ABSTRACT Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), as a basic support for educational activities, have influenced the relationships between students, teachers, and the family itself, due to the ease of access to new knowledge, as well as the spread of alterations. psychological conditions that can trigger anxiety, irritation and stress behaviors. Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is an educational and social problem that negatively influences its victims. The objective was to analyze the effect of a program of socio-emotional strategies to reduce cyberbullying, in upper basic level students of an educational institution in Ecuador, during 2023. A mixed methodology with a quasi-experimental approach was used. The sample was intentional, made up of 69 8th year high school students between 10 and 12 years old. A control group and an experimental group to which a socio-emotional strategies program was applied were compared. The variables analyzed were: level of cyberbullying (electronic insults, impersonation and exclusion) and Socio-emotional strategies program. The pre-test and post-test analyze were contrasted with the non-parametric Mann Whitney U Test, after descriptive analysis. Statistically significant differences were found between the averages of the experimental group compared to the control group, with lower values in the levels of cyberbullying in the post-test in the three dimensions. The results obtained constitute a practical proposal with significant impact to reduce cyberbullying in high school students of a public institution in Ecuador.

RESUMEN Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC), como soporte básico para las actividades educativas, han influenciado en las relaciones entre alumnos, docentes, y la propia familia, por las facilidades de acceso a nuevos conocimientos, además por la propagación de alteraciones psicológicas que pueden desencadenar comportamientos de ansiedad, irritación y estrés. El ciberbullying o ciberacoso, es un problema educacional y social, que influye negativamente en sus víctimas. El objetivo fue analizar el efecto de un programa de estrategias socioemocionales para disminuir el ciberbullying, en los estudiantes de nivel básico superior de una institución educativa en Ecuador, durante 2023. Se utilizó una metodología mixta con enfoque cuasi experimental. La muestra fue intencional, compuesta por 69 estudiantes de 8vo año de básica superior con edades entre 10 y 12 años. Fue comparado un grupo de control y otro experimental al que se le aplicó un Programa de estrategias socioemocionales. Las variables analizadas fueron: nivel de ciberbullying (insultos electrónicos, suplantación y exclusión) y Programa de estrategias socioemocionales. Los análisis pre test y pos test, fueron contrastados con la Prueba no paramétrica U de Mann Whitney, previo análisis descriptivo. Se constataron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre promedios del grupo experimental con respecto al de control, con valores más bajos en los niveles de ciberbullying en el pos test en las tres dimensiones. Los resultados obtenidos constituyen una propuesta práctica de impacto significativo para la disminución del ciberbullying en estudiantes de básica superior de una institución pública en Ecuador.

RESUMO As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), como suporte básico das atividades educativas, têm influenciado as relações entre alunos, professores e a própria família, pela facilidade de acesso a novos conhecimentos, bem como pela propagação de alterações psicológicas. que podem desencadear comportamentos de ansiedade, irritação e estresse. O cyberbullying ou assédio cibernético é um problema educacional e social que influencia negativamente as suas vítimas. O objetivo foi analisar o efeito de um programa de estratégias socioemocionais para reduzir o cyberbullying, em estudantes de nível básico superior de uma instituição de ensino no Equador, durante 2023. Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista com uma abordagem quase experimental. A amostra foi intencional, composta por 69 alunos do 8º ano do ensino médio entre 10 e 12 anos. Foram comparados um grupo controle e um grupo experimental ao qual foi aplicado um programa de estratégias socioemocionais. As variáveis analisadas foram: nível de cyberbullying (insultos eletrônicos, falsificação de identidade e exclusão) e programa de estratégias socioemocionais. As análises pré-teste e pós-teste foram contrastadas com o Teste não paramétrico Mann Whitney U, após análise descritiva. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias do grupo experimental em comparação ao grupo controle, com valores mais baixos nos níveis de cyberbullying no pós-teste nas três dimensões. Os resultados obtidos constituem uma proposta prática com impacto significativo para reduzir o cyberbullying em estudantes do ensino médio de uma instituição pública no Equador.

Abstract This article studies the impact of remittances on financial literacy and its components using data for ENIF 2021 in Mexico. Using instrumental variables, random matching estimators and non-parametric estimations that control for the endogeneity of remittances and other econometric challenges, the study is the first to find that remittances increase the average level of financial literacy, and its components of financial knowledge, behavior, and attitudes. The effect is not monotonic, since the study finds that remittances reduce the probability of showing high levels of literacy, as well as that of its components of financial knowledge, behavior, and attitudes. Non-parametric estimations show that remittances move the distribution of financial literacy outcomes towards the center of the distribution, which explains why average values of financial literacy outcomes are above the average. These results may indicate that households acquire financial literacy through a process of learning by doing, which shows decreasing returns. They highlight the need for specific policies to increase the level of financial literacy among households that receive remittances. The limitation of the study is the lack of panel data.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el impacto de las remesas sobre el alfabetismo financieros y sus componentes de conocimiento, comportamiento y actitud usando datos para México provenientes de ENIF 2021. Se utilizan variables instrumento, estimadores emparejados aleatorizados y estimaciones no paramétricas para controlar endogeneidad y otros problemas econométricos. Es el primer estudio en encontrar que las remesas aumentan el nivel promedio de alfabetismo financiero y sus componentes. El efecto no es monotónico pues el estudio encuentra que las remesas reducen la probabilidad de que los individuos muestren altos niveles de alfabetismo, así como de sus componentes. Estimaciones no paramétricas muestran que las remesas mueven la distribución de alfabetismo financiero hacia el centro de la distribución, lo que explica por qué los valores promedios de alfabetismo financiero son mayores que el promedio. Estos resultados pueden implicar que los hogares que reciben remesas aumentan su alfabetismo financiero con la experiencia, la cual es un proceso con retornos decrecientes. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de promover la educación financiera entre la población que recibe remesas. Una limitante es que no se cuenta con datos panel.

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between sociodemographic variables and the level of fin ancial education among university students in Ecuador. Using data from 1,011 surveys and non-parametric analysis, it examines how age, gender, employment status, and field of study relate to students' financial knowledge, behavior, and attitudes. The results reveal that the majority of students in Ecuador possess a moderate level of financial education, signifying their ability to apply basic financial concepts in everyday situations but with limitations in more complex scenarios. Additionally, it was found that age, field of study, and employment status significantly influence the dimensions of financial education. This pioneering study in the Ecuadorian context underscores the importance of considering sociodemographic factors when designing financial education strategies tailored to university students, with the aim of strengthening the financial education of this population.

Resumen Este estudio investiga la relación entre variables sociodemográficas y el nivel de educación financiera en jóvenes universitarios de Ecuador. Utilizando datos de 1.011 encuestas y el contraste no paramétrico, se analiza cómo la edad, el género, el estatus laboral y el campo de formación se relacionan con el conocimiento, comportamiento y la actitud financiera de los estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados revelan que la mayoría de los estudiantes en Ecuador poseen un nivel medio de educación financiera, lo que implica habilidades para aplicar conceptos financieros básicos en situaciones cotidianas, pero con limitaciones en escenarios más complejos. Además, se encontró que la edad, el campo de formación y el estatus laboral influyen significativamente en las dimensiones de la educación financiera. Este estudio pionero en el contexto ecuatoriano subraya la importancia de considerar factores sociodemográficos al diseñar estrategias de educación financiera dirigidas a jóvenes universitarios, con el objetivo de fortalecer la educación financiera de esta población.

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

ABSTRACT: This study addresses the need to understand the presence of functional microorganisms in tropical soils, providing valuable information for conservation and sustainable management. The main objective is to analyze the variability of functional microorganisms at different soil depths and their correlations with physicochemical parameters. To this end, soil samples were collected from 15 random points in a reserved forest and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological properties at two depths (10 and 20 cm). The following functional microorganisms were quantified: viable aerobes, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, fungi, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria using specific protocols. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to determine differences between depths, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (|ρ| ≥ 0.8) was used to analyze correlations between physicochemical parameters and microorganisms. The results suggest that the abundance of viable aerobic microorganisms, Lactobacillus, Actinomycetes, and Fungi decreases with soil depth, while nitrogen-fixing bacteria show no significant differences. The decrease in abundance is related to factors such as nutrient and oxygen availability and microenvironmental conditions. There is a strong positive correlation between the amount of viable aerobic microorganisms and Lactobacillus with phosphorus content, and a negative correlation between Actinomycetes and clay content. Actinomycetes prefer sandy soils, while Fungi thrive in soils rich in organic matter. The negative correlation between Fungi and Actinomycetes suggests competition for limited resources and possible chemical interactions, such as the production of antibiotic compounds by Actinomycetes. This study demonstrates that a detailed understanding of soil microbiota can offer new opportunities to improve agricultural practices, especially in terms of soil fertility management and environmental sustainability.

RESUMEN: Este estudio aborda la necesidad de entender la presencia microorganismos funcionales en suelos tropicales, proporcionando información valiosa para la conservación y manejo sostenible. Tiene como principal objetivo analizar la variabilidad de microorganismos funcionales en diferentes profundidades del suelo y las correlaciones con los parámetros fisicoquímicos. Para ello se recolectaron muestras de suelo de 15 puntos aleatorios en un bosque reservado y se analizaron propiedades fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas a dos profundidades (10 y 20 cm). Se cuantificaron los siguientes microorganismos funcionales: aerobios viables, lactobacilos, actinomicetos, hongos y bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizando protocolos específicos. Se empleó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para determinar diferencias entre profundidades y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (|ρ| ≥ 0,8) para analizar correlaciones entre parámetros fisicoquímicos y microorganismos. Los resultados sugieren que la abundancia de microorganismos aerobios viables, Lactobacillus, Actinomicetos y Fungi disminuye con la profundidad del suelo, mientras que las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno no muestran diferencias significativas. La disminución de la abundancia se relaciona con factores como la disponibilidad de nutrientes y oxígeno y las condiciones microambientales. Existe una correlación positiva fuerte entre la cantidad de microorganismos aerobios viables y Lactobacillus con el contenido de fósforo, y una correlación negativa entre Actinomicetos y el contenido de Arcilla. Los Actinomicetos prefieren suelos arenosos, mientras que los Fungi prosperan en suelos ricos en materia orgánica. La correlación negativa entre Fungi y Actinomicetos sugiere competencia por recursos limitados y posibles interacciones químicas, como la producción de compuestos antibióticos por parte de los Actinomicetos. Este estudio demuestra que la comprensión detallada de la microbiota del suelo puede ofrecer nuevas oportunidades para mejorar las prácticas agrícolas, especialmente en términos de gestión de la fertilidad del suelo y sostenibilidad ambiental.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the fauna—particularly insects—associated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Objective: to evaluate the patient safety climate in Primary Health Care from the perspective of nurses working in the services. Method: a quantitative and cross-sectional study conducted with 148 nurses from a municipality in the state of São Paulo. The Brazilian version of the Primary Care Safety Questionnaire Survey and personal, professional, and organizational performance variables (intention to stay at work, job satisfaction, care quality, and frequency of incidents) were used. Parametric and non-parametric comparison tests and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were performed, considering a 5% significance level. Results: the safety climate was positive, varying from 4.52 to 5.33 and differing across districts for workload (p=0.0214) and leadership (p=0.0129). The safety climate professional variables and dimensions differed in relation to the frequency of incidents. Teamwork and safety and learning system were strongly correlated with job satisfaction and moderately with perceived care quality. Conclusion: teamwork and safety and learning system stood out for their positive correlations with job satisfaction and care quality. A positive safety climate favors the involvement of Primary Care nurses to develop improvement plans aligned with the National Patient Safety Program.

Objetivo: evaluar el clima de seguridad del paciente en la Atención Primaria de la Salud, desde la perspectiva de los enfermeros de los servicios. Método: estudio cuantitativo y transversal, con 148 enfermeros de un municipio del Estado de São Paulo. Se utilizó la versión brasileña del Primary Care Safety Questionnaire Survey y variables personales, profesionales y de desempeño organizacional (intención de permanecer en el empleo, satisfacción laboral, calidad de la atención y frecuencia de incidentes). Se realizaron pruebas de comparación paramétricas y no paramétricas y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, considerando un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: el clima de seguridad fue positivo, osciló entre 4,52 y 5,33; difirió entre distritos en carga de trabajo (p=0,0214) y liderazgo (p=0,0129). Las variables profesionales y dimensiones del clima de seguridad difirieron en la frecuencia de incidentes. El trabajo en equipo, el sistema de seguridad y el aprendizaje tuvieron una correlación alta con la satisfacción laboral y una moderada con la percepción de la calidad de la atención. Conclusión: el trabajo en equipo y el sistema de seguridad y aprendizaje se destacaron por su correlación positiva con la satisfacción laboral y la calidad de la atención. Un clima de seguridad positivo favorece la participación de los enfermeros de la atención primaria en el desarrollo de planes de mejora que sigan las indicaciones del Programa Nacional de Seguridad del Paciente.

Objetivo: avaliar o clima de segurança do paciente na Atenção Primária à Saúde, sob a perspectiva dos enfermeiros dos serviços. Método: estudo quantitativo e transversal, com 148 enfermeiros de um município do Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizadas a versão brasileira do Primary Care Safety Questionnaire Survey e variáveis pessoais, profissionais e desempenho organizacional (intenção permanecer no trabalho, satisfação no trabalho, qualidade do cuidado e frequência de incidentes). Realizaram-se testes de comparação paramétricos, não paramétricos e coeficiente de correlação de Resultados: o clima de segurança foi positivo, com variação de 4,52 a 5,33; diferiu entre distritos para carga de trabalho (p=0,0214) e liderança (p=0,0129). As variáveis profissionais e dimensões do clima de segurança diferiram em relação à frequência de incidentes. Trabalho em equipe, sistema de segurança e aprendizagem foram fortemente correlacionados à satisfação no trabalho e moderadamente com percepção da qualidade do cuidado. Conclusão: trabalho em equipe e sistema de segurança e aprendizagem se destacaram pela correlação positiva com satisfação no trabalho e qualidade do cuidado. O clima de segurança positivo favorece o envolvimento dos enfermeiros da atenção primária para desenvolver planos de melhorias alinhados ao Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente.

ABSTRACT Objective: Considering the importance of the beginning of the academic trajectory for children to reach their full development, this work aims to evaluate the school readiness of preschool-age children and identify which factors influence these results, in order to contribute to the proposition of strategies that allow improving the teaching-learning process and child development. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study with 443 preschool children belonging to the West Region Cohort (ROC Cohort), from the public school system of the city of São Paulo. School readiness was assessed by the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA) tool. Non-parametric techniques were used for the correlation analysis between IDELA scores and sociodemographic and socioeconomic conditions: Spearman's parametric correlation, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The children's mean age was 69 months (standard deviation — SD=2.8; ranging from 55 to 72 months) and most of them came from families with low socioeconomic level. Most children showed adequate readiness in the overall score (65%) and in most domains, except for emergent literacy, in which most (56.9%) were classified as “emergent”. The highest percentage of insufficiency was identified in executive functions (4.1%), which showed a correlation only with the caregiver's education. Conclusions: Children had adequate school readiness scores, except for emergent literacy, but the insufficiency in executive functions may compromise the future schooling of these children. Thus, pedagogical proposals should consider these aspects for learning and pediatricians need to reinforce the habit of reading and playing games to stimulate child development.

RESUMO Objetivo: Considerando-se a importância do início da trajetória acadêmica para as crianças alcançarem o seu pleno potencial de desenvolvimento, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a prontidão escolar de crianças em idade pré-escolar e identificar que fatores influenciam esses resultados, com a finalidade de propor estratégias que possam melhorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento da criança. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, com 443 pré-escolares pertencentes à Coorte da Região Oeste (Coorte ROC) da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Paulo. A prontidão escolar foi avaliada pela ferramenta International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA). Técnicas não paramétricas foram utilizadas para a análise de correlação entre escores de IDELA e as condições sociodemográficas e socioeconômicas: correlação paramétrica de Spearman, testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: A média de idade das crianças foi de 69 meses (desvio padrão — DP=2,8; variando de 55 a 72 meses) e maioria era proveniente de famílias com baixo nível socioeconômico. A maioria das crianças apresentou prontidão adequada na pontuação geral (65%) e na maior parte dos domínios, com exceção da pré-escrita, na qual as crianças foram predominantemente (56,9%) classificadas como “emergentes”. O maior percentual de insuficiência foi identificado nas funções executivas (4,1%), apresentando correlação apenas com a formação do cuidador. Conclusões: As crianças apresentaram escores adequados de prontidão escolar, exceto para a pré-escrita, mas a insuficiência nas funções executivas pode comprometer a escolaridade futura dessas crianças. Assim, as propostas pedagógicas devem considerar esses aspectos para a aprendizagem, e os pediatras precisam reforçar o hábito de ler e dos jogos e brincadeiras para estimular o desenvolvimento infantil.

Management of antebrachial fractures in dogs typically involves open reduction and bone plate stabilisation of the radius performed using either a craniomedial approach (CMA) or craniolateral approach (CLA). The aim of this cadaveric study was to compare radial exposure afforded via the craniomedial and craniolateral approaches, without and with releasing the abductor digiti I longus (ADIL) muscle. The CMA and CLA were performed on alternate paired cadaver forelimbs with the subsequent release (CMA) or elevation (CLA) of the ADIL muscle (n = 12). The percent area of exposure was calculated in defined longitudinal radial segments (LRSs) and hemi-circumferential radial segments (HRSs) using digitally uploaded images. A non-parametric rank sum test was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). While both the CMA and CLA provided sufficient exposure for radial cranial plate placement in the mid-to-distal diaphyseal region (50-80% LRSs), the CMA afforded greater exposure to the distal metaphysis (80-90% LRS). The CLA was advantageous in exposing the proximal diaphysis (20-50% LRSs) and distal epiphysis (90-100% LRS). Exposure of the distal diaphyseal, metaphyseal, and epiphyseal regions (80-100% LRSs) was impeded by the ADIL muscle. A tenotomy of the tendon of insertion of the ADIL muscle increased exposure afforded by the CMA in the distal metaphyseal and epiphyseal regions. The exposure afforded by the CLA in the distal diaphyseal and metaphyseal regions was significantly improved by elevating the origin of the ADIL muscle. The results of this study provide useful clinical information when surgeons are deciding which approach to use for cranial radial plating.

ABSTRACT Based on the climatology of air temperature, precipitation, and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI), a regionalization of Mexico for the rainy season is presented through a non-parametric clustering algorithm known as DBSCAN. Thirty years of data, spanning from 1984 to 2013, are used to detect structural change points with the Mann-Kendall and Pettitt non-parametric tests applied on the NDVI, mean daily precipitation, 99th percentile precipitation, and mean daily air temperature. The relative predictive importance of the parameters examined was estimated using a Machine-Learning Random Forest algorithm that allows establishing a connection between changes in the NDVI and changes in air temperature, average precipitation, and extreme precipitation for some regions. Modulation by large-scale climate phenomena, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), as well as interannual modulation by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are explored. Structural change points in the series appear to be modulated mainly by the phase shift of the AMO and those of the ENSO and PDO in 1997.

RESUMEN Con base en la climatología de la temperatura del aire, la precipitación y el índice normalizado de vegetación (NDVI, por su sigla en inglés), se presenta una regionalización de México para la temporada de lluvias a través del algoritmo no paramétrico de agrupamiento DBSCAN. Se utilizan 30 años de datos que abarcan de 1984 a 2013 para detectar puntos de cambio estructural con las pruebas no paramétricas de Mann-Kendall y Pettitt en las series temporales del NDVI, la precipitación media diaria, el percentil 99 de precipitación y la temperatura media diaria del aire. La importancia predictiva relativa, vía el algoritmo Random Forest, permite establecer una conexión entre los cambios del NDVI y los de la temperatura del aire, la precipitación promedio y la precipitación extrema para algunas regiones. Se explora la modulación por fenómenos climáticos a gran escala, como la Oscilación Multidecadal del Atlántico (AMO) y la Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico (PDO), así como la modulación interanual por El Niño/Oscilación del Sur (ENSO). Se estima que los puntos de cambio en las series parecen estar modulados principalmente por el cambio de fase de la AMO y la presencia de cambios en ENSO y PDO en 1997.

Resumo: No Uruguai existe uma distribuição desigual de médicos entre a capital e o resto do país, determinando que os pacientes sejam encaminhados para centros de saúde fora da área em que residem. O Projeto ECHO (de Inglês: Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes)procura melhorar o acesso a cuidados especializados para as populações rurais através do uso de tecnologias de comunicação, democratizando o conhecimento. Objetivo: avaliar os resultados relativos às competências e habilidades profissionais dos participantes das teleclínicas ECHO sobre câncer ginecológico no Uruguai. Método: avaliação retrospectiva de impacto com linha de base e linha de impacto através de censo web. Período: Setembro 2020- Maio/2021. Foram levantadas 22 variáveis, 14 indicadores dependentes que medem retrospectivamente as autopercepções de aumento de capacidades com base em uma escala Likert de 5 valores, e 8 indicadores independentes que abordam aspectos gerais da população. Levando em consideração que não existe distribuição normal, aplica-se o teste não paramétrico de Wilkoxon. Resultados: foram obtidas 36 respostas. Os resultados mostram que todos os pares têm um significado bilateral, podendo afirmar que existe uma diferença significativa entre as capacidades antes e depois da participação no programa ECHO. Conclusões: observou-se melhora na autopercepção das capacidades dos participantes após a implantação das teleclínicas ECHO.

Resumen: En Uruguay existe una desigual distribución de médicos entre la capital y el resto del país, determinando que los pacientes deban ser referidos a centros asistenciales fuera del área en la que residen. El Proyecto ECHO (del inglés: Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) busca mejorar el acceso a atención especializada para poblaciones rurales mediante la utilización de tecnologías de la comunicación, democratizando el conocimiento. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados en lo referente a competencias y habilidades profesionales en los participantes de las teleclínicas ECHO sobre cáncer ginecológico en Uruguay. Método: evaluación retrospectiva de impacto con línea de base y línea de impacto mediante un censo vía web. Período: setiembre 2020- mayo/2021. Se relevaron 22 variables, 14 indicadores dependientes que miden autopercepciones sobre incremento de capacidades en forma retrospectiva a partir de una escala Likert de 5 valores y, 8 independientes que abordan aspectos generales de la población. Teniendo en cuenta que no hay una distribución normal se aplica el test no paramétrico de Wilkoxon. Resultados: se obtuvieron 36 respuestas. Los resultados, muestran que todos los pares tienen una significación bilateral, pudiendo afirmar que existe una diferencia significativa entre las capacidades previas y posteriores a la participación en el programa ECHO. Conclusiones: se objetiva una mejora en la autopercepción de las capacidades de los participantes luego de la implementación de las teleclínicas ECHO.

Summary: In Uruguay there is an unequal distribution of doctors between the capital and the rest of the country, determining that patients must be referred to healthcare centers outside the area in which they reside. The ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) Project seeks to improve access to specialized care for rural populations through the use of communication technologies, democratizing knowledge. Objective: to evaluate the results regarding professional competencies and skills in the participants of the ECHO teleclinics on gynecological cancer in Uruguay. Method: retrospective impact evaluation with baseline and impact line through a web census. Period: September 2020- May/2021. 22 variables were surveyed, 14 dependent indicators that measure self-perceptions of increased capabilities retrospectively based on a Likert scale of 5 values, and 8 independent indicators that address general aspects of the population. Taking into account that there is no normal distribution, the non-parametric Wilkoxon test is applied. Results: 36 responses were obtained. The results show that all pairs have a bilateral significance, being able to affirm that there is a significant difference between the capabilities before and after participation in the ECHO program. Conclusions: an improvement in the self-perception of the participants' capabilities was observed after the implementation of the ECHO teleclinics.

PURPOSE: Bank reputations took a severe knock following the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. To get the global banking industry back on its feet, regulations existing at the time were strengthened and new ones were introduced. While the industry has come a long way in clawing back its reputation, research on the present state of reputations of some global banks suggests that these reputations are still underpinned by national regulators. In the South African context, it is not clear to what extent bank reputations are underpinned by the reputation of the main banking regulator: the South African Reserve Bank (SARB). This article looks at perceptions of private banking customers to ascertain whether they believe that bank reputations derive from the reputation of the regulator DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A quantitative research methodology was applied. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 111 banking customers using a Likert scale. Four hypotheses on reputation-regulation relationships were then tested using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Findings/results: The results show that regulation plays no role in how private banking customers perceive bank reputations. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study highlights that there is little scope for banks to accrue 'reputational rent' by free riding on the reputation of the regulator. Banks must therefore take steps to proactively engage in their own reputation building exercises ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This research is the first to look at the reputation-regulation interface in the local banking industry from private banking customers' perspective. It highlights that each bank must work hard to build the reputation it desires.

Resumen El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue valorar las codificaciones de lo que representan las redes sociales cuando son usadas por los estudiantes de secundaria desde los ámbitos aprendizaje y conocimiento, emociones y entretenimiento. El enfoque del estudio es cuantitativo descriptivo transversal, en la cual participaron estudiantes de educación secundaria (N=560) de la Ciudad de México mediante un instrumento diagnóstico; se reveló una consistencia interna del instrumento fuerte, corroborada por el Alfa de Cronbach. Fueron realizadas pruebas no paramétricas y existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < .05) entre las variables analizadas. Los estudiantes manifestaron que incluir las redes sociales para abordar contenido escolar puede hacer más atractivo el trayecto formativo; los docentes a su vez podrían implementar estos medios tecnológicos para realizar actividades propias del aula; el empleo de las redes puede causar diferentes estados emocionales, lo cual está íntimamente ligado en el desempeño escolar; dichos ciberespacios son empleados principalmente para el ocio y entretenimiento, gracias a la difusión de contenido en videos, imágenes, etc. A manera de conclusión se determinó que es imprescindible una alfabetización sobre el manejo ético y responsable de las redes sociales para que los estudiantes puedan beneficiarse de sus atributos dentro y fuera del aula.

Abstract The main objective of this research was to assess the codifications of what social networks represent when used by high school students from the areas of learning and knowledge, emotions and entertainment. The approach of the study is quantitative descriptive cross-sectional, in which high school students (N=560) from Mexico City participated by means of a diagnostic instrument; a strong internal consistency of the instrument was revealed, corroborated by Cronbach's Alpha. Non-parametric tests were performed and there were statistically significant differences (p < .05) between the variables analyzed. Students stated that including social networks to address school content can make the learning process more attractive; teachers in turn could implement these technological means to carry out classroom activities; the use of networks can cause different emotional states, which is closely linked to school performance; these cyberspaces are mainly used for leisure and entertainment, thanks to the dissemination of content in videos, images, etc. By way of conclusion, it was determined that it is essential to provide literacy on the ethical and responsible management of social networks so that students can benefit from their attributes inside and outside the classroom.

Resumen El presente estudio propone analizar la eficacia de la terapia que integra el enfoque cognitivo conductual y el centrado en soluciones para reducir el estrés infantil ocasionado por el COVID-19. La modalidad empleada fue mediante un taller en línea, el cual consistió en 5 sesiones semanales, en dónde se aplicaron las estrategias de reestructuración cognitiva, psicoeducación, solución de problemas, adiestramiento en autoinstrucciones, mindfulness, pregunta escala y excepciones. Se contó con la asistencia de siete personas (cinco niñas y dos niños) de entre 9 y 12 años, quienes mediante la evaluación del inventario de estrés cotidiano infantil demostraron una disminución en el estrés percibido; y, en el Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure, un aumento en habilidades de relajación y atención plena. La prueba no paramétrica de rangos Wilcoxon indicó cambios significativos y con el tamaño de efecto encontrado se puede concluir que el taller en línea, diseñado con técnicas cognitivo conductuales y centrada en soluciones, es una buena opción para tratar temas de estrés en la población infantil.

Abstract The present study proposes to analyze the efficacy of the integration of the cognitive behavioral and the solutions focused on therapies to reduce childhood stress caused by COVID-19. The modality featured used was through an online workshop, which consisted of five5 weekly sessions and in which the strategies of Cognitive Restructuring, Psychoeducation, Problem-Solving, Training in Self-Instructions, Mindfulness, Scale Question, and Exceptions were applied. Seven people (five women and two men) between 9 and 12 years old attended the workshop. The evaluation of the Child Daily Stress Inventory demonstrated a decrease in perceived stress among the participants and the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure an increase in relaxation and mindfulness skills. The non-parametric Wilcoxon rank test supports the hypothesis that there were significant differences after the intervention. Thus, it can be concluded that the online workshop, designed with cognitive behavioral and focused on solutions therapies, is a good option to deal with stress-related issues in the child population.

Abstract In commercial fish farming, growth performance is the most influential factor in economic profitability; so, biomass optimization has become a growing concern. We analyzed the influence of 3 harvest densities (15, 20, and 22 kg·m-3) on the growth of spotted rose snappers reared in floating net cages during a production cycle. To assess the impact of stocking density on growth performance, we used 2 indicators: final total length-at-age (12 months) and the growth rate estimated from growth models (von Bertalanffy, logistic, and Gompertz). For the first indicator, we tested for normality. We did the Kruskal-Wallis and the post hoc Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare the mean total final length from each density. Accordingly, the means of densities D15 and D20 were the same (Pvalue = 0.22). For the second indicator, we fitted the models with the subroutineoptimof the R statistical package using the L-BFGS-B algorithm. Model selection was made with the Akaike and the Bayesian information criteria. Both criteria suggested that the logistic model fitted the data best. With the best model (logistic), we did 1,000 bootstrap simulations for each density scenario to determine the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimation for the instantaneous growth rate. Because the estimates were normally distributed, we used ANOVA to test the equality of the instantaneous growth. The Tukey HSD test suggested that all means were statistically different from each other. The fastest growth rate (K= 0.275) corresponded to the cage with a density of 20 kg·m-3. These findings demonstrate that the logistic model can predict the growth of spotted rose snappers under culture conditions using floating net cages. These results strengthen the productive potential and economic profitability of snapper aquaculture using floating cage and may help the start of commercial scale aquaculture.

Resumen En la piscicultura, el crecimiento es el factor más influyente en la rentabilidad económica. Por tanto, optimizar la biomasa es una preocupación creciente. Se analizó la influencia de 3 densidades de cosecha (15, 20 y 22 kg·m-3) en el crecimiento del pargo flamenco cultivado en jaulas flotantes. Para evaluar el impacto de la densidad de población en el crecimiento, usamos 2 indicadores: la longitud total final por edad (12 meses) y la tasa de crecimiento estimada a partir de modelos de crecimiento (von Bertalanffy, logístico y Gompertz). Para el primer indicador, evaluamos la normalidad. Realizamos la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para comparar la longitud media total final asociada a cada densidad, seguido de una prueba de Kruskal-Wallispost hoc. Los resultados sugieren que las medias de las densidades D15 y D20 fueron estadísticamente iguales (valor deP= 0.22). Para el segundo indicador, ajustamos los modelos con el paquete estadístico R (algoritmo L-BFGS-B). El modelo se seleccionó con los criterios de información de Akaike y Bayesiano. Ambos criterios sugirieron que el modelo logístico se ajustó mejor a los datos. Con el modelo logístico, hicimos 1,000 simulacionesbootstrappara cada densidad para determinar la distribución de la estimación de máxima verosimilitud para la tasa de crecimiento instantáneo. Como las estimaciones tuvieron distribución normal, usamos un ANDEVA para probar la igualdad del crecimiento instantáneo. La prueba diferencia significativa honesta de Tukey sugirió que todas las medias eran estadísticamente diferentes. La tasa de crecimiento más alta (K= 0.275) correspondió a la densidad de 20 kg·m-3. Estos hallazgos demuestran que el modelo logístico puede predecir el crecimiento del pargo flamenco en condiciones de cultivo. Estos resultados fortalecen el potencial productivo y la rentabilidad económica de la acuicultura de pargos en jaulas flotantes y pueden ser el comienzo de la acuicultura a escala comercial.