In this study, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and exposure index (EI) of access points (APs) and user equipment (UEs) in fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies are examined with regard to the effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation and the implications of their reduction. We characterize the EI using a classical mathematical method while considering the power density, the SAR, the electric field strength, and the tissue's density and conductivity. As such, a novel exposure-index open-loop power control algorithm is proposed to evaluate the realistic RF-EMF radiation exposure on human users from both the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) communication devices. To solve an EI minimization problem using the open-loop power control algorithm, we formulate it in the form of a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. As the energy capacity (i.e., power density) in wireless networks determines the radiation exposure (SAR and EI), it minimizes the EI by controlling and managing the transmitted and received powers under the restrictions of Quality of Service (QoS), interference, and power, while ensuring the users' QoS requirements are met. Our proposed scheme is numerically compared to other heuristic algorithms and exposure limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and other similar organizations. Lastly, we compare the emissions from 4G and 5G networks to the emissions from UL and DL transmissions. Our simulation findings indicate that our proposed technique is a good alternative. Our assessment, in terms of numerical results and evaluation, also verifies that the exposures are bearable, fall within the recommended limits, and are minimized without impairing the users' QoS.

Aim This study aimed to investigate whether non-ionizing radiation emitted by smartphones is likely to cause genotoxic effects on oral epithelial cells. Methods Thirty adults were distributed into two groups according to the mobile phone brand used, namely Samsung (Samsung, Seoul, South Korea) and Apple (Apple, California, USA). The material was collected with gentle swabbing of the right and left buccal mucosa using a cervical brush, then the micronucleus test was performed. Results The Mann-Whitney test with a 5% significance level did not reveal statistically significant differences in micronuclei frequency between the exposed and non-exposed sides (p=0.251). The different brands do not seem to cause risks of inducing genetic damage because there were no statistically significant differences between them (p=0.47). Conclusion Therefore, our results suggest no correlations of micronuclei frequency in the exposed buccal cells of mobile phone users at the exposure standard levels observed.

ABSTRACT The interference in the neonatal intensive care area is mainly due to the crowding of medical equipment that the patient must count on to save his life. The objective of this work is to analyze the behavior of the magnetic field generated by medical equipment, according to its placement and quantity, in a neonatal care area. To carry it out, a gaussmeter was used, following a measurement methodology used by this team in previous research. It was obtained as a result that the electromagnetic environment of the area complies with the recommendations of the International Commissions on non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), but not with the limits established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for electromagnetic compatibility. Recommendations were issued to reduce these values, concluding that the separation between equipment is the most recommended and effective method.

RESUMEN La interferencia en el área de cuidados intensivos neonatales, se debe en su mayoría a la aglomeración de los equipos médicos con los que debe contar el paciente para salvar su vida. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comportamiento del campo magnético generado por los equipos médicos, según su colocación y cantidad, en un área de cuidados neonatales. Para la realización de la misma se utilizó un gaussímetro, siguiendo una metodología de medición, utilizada por este equipo de trabajo en investigaciones anteriores. Se obtuvo como resultado que el ambiente electromagnético del área cumple con las recomendaciones de la Comisión Internacional de Protección contra las Radiaciones No Ionizantes (ICNIRP), pero no con los límites normados por la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional (IEC) para compatibilidad electromagnética. Se emitieron recomendaciones para la disminución de estos valores, concluyendo que la separación entre equipos es el método más recomendable y efectivo.

ABSTRACT The work reveals the study of the electromagnetic environment in several computer laboratories belonging to the Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana "José Antonio Echeverría" (CUJAE). The main objective is to analyze the behavior of the existing magnetic field in these laboratories, taking into account the different situations that may arise. For the measurement of the magnetic field, the gaussimeter model PCE-G28 was used and for the characterization of the magnetic field of the laboratories a measurement protocol was developed, based on the analysis of international standards. The results obtained between 0,01 µT and 9,31 µT reflect the areas of greatest intensity, generally coinciding where the electrical protection panel is located and where the power supply enters the laboratories. Although the measurements do not exceed the limits recommended by International Commissions on non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) in 2010, some prevention measures were recommended as a result of the characteristics observed during the days of measurement.

RESUMEN El trabajo revela el estudio del ambiente electromagnético en varios laboratorios de computación pertenecientes a una universidad. El objetivo principal es analizar el comportamiento del campo magnético existente en estos laboratorios teniendo en cuenta las diferentes situaciones que se pudieran presentar. Para la medición del campo magnético se utilizó el gaussímetro modelo PCE-G28 y para la caracterización del campo magnético de los laboratorios se elaboró un protocolo de medición, a partir del análisis de normas internacionales. Los resultados obtenidos entre 0,01 µT y 9,31 µT reflejan las zonas de mayor intensidad coincidiendo generalmente donde se encuentra el panel de protección eléctrica y por donde entra la alimentación de energía en los laboratorios. Aunque las mediciones no sobrepasan los límites recomendados por la Comisión Internacional de Protección contra las Radiaciones No Ionizantes (ICNIRP), en 2010, se recomendaron algunas medidas de prevención en consecuencia de las características observadas durante los días de medición.

Abstract While the amount of telecommunications services grows rapidly in the whole world, humans get potentially more exposed to Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) from a number of different sources. Measurements of NIR levels are relevant in order to compare the results with national and international standards, aiming at the preservation of human health. Thus, it is of great interest to explore a variety of topics regarding this subject. Based on this need, this paper has a number of goals, including monitoring radiation levels in an everyday situation, an investigation of how national and international regulations organs address NIR levels and a demonstration of scientific production trends regarding this topic. The work also presents a bibliometric study about the main scientific productions and trends related to NIR measurements, with focus on the field of Telecommunications. The analysis is based on the databases of Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus, computing publications in the last 10 and 3 years, showing a trend evaluation. Among the main results from this exploratory investigation, there is an exponential growth in the number of publications about NIR, ranging from research in physics to medicine. The way research contribution in different countries is also shown, in order to support the relevance of the topic in defining new tendencies for new investigations. Furthermore, the NIR exposure limits and measurement criteria are presented both in Brazilian and in international norms, demonstrating how different national regulations can be when compared to international guidelines. Another contribution is a case study in Natal, Brazil, where NIR levels were monitored in four distinct locations over a period of 24 hours each and compared to the current regulations. The result is a quantitative analysis of the amount of radiation that some populations might be exposed to in distinct moments of the day. Measurements were carried out in the proximity of an antenna spot, since it could represent a source of high NIR levels (a worst case of human exposure). This campaign differs from older studies by including a more intense usage of microwaves frequencies due to operating 4G and pre-5G systems in Brazil. Finally, a statistical study involving the measurements is conducted, concluding the analysis of how some population groups might be affected by NIR.

Abstract This article includes a broad and descriptive review of radiation from its basic conception, characteristics, classification, sources, equipment, radioactive elements and the biological effects on humans. The difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation lies in the amount of energy of the individual photon and not in the amount of total energy. Non-ionizing radiation is characterized by not having enough energy to convert atoms or molecules to ions; however they are capable of producing heat, useful in physiological and aesthetic treatments, with the possibility of producing burns and other injuries that are still under study. Among the non-ionizing radiation sources, we have visible light, laser, infrared light, microwave and mobile phone. The various diagnostic and treatment equipment used in Medicine such as X-rays, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine, or in the case of nuclear accidents and radioactive wars, can generate ionizing type radiation that breaks chemical bonds, with the consequent development of biological lesions that may be severe.

Resumen El presente artículo comprende una amplia y descriptiva revisión de la radiación desde su concepción básica, características, clasificación, fuentes, equipos, elementos radioactivos y los efectos biológicos en el ser humano. La diferencia entre radiación ionizante y no ionizante radica en la cantidad de energía del fotón individual y no en la cantidad de energía total. La radiación no ionizante se caracteriza por no contar con energía suficiente para convertir átomos o moléculas a iones, sin embargo es capaz de producir calor, útil en tratamientos fisiátricos y estéticos, pero con la posibilidad de producir quemaduras y otras lesiones que aún siguen en estudio. Entre las fuentes de radiación no ionizante tenemos la luz visible, el laser, la luz infrarroja, el microondas, y el teléfono móvil. Los diversos equipos de diagnóstico y tratamiento empleados en Medicina como rayos X, radioterapia, medicina nuclear, o en el caso de accidentes nucleares y guerras radiactivas, pueden generar radiaciones del tipo ionizante que rompen enlaces químicos, con el consecuente desarrollo de lesiones biológicas, en ocasiones graves.

Resumo: A soldagem MIG/MAG, amplamente utilizada em diferentes setores da indústria, destaca-se pela sua elevada produtividade. Nela são empregados níveis de corrente elevados capazes de gerar campos magnéticos intensos. Além desse fato, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar a relação de outras variáveis operacionais do processo com a geração de campos magnéticos. Para tanto, o planejamento experimental envolveu a variação dos níveis de tensão, velocidade de alimentação, modo de transferência metálica e proteção gasosa, de acordo com o processo analisado. A coleta dos valores de campo magnético foi realizada a diferentes distâncias do arco elétrico, como forma de reproduzir as regiões do corpo do soldador julgadas pela comissão internacional de proteção contra radiação não ionizante (ICNIRP) como aquelas que podem oferecer algum risco à saúde do trabalhador. Assim, foi percebido que os maiores valores de campo magnético são obtidos para os maiores níveis de tensão e velocidade de alimentação e quanto menor for a distância do arco elétrico. Ainda, registra-se maior geração de campo magnético na soldagem MIG/MAG em modo curto-circuito controlado. Por fim, os valores obtidos para a intensidade de campo magnético, em coerência com os parâmetros experimentais utilizados, não ultrapassam os valores limites estabelecidos pela ICNIRP.

Abstract: MIG/MAG welding, widely used in different industry sectors, stands out for its high productivity. It uses high current levels capable of generating intense magnetic fields. In addition to this fact, the present study aims to investigate the relationship of other operational variables of the process with the generation of magnetic fields. To do so, the experimental planning involved the variation of voltage levels, feed velocity, metallic transfer mode and gas protection, according to the analyzed process. The magnetic field values were collected at different distances from the electric arc, as a way of reproducing the regions of the welder's body judged by the international commission on protection against non-ionizing radiation (ICNIRP) as those that may pose some risk to the health of the worker. Thus, it was noticed that the higher values of magnetic field are obtained for the higher levels of tension and feeding speed and the smaller the distance of the electric arc. Furthermore, a higher magnetic field generation is recorded in MIG/MAG welding in a short-circuit controlled mode. Finally, the values obtained for the magnetic field strength, in coherence with the experimental parameters used, do not exceed the limit values established by ICNIRP.

ABSTRACT Since 2002, the World Health Organization has recognized non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (NIR) in the extremely low frequency range (ELF) to constitute a health risk and has placed human exposure to ELF within the group 2B as a possible human carcinogen. Subsequently, in 2011, radio frequencies (RF) used in wireless telecommunications were added to this classification. As a result, there was a worldwide increase in scientific, social and government activities to study these emissions and find preventive measures to reduce exposure to the general population. Mexico, faced with this scenario, has the opportunity to update and generate new Official Mexican Standards (NOM), which would allow, on one hand, the regulation of the maximum permitted levels of NIR and, on the other hand, to monitor and control their health effects. This article addresses the characteristics of NIR, analyzes the international and national environmental regulatory framework, presents the results obtained from the measurement of NIR in ELF and intra-domiciliary RF of pediatric patients with acute leukemia in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara and finally, it proposes a series of recommendations and actions.

RESUMEN Desde 2002 se ha reconocido que la exposición a la radiación electromagnética no ionizante (RNI) en el rango de las frecuencias extremadamente bajas (FEB) constituye un riesgo para la salud. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación sobre el Cáncer clasificaron su exposición en humanos dentro del grupo 2B como posible carcinógeno. Posteriormente, en 2011 se agregó a esta clasificación a las radiofrecuencias (RF), incluyendo las microondas ampliamente utilizadas en la oferta de servicios inalámbricos. Como consecuencia de ello, hubo un incremento a nivel mundial de actividades científicas, sociales y de gobierno para estudiar estas emisiones y encontrar medidas preventivas que permitieran reducir este factor de riesgo a la salud mediante políticas de baja exposición en la población en general. En este escenario, México tiene la oportunidad de actualizar y generar nuevas normas oficiales mexicanas que propicien por una parte regular los niveles máximos permitidos de exposición a RNI y, por la otra, realizar vigilancia y control de los efectos a la salud. El presente artículo aborda las características de las RNI, analiza el marco regulatorio internacional y nacional, presenta los resultados obtenidos de la medición de RNI intradomiciliarias en el rango de FEB y RF de pacientes pediátricos con leucemia aguda en el área metropolitana de Guadalajara; por último, propone una serie de recomendaciones y acciones.

Resumo Escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) atinge de 2% a 4% de jovens no Brasil. Repetidas exposições aos exames radiológicos, no acompanhamento desta deformidade, podem ser danosos à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um protocolo de fotogrametria, como método não ionizante para quantificação da escoliose, e relacioná-lo ao método radiológico de Cobb. Dezesseis indivíduos portadores de escoliose idiopática (21,4 ± 6,1 anos de idade e 19,8±0,2 de índice de massa corporal) foram submetidos à radiografia posteroanterior do tronco, de pé e, posteriormente, fotografia do tronco posterior, após receberem marcadores anatômicos nos processos espinhosos das vértebras C7 até L5. As imagens foram encaminhadas para análise independente de dois examinadores treinados na quantificação da escoliose para o tipo de imagem recebida. A média angular torácica de Cobb e de fotogrametria foram 36,14° e 36,43°, respectivamente. A diferença média entre os métodos foi de 4,1°. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p-valor < 5%) entre eles. A fotogrametria, por ser não ionizante, ter baixo custo e ser portátil, poderá representar uma alternativa ao método radiológico. Novos estudos são necessários no aprimoramento das técnicas não ionizantes no rastreamento da EIA.

Abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects 2% to 4% of young people in Brazil. Repeated exposures to radiation used in the monitoring of the deformity can be harmful to the health. This study aimed to present a photogrammetry protocol as a non-ionizing method to quantify scoliosis and relate it to the Cobb radiological method. Sixteen individuals with idiopathic scoliosis (age: 21.4 ± 6.1 years, body mass index: 19.8 ± 0.2 kg/m2) underwent standing posteroanterior X-ray examination of the trunk. Additionally, markers were placed on the spinal processes of the C7 to L5 vertebrae, and posterior trunk photographs were taken. All images were sent for independent analysis by two examiners who were trained in the quantification of scoliosis. The average of the thoracic curvature evaluated through the photogrammetry and Cobb methods were 36.43° and 36.14°, respectively. With an average difference of 4.1°, the methods were not statistically different (p < 0.05). As a non-ionizing method that is low cost and portable, photogrammetry may represent a suitable alternative to the radiological method. Further studies are needed for the improvement of non-ionizing techniques in AIS screening.

Resumo Escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) atinge de 2% a 4% de jovens no Brasil. Repetidas exposições aos exames radiológicos, no acompanhamento desta deformidade, podem ser danosos à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um protocolo de fotogrametria, como método não ionizante para quantificação da escoliose, e relacioná-lo ao método radiológico de Cobb. Dezesseis indivíduos portadores de escoliose idiopática (21,4 ± 6,1 anos de idade e 19,8±0,2 de índice de massa corporal) foram submetidos à radiografia posteroanterior do tronco, de pé e, posteriormente, fotografia do tronco posterior, após receberem marcadores anatômicos nos processos espinhosos das vértebras C7 até L5. As imagens foram encaminhadas para análise independente de dois examinadores treinados na quantificação da escoliose para o tipo de imagem recebida. A média angular torácica de Cobb e de fotogrametria foram 36,14° e 36,43°, respectivamente. A diferença média entre os métodos foi de 4,1°. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p-valor < 5%) entre eles. A fotogrametria, por ser não ionizante, ter baixo custo e ser portátil, poderá representar uma alternativa ao método radiológico. Novos estudos são necessários no aprimoramento das técnicas não ionizantes no rastreamento da EIA.

Abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects 2% to 4% of young people in Brazil. Repeated exposures to radiation used in the monitoring of the deformity can be harmful to the health. This study aimed to present a photogrammetry protocol as a non-ionizing method to quantify scoliosis and relate it to the Cobb radiological method. Sixteen individuals with idiopathic scoliosis (age: 21.4 ± 6.1 years, body mass index: 19.8 ± 0.2 kg/m2) underwent standing posteroanterior X-ray examination of the trunk. Additionally, markers were placed on the spinal processes of the C7 to L5 vertebrae, and posterior trunk photographs were taken. All images were sent for independent analysis by two examiners who were trained in the quantification of scoliosis. The average of the thoracic curvature evaluated through the photogrammetry and Cobb methods were 36.43° and 36.14°, respectively. With an average difference of 4.1°, the methods were not statistically different (p < 0.05). As a non-ionizing method that is low cost and portable, photogrammetry may represent a suitable alternative to the radiological method. Further studies are needed for the improvement of non-ionizing techniques in AIS screening.

Resumo Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo teórico que mostra a influência de radiações de baixa frequência, principalmente as provenientes de dispositivos celulares ou Smartphones, e os possíveis danos associados a doenças que esse tipo de radiação pode causar. Indica-se o aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio que a radiação não ionizante pode gerar a sistemas biológicos. Esse tipo de radiação pode ocasionar variação na bioatividade, podendo ser considerada um agente externo potencialmente nocivo às pessoas.

Abstract In this paper we present a theoretical study that shows the influence of low frequency radiation, mainly from mobile devices or Smartphones, and the possible damages associated with diseases caused by these kind of radiation. We indicate that the rise of reactive oxygen species, caused by non-ionizing radiation, can generate biological influence on the bioactivity. We argue that this type of radiation can, occasionally, be harmful and thus a potentially danger external agent.

The damage caused by excess to electromagnetic fields radiations are the global health problem being the children the most, afected by this reason. In this work was checked the electromagnetic enviroment of 4 internment cubicle of “William Soler “ Hospital intensitive terapy room, for it purpose was used Emdex II gaussimeter in order to make measurements,computer tools to process the data obtained in them and the recommendation emited by international commission for the protection against non-ionizing radiation (ICNIRP) in 2010 as a standard for comparisons, the measurementwere maked according to the established by protocol in cientific literature, according to hepidemiology standard of cuban health Ministry. The result of the measurement obtained were lower than recommended by ICNIRP, so the result are positive

Los daños ocasionados por el exceso de la radiación de campos electromagnéticos se han convertido en un problema de salud mundial, siendo los niños unos de los mas propensos a contraer enfermedades por esta causa. En este trabajo se comprobó el ambiente electromagnético de cuatro cubículos de internamiento de la sala de terapia intensiva del hospital pediatrico ¨William Soler¨. Se utilizó para este propósito un gaussímetro modelo Emdex II para realizar las mediciones, herramientas informáticas para procesar los datos obtenidos en ellas y las recomendaciones del 2010 emitidas por la Comision Internacional Para La Protección Contra Las Radiaciones No Ionizantes ( por sus siglas en inglés ICNIRP) como patrón para hacer comparaciones, las mediciones se realizaron según protocolos descritos en literaturas científicas y acorde con lo recomendado por la normas epidemiológicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP) cubano. Los valores medidos no sobrepasaron a los recomendados por la ICNIRP

ABSTRACT Introduction: Non-ionizing radiation does not have the level of energy required to produce ionization in tissues or cause DNA damage, but can generate thermal and non-thermal effects on human health that are currently the subject of study and discussion. Much of the daily activity in academic areas is performed under the influence of innumerable radiations. Objective: Evaluate the exposure levels to non-ionizing radiation in academic and sensitive areas in different faculties of the National University of La Plata, Argentina. Methodology: The measurements were made using the Narda® NBM 550 instrument with an isotropic measurement probe in the 100 kHz band at 3 GHz. Seven exterior measurements were taken (outdoor) in different Faculties: In the Faculty of Medical Sciences internal (indoor) measurements were made. Of the latter, three environments were selected to determine the main sources of emission. Results: The maximum values obtained from the external and internal measurements were found below the maximum value of 0.2 mW / cm2. At the Faculty of Medical Sciences, specific measurements were made on two sites of high circulation and on one of several hours of permanence at the place of exposure. Data processing revealed that the specific measurements at 20 cm of the electric lighting fixtures were higher than the maximum allowed. Discussion: It can be inferred that although the results of the external measurements made in the different academic fields are within the allowed values, it is recommended that the measurements be made annually and the use of low emission sources

RESUMEN Introducción: Las radiaciones no ionizantes no poseen el nivel de energía requerido para producir ionización en los tejidos o causar daño al DNA, pero pueden generar efectos térmicos y no térmicos en la salud de los seres humanos que son actualmente motivo de estudio y discusión. Gran parte de la actividad cotidiana en ámbitos académicos se desarrolla bajo la influencia de innumerables radiaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar y determinar el nivel de exposición a las radiaciones no ionizantes en ámbitos académicos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Metodología: Las mediciones fueron realizadas mediante el instrumento marca Narda® NBM 550 con sonda de medición isotrópica en la banda de 100 kHz a 3 GHz. Se realizaron mediciones exteriores (outdoor) en diferentes facultades de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. En la facultad de Ciencias Médicas se efectuaron mediciones interiores (indoor). En esta última se seleccionaron tres ambientes para determinar las principales fuentes de emisión. Resultados: Los valores máximos obtenidos de las mediciones se encontraron por debajo del valor máximo permitido de 0,2 mW/cm2. En la facultad de Ciencias Médicas se realizaron mediciones específicas en dos lugares de alto tránsito y uno de varias horas de permanencia en el lugar de exposición. El procesamiento de los datos reveló que las mediciones específicas a 20 cm de los artefactos eléctricos de iluminación fueron superiores al máximo permitido. Discusión: Si bien los resultados de las mediciones exteriores realizadas en los diversos ámbitos académicos se encuentran dentro de los valores permitidos, es recomendable que las mediciones se efectúen en forma anual, además de instalar fuentes de bajas emisiones.

Este artigo apresenta algumas reflexões sobre a articulação entre o conhecimento jurídico, o científico-experto e o conhecimento baseado na experiência. Categorias da teoria crítica do direito e dos estudos sociais da ciência são combinadas para analisar duas dimensões criadoras de Direito: os processos legislativos e as decisões jurisprudenciais. Em relação ao primeiro, esta articulação é analisada a partir do debate parlamentar no contexto de discussão da Lei 26.014/2005 (que aprovou o Acordo de Cooperação nos Usos Pacíficos da Energia Nuclear Argentina-Austrália). Quanto à segunda, são analisadas decisões judicias em relação a radiações não ionizantes provindas da instalação de antenas de telefonia celular e de estações transformadoras de energia elétrica. Este caminho permite apontar a necessidade de instâncias institucionais que canalizem uma interação mais adequada entre o conhecimento jurídico e outras áreas de geração de conhecimento sobre questões controversas.

This article presents some considerations over the articulation of legal, scientific and experienced-based knowledge. Theoretic categories coming from the Critical Theory of Law and the Social Science Studies are used to analyze two dimensions of legal creation: law making process and judicial decision. Regarding the first one, we analyze the translation between legal discourse and scientific discourse about scientifically controversial issues, from the study of the parliamentary debate that took place in Argentina during the discussion of Ley 26.014/2005 that approved an Argentina-Australia Peaceful Nuclear Energy Use Cooperation Agreement. Regarding the second dimension, the approach focuses on judicial decisions taken over non-ionizing radiation streaming cell phone’s antenna installation and electric power transformation plants. This itinerary allows us to state the need of new institutional proceedings that channels a more adequate interaction between legal knowledge and diverse knowledge making fields over controversial and unavoidably current problems.

Este artículo presenta algunas reflexiones sobre la articulación entre el conocimiento jurídico, el científico-experto y el conocimiento basado en la experiencia. Se combinan categorías de la teoría crítica del derecho, y de los estudios sociales de la ciencia para analizar dos dimensiones creadoras de Derecho: los procesos legislativos y las decisiones jurisprudenciales. En relación al primero, se analiza dicha articulación a partir del debate parlamentario en el contexto de discusión de la Ley 26.014/2005 (que aprobó el Acuerdo de Cooperación en los Usos Pacíficos de la Energía Nuclear Argentina-Australia). Con respecto al segundo, se analizan decisiones judiciales en materia de radiaciones no ionizantes provenientes de la instalación de antenas de telefonía celular y de plantas transformadoras de energía eléctrica. Este recorrido permite señalar la necesidad de instancias institucionales que canalicen una interacción más adecuada entre el conocimiento jurídico y otros ámbitos de generación de conocimiento sobre cuestiones controvertidas.

Resumen La exposición humana a radiaciones no ionizantes en alta frecuencia se ha vuelto común debido a la gran cantidad de sistemas que operan en ese rango, tales como teléfonos celulares, redes inalámbricas de datos y sistemas de comunicación en general. Modelar el impacto de este tipo de radiaciones es importante debido a los potenciales riesgos a la salud humana a corto y largo plazo, así como para la definición de límites de seguridad. Desde la perspectiva de la simulación numérica, esto es una tarea difícil debido a que las longitudes de onda asociadas son mucho más pequeñas que la dimensión típica del cuerpo humano, lo que resulta en un requerimiento de discretización muy fina de los modelos geométricos, con una consecuente alta demanda en los recursos de computación y largos tiempos de ejecución. En este artículo se estudia la factibilidad de realizar simulaciones de onda completa para estimar el campo electromagnético absorbido en alta frecuencia, hasta 10 GHz, con solucionadores numéricos de propósito general y geometrías con tamaños relevantes en relación con el tamaño del cuerpo humano. Geometrías simples son analizadas, definiendo las propiedades del agua fresca para su región interna. Tres diferentes métodos son evaluados: el método de integración finita (FIT), el método de elementos finitos (FEM) y el método de los momentos (MoM), con la intención de determinar la convergencia del resultado y los recursos computacionales necesarios en cada caso. Los resultados indican que a 10 GHz se torna difícil realizar dichos análisis con un recurso computacional moderado (hasta 64 GB RAM), pero algunas aproximaciones podrían ser explotadas debido a que la penetración del campo en ese rango de frecuencias esta principalmente acotada a la región cercana a la superficie del objeto.

Abstract Exposition of humans to non-ionizing radiation at high frequencies has become ubiquitous due to the higher number of systems operating in that frequency range such as cell phones, wireless networks, and communication systems. The modeling of the impact of this type of radiation is an important issue due to potential short and long-term health effects and for the establishment of regulatory safety limits. From the simulation point of view, this is a challenging task since the wavelengths of interest are much smaller than the typical dimensions of a human body, which leads to the requirement of very fine discretization of the geometrical models and the consequent high demand of computational resources and long execution times. This article studies the feasibility of a full-wave simulation of field absorption at high frequencies, up to 10 GHz, with general purpose numerical methods and geometries with sizes in the order of a human body. Simple geometries are analyzed, assuming the material properties of fresh water for their inner region. Three different methods are evaluated: the finite integration technique (FIT), finite element method (FEM), and method of moments (MoM), to determine the result convergence and required computational resources for each solution. The results show that already at 10 GHz it is difficult to perform the analysis with moderate computational power (up to 64 GB RAM), but some approximations might be exploited since field penetration in that frequency range is mostly limited to the surface region.