente diferente (p=0.045). Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem uma distribuição normal na idade de encerramento da FA num grupo de crianças portuguesas. Ter conhecimento de variações relacionadas com a idade de encerramento da FA em diferentes populações é importante para sensibilizar os clínicos para a deteção precoce de estados patológicos e para determinar a necessidade de prosseguir o estudo clínico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association and risk of hypercholesterolemia among adult patients with prediabetes treated at a medical center in the district of Villa El Salvador in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: An analytical, prospective and cross-sectional study conducted with data from medical consultation records of 749 patients treated at a polyclinic in the district of Villa El Salvador in Lima, Peru. Asymptomatic adult patients who had routine and preventive checkups were included in the research. Patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders or being treated with hypoglycemic drugs were excluded. The study variables were sex, hypercholesterolemia and prediabetes. The association analysis was performed using the chi-square test and the risk was evaluated by means of the odds ratio. In addition, the multivariate analysis was conducted through a binary logistic regression, and an alpha value of 0.05 and a confidence level of 95 % were considered as the cut-off point to determine the statistical significance. Results: There was a statistically significant association between prediabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Females with prediabetes were 1.66 times more likely to develop hypercholesterolemia than females with normal baseline glucose levels, while males with prediabetes were 2.37 times more likely to have high cholesterol than males with normal baseline blood glucose levels. Conclusions: Prediabetes is associated with hypercholesterolemia, thus increasing its risk. It is justifiable to carry out the joint measurement of fasting total cholesterol and baseline glucose in disease prevention and health promotion campaigns, regular checkups and follow-up of patients with risk factors for diabetes, prediabetes and hypercholesterolemia. This helps reduce the hemodynamic and cardiovascular consequences of high cholesterol levels and the worsening of the joint morbidity and mortality of chronic hyperglycemia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación y el riesgo de hipercolesterolemia en pacientes adultos prediabéticos atendidos en un centro médico del distrito de Villa El Salvador en Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, prospectivo y transversal, con datos de historias clínicas de consultas médicas de 749 pacientes atendidos en un policlínico del distrito de Villa El Salvador, Lima, Perú. Se incluyó a pacientes adultos asintomáticos que asistieron a evaluaciones de rutina y preventivas. Se excluyó a pacientes con enfermedades endocrino-metabólicas o en tratamiento con fármacos hipoglucemiantes. Las variables de estudio fueron sexo, hipercolesterolemia y prediabetes. El análisis de asociación se realizó por medio de la prueba de chi cuadrado y el riesgo fue evaluado por medio de la oportunidad relativa; asimismo, se realizó el análisis multivariado por medio de regresión logística binaria y se consideró como punto de corte en decisión de significancia estadística el valor alfa igual a 0,05 y un nivel de confianza de 95 %. Resultados: Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre prediabetes e hipercolesterolemia. Las mujeres prediabéticas tuvieron 1,66 veces más riesgo de desarrollar hipercolesterolemia que las mujeres con niveles de glucosa basal normales, mientras que los hombres con prediabetes tuvieron 2,37 veces más riesgo de tener colesterol alto que los hombres con niveles de glucemia basal normales. Conclusiones: La prediabetes se asocia con la hipercolesterolemia, lo cual aumenta su riesgo. Es justificable realizar la medición conjunta del colesterol total en ayunas junto con la medición de la glucosa basal en campañas preventivo-promocionales de salud y en consultas periódicas, así como durante el seguimiento de pacientes con factores de riesgo de diabetes, prediabetes e hipercolesterolemia, a fin de reducir las consecuencias hemodinámicas y cardiovasculares del colesterol elevado en la sangre y el agravamiento de la morbimortalidad conjunta de la hiperglucemia crónica.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract For two eggplant hybrids grown under greenhouse conditions the researchers calculated the correlations among ten variables: leaf width (LW, in cm), number of spines per leaf (NSL), plant height (PH, in cm), fruit length (FL, in cm), fruit diameter (FD, in cm), number of spines per calyx (NSC), number of seeds per fruit (NSF), fruit weight (FW, in g), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and yield (Y, in kg/plant). Data for variables PH, NSC and NSF did not show a normal distribution; the opposite was the case for all other variables. A significant Spearman correlation was found between NSC and NSL (r = 0.96*). Seven significant Pearson correlations were found between the following variables: FL and FW (r = 0.98**), FL and FD (r = 0.95**), FW and Y (r = 0.94**), NSL and FD (r = -0.93**), FL and Y (r = 0.93**), FD and FW (r = 0.92**), and FD and Y (r = 0.85*); in these cases, linear regression equations and determination coefficients (R2) were obtained. FW, FL and FD were the only variables that showed a significant correlation with Y, and so they should be considered key traits for breeding processes in eggplant.

Resumen Se calcularon las correlaciones entre diez variables, para dos híbridos de berenjena cultivados bajo invernadero. Las variables evaluadas fueron: ancho de hoja (AH, en cm), número de espinas por hoja (NEH), altura de planta (AP, en cm), longitud de fruto (LF, en cm), diámetro de fruto (DF, en cm), número de espinas en el cáliz (NEC), número de semillas por fruto (NSF), peso del fruto (PF, en g), número de frutos por planta (NFP), y rendimiento (R, en kg/planta). Los datos de las variables AP, NEC y NSF no mostraron una distribución normal; y lo contrario sucedió con las demás variables. Se encontró una correlación de Spearman significativa entre NEC y NEH (r = 0,96*). Se hallaron siete correlaciones de Pearson que fueron significativas, entre las siguientes variables: LF y PF (r = 0,98**), LF y DF (r = 0,95**), PF y R (r = 0,94**), NEH y DF (r = -0,93**), LF y R (r = 0,93**), DF y PF (r = 0,92**), y DF y R (r = 0,85*); en estos casos se obtuvo la ecuación de regresión lineal y su coeficiente de determinación (R2). Dado que PF, LF y DF fueron las únicas variables que mostraron una correlación significativa con R, por lo que se consideran características muy importantes para el proceso de fitomejoramiento en berenjena.

Abstract Objectives: To determine and compare, retrospectively, the success rate of speech rehabilitation with voice prosthesis (VP) according to the age, radiotherapy (RT) status and total laryngectomy (TL) type: primary or salvage. Study design: By reviewing post-laryngectomy patients with voice prosthesis insertion between 2016-2022. Surgical and prosthesis complications, first prosthesis replacement and number of replacements per year were analysed. Material and Methods: Statistical analysis used t-student when there was normal distribution and Mann-Whitney when the group didn’t show normal distribution. P values <0.05 were considerer statistically significant. Results: In the groups age and type of TL, where was an absence of statistically significant difference in every variable. The post-RT group had, paradoxically, less prosthesis complications (p=0,036). Conclusion: Data had demonstrated that the benefits of a voice prosthesis protocol should not have age, salvage surgery and RT as restrictive factors.

Resumo Objectivos: Determinar e comparar, retrospetivamente, o sucesso da reabilitação vocal por PF (prótese fonatória) de acordo com a idade, status de radioterapia (RT) e tipo de LT (Laringectomia Total): primária ou resgate. Desenho do Estudo: Analisados os laringectomizados com inserção de PF entre 2016-2020. Avaliadas as complicações cirúrgicas e relacionadas com a PF, tempo até à primeira troca e número de PF/ano. Materiais e Métodos: A análise estatística usou o t-student em distribuição normal e o Mann-Whitney quando o grupo não apresentava distribuição normal. Significância estatística quando p<0,05. Resultados: Para as variáveis idade e LT não se observaram diferenças em nenhum dos grupos. Para a variável RT, não existem diferenças na taxa de complicações cirúrgicas (p=0,738), no tempo de primeira troca(p=0,267) nem em PF/ano (p=0,119). O grupo que realizou RT adjuvante revelou, paradoxalmente, menor taxa de complicações relacionadas com a PF(p=0,036). Conclusão: Demonstrou-se que os benefícios de um protocolo terapêutico orientado na reabilitação vocal por PF não devem ter a idade, a cirurgia de resgate nem a RT como factores de exclusão.

Abstract Background: Prolongation of the PQ interval, generally associated with an atrioventricular conduction delay, may be related to changes in intraventricular impulse spreading. Objective: To assess, using body surface potential mapping (BSPM), the process of ventricular depolarization in athletes with prolonged PQ intervals at rest and after exercise. Methods: The study included 7 cross-country skiers with a PQ interval of more than 200 ms (Prolonged-PQ group) and 7 with a PQ interval of less than 200 ms (Normal-PQ group). The BSPM from 64 unipolar torso leads was performed before (Pre-Ex) and after the bicycle exercise test (Post-Ex). Body surface equipotential maps were analyzed during ventricular depolarization. The significance level was 5%. Results: Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the first and second periods of the stable position of cardiac potentials on the torso surface were longer, and the formation of the “saddle” potential distribution occurred later, at Pre-Ex, in Prolonged-PQ athletes. At Post-Ex, the Prolonged-PQ group showed a shortening of the first and second periods of stable potential distributions and a decrease in appearance time of the “saddle” phenomenon relative to Pre-Ex (to the values near to those of the Normal-PQ group). Additionally, at Post-Ex, the first inversion of potential distributions and the total duration of ventricular depolarization in Prolonged-PQ athletes decreased compared to Pre-Ex and with similar values in Normal-PQ athletes. Compared to Normal-PQ athletes, the second inversion was longer at Pre-Ex and Post-Ex in Prolonged-PQ athletes. Conclusion: Prolonged-PQ athletes had significant differences in the temporal characteristics of BSPM during ventricular depolarization both at rest and after exercise as compared to Normal-PQ athletes. Background delay spreading Objective assess BSPM, , (BSPM) Methods crosscountry cross country 20 ProlongedPQ Prolonged NormalPQ Normal group. . 6 PreEx Pre Ex (Pre-Ex PostEx. PostEx Post (Post-Ex) 5 5% Results saddle “saddle later PreEx, Ex, PostEx, Additionally Conclusion (BSPM 2 (Post-Ex

Resumo Fundamento: O prolongamento do intervalo PQ, geralmente associado a um atraso na condução atrioventricular, pode estar relacionado a alterações na propagação do impulso intraventricular. Objetivo: Avaliar, por meio do mapeamento do potencial de superfície corporal (BSPM), o processo de despolarização ventricular em atletas com intervalos PQ prolongados em repouso e após o exercício. Métodos: O estudo incluiu 7 esquiadores cross-country com intervalo PQ superior a 200 ms (grupo PQ Prolongado) e 7 com intervalo PQ inferior a 200 ms (grupo PQ Normal). O BSPM de 64 derivações unipolares do tronco foi realizado antes (Pré-Ex) e após o teste ergométrico de bicicleta (Pós-Ex). Mapas equipotenciais da superfície corporal foram analisados durante a despolarização ventricular. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Comparado com atletas com PQ Normal, o primeiro e o segundo períodos de posição estável dos potenciais cardíacos na superfície do tronco foram mais longos, e a formação da distribuição de potencial “sela” ocorreu mais tarde, no Pré-Ex, nos atletas com PQ Prolongado. No Pós-Ex, o grupo PQ Prolongado apresentou um encurtamento do primeiro e segundo períodos de distribuições de potencial estáveis e uma diminuição no tempo de aparecimento do fenômeno “sela” em relação ao Pré-Ex (para valores próximos aos do Normal -Grupo PQ). Além disso, no Pós-Ex, a primeira inversão das distribuições de potencial e a duração total da despolarização ventricular em atletas com PQ Prolongado diminuíram em comparação com o Pré-Ex e com valores semelhantes em atletas com PQ Normal. Em comparação com atletas com PQ Normal, a segunda inversão foi mais longa no Pré-Ex e Pós-Ex em atletas com PQ Prolongado. Conclusão: Atletas com PQ prolongado apresentaram diferenças significativas nas características temporais do BSPM durante a despolarização ventricular, tanto em repouso quanto após o exercício, em comparação com atletas com PQ normal. Fundamento atrioventricular intraventricular Objetivo Avaliar BSPM, , (BSPM) exercício Métodos crosscountry cross country 20 . Normal) 6 PréEx Pré Ex (Pré-Ex PósEx. PósEx Pós (Pós-Ex) 5 5% Resultados longos sela “sela tarde PréEx, Ex, PósEx, para Grupo PQ. PQ) disso Conclusão normal (BSPM 2 (Pós-Ex

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo de caso controle e coorte, realizado no Departamento de Bioquímica da FUAST, comprimindo 24 ratos albinos Wistar. A especiaria natural Illicium verum (anis estrelado) e o brócolis vegetal verde geralmente são utilizados para o tratamento fitoterápico quimiopreventivo por conta da atividade antioxidante da vitamina C. A hepatotoxicidade foi induzida no fígado dos ratos modelo por injeção única interperitoneal de 200 mg/kg de peso corporal (PC) de N-nitrosodietilamina e administração oral de 1 mg/kg de peso corporal de fenobarbital por 14 dias durante o período de prolongamento da doença. A análise da vitamina C de Illicium verum (anis estrelado), brócolis verde, suco de laranja, casca de laranja e polpa de laranja foi realizada pelo método de titulação quantitativa e qualitativa iodométrica. Os ratos receberam composto de acordo com seu peso corporal como 1 mg/kg B.W. Após 14 dias (Período de Promoção e Propagação da Doença) e 28 dias (Período de Cura da Doença) de tratamento a atividade comportamental foi monitorada por atividade locomotora em experimento de campo aberto, atividade estimulatória em gaiola e efeitos ansiolíticos observados em aparelhos claros e escuros e também em T Labirinto. A atividade comportamental foi significativamente aumentada em ratos tratados com Illicium verum e brócolis verde. O estudo hematológico incluindo hemoglobina (Hb), glóbulos brancos (WBC), glóbulos vermelhos (RBC), volume corpuscular médio (MCV), hemoglobina corpuscular média (MCH), concentração média de hemoglobina corpuscular (MCHC), largura de distribuição de glóbulos vermelhos (RDW) e Plaquetas foi feito pela célula do analisador de laboratório Ababot. O valor de Hb e RBC também foi significativamente aumentado em ratos tratados com anis estrelado e brócolis, mostraram função adequada de RBC na microcirculação. WBC também estava na faixa normal revelando que nenhuma doença relaciona-se à medula óssea e leucemia. A atividade bioquímica de ratos, incluindo uréia, creatinina, proteína total, albumina, globulina, razão A/G, amilase e cálcio no soro sanguíneo foram analisadas, enquanto a saúde ou desempenho do fígado também foi determinada por LFT (teste de função hepática). As variáveis comportamentais e laboratoriais foram analisadas pelo SPSS v. 20 e valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O estudo relata efeito significativo perceptível de Illicium verum e brócolis na hepatotoxicidade do modelo experimental. Resultados estatísticos de estudos experimentais recentes mostram relação recíproca entre o consumo de dieta vegetal e tempero natural com o risco de hepatotoxicidade. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi potencializar a função do anis estrelado ou da especiaria natural Illicium verum e do brócolis vegetal verde como agente anticancerígeno ou quimioprofilático.

Abstract This is a case control and cohort study, conducted at Department of Biochemistry in FUAST, compressing 24 number of albino Wistar rats. Illicium verum (star anise) natural spice and green vegetable broccoli are used for chemo-preventive herbal treatment in relation with vitamin C antioxidant activity. Hepatotoxicity was induced in liver of model rats by giving interperitoneally single injection of 200 mg/kg bod weight (B.W) of N-nitrosodiethylamine and orally giving 1 mg/kg BW phenobarbital for 14 days during disease prorogation period. The vitamin C analysis from Illicium verum (star anise), green broccoli, orange juice, orange peel and orange pulp was done by iodometric quantitative and qualitative titration method. Rats were given compound according to their bodyweight as 1 mg/kg B.W. After 14 days (Disease Promotion and Propagation Period) and 28 days (Disease cure period) of treatment behavioral activity was monitored by locomotors activity in open field experiment, stimulatory activity in home cage and anxiolytic effects observed in light and dark apparatus and also in T maze. Behavioral activity were significantly increased in Illicium verum and green broccoli treated rats. Hematological study including hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW) and Platelets was done by abbot laboratory analyzer cell. The value of Hb and RBC was also significantly increased in star anise and broccoli treated rats, showed proper function of RBC in microcirculation. WBC was also in normal range revealed that no disease regards to bone marrow and leukemia’s. The biochemical activity of rats including urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, amylase and calcium in blood serum were analyzed while, liver health or performance was also determined by LFT (liver function test). Behavioral and laboratorial variables were analyzed by using SPSS v. 20 and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study report noticeable significant effect of Illicium verum and broccoli on hepatotoxicity of experimental model. Recent experimental study statistical outcomes show reciprocal relationship between the consumption of vegetable diet and natural spice with the risk of Hepatotoxicity. Thus, the aim of the study is to enhance the function of star anise or illicium verum natural spice and green vegetable broccoli as an anticancer or chemoprophylaxis agent.