Abstract The aspect ratio of tires significantly influences the tread contact patch, which is closely related to the vehicle’s driving performance and handling. This study investigates the effect of radial tires with varying aspect ratios on contact patches under different loads and inflation pressures. The size and shape of the contact patches, along with the pressure distribution in tires with different aspect ratios, were analyzed. Five finite element tire models with aspect ratios of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and 75% were developed. The simulation models of 205/55R16 were validated against experimental results. The findings reveal that as the aspect ratio increases, the contact length along the tire’s axial direction decreases, while the contact width along the rolling direction increases. Minimal differences in contact area were observed among tires with different aspect ratios under the same static load. For a given load, as the length-to-width ratio increases, the tread width of the contact patch decreases, while its length increases. Additionally, with an increasing length-to-width ratio, the contact patch shape transitions from a saddle to a barrel-like form. The maximum normal contact stress occurs at the shoulder of the tire for aspect ratios of 55%, 60%, and 65%, but shifts to the center of the tread for aspect ratios of 70% and 75%. The primary influence of the aspect ratio is on the contact size.

Resumen La relación de aspecto de los neumáticos influye significativamente en el área de contacto de la banda de rodadura, afectando el rendimiento de conducción y manejo del vehículo. Este estudio analiza el efecto de neumáticos radiales con diferentes relaciones de longitud y diámetro en las manchas de contacto bajo diversas cargas o presiones de inflado. Se evaluaron el tamaño, forma y distribución de presión en neumáticos con relaciones de aspecto de 55 %, 60 %, 65 %, 70 % y 75 %, mediante cinco modelos de elementos finitos. El modelo 205/55R16 fue validado experimentalmente. Los resultados indican que, al aumentar la relación de aspecto, la longitud de contacto a lo largo del eje del neumático disminuye, mientras que la anchura en la dirección de rodadura aumenta. Bajo la misma carga estática, el área de contacto varía poco entre relaciones de aspecto diferentes. Sin embargo, con mayor relación longitud-anchura, el ancho de la banda de rodadura disminuye y la longitud aumenta. Asimismo, la forma de la mancha de contacto cambia de silla de montar a tambor de cintura. Los máximos valores de tensión de contacto normal se localizan en los hombros para relaciones de aspecto de 55 %, 60 % y 65 %, y en el centro de la banda para relaciones de 70 % y 75 %. La principal influencia de la relación de aspecto radica en el tamaño del contacto.

Abstract Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a chiral drug used to treat malaria and inflammatory diseases, available as a racemic mixture of R-and S-HCQ. This work aimed to build physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to predict the pharmacokinetics (PK) of R-and S-HCQ and assess the impact of major genetic polymorphisms on PK. Whole-body PBPK models accounting for first-order absorption, Rodgers and Rowland distribution method, and enzyme kinetics data were built for R-and S-HCQ. The models were verified by comparing predicted PK parameters with observed ones, with a mean error within the acceptable range (0.5-2 fold). Simulations covered CYP2D6 normal metabolizer (NM), poor metabolizer (PM), and ultra-rapid metabolizer (UM) phenotypes, as well as CYP2C8 NM and PM phenotypes. The results revealed a 1.1-fold increase in area under the curve blood concentration versus time (AUC) for CYP2D6 PM individuals and a 0.9-fold reduction for UM individuals compared to NM individuals. In addition, simulations with CYP2D6 and CYP2C8 PM phenotype individuals combined with the CYP3A4 inhibitor clarithromycin showed increased AUC for R-and S-HCQ of 2.34 and 2.68, respectively. These PBPK models offer reliable predictions for R-and S-HCQ enantioselective kinetics and shed light on previously unexplored scenarios.

RESUMO A aplicação de cinza vegetal na agricultura surge como técnica promissora para potencializar a produtividade agrícola. Sua composição química tem aptidão para aprimorar os atributos do solo, atuando como fertilizante, corretivo e auxiliando na retenção de água. Entretanto, estudos recomendam adoção controlada, para evitar impactos adversos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial da cinza vegetal como estratégia de adubação na cultura do amendoim, com ênfase na otimização da produtividade das plantas e na redução do déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em vasos de 5 dm3; o delineamento experimental aplicado foi em blocos casualizados, formando um esquema fatorial 5x5, correspondente a cinco doses de cinza vegetal (0; 8; 16; 24 e 32 g dm3) e cinco disponibilidades hídricas (25; 50; 75; 100 e 125% da capacidade de campo), com quatro repetições. A cultivar utilizada foi a IAC OL-3. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade para verificar se seguiram a distribuição normal e, posteriormente, submetidos à análise de variância e, quando significativo, submetidos à análise de regressão, a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A cinza vegetal, rica em nutrientes demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável de fonte de nutrientes. Doses entre 18 e 23 g dm-3 de cinza vegetal apresentaram os resultados mais satisfatórios. A disponibilidade hídrica que melhor respondeu foi de 96 a 112%. A cinza vegetal, nas doses de 23 e 20 g dm-3, contribuiu no consumo da água e na eficiência hídrica do solo. agrícola solo fertilizante Entretanto controlada adversos amendoim hídrico dm3 dm casualizados 5x5 x 0 (0 8 16 2 3 25 (25 50 75 10 125 campo, campo , campo) repetições OL3. OL3 OL 3. OL-3 posteriormente significativo regressão erro 1 dm- satisfatórios 9 112 112% dm3, 3, 5x ( (2 7 12 OL- 11

ABSTRACT The application of wood ash in agriculture emerges as a promising technique to enhance agricultural productivity. Its chemical composition can improve soil attributes, acting as a fertilizer, corrective agent, and assisting in water retention. However, studies recommend controlled adoption to avoid adverse impacts. The objective of this article is to evaluate the potential of wood ash as a fertilization strategy in peanut cultivation, with an emphasis on optimizing plant productivity and reducing water deficit. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in 5 dm3 pots; the experimental design applied was randomized blocks, forming a 5x5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five doses of wood ash (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm-3) and five levels of water availability (25; 50; 75; 100 and 125% of field capacity), with four repetitions. The cultivar used was IAC OL-3. The data were subjected to the normality test to check whether they followed the normal distribution and, subsequently, subjected to analysis of variance and, when significant, subjected to regression analysis, at a 5% probability of error. Wood ash, rich in nutrients, proved to be a viable alternative source of nutrients. Doses between 18.4 and 22.8 g dm-3 of wood ash led to the most satisfactory results. The water availability that responded best ranged from 96 to 111.3%. Wood ash, at doses of 22.8 and 19.64 g dm-3, contributed to water consumption and soil water efficiency. attributes fertilizer agent retention However impacts cultivation deficit dm pots blocks x 5x scheme 0 (0 8 16 2 3 25 (25 50 75 10 125 capacity, capacity , capacity) repetitions OL3. OL3 OL 3. OL-3 subsequently significant error nutrients 184 18 4 18. 228 22 22. dm- results 9 1113 111 111.3% 1964 19 64 19.6 dm3, 3, efficiency ( 1 (2 7 12 OL- 11 111.3 196 6 19. 111.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to examine samples of Super fuel from selected gas stations in the province of Guayas. The purpose is to obtain a characterization of this fuel to determine which is the best for motorcycles, thus seeking to improve its performance. The methodology used is quantitative, based on the collection and analysis of numerical data to answer research questions, since three samples were collected from the selected gas stations: Gómez Rendon, Portete and via Durán Tambo. These samples were sent to certified laboratories for evaluation according to the study parameters. The results obtained showed that the Portete gas station provides the best fuel quality. However, it is necessary to evaluate the possibility of outliers that may affect the validity of the study. Therefore, it is decided to apply Dixon's theorem to rule out any outlier data. Before that, a check is performed to determine whether the data set follows a normal distribution using the Minitab program. The results of the analysis conclude that none of the values obtained can be considered outliers. In conclusion, this project focuses on the evaluation of Super fuel samples from different gas stations to determine which one offers the best quality. This study provides valuable information to improve the performance of the fuel.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar muestras de combustible Super de gasolineras seleccionadas en la provincia de Guayas. El propósito es obtener una caracterización de dicho combustible para determinar cuál es el mejor para motocicletas, buscando así mejorar su rendimiento. La metodología que se usa es la cuantitativa que se basa en la recopilación y análisis de datos numéricos para responder preguntas de investigación ya que se recolectaron tres muestras de las gasolineras seleccionadas: Gómez Rendón, Portete y vía Durán Tambo. Estas muestras fueron enviadas a laboratorios certificados para que realicen la evaluación de acuerdo con los parámetros del estudio. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron determinar que la gasolinera Portete provee la mejor calidad de combustible. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar la posibilidad de que existan datos atípicos que puedan afectar la validez del estudio. Por lo tanto, se decide aplicar el teorema de Dixon para descartar cualquier dato atípico. Antes de eso, se realiza una verificación para determinar si el conjunto de datos sigue una distribución normal utilizando el programa Minitab. Los resultados del análisis concluyen que ninguno de los valores obtenidos puede ser considerado como dato atípico. En conclusión, este proyecto se enfoca en la evaluación de muestras de combustible Super de diferentes gasolineras para determinar cuál ofrece la mejor calidad. Este estudio proporciona información importante para mejorar el rendimiento de motocicletas al seleccionar el combustible adecuado.

Abstract: Introduction: In general, the glass ionomer suffers effects in the clinical area, such as its solubility in the saliva itself found in the oral cavity. This solubility influences the loss of marginal integration, surface properties and aesthetics, which implies a failure of the restorative treatment. Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the solubility of two glass ionomers, one conventional (3M ESPE Ketac Molar Easymix®) and another modified with resin (GC Gold Label 2), immersed in artificial saliva for a period of 21 days. Method: An in vitro experimental study was conducted, where fifteen tablets of conventional 3M ESPE Ketac Molar Easymix® glass ionomer and fifteen of modified glass ionomer with GC Gold Label 2 resin were prepared. This was divided into three tablets of each ionomer, with which resulted in five groups of three tablets per ionomer. In addition, a calibration was conducted so as not to affect the exclusive weight of the group of three pills, and then a weight measurement was conducted with an analytical balance for each group of pills. After that, each group of three pills was immersed in artificial saliva from the KIN Hidrat brand for 21 days to return after careful drying, evaluating the weight loss of each group by immersion in artificial saliva in percentage. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. A database was created, and the Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied, which showed that both groups had a normal distribution and homogeneous samples. The percentage of weight difference due to submersion in artificial saliva had an average of 3.18% for Ketac Molar Easymix ® and 4.012% for GC Gold Label 2. The student t test for independent samples was also applied to compare the difference groups. weight in percentage. Although the level of significance is 0.55, indicating that there is no statistically significant difference in the group means of the two types of ionomers, it is highlighted that, from a clinical and practical perspective, each sample represents that three ionomer tablets of glass of this brand and bottle have gained weight significantly. This suggests that there may be clinical relevance to the application of ionomers. Conclusion: The in vitro study concludes that the GC Gold Label 2 glass ionomer is the one that obtains the highest solubility, represented as a percentage, after 21 days of immersion in artificial saliva. The study found that both glass ionomers show significant weight gain after submersion in artificial saliva. Furthermore, although the statistical analysis does not show a significant difference between the two groups, the results may have important practical implications in the application of these materials in clinical use.

Resumen Introducción: En general el ionómero de vidrio sufre afectaciones en el área clínica, como la solubilidad a la propia saliva que se encuentra en la cavidad oral. Esta solubilidad influye en la pérdida de integración marginal, propiedades de superficie y estética lo que implica un fracaso del tratamiento restaurativo. Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como propósito comparar la solubilidad de dos ionómeros de vidrio, uno convencional (3M ESPE Ketac Molar Easymix®) y otro modificado con resina (GC Gold Label 2), sumergidos en saliva artificial por un lapso de 21 días. Método: Se realizó un estudio experimental in vitro, donde se elaboraron 15 pastillas de ionómero de vidrio convencional 3M ESPE Ketac Molar Easymix® y 15 de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina GC Gold Label 2. Esto, se dividió en 3 pastillas de cada ionómero, con lo que se obtuvieron 5 grupos de 3 pastillas por ionómero. Además, se llevó a cabo un tarado para no afectar el peso exclusivo del grupo de 3 pastillas, para luego realizarse una medición de peso con una balanza analítica a cada grupo de pastillas. Después de eso, cada grupo de 3 pastillas fue sumergido en saliva artificial de la marca KIN Hidrat durante 21 días para volver a después de su cuidadoso secado, evaluando la pérdida de peso de cada grupo por sumersión en saliva artificial en porcentaje. Resultados: El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante Microsoft Excel. Se creó una base de datos y se aplicó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk, que mostró que ambos grupos tenían una distribución normal y muestras homogéneas. El porcentaje de diferencia de peso por la sumersión en saliva artificial tuvo una media del 3.18% para Ketac Molar Easymix ® y del 4.012% para GC Gold Label 2. También se aplicó la prueba t de student para muestras independientes para comparar los grupos de diferencia de peso en porcentaje. Aunque el nivel de significancia es de 0.55, indicando que no hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las medias de los grupos de los dos tipos de ionómeros, se resalta que, desde una perspectiva clínica y práctica, cada muestra representa que tres pastillas de ionómero de vidrio de esta marca y frasco han ganado peso de manera significativa. Esto sugiere que puede haber una relevancia clínica en la aplicación de los ionómeros. Conclusión: El estudio in vitro concluye que el ionómero de vidrio GC Gold Label 2 es el que obtiene mayor solubilidad, representada en porcentaje, después de los 21 días de sumersión en saliva artificial. El estudio encontró que ambos ionómeros de vidrio muestran ganancia de peso significativa luego de la sumersión en saliva artificial. Además, aunque el análisis estadístico no muestra una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos, los resultados pueden tener implicaciones prácticas importantes en la aplicación de estos materiales en el uso clínico.

Resumo As vigas de madeira lamelada colada (MLC) fabricadas com barras de aço coladas podem alcançar melhorias no seu desempenho mecânico e os efeitos da disposição das barras de aço na seção transversal são de interesse tecnológico. Esta pesquisa objetivou a avaliação do comportamento mecânico de vigas com reforços simétricos (zonas de compressão e de tração) e vigas com reforços assimétricos (zona de compressão), sob condições de carregamento impostas ao estado limite de serviço. Portanto, vigas de MLC com taxas de reforço variando de 0,5% a 4% foram simuladas pelo método dos elementos finitos. Em relação às vigas sem reforços, as flechas das vigas reforçadas assimetricamente resultaram até 31,5% menores e, as vigas com reforços simétricos foram mais eficientes, cuja redução das flechas foi de até 45%. Comparativamente ao arranjo simétrico das barras, a distribuição assimétrica proporcionou uma redução de até 10,5% na tensão normal da zona de compressão da MLC. A armadura disposta de forma assimétrica contribuiu efetivamente para o aumento da rigidez da viga e foi mais eficiente na redução das tensões normais na zona compressiva, evitando com isso o escoamento inicial da madeira. (MLC tecnológico zonas tração compressão, , compressão) serviço Portanto 05 0 5 0,5 4 finitos 315 31 31,5 eficientes 45 45% 105 10 10,5 compressiva 0, 3 31, 1 10,

Abstract Glued laminated timber (glulam) beams manufactured with glued steel bars can achieve improvements in their mechanical performance and the effects of the arrangement of steel bars in the cross-section are of technological interest. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of beams with symmetric reinforcements (compression and tension zones) and beams with asymmetric reinforcements (compression zone), under loading imposed at the serviceability limit state. To achieve this goal, glulam beams with reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.5% to 4% were simulated using the finite element method. When compared to the nonreinforced beams it was found for the deflections that the asymmetric reinforcements provided reductions of up to 31.5% and the cases with symmetric reinforcements were more efficient, with deflection reductions of up to 45%. In comparison to the symmetric arrangement of the bars, the asymmetric distribution provided a reduction of up to 10.5% in the normal stress of the glulam beam compression zone. The asymmetrically arranged reinforcement effectively contributed to increasing the stiffness of the beam and was more efficient in reducing normal stresses in the compressive zone, thus preventing the initial yielding of the wood. (glulam crosssection cross section interest zones zone , zone) state goal 05 0 5 0.5 4 method 315 31 31.5 45 45% 105 10 10.5 wood 0. 3 31. 1 10.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although nerves and vessels of the penis play important role in erection, there are few studies on their development in human fetus. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze, quantitatively, in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, the development of the nerves and vessels in the fetal penis at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: Fifty-six fresh, macroscopically normal human fetuses aged from 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC) were used. Gestational age was determined by the foot length criterion. Penises were immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and routinely processed for paraffin embedding, after which tissue sections from the mid-shaft were obtained. We used immunohistochemical staining to analyze the nerves and vessels in the corpus cavernous and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image-J software. Results: The quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of nerves varied from 3.03% to 20.35% in the corpora cavernosa and from 1.89% to 23.88% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that nerves growth (incidence) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.9421, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.9312, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. Also, the quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of vessels varies from 2.96% to 12.86% in the corpora cavernosa and from 3.62% to 14.85% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that vessels growth (appearance) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.8722, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.8218, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of nerves in the corpus spongiosum during the 2nd trimester of gestation, when compared with nerves in the corpora cavernosa. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of vessels in the corpus spongiosum when compared with the corpora cavernosa, during the whole fetal period studied. Conclusions: In the fetal period, the human penis undergoes major developmental changes, notably in the content and distribution of nerves and vessels. We found strong correlation between nerves and vessels growth (amount) with fetal age, both in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. There is significant greater proportional number of nerves than vessels during the whole fetal period studied. Also, nerves and vessels grow in a more intense rate than that of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum areas. Introduction erection fetus Therefore quantitatively ages Methods Fiftysix Fifty six fresh 1 3 postconception post conception WPC (WPC criterion 10 formalin embedding midshaft mid shaft obtained ImageJ Image J software Results 303 03 3.03 2035 20 35 20.35 189 89 1.89 2388 23 88 23.88 incidence (incidence r2=0.9421, r209421 r r2 0 9421 (r2=0.9421 p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 r2=0.9312, r209312 9312 (r2=0.9312 p<0.0001, , respectively studied Also 296 2 96 2.96 1286 12 86 12.86 362 62 3.62 1485 14 85 14.85 appearance (appearance r2=0.8722, r208722 8722 (r2=0.8722 r2=0.8218, r208218 8218 (r2=0.8218 addition nd gestation Conclusions changes amount (amount areas 30 3.0 203 20.3 18 8 1.8 238 23.8 r2=0.9421 r20942 942 (r2=0.942 p<0.000 p0000 000 r2=0.9312 r20931 931 (r2=0.931 29 9 2.9 128 12.8 6 3.6 148 14.8 r2=0.8722 r20872 872 (r2=0.872 r2=0.8218 r20821 821 (r2=0.821 3. 20. 1. 23. r2=0.942 r2094 94 (r2=0.94 p<0.00 p000 00 r2=0.931 r2093 93 (r2=0.93 2. 12. 14. r2=0.872 r2087 87 (r2=0.87 r2=0.821 r2082 82 (r2=0.82 r2=0.94 r209 (r2=0.9 p<0.0 p00 r2=0.93 r2=0.87 r208 (r2=0.8 r2=0.82 r2=0.9 r20 (r2=0. p<0. p0 r2=0.8 r2=0. (r2=0 p<0 r2=0 (r2= p< r2= (r2 (r

ABSTRACT The nose is the central part of the face, it is important that it is in balance with the other facial elements such as lips and chin, since they provide facial esthetics to each individual. It was evaluated nasal projection in adult individuals with different facial patterns in Cuenca-Ecuador. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, it was carried out nasal and cephalometric tracings were made in the digital program AutoCAD in 140 cephalometric radiographs in digital format of individuals between 18 and 45 years old. According to the facial type, four groups were formed: low, medium-low, medium-high and high The normal distribution of the data was evaluated, and the association was established using the Kruskal-Wallis test or one-way ANOVA depending on the normality of the data, and the post hoc Tukey test. Values below p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Significant differences were found in the convexity of the lower dorsum, columella convexity, and soft tissue facial convexity. In the mid-high and high facial pattern, a difference in lower dorsum convexity was determined when compared between groups. Elongated faces presented a convex profile, greater convexity of the lower dorsum, and smaller columella dimension, while short faces showed a concave profile, lesser convexity of the lower dorsum, and larger columella.

RESUMEN La nariz al constituir la parte central del rostro es importante que se encuentre en equilibrio con los demás elementos faciales como labios y mentón, ya que proporcionan la estética facial a cada individuo. Se evaluó la proyección nasal en individuos adultos con diferente patrón facial en Cuenca-Ecuador. Fue un estudio descriptivo de cohorte transversal, se efectuó trazos nasales y cefalométricos en el programa digital AutoCAD en 140 telerradiografías cefálica laterales del cráneo en formato digital en individuos entre 18 y 45 años. Según el tipo facial se conformaron cuatro grupos: bajo, medio bajo, medio alto y alto. Se evaluó la distribución normal de los datos y la asociación se estableció con la prueba Kruskal-Wallis o ANOVA de un factor según la normalidad de los datos y la prueba post Hoc-Tukey. Los valores inferiores a p˂0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Diferencias significativas existió en la convexidad del dorso inferior, convexidad de la columela y convexidad facial de tejidos blandos. En el patrón facial medio alto y alto se determinó diferencia en la convexidad del dorso inferior cuando se comparó entre grupos. Las caras alargadas presentaron un perfil convexo, mayor convexidad de la parte inferior del dorso nasal y menor dimensión de la columela y rostros cortos mostró un perfil cóncavo, menor convexidad del dorso nasal y mayor columela.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la estructura, composición y similitud de especies arbóreas en dos exposiciones: Noroeste (NO) y Sureste (SE) de un bosque templado en la comunidad Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero, México. En cada una de las exposiciones se establecieron de manera aleatoria seis parcelas de 500 m2 cada una; las variables dasométricas evaluadas fueron altura total (m) y diámetro normal (DN, d 1.30m , cm). Con ello se determinó la distribución dasométrica, Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), el Índice de Pretzsch y el Índice de similitud de Sørensen. La densidad promedio del área fue de 810 ind ha-1, con cuatro especies del género Pinus; en la exposición SE se presentó la mayor abundancia (1 040 ind ha-1), con 25.30 m2 ha-1 en área basal y un volumen de 225.21 m3 ha-1. En la exposición NO se registraron tres especies, con 580 ind ha-1, 39.80 m2 ha-1 y un volumen de 415.15 m3 ha-1. La especie con el valor de IVI más alto fue P. pseudostrobus (NO=86.86 % y SE=68.65 %). A través del Índice de Pretzsch se definieron tres estratos: NO tuvo A=1.30, A máx =2.20 y A rel =59.08 %; en la exposición SE los registros fueron de A=1.26, A máx =2.48 y A rel =50.69 %. La composición arbórea entre exposiciones mostró una similitud alta (86 %). La exposición y las condiciones climáticas contribuyen a la distribución y adaptación de diversas especies, ya que se modifican los parámetros de altura y área basal.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the structure, composition and similarity of tree species in two exposures: Northwest (NW) and Southeast (SE) of a temperate forest in the community of Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero, Mexico. In each of the exposures, six plots of 500 m2 each were randomly established. The assessed mensuration variables were total height (m) and normal diameter (m) (ND, d 1.30m , cm); the mensuration distribution, Importance Value Index (IVI), Pretzsch Index, and Sørensen's similarity index were determined based on those variables. The average density of the area was 810 ind ha-1, with four Pinus species; the SE exposure had the highest abundance (1 040 ind ha-1), with a basimetric area of 25.30 m2 ha-1 and a volume of 225.21 m3 ha-1. In the NW exposure, three species were recorded, with 580 ind ha-1, 39.80 m2 ha-1, and a volume of 415.15 m3 ha-1. The species with the highest IVI value was P. pseudostrobus (NW=86.86 % and SE=68.65 %). Three strata were defined by means of the Pretzsch Index: The values for the NW exposure were A=1.30, A max =2.20, and A rel =59.08 %; in the SE exposure, the recorded values were A=1.26, A max =2.48, and A rel =50.69 %. The tree composition exhibited a high similarity (86 %) between the two exposures. Exposure and climatic conditions contribute to the distribution and adaptation of various species, as height and basimetric area parameters are modified.

ABSTRACT. Size-frequency, length-weight, and length-length relationships for Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1978) and Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841) from the north coast of the Yucatan peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico were studied. All specimens were collected from the artisanal fishery of halfbeaks, which is under an exploratory fishery license. Five thousand two hundred-one individuals (5,134 H. brasiliensis and 67 H. unifasciatus) were sampled and analyzed. The size-frequency analysis showed that individuals of H. brasiliensis among 31.5 to 34.5 cm of total length (TL) class dominated the fishery samples; however, the separation index (≥2) detected two modes in the last months of the year, identifying a cohort with a length below the average (24.5 to 26.5 cm TL). The isometric growth pattern was found in females and pooled sex in H. unifasciatus, and positive allometric growth was found in males and H. brasiliensis. The TL was 9 and 4.5% greater than the fork length for H. brasiliensis and H. unifasciatus, respectively. The size of H. brasiliensis (45.5 cm TL) exceeds the reported in previous studies from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean Sea, and a new record of maximum length for H. unifasciatus (31cm TL) was reported to the FishBase database.

ABSTRACT: A system of allometric equations was generated and evaluated to estimate the total biomass and its components during the reforestation of Pinus patula in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca State, Mexico. For this purpose, 18 trees were directly sampled, which represented the growth potential of the site. Using this destructive method, the fresh weight in situ, and samples of each component of the tree were obtained to estimate the dry weight. The total tree biomass was related to its normal diameter by adjusting allometric equations using regression techniques. The exponential equation was selected to estimate the total biomass because it presented the best statistical indicators. The exponential model was again fitted to each component by using a system of simultaneous equations. The allometric equations obtained showed good performance in estimating aerial biomass in components and total tree biomass in the reforestation of Pinus patula, with similar diameters and environmental conditions. The distribution of aerial biomass estimated in the field was 69.8 % for stems, 20.5 % for branches, and 9.7 % for foliage.

RESUMEN: Se generó y evaluó un sistema de ecuaciones alométricas para estimar biomasa total y por componentes en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México. Se realizó un muestreo dirigido de 18 árboles que representaron el potencial de crecimiento del sitio y mediante el método destructivo se obtuvo el peso fresco in situ, así como muestras de cada componente del árbol para estimar el peso seco. Se relacionó la biomasa total del árbol con su diámetro normal a partir del ajuste de ecuaciones alométricas a través de técnicas de regresión. La ecuación exponencial fue seleccionada para estimar la biomasa total por presentar los mejores indicadores estadísticos. El modelo exponencial fue ajustado nuevamente a cada componente mediante un sistema de ecuaciones simultáneas. Las ecuaciones alométricas obtenidas mostraron un buen rendimiento para estimar la biomasa aérea en componentes y árbol total en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en diámetros y condiciones ambientales semejantes. La distribución de la biomasa aérea estimada en campo fue en promedio de 69,8 % para fuste, de 20,5 % para ramas y de 9,7 % para follaje.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de adicción a internet en adolescentes utilizando una escala de adicción a internet. Método: Nuestro estudio involucró a 201 estudiantes con adicción a internet. Empleamos dos herramientas, la IAT (internet addiction test) y el BDI (beck depression inventory), que se complementaron con un formulario de información sociodemográfica, para evaluar los niveles de adicción a internet y de depresión. Resultados: Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el tiempo diario de uso de internet y las puntuaciones del IAT (r = 0.388; p < 0.001), así como entre las puntuaciones del BDI y del IAT (r = 0.161; p = 0.013). Las mujeres tuvieron una puntuación media más baja en el IAT (p < 0.001). Las puntuaciones del BDI variaron significativamente entre los grupos (p = 0.004). Las puntuaciones medias del BDI fueron más altas en el grupo de adicción grave en comparación con los grupos de adicción moderada y de uso normal. Se encontró una diferencia significativa en la distribución por sexo entre los grupos (p = 0.001). La presencia de ideación suicida difirió significativamente entre los grupos (p = 0.002). La presencia de depresión mostró una diferencia significativa (p = 0.038). Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio revela una correlación significativa entre mayor uso de internet y niveles elevados de adicción y depresión en adolescentes, con diferencias de sexo notables en la gravedad de la adicción.

Abstract Objective: The goal of our study is to determine the level of Internet addiction (IA) in adolescents by utilizing the IA scale. Methods: We employed two tools: the IA test (IAT) and the beck depression inventory (BDI), complemented by a sociodemographic information form, to assess IA and depression levels. Results: A total of 201 participants were included. A positive correlation was found between daily Internet usage time and IAT scores (r = 0.388, p < 0.001) and between BDI scores and IAT scores (r = 0.161, p = 0.013). Females had a lower mean IAT score (63.56 ± 28.08) (p < 0.001). The BDI scores varied significantly across the groups (p = 0.004). The mean BDI scores were higher in the severe addiction group (13.53 ± 7.15) compared to the moderate (11.04 ± 6.62), mild (10.11 ± 5.38), and normal usage groups (9.28 ± 5.54). A significant difference was found in gender distribution across the groups (p = 0.001). The presence of suicidal ideation differed significantly across the groups (p = 0.002). The presence of depression showed a significant difference (p = 0.038). Conclusions: Our study reveals a significant correlation between increased Internet usage and heightened levels of IA and depression among adolescents, with notable gender differences in IA severity.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer y comparar las prácticas de lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y el estado nutricional de los preescolares que acudieron a diversos centros de desarrollo infantil de un municipio de la Ciudad de México. Materiales y métodos: Diseño transversal analítico, que analizó una muestra de 444 preescolares a quienes se les tomaron medidas antropométricas y determinación de hemoglobina; por otro lado, se obtuvo información de las madres respecto de las prácticas de lactancia y alimentación complementaria. Se dividió a los niños en dos grupos de edades (13 a 59 meses y 13 a 80 meses). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 48,4 meses, el 90 % recibió lactancia materna por un tiempo promedio de 7,7 meses y el 63 % inició su alimentación complementaria antes de los seis meses. Se encontró correlación lineal en talla-edad (r = 0,88) y peso-edad (r = 0,72). Respecto a la estatura, el 6,5 % tuvo talla baja para la edad. Según el estado nutricional por el índice de masa corporal para la edad (IMC/E), el 3,8 % tuvo peso bajo; el 66,0 %, peso adecuado; el 22,4 %, sobrepeso, y el 7,8 %, obesidad. La distribución de estas categorías fue homogénea respecto al sexo (p = 0,90). Por otro lado, el 13,0 % fueron clasificados con riesgo de desnutrición en base el perímetro braquial. Las niñas presentaron mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (GC) (p = 0,008) y grasa total (GT) (p = 0,01); el 4 % presentó anemia, la cual fue mayor en niñas (p = 0,02). Existió un incremento proporcional de peso anual entre las categorías de edad en un promedio de 2,3 kg, excepto en la categoría de mayores a seis años que fue 11,36 kg. Conclusiones: La malnutrición es un problema creciente de salud pública. La edad preescolar es la etapa idónea para realizar intervenciones que estimulen y promuevan buenos hábitos alimenticios y actividad física. La lactancia materna exclusiva prolongada durante al menos seis meses es la alimentación ideal del recién nacido y del lactante y, en definitiva, es imperante hacer a un lado el consumo de sucedáneos de leche materna y no adelantar la alimentación complementaria antes de este periodo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To learn about and compare breastfeeding practices, complementary feeding and the nutritional status of preschoolers attending various child development centers in a municipality of Mexico City. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study which analyzed a sample of 444 preschoolers who underwent anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin determination. Additionally, information on breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices was gathered from mothers. The children were categorized into two age groups (13 to 59 months and 13 to 80 months). Results: The average age was 48.4 months, with 90 % having received breastfeeding for an average of 7.7 months and 63 % having started complementary feeding before six months of age. Significant linear correlations were observed in height-for-age (r = 0.88) and weight-for-age (r = 0.72), and 6.5 % exhibited stunting. According to the nutritional status by body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age), 3.8 % were classified as underweight, 66.0 % as normal weight, 22.4 % as overweight and 7.8 % as obese. The distribution of these categories was consistent across genders (p = 0.90). Moreover, 13.0 % were classified as at risk of malnutrition based on upper arm circumference. Girls exhibited higher percentages of body fat (BF) (p = 0.008) and total fat (TF) (p = 0.01); 4 % of the children presented anemia, being more prevalent in girls (p = 0.02). There was an average annual weight gain of 2.3 kg across age categories, except for those over six years old, who averaged 11.36 kg. Conclusions: Malnutrition is a growing public health problem. Preschool age is the ideal stage to carry out interventions that stimulate and promote healthy dietary habits and physical activity. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months is crucial for newborns and infants. In conclusion, it is imperative to refrain from using breastmilk substitutes and to delay the introduction of complementary feeding before this period.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar algumas distribuições associadas ao erro na modelagem não linear bayesiana na descrição do acúmulo de matéria seca total da planta (MSTP) de Allium sativum em função dos dias após o plantio (DAP). Pelo critério DIC os modelos Logístico e Gompertz que utilizam a distribuição do erro t de Student apresentaram a melhor qualidade de ajuste, sendo que o modelo Logístico apresentou o maior DIC com a distribuição de erro Logística. No geral, a diferença de DIC em todos os cenários não apresentou valores superiores a cinco. Pelo critério do Fator de Bayes (FB), não houve diferença no ajuste do modelo Logístico e Gompertz quando se utilizam as quatro distribuições para os erros, sendo que os valores de FB não superaram 2. As distribuições a posteriori e os estimadores usuais dos parâmetros dos modelos Logístico e Gompertz apresentaram semelhanças mesmo variando a distribuição do erro. Em suma não houve diferença na utilização das quatro distribuições associadas ao erro na modelagem do crescimento planta de alho pelo fator de Bayes, sendo que os resultados mostram que alternar entre as distribuições dos erros altera de forma significativa o número de iterações de MCMC. RESUMO MSTP (MSTP DAP. DAP . (DAP) Logística geral cinco FB, , (FB) 2 MCMC (DAP (FB

ABSTRACT: This study assessed distributions associated with Bayesian nonlinear modeling error in the description of total plant dry matteraccumulation (TDMA) of Allium sativumas a function of days after planting (DAP). According to the DIC criterion, Logistic and Gompertzmodels that use student’s t distribution error exhibited the highest DIC with logistic error distribution. In general, the difference of DIC in all the scenarios was not more than 5.The Bayes factor (BF) criterion showed no difference in the Logistic and Gompertzmodel fit when four distributions are used for the errors, where BF values do not exceed 2. Posterior distributions and the usual estimators of Logistic and Gompertz model parameters were similar even forvaried error distribution. In summary, there was no difference in the use of 4 distributions associated with the modeling error of garlic plant growth by the Bayes factor, whereby the results showed that alternating between error distributions significantly changes the number of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations. ABSTRACT TDMA (TDMA DAP. DAP . (DAP) students student s general 5The The 5 (BF errors 2 summary MCMC (MCMC iterations (DAP

ABSTRACT This study examines the distributional behavior of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) in the area between latitudes 06° 00´ and 11° 59´ S during four research activities conducted by Imarpe from February to June 2022. This area was initially restricted in the first fishing season due to the high presence of juvenile specimens. The purpose was to observe the redistribution of anchovy to propose management measures for fisheries sustainability. During activities 1 and 2, a high concentration and abundance of anchovy were observed, while in activities 3 and 4, the anchovy dispersed, migrating towards areas away from the coast. This variability in distribution affected energetic and morphometric descriptors, with high values during high concentrations and lower values when it was dispersed. In the coastal strip of the 55.56 km (30 nautical miles), there was an overlap of juveniles and adults, with normal somatic growth between activities 1 and 4. The main modes in each activity were 8.5, 10, 9.5, and 10.5 cm, respectively. Biomass varied from 6.86 million tons in activity 1 to 3.00 million tons in activity 4, influenced by oceanographic conditions and chlorophyll-a productivity.