RESUMO O conteúdo de água no solo é um fator-chave na avaliação nas áreas agrícola e ecológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar a combinação de informações multisatélites para abordar a questão da baixa precisão na recuperação do conteúdo de água do solo a partir de informações de banda única e fonte única, e estabelecer um modelo para estimativa do conteúdo de água do solo baseado no método multiespectral simulado. Foi realizado um experimento de determinação hiperespectral de amostras de solo (Latossolos) com valores variáveis de teor de água. A reflectância de oito sensores de satélite multiespectral foi remapeada com base nas funções de resposta espectral. Os índices de vegetação (VIs) foram estabelecidos combinando todas as bandas de sensores disponíveis. Os VIs significativos e a reflectância da banda foram extraídos pelos métodos de coeficiente de correlação e análise de importância de dados out-of-bag (OOB), e em seguida modelos lineares e não lineares foram estabelecidos para a estimativa do conteúdo de água no solo. Correlação significativa foi obtida entre refletância multiespectral simulada, VIs e teor de água no solo. Os modelos não lineares apresentaram melhor desempenho que o modelo linear. A combinação do modelo OOB e Random Forest (OOB-RF) obteve a maior acurácia de predição, com R2 calibração e R2 predição de 0,852 e 0,834, respectivamente. De forma geral, verificou-se que o método de modelagem OOB-RF baseado em sensoriamento remoto multiespectral foi viável para estimar o teor de água no solo.

ABSTRACT The soil water content is a key evaluation factor in the agricultural and ecological fields. The objective of this study was to explore the combination of multi-satellite information to address the issue of low accuracy in soil water content retrieval from single-band, single-source information and to establish a model for the estimation of the soil water content based on a simulated multi-spectral method. An experiment involving the hyperspectral determination of soil samples (Oxisols) with varying values of the water content was conducted. The reflectance of eight multi-spectral satellite sensors was resampled based on the spectral response functions. The vegetation indices (VIs) were established by pairing all available sensor bands. The significant VIs and band reflectance were extracted using the correlation coefficient and out-of-bag (OOB) data importance analysis methods, and then linear models and nonlinear models were established for soil water content estimation. A significant correlation was achieved between the simulated multi-spectral reflectance, VIs, and soil water content. The nonlinear models had a better performance than the linear model. The combined OOB and random forest (OOB-RF) model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with R2 calibration and R2 prediction values of 0.852 and 0.834, respectively. Overall, it was verified that the OOB-RF modeling method based on multi-spectral remote sensing was feasible for estimating the soil water content.

Abstract (Introduction): Within the framework of the present capitalist system, human beings have become an important polluting agent. Current production and consumption processes do not consider the existence of finite natural resources and a planet incapable of treating the waste that the prevailing way of life generates. Given these circumstances, the study of non-linear models is of interest, which make a more rational use of the waste that the productive activity generates, favoring recycling mechanisms. The phenomenon of recycling becomes particularly relevant in the case of electrical and electronic devices, whose ability to be degraded and metabolized by planet Earth is extremely difficult. (Objective): Evaluate the feasibility of installing and starting a recycling plant for electrical and electronics items in the town of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), during 2021. (Methodology): The conventional method for evaluating investment projects was used, considering technical, legal and economic aspects. (Results): The project is not acceptable according to the profitability intended by the investor. The possibility of financing was also included, which made the project even less profitable, and the sensitivity of the results was measured, finding that the price should be 1.48 % higher than that used in the analysis. (Conclusions): Other alternatives must be explored to make this proposal profitable from an economic and financial point of view.

Resumen (Introducción): En el marco del sistema capitalista vigente, el ser humano se ha transformado en un agente significativo de contaminación. Las dinámicas productivas y de consumo actuales no contemplan la existencia de recursos naturales finitos y de un planeta incapaz de procesar los desperdicios que el modo de vida habitual genera. Dadas estas circunstancias, cobra interés el estudio de modelos no lineales, que hagan un uso más racional de los residuos derivados de la actividad productiva, los cuales favorezcan mecanismos de reciclaje. El fenómeno del reciclaje se vuelve, en particular, relevante para el caso de los artefactos eléctricos y electrónicos; la capacidad del planeta Tierra para degradarlos y metabolizarlos resulta sumamente difícil. (Objetivo): Evaluar la factibilidad de la instalación y puesta en marcha de una planta recicladora de artículos eléctricos y electrónicos en la localidad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), durante el 2021. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología convencional de evaluación de proyectos de inversión, considerando aspectos técnicos, legales y económicos. (Resultados): El proyecto no es aceptable según la rentabilidad pretendida por el inversor. También se incluyó la posibilidad de un financiamiento, lo que hizo que el plan fuera menos rentable aún, y se midió la sensibilidad de los resultados: se halló que el precio debiera ser 1.48 % superior al utilizado en el análisis. (Conclusiones): Se deben explorar otras alternativas para lograr que el proyecto sea rentable desde el punto de vista económico-financiero.

Resumo Existem problemas de cascas de concreto onde é imprescindível analisar as tensões das armaduras na fissura, como a verificação do Estado Limite Último de fadiga em lajes de tabuleiros de pontes e abertura de fissuras em reservatório de água. Em vista disso, este trabalho apresenta o modelo numérico denominado Modelo de Casca Fissurada (Cracked Shell Model – CSM), que possibilita determinar as tensões nas armaduras ortogonais de elementos de casca de concreto armado. O CSM utiliza o método lamelar, onde a espessura do elemento de casca é discretizada em lamelas de concreto sujeitas a um estado plano de tensões. As armaduras são avaliadas a partir do Modelo de Membrana Fissurada (Cracked Membrane Model - CMM), que considera o amolecimento do concreto à compressão e o efeito de enrijecimento à tração via Modelo de Banzo Tracionado (Tension Chord Model - TCM). A validação do CSM foi realizada com dados experimentais e numéricos de cascas disponíveis na literatura, no qual o modelo mostrou ser capaz de prever o comportamento completo de elementos de casca de concreto armado, com boa precisão e baixo custo computacional. Adicionalmente, foi conduzido um estudo sobre o Efeito de Membrana Comprimida em lajes de tabuleiro de pontes, o qual tende a aumentar a capacidade resistente dessas lajes. Com este estudo pode-se observar que o CSM, apesar do bom desempenho apresentado na fase de validação, por está baseado na teoria de placas finas de Kirchhoff (prática usual em muitos projetos) não conseguiu capturar esse efeito, subestimando a carga última, em média em 44%, em relação à ensaios experimentais. Esse artigo visa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de modelos numéricos de cascas de concreto armado, em problemas onde a tensão máxima da armadura é fundamental.

Abstract There are reinforced concrete problems where it is essential to analyze the reinforcement stresses at the crack, such as verifying the Fatigue Limit State in bridge deck slabs and crack opening in water tanks. In view of this, this work presents a numerical model called Cracked Shell Model (CSM), which enables the determination of stresses in the orthogonal reinforcement of concrete shell elements. The CSM uses the layered method, where the thickness of the shell element is discretized into concrete layers subjected to a plane stress state. The reinforcements are evaluated using the Cracked Membrane Model (CMM), which considers the compression softening of concrete and the tension stiffening effects via the Tension Chord Model (TCM). The validation of the CSM was carried out with experimental and numerical shell data available in the literature. It has been shown to be capable of predicting the complete behavior of reinforced concrete shell elements, with good accuracy and low computational cost. Additionally, a study was conducted on the Compressive Membrane Action (CMA) on bridge deck slabs, which tends to increase the load capacity of these slabs. With this study it can be observed that the CSM, despite the good performance presented in the validation phase, as it is based on Kirchhoff thin plate theory (usual practice in many projects) failed to capture this effect, underestimating the ultimate load by an average of 44% in relation to experimental tests. This article aims to contribute to developing numerical models of reinforced concrete shells, in problems where the maximum reinforcement stress is essential.

Nitroaromatic acids, ubiquitous intermediates in nitro compounds, find broad applications in pharmaceuticals and fine chemical industries, yet their safety often receives inadequate attention. This paper investigates the thermal decomposition process of three isomers of nitrobenzoic acid using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), complemented by calculations of the apparent activation energy using typical kinetic methods. The reaction type was verified using a nonlinear fitting method. Thermal safety parameters including the time to maximum rate (TMR), critical temperature of self-acceleration (TCL), and thermal risk index (TRI) were employed to elucidate the thermal hazards. The thermal decomposition mechanism was further explained using density functional theory (DFT) methods, focusing on the Mayer bond order. The findings revealed that the average apparent activation energies for p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA), m-nitrobenzoic acid (MNBA), and o-nitrobenzoic acid (ONBA) were 157.00, 203.43, and 131.31 kJ mol-1, respectively. A single n-order reaction characterized the thermal decomposition process. The TMR and TCL parameters indicated a decomposition tendency at high temperatures, with the thermal stability at elevated temperatures following the order: PNBA < ONBA < MNBA. The TRI parameter indicates the danger level of the nitrobenzoic acids. The thermal decomposition mechanism was elucidated using Mayer bond energies, offering valuable insights into storage and transportation, and contributing to developing predictive models for thermal characteristics.

The study of adsorption kinetics has been gaining ground, due to the fact that adsorption is an operation used in several areas, which drives the development of software for calculating kinetic parameters. In this context, the work aims to develop and validate a free software, with an intuitive interface and easy operation, for processing adsorption kinetic analysis data. The Adsorption Kinetics Calculation (AKC) software was developed in Java language, using Apache Netbeans IDE (integrated development environment) and has three kinetic equations implemented in a non-linear way: pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion implemented and also generates the parameters statistical coefficient of determination (R2) and ARE (average relative error). The software was successful in programming the algorithms, because the parameter values (Qe and C) were similar to the experimental values and the error values (R2 and ARE) were within those predicted by the literature. The software has the ability to plot the results and all results showed reliability in the data generated, and it can be concluded that it is validated and ready to be made available for users to use in their research. ground areas context AKC (AKC language integrated environment nonlinear non linear way pseudofirst pseudo first pseudosecond second R2 R average error. . error) algorithms Qe C (R literature generated research

RESUMO: O uso de métodos não destrutivos e de baixo custo para determinação de área foliar tem ganhado importantes aplicações. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram (i) propor um método não destrutivo para estimar a área foliar da cultura da mamona e (ii) construir equações que estimem com precisão e rapidez a área foliar da espécie. Foram coletadas mil folhas sadias e expandidas de cinco cultivares de mamona (New Zealand Purple, Sipeal, Carmencita, Amarelo de Irecê e IAC-80), sendo coletadas 200 folhas de cada uma. O comprimento máximo, largura máxima e área foliar foram calculados para cada folha. Foi calculado o produto entre comprimento e largura (LW). Foram realizados testes com diferentes modelos de regressão linear e não linear entre área foliar e dimensões lineares das folhas de cada cultivar. Os modelos utilizados foram linear, linear sem intercepto e potência. Os critérios para escolha dos melhores modelos para estimar a área foliar da mamona foram maior coeficiente de determinação, maior coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson, menor critério de informação de Akaike, maior índice de concordância de Willmott e menor raiz do erro quadrático médio. As equações que apresentaram melhores critérios para estimativa da área foliar das cultivares de mamona foram aquelas que utilizaram o produto entre comprimento e largura, em comparação às equações que utilizaram apenas uma dimensão foliar. O modelo ŷ = 0,439 × LW pode ser utilizado para estimar com precisão e rapidez a área foliar da mamona por meio de medidas lineares das folhas, utilizando o produto entre comprimento e largura (LW), independente da cultivar escolhida. RESUMO aplicações i (i ii (ii espécie New Purple Sipeal Carmencita IAC80, IAC80 IAC 80 , IAC-80) 20 máximo folha LW. . (LW) potência Pearson Akaike médio 0439 0 439 0,43 LW, escolhida IAC8 8 IAC-80 2 (LW 043 43 0,4 IAC-8 04 4 0, IAC-

ABSTRACT: Using non-destructive and low-cost methods to determine leaf area has gained important applications. The research objectives were (i) to propose a non-destructive method to estimate the leaf area of castor bean crops and (ii) to build equations that accurately and quickly estimate the leaf area of specie. One thousand healthy and expanded leaves of five castor bean cultivars (New Zealand Purple, Sipeal, Carmencita, Amarelo de Irecê, and IAC-80) were collected, and 200 leaves were collected from each. The maximum length, maximum width, and leaf area were calculated for each leaf. The product between length and width (LW) were calculated. We performed tests with different linear and non-linear regression models between leaf area and linear leaf dimensions of each cultivar. The models used were linear, linear without intercept, and power. The criteria for choosing the best models to estimate the leaf area of castor beans were a higher coefficient of determination, more elevated Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, lower Akaike information criterion, higher Willmott agreement index, and smallest root mean square error. The equations that presented the best criteria for estimating the leaf area of castor bean cultivars were those that used the product between length and width, compared to equations that used only one leaf dimension. The model ŷ = 0.439 × LW can be used to accurately and quickly estimate the castor bean leaf area through linear measurements of the leaves, using the product between length and width (LW), regardless of the cultivar chosen. ABSTRACT nondestructive non destructive lowcost low cost applications i (i ii (ii specie New Purple Sipeal Carmencita Irecê IAC80 IAC 80 IAC-80 20 (LW nonlinear intercept power determination Pearsons Pearson s criterion index error dimension 0439 0 439 0.43 LW, , chosen IAC8 8 IAC-8 2 043 43 0.4 IAC- 04 4 0.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is essential to the fertilization of coffee. The fertilizer most used to meet this demand is urea, although it has high rates of N loss due mainly to ammonia volatilization. To reduce this loss, fertilizers with increased efficiency have emerged. Thus, the aim was to select the most appropriate nonlinear regression model to describe N loss attributable to ammonia volatilization in slow- and controlled-release fertilizers applied to coffee plants and to compare the different fertilizers based on the parameters of the selected model. The data studied are controlled-release fertilizers: urea + sulfur + polymer (U+S+P), urea + plastic resin (U+PR), urea + polymer insoluble in water (U+PIW) and slow-release fertilizer: urea formaldehyde (UF) applied to coffee. The Gompertz, Brody, and von Bertalanffy Logistics models were fit by the least squares method. The goodness of fit was assessed using the adjusted coefficient of determination, mean absolute deviation, and Akaike's information criterion. The von Bertalanffy model was the most appropriate for describing the data in most cases. After selecting the best model for the means, the parameters of the von Bertalanffy model were estimated again for each repetition of treatments. With the repetitions of the parameter estimates of these models, the F test of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test were applied. In the F test, p < 0.05 for all parameters. In the Tukey's test, the UF fertilizer reached the asymptote more quickly and presented a lower accumulated loss of N in the coffee tree. The fertilizers U+S+P and U+PIW have later inflection points (IP). (N emerged Thus slow controlledrelease controlled release U+S+P, USP , U S P (U+S+P) U+PR, UPR U+PR PR (U+PR) UPIW PIW (U+PIW slowrelease (UF Gompertz Brody method determination deviation Akaikes Akaike s criterion cases means treatments ANOVA (ANOVA Tukeys Tukey 005 0 05 0.0 tree IP. IP . (IP) (U+S+P (U+PR 00 0. (IP

Resumen Introducción: La ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés son cada vez más frecuentes, especialmente desde la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar el poder predictivo de la edad, el sexo, la inteligencia emocional y la resiliencia respecto a los síntomas ansiosos, depresivos y el estrés en una muestra de población española. Método: Un total de 427 participantes españoles, con edades entre 18 y 83 años, fueron evaluados mediante instrumentos de autoinforme (TMMS-24; BRCS; BASS-21). Se utilizan modelos de regresión jerárquica (RLJ) y metodologías no lineales (modelos de análisis comparativo cualitativo o QCA). Resultados: Los RLJ mostraron que la atención emocional, la claridad y la reparación predecían significativamente la ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés. El género también desempeñó un papel significativo, ya que las mujeres mostraron mayores niveles de ansiedad y estrés. La edad y la resiliencia no fueron predictores significativos en la HRM. Sin embargo, los modelos QCA revelaron otras interacciones: la depresión estaba relacionada con una menor edad, la atención emocional alta y la claridad y la reparación emocional bajas. La ansiedad elevada se predijo por ser mujer, joven, con baja regulación emocional y alta atención emocional. El estrés elevado se asoció con ser mujer, tener baja resiliencia y una atención emocional elevada. Por el contrario, los niveles bajos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés se asociaron de forma consistente con una alta resiliencia y claridad y regulación emocional. Conclusiones: Consideramos que estos resultados son de gran interés para profundizar en el conocimiento de la interacción entre las variables objeto de estudio. De este modo, será posible diseñar intervenciones más eficaces que se beneficien del máximo conocimiento sobre el papel de estas variables.

Abstract Introduction: Anxiety, depression and stress are becoming more and more frequent, especially since the COVID-19 health crisis. The main objective of this study was to analyse the predictive power of age, gender, emotional intelligence, and resilience with respect to anxiety, depression, and stress-related symptoms in a Spanish population sample. Method: A total of 427 Spanish participants, between 18 and 83 years of age, were assessed through self-report instruments (TMMS-24; BRCS; BASS-21). Hierarchical regression models (HRM) and non-linear methodologies (qualitative comparative analysis or QCA models) are used. Results: The HRM showed that emotional attention, clarity, and repair significantly predicted anxiety, depression, and stress. Gender also played a significant role, with women showing higher levels of anxiety and stress. Age and resilience were not significant predictors in the HRM. However, the QCA models revealed more nuanced interactions: high depression was linked to young age, high emotional attention, and low emotional clarity and repair. High anxiety was predicted by being female, young, with low emotional regulation, and high emotional attention. High stress was associated with being female, low resilience, and high emotional attention. Conversely, low levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were consistently associated with high resilience and emotional clarity and regulation. Conclusions: We consider these results to be of great interest for gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between the variables under study. In this way, it will be possible to design more effective interventions that benefit from the maximum knowledge regarding the role of these variables.

ABSTRACT A careful evaluation has been carried out to reveal advantages and disadvantages of linear and nonlinear modelling in dynamic analysis. 4- and 7- story building models representing characteristics of about 500 existing buildings models in Turkey was used in analyses. In the study, displacement demand parameters such as roof drift ratio and interstory drift ratio obtained from linear and nonlinear analyses were compared using a total of 24 ground motion records including forward directivity effects (Set 2) as well as records (Set 1) recorded in type B and C soils. Although the seismic demands for Set 2 are obtained extremely high in the nonlinear models, the demand differences between Set 1 and Set 2 are not excessive for the linear models. In the region where the T/Tp ratio is close to one, the linear analysis predicts unrealistically high demands compared to the nonlinear analysis. Linear analysis results mostly show an increase or decrease depending on dynamic amplification effects. The effects of ground motion intensity and damage mechanism cannot be observed in linear analysis method. For all these reasons, it is recommended not to prefer linear modeling method when using time-history analysis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar modelos lineares e não-lineares para estimar o volume de madeira em povoamentos jovens de Pinus taeda, preenchendo a lacuna existente de informações para os primeiros anos dos plantios da espécie. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de um desbaste em um plantio experimental de P. taeda com 5 anos de idade, implantado na Área Experimental Florestal da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, no munícipio de Curitibanos, SC. Foram testados os modelos volumétricos de simples entrada de Husch (linear e não linear) e Kopezky (linear), utilizando apenas a variável Diâmetro, e os modelos de dupla entrada de Schumacher-Hall (linear e não linear) e Spurr (linear), usando as variáveis Diâmetro e Altura Total. Os modelos foram ajustados pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, utilizando análise de regressão linear e não-linear. O melhor modelo de simples entrada e o de dupla entrada foram aplicados a uma base de dados independentes para validação. Os modelos de dupla entrada apresentaram resultados superiores aos de simples entrada, porém a variação de acurácia e eficiência não foi tão considerável. O modelo de Schumacher-Hall e os modelos de Husch e Kopezky ajustados apresentaram melhores estimativas em relação aos modelos disponíveis na literatura. Portanto, a hipótese de que as equações para indivíduos com idades mais avançadas superestimam o volume dos indivíduos jovens foi aceita. Assim, os modelos ajustados no presente estudo forneceram estimativas mais acuradas do volume de madeira proveniente de povoamentos jovens e do aproveitamento comercial do primeiro desbaste.

Abstract The objective of this study was to adjust linear and non-linear models to estimate the wood volume in young stands of Pinus taeda, filling the information gap for the first years of species' stands. The data analyzed derive from selective thinning in a 5-year-old experimental stand of P. taeda, established in the Experimental Forestry Area of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, in the municipality of Curitibanos, SC. The single-input volumetric models of Husch (linear and non-linear) and Kopezky (linear) were tested, using only the Diameter as a variable, and the double-input models of Schumacher-Hall (linear and non-linear) and Spurr (linear), using the Diameter and Total Height variables. All models were adjusted by the ordinary least squares method, using linear and non-linear regression analysis. The best selected single-input and double-input models were applied to an independent database for validation. The double-input models presented better performance than single-input models, but the variation in accuracy and efficiency was not significant. Schumacher-Hall model and the Husch and Kopezky fitted models presented more accurate estimates in relation to the models available in the literature. Therefore, we confirmed the hypothesis that equations for older individuals overestimate the volume of young trees. Then, the models adjusted in the present study provided an accurate estimate of the wood volume coming from young stands and from commercial use of the first thinning.

RESUMO O processo de secagem é de suma importância para a manutenção da qualidade das sementes, onde a temperatura de condução deste processo exerce influência direta sobre a germinação e vigor, sobretudo para as espécies olerícolas que são colhidas com alto teor de água. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar e modelar as curvas de secagem de sementes de jiló (cultivar Tinguá-verde-claro) nas temperaturas de 35, 38, 41 e 44 ºC, bem como avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes após a secagem. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro temperaturas de secagem (35, 38, 41 e 44 ºC) com quatro repetições. Nove modelos matemáticos foram ajustados por meio de análise de regressão não linear pelo método de Gauss-Newton, e o grau de ajuste foi avaliado com base na magnitude do coeficiente de determinação (R2), teste qui-quadrado (χ2), erro médio relativo (P) e erro médio estimado (SE). A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada pelo teste de germinação (G), condutividade elétrica (CE) e envelhecimento acelerado (EA). O modelo ‘Midilli Modificado’ é o que melhor representa as curvas de secagem das sementes de jiló nas temperaturas estudadas. Sementes com maior germinação e vigor, ou seja, com menores valores de CE e maiores taxas de germinação após EA, são alcançadas através da secagem a 35 e 38 ºC. vigor água cultivar Tinguáverdeclaro Tinguá verde claro Tinguá-verde-claro 4 ºC casualizado (35 repetições GaussNewton, GaussNewton Gauss Newton, Newton Gauss-Newton R2, R2 R , (R2) quiquadrado qui quadrado χ2, χ2 χ (χ2) P (P SE. SE . (SE) G, G (G) (CE EA. EA (EA) Midilli Modificado estudadas seja 3 (3 (R2 (χ2 (SE (G (EA ( (R (χ

ABSTRACT The drying process is paramount for maintaining seed quality, where the temperature during this process directly influences germination and vigor, especially for vegetable species harvested with high moisture content. This research aimed to determine and model the drying curves of S. aethiopicum (cultivar Tinguá-verde-claro) seeds at temperatures of 35, 38, 41, and 44 ºC, as well as to evaluate the physiological quality of the seeds after drying. A completely randomized design was used, with four drying temperatures (35, 38, 41, and 44 ºC) and four replicates. Nine mathematical models were fitted using the non-linear regression analysis by the Gauss-Newton method, and the goodness of fit was assessed based on the magnitude of the coefficient of determination (R2), chi-square test (χ2), relative mean error (P), and estimated mean error (SE). Seed quality was evaluated by germination test (G), electrical conductivity (EC), and accelerated aging (AA). The Modified Midilli model best represents the drying curves of S. aethiopicum seeds at the studied temperatures. Seeds with higher germination and vigor, meaning lower electrical conductivity values and higher germination rates after accelerated aging, are achieved through drying at 35 and 38 ºC. vigor content S cultivar Tinguáverdeclaro Tinguá verde claro Tinguá-verde-claro 41 4 ºC used (35 replicates nonlinear non linear GaussNewton Gauss Newton method R2, R2 R , (R2) chisquare chi square χ2, χ2 χ (χ2) P, P (P) SE. SE . (SE) G, G (G) EC, EC (EC) AA. AA (AA) 3 (3 (R2 (χ2 (P (SE (G (EC (AA ( (R (χ

RESUMO Na elaboração de projetos de obras hidráulicas um elemento chave é a vazão de projeto, obtida a partir da série histórica de vazões ou através de modelos como o método racional, que relaciona a vazão máxima com uma chuva de projeto. Esta é geralmente obtida através das relações de Intensidade-Duração-Frequência (IDF) via dados de pluviógrafos. Na escassez destes, os dados diários da rede de pluviômetros podem ser utilizados via processo de desagregação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver as IDFs para o Estado da Paraíba onde existe uma extensa rede de pluviômetros (263 postos). Dados diários de precipitação foram desagregados para várias durações entre 5 min a 24 horas e foi escolhida a melhor distribuição de ajuste dentre as distribuições de Gumbel, Weibull, Pearson, Log-Pearson e Valores Extremos Generalizados (VEG), para as series destas durações. A partir da distribuição ajustada, as precipitações para diversas durações e frequências foram obtidas para gerar as curvas de IDF para cada local. Não foi identificada uma única distribuição satisfatória para todos os casos, sendo a Pearson III e Log-Pearson III as mais comuns. Para as curvas de IDF foi ajustada a equação de quatro parâmetros e os valores dos parâmetros foram determinados por regressão não linear. Estes variaram muito dentro do Estado e foram regionalizados para obter a equação de IDF para qualquer local no Estado. As intensidades de chuva obtidas a partir dos parâmetros determinados neste estudo, quando comparadas com as obtidas das equações previamente existentes, mostram grandes diferenças indicando a necessidade da atualização. projeto racional IntensidadeDuraçãoFrequência Intensidade Duração Frequência (IDF pluviógrafos destes desagregação 263 (26 postos. postos . postos) 2 Gumbel Weibull LogPearson Log VEG, VEG , (VEG) casos comuns linear existentes atualização 26 (2 (VEG (

ABSTRACT In the design of major hydraulic structures, a key element is the design discharge, determined from the time series of flow or through runoff models such as the rational method, which relates the peak surface flow with a rainstorm. The design storm is generally established from the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationships via recording gauges data. In the absence/scarcity of these data, daily data from the rain gauge network can be used via the disaggregation process. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop the IDFs for the state of Paraíba, Brazil, where there is an extensive network of rain gauges (263 stations). For this purpose, daily precipitation data were disaggregated for various durations between 5 min and 24 hours and the best fit distribution was chosen among the Gumbel, Weibull, Pearson, Log-Pearson and Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) distributions for the time series of these durations. From the fitted distribution, rainfall for various durations and frequencies were obtained to generate the IDF curves for each location. No single satisfactory distribution was identified for all cases, with Pearson III and Log-Pearson III being the most common. For the IDF curves, the four-parameter equation was fitted and the parameter values were determined by non-linear regression. These varied a lot within the Paraíba state and were regionalized to obtain the IDF equation for any location in the state. The rainfall intensities obtained from the parameters determined in this study, when compared with those derived from the previously existing equations, show large differences and need updating. structures discharge method rainstorm IntensityDurationFrequency Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF absencescarcity absence scarcity process Thus Brazil 263 (26 stations. stations . stations) purpose 2 Gumbel Weibull LogPearson Log GEV (GEV cases common fourparameter four nonlinear non linear regression equations updating 26 (2 (

Resumen El conocimiento y modelación de curvas de lactación hacen posible identificar factores que ayuden a explicar las variaciones ambientales y genéticas, que permitan implementar un programa de selección. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar diferentes modelos para las curvas de producción de leche, grasa y proteína en ganado Holstein en México, así como evaluar algunos factores que las afectan. Se usó información de 125,982 lactaciones pertenecientes a 68,804 animales nacidos del año 2000 al 2020. Se evaluó el efecto del número de parto, época del año y hato. Con la paquetería Lactcurves de R, se ajustaron los 38 modelos que incluye, de los cuales se eligieron los cuatro mejores (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer y Pollot modificado) que posteriormente se usaron para modelar las curvas individuales a través de un modelo de regresión no lineal. Los parámetros calculados para cada modelo fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre el número de lactación (P<0.05), así como el número de parto, época de parto y hato (P<0.01). Las curvas modeladas tienen formas similares a las reportadas en otros estudios, a excepción de las obtenidas para proteína en el tercer y cuarto o más partos con el modelo de Pollot modificado. La ecuación propuesta por Wilmink fue la que presentó mejor ajuste para la población de estudio según los diferentes criterios de evaluación. El emplear el modelo que mejor se adapte a los datos dará predicciones más cercanas a la realidad, y poder aplicarlo a distintos ámbitos como el mejoramiento genético.

Abstract The knowledge and modeling of lactation curves make it possible to identify factors that help explain environmental and genetic variations that allow the implementation of a selection program. This work aimed to evaluate different models for milk production, fat, and protein curves in Holstein cattle in Mexico and some factors that affect them. The information used was from 125,982 lactations belonging to 68,804 animals born from 2000 to 2020. The effect of calving number, season of the year, and herd was evaluated. R’s Lactcurves package was employed to fit the 38 models included in the package, of which the best four (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer, and modified Pollot) were chosen and then used to model the individual curves through a nonlinear regression model. The parameters calculated for each model were statistically different among the number of lactations (P<0.05), as well as the number of calving, calving season, and herd (P<0.01). The modeled curves have similar shapes to those reported in other studies, except those obtained for protein in the third and fourth or more calvings with the modified Pollot model. The equation proposed by Wilmink was the one that presented the best fit for the study population according to the different evaluation criteria. Using the model that best suits the data will give a closer predictions to reality, and it can be applied to different areas, such as genetic improvement.

Resumen La presente investigación tiene por objetivo revisar algunos fundamentales teóricos y realizar pruebas empíricas que respalden el enfoque de Thirlwall (1974) en el que consideró la existencia de una tasa de inflación óptima que puede acelerar el proceso de crecimiento económico versus los argumentos del modelo de metas de inflación. Nuestra metodología utiliza series de tiempo de estimación no lineal de heteroscedasticidad y autocorrelación consistente de corrección de error autorregresivo. De manera general, los países de la muestra presentan un umbral de inflación óptima superior a su inflación objetivo. Se encontraron algunas limitaciones debido a la falta de datos estadísticos para un conjunto más extenso de países, sobre todo en vías de desarrollo, así como la falta de significancia estadística con el uso de determinadas estructuras de modelado econométrico. La aportación principal y originalidad del trabajo reside en el uso de modelos econométricos que simulan la igualación entre la tasa de crecimiento garantizada con respecto a la natural, permitiendo identificar que es sensato considerar que la inflación de diversas economías no se puede encontrar exclusivamente en rangos reducidos.

Abstract Objective: review some theoretical fundamentals and at the same time carry out empirical tests that support Thirlwall's (1974) approach in which he considered the existence of an optimal inflation rate that can accelerate the process of economic growth. Method: Time series models of nonlinear estimation of heteroscedasticity and consistent autocorrelation of autoregressive error correction are used. Results: the countries in the sample have an optimal inflation threshold higher than their current inflation target. The main limitation is the lack of statistical data for a larger set of countries, especially developing ones, as well as the lack of statistical significance with the use of certain econometric modeling structures. The main contribution and originality of the work lies in the use of econometric models that simulate the equalization between the guaranteed growth rate with respect to the natural one, allowing us to identify that it is sensible to consider that the inflation of various economies cannot be found exclusively in reduced ranges.

Abstract: The nonlinear static analysis method has facilitated models that are closer to the structural response for strong seismic movements. Therefore, a seismic performance evaluation of a multi-purpose hall building located in a national public university in Chiclayo, Peru, was developed, applying the nonlinear static analysis. This building comprises two similar modules, each with 3 levels and irregular plans. The building's structural system consists of load-bearing walls. It was constructed in 2010 and designed according to E.030 (the Peruvian seismic-resistant standard) and Peru's seismic microzonation. For practical purposes, considering the symmetry of the overall structure, one of the modules was evaluated using nonlinear methods capable of simulating the effect of earthquakes. This development included applying a linear analysis to establish the response spectra and, based on that, performing the nonlinear Pushover analysis. Based on the results, the performance in both directions was determined, considering the performance levels of HAZUS and VISION 2000. The results show that the building has a performance of "Life Safety" and "Near Collapse" in the X and Y directions, respectively. Additionally, the drifts show a close relationship with the performance data, as HAZUS demonstrates that the drifts in the Y direction are not favorable. Therefore, it was determined that structural reinforcement of the building is necessary to improve its unfavorable behavior.

Resumen: El método de análisis estático no lineal ha facilitado modelos más cercanos a la respuesta estructural para fuertes movimientos sísmicos. Por lo tanto, se desarrolló una evaluación del desempeño sísmico de un edificio de sala multiusos ubicado en una universidad nacional pública de Chiclayo-Perú, aplicando el análisis estático no lineal, la cual contiene dos módulos semejantes de 3 niveles c/u con plantas irregulares. El sistema estructural de la edificación es de muros portantes. Fue construida en el año 2010 y fue diseñada de acuerdo a la E.030 (Norma sismo resistente peruana) y con la microzonificación sísmica de Perú. Para efectos prácticos, tomando en consideración la simetría de la estructura global, se evaluó uno de los módulos utilizando métodos no lineales que puedan simular el efecto de sismos. Este desarrollo incluía la aplicación de un análisis lineal para establecer los espectros de respuesta y a partir de ello ejecutar el análisis no lineal Pushover. En base a los resultados, se determinó el desempeño en las dos direcciones, tomando en cuenta los niveles de desempeño de la HAZUS y VISION 2000. Los resultados muestran que la edificación tiene un desempeño de "Seguridad de vida " y "Cerca al colapso " en la dirección X y Y respectivamente; además de ello, las derivas muestran una estrecha relación con los datos de desempeño, pues HAZUS demuestra que las derivas en Y no son favorables; por lo tanto, se determinó que es necesario que se ejecute un reforzamiento estructural de la edificación para mejorar el comportamiento desfavorable.