Caffeine (CAF) and nicotine (NIC) are emerging contaminants and are among the most consumed substances in the world, making it crucial to monitor these contaminants. In this work, an alternative electrolyte, 2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate (2HEAA) was used for the development of an electroanalytical method for determination and quantification of CAF and NIC, simultaneously, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The system with the 2HEAA electrolyte was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the DPV parameters were optimized for the best conditions. The method was validated from a calibration curve obtained which showed limit of detection (LOD) of 0.82 and 6.26 μmol L 1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.73 and 20.8 μmol L-1 for CAF and NIC, respectively. In the precision analyses, values lower than 10% of relative standard deviation were obtained. In the presence of concomitant inorganic and organic species, the system proved to be selective in the determination of analytes. The method was used to determine the analytes in fortified samples (river water, synthetic urine and commercial milk), obtaining recoveries between 87.25 and 111.40%. The 2HEAA demonstrated high efficiency as an alternative electrolyte with good signal-to-noise ratio, increased analytical sensitivity of the method, in addition to presenting low cost and fast electrolyte preparation. (CAF NIC (NIC world work 2hydroxyethylammonium hydroxyethylammonium 2 HEAA (2HEAA simultaneously DPV. . (DPV) spectroscopy conditions LOD (LOD 082 0 82 0.8 626 6 26 6.2 LOQ (LOQ 273 73 2.7 208 20 8 20. L1 L- respectively analyses 10 species river water milk, milk , milk) 8725 87 25 87.2 11140 111 40 111.40% signaltonoise signal noise ratio preparation (DPV 08 0. 62 6. 27 7 2. 872 87. 1114 11 4 111.40 111.4 111.

Abstract Silence is not a phenomenon that we can place outside of language or some system of signification. Unlike mutism, which is only a negation of noise, this work explores an interpretation of silence as a frontier of meaningfulness. The word discourses on silence as a horizon of meaning sprouting as negativity to any system of signification. Considering some aspects of Bernard Dauenhauer’s work, a first moment will address the silence that occurs between words marking the discontinuities of discourse and as another possibility of discourse. Secondly, silence is understood as a border phenomenon in the background of the nameable that is not reduced to any particular type of expression of language, but as pure otherness. Finally, silence is not only in the in-between of words nor in their background, but also in the unspeakable or unnamable in the way language itself refers to things in the world. In this sense, the distinctions between ‘language’ and ‘speech’ in Heidegger as between ‘saying’ and ‘showing’ in Wittgenstein account for the ineffable ground of meaningfulness. The word is silent, finds a blind spot, with respect to itself and its representational nature.

Resumen El silencio no es un fenómeno que podamos colocar fuera del lenguaje o sistema de significación. A diferencia del mutismo que es solo una negación del ruido, este trabajo explora una interpretación del silencio como frontera de la significación. La palabra discurre sobre el silencio como un horizonte de sentido brotando como negatividad a todo sistema de significación. Considerando algunos aspectos del trabajo Bernard Dauenhauer, un primer momento abordará el silencio que ocurre entre las palabras marcando las discontinuidades del discurso y como una posibilidad más del discurso. En segundo lugar, el silencio es entendido como fenómeno fronterizo en el trasfondo de lo nombrable que no se reduce ningún tipo de expresión particular del lenguaje, sino como pura alteridad. Finalmente, el silencio no recae únicamente en el entre de las palabras ni tampoco en su trasfondo, sino que también en lo indecible o innombrable que hay en la forma que el propio lenguaje refiere a las cosas en el mundo. En este sentido, las distinciones entre ‘lenguaje’ y ‘habla’ en Heidegger como entre ‘decir’ y ‘mostrar’ en Wittgenstein dan cuenta del fundamento inefable de la significatividad. La palabra guarda silencio, encuentra un punto ciego, respecto de ella misma y su naturaleza representacional.

Abstract The organic composition of 65 °% of urban solid waste of the Metropolitan District of Quito originates from food waste, which has negative environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to food waste in homes in the capital and characterize urban solid waste management. The study is quantitative and exploratory. An association analysis was performed for the main categorical variables through calculation of statistical chi squared and an assessment of polychoric relation. A descriptive and multi-scale statistical analyses were performed for focus of the social metabolism to characterize waste management. A noteworthy element was the relation between expenses for purchase of food and non-alcoholic beverages in the last month-household income in the last month (p value < 5 %). Between 2012-2021, the most representative median for waste generation corresponded to the Eugenio Espejo administration, with 141470 t/ year, with a metabolic waste rate of 2.45E-05 (t/year). On the other hand, the Tumbaco administration obtained 30217 t/year and 1.22E-05 t/year, respectively.

Resumen La composición orgánica del 65 % de residuos sólidos urbanos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito proviene de restos de alimentos, lo que provoca efectos medioambientales negativos. El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar los factores que inciden en el desperdicio de alimentos en los hogares capitalinos y caracterizar la gestión de sus residuos sólidos urbanos. La investigación es cuantitativa de tipo exploratoria. Se realizó un análisis de asociación entre las principales variables categóricas mediante el cálculo del estadístico chi-cuadrado y una evaluación de correlación policórica. Se aplicaron análisis estadístico descriptivo y multiescala del enfoque del metabolismo social para caracterizar la gestión de residuos. Destaca la relación entre el gasto en compra de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas en el último mes -ingreso del hogar en el último mes (p valor < 5 %). Entre 2012-2021, la mediana más representativa de generación de residuos corresponde a la administración Eugenio Espejo, con 141 470 t/año, y su tasa metabólica de residuos de 2,45E-05 t/año. En contraste, la administración Tumbaco obtuvo 30 217 t/año y 1,22E-05 t/año, respectivamente.

Resumo A composição orgânica do 65 °% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do Distrito Metropolitano de Quito provém de restos de alimentos, o qual provoca efeitos negativos ao meio ambiente. O objetivo dessa investigação foi avaliar os fatores incidentes no desperdício de alimentos nos lares da capital e caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A pesquisa foi quantitativa e exploratória. Fez-se uma análise de associação das variáveis principais com o cálculo do chi-quadrado estatístico e uma avaliação da correlação policórica. Usaram-se análises estadísticos descritivos e multiescala do foco do metabolismo social para caracterizar a gestão dos resíduos. Destacou-se a relação do gasto para a compra de alimentos e bebidas não alcoólicas no último mês -rendas do lar no último mês (p valor < 5 %). Entre os anos 2012-2021, a mediana mais representativa de geração de resíduos foi da administração Eugenio Espejo, com 141 470 t/ano, e uma taxa metabólica de resíduos de 2,45E-05 t/ano. Em contraste, a administração Tumbaco teve 30 217 t/ano e 1,22E-05 t/ano, respetivamente.

Resumen A la contaminación acústica se le considera uno de los problemas que afecta a la sociedad moderna a escala mundial, en parte provocado por la dinámica de la ciudad. A pesar de que su reconocimiento como un peligro para la salud es reciente y sus efectos han pasado a ser considerados un problema sanitario, las acciones y políticas para combatirla no son comunes aún en las grandes urbes. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de un análisis geográfico donde se evaluó ese tipo de polución en barrio Escalante. El objetivo fue analizar el comportamiento espacio-temporal de la intensidad del sonido durante octubre de 2021 a marzo de 2022. Para llevar a cabo el trabajo se desarrolló un estudio de orden cuantitativo con mediciones de sonómetro. Esto permitió medir la intensidad que transmiten los sonidos en diferentes lugares de Escalante, en dos periodos: día y noche. Luego se clasificaron los decibeles por ciclo según su intensidad en una escala del uno al cinco. Así posteriormente se obtuvo al que se le llamó índice general del sonido (IGS) y con ello el plano de intensidad de sonido del área de estudio.

Resumo A poluição sonora é considerada um dos problemas que afetam a sociedade moderna em escala global, em parte provocada pela dinâmica da cidade. Apesar de seu reconhecimento como um perigo para a saúde ser recente e seus efeitos passaram a ser considerados um problema de saúde, ações e políticas para combatê-la ainda não são comuns nas grandes cidades. Este artigo mostra os resultados de uma análise geográfica onde esse tipo de poluição foi avaliada no bairro Escalante. O objetivo foi analisar o comportamento espaço-temporal da intensidade do som durante outubro de 2021 a março de 2022. Para realizar o trabalho, foi desenvolvido um estudo quantitativo com medições de sonômetro. Isso permitiu medir a intensidade que os sons transmitem em diferentes lugares de Escalante, em dois períodos: dia e noite. Em seguida, os decibéis foram classificados por ciclo de acordo com sua intensidade em uma escala de um a cinco. Assim, posteriormente, obteve-se o chamado índice geral de som (IGS) e, com isso, o plano de intensidade de som da área de estudo.

Abstract Noise Pollution is considered one of the biggest health risks in modern society worldwide, partly caused by city dynamics. Although its recognition as a health Hazard is recent and its effects have become considered a health problems, actions, and policies to combat it are not yet common in big cities. This article shows the results of a geographical analysis where this type of pollution was evaluated in Barrio Escalante, the objective was to analyze the spatial-temporal behavior of sound intensity during October 2021 to March 2022. In order to achieve that objective, a quantitative study was developed with sound level meter measurements. This allowed measuring the intensity of the sounds in different places of Escalante, in two periods: day and night. Decibels were then classified by cycle according to their intensity on a scale of one to five. This is how the general sound index (GSI) was subsequently obtained and so the sound intensity plane of the study area.

Abstract: Environmental pollution from transportation has been a fundamental challenge for humanity throughout history, with conventional fuels contributing significantly to environmental degradation. This project seeks to suppress pollution and reduce noise generated by motorcycle taxis, whether for personal and/or private use. The main objective of the research work was to implement an electrolyzer in the combustion system of a motorcycle taxi to suppress environmental pollution and reduce noise. Methods included vehicle preparation, electrolyzer installation, battery adjustment, hydrogen generation, emissions measurement, safety, and data collection. As a result, the electrolyzer was implemented in the single-cylinder motorcycle taxi; The noise limit allowed at work in Peru is 85 dB, which is equivalent to 100 % noise at most; When using gasoline, a value of 76.4 dB was obtained, equivalent to 89.88 % noise, and when using hydrogen, a value of 71.7 dB was obtained, equivalent to 84.35 % noise, therefore, the total noise reduction was 4.70 dB (5.53 %) than established. The discussion highlighted that hydrogen is a clean fuel, with zero emissions and only emitting water vapor instead of polluting gases (5). The conclusion highlights the critical importance of the research, supported by the total reduction of 5.53 % of noise with this new technology and in turn external sources support that using hydrogen produced a smoother and quieter combustion; Regarding the useful life of the engine, due to the cleaner and more efficient combustion, the accumulation of waste was reduced, which benefits reducing the wear of internal components and the need for costly maintenance.

Resumen: La contaminación ambiental derivada del transporte ha sido un desafío fundamental para la humanidad a lo largo de la historia, con los combustibles convencionales contribuyendo significativamente a la degradación ambiental. Este proyecto busca suprimir la contaminación y reducir el ruido generada por mototaxis, ya sean de uso personal y/o privado. El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal implementar un electrolizador en el sistema de combustión de un mototaxi para suprimir la contaminación ambiental y reducir el ruido. Los métodos incluyeron la preparación del vehículo, instalación del electrolizador, ajuste de la batería, generación de hidrógeno, medición de emisiones, seguridad y recolección de datos. Como resultado, se logró implementar el electrolizador en el mototaxi monocilíndrico; el límite de ruido permitido en el trabajo en el Perú es de 85 dB, que equivalen el 100 % de ruido como máximo; al utilizar gasolina se obtuvo un valor de 76.4 dB equivalentes a 89.88 % de ruido y al usar hidrógeno se obtuvo un valor de 71.7 dB siendo el 84.35 % de ruido, por lo tanto, la reducción total de ruido fue de 4.70 dB (5.53%) de lo establecido. La discusión destacó que el hidrógeno es un combustible limpio, con nulas emisiones y solo emitiendo vapor de agua en vez de gases contaminantes (5). La conclusión subraya la importancia crítica de la investigación, respaldada por la reducción total del 5.53 % de ruido con esta nueva tecnología y a su vez fuentes externas apoyan, que el utilizar hidrógeno produjo una combustión más suave y silenciosa. En cuanto a la vida útil del motor, la combustión más limpia y eficiente reduce la acumulación de residuos, lo que disminuye el desgaste de los componentes internos y la necesidad de mantenimientos costosos.

Abstract Introduction In clinical practice, patients with the same degree and configuration of hearing loss, or even with normal audiometric thresholds, present substantially different performances in terms of speech perception. This probably happens because other factors, in addition to auditory sensitivity, interfere with speech perception. Thus, studies are needed to investigate the performance of listeners in unfavorable listening conditions to identify the processes that interfere in the speech perception of these subjects. Objective To verify the influence of age, temporal processing, and working memory on speech recognition in noise. Methods Thirty-eight adult and elderly individuals with normal hearing thresholds participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups: The adult group (G1), composed of 10 individuals aged 21 to 33 years, and the elderly group (G2), with 28 participants aged 60 to 81 years. They underwent audiological assessment with the Portuguese Sentence List Test, Gaps-in-Noise test, Digit Span Memory test, Running Span Task, Corsi Block-Tapping test, and Visual Pattern test. Results The Running Span Task score proved to be a statistically significant predictor of the listening-in-noise variable. This result showed that the difference in performance between groups G1 and G2 in relation to listening in noise is due not only to aging, but also to changes in working memory. Conclusion The study showed that working memory is a predictor of listening performance in noise in individuals with normal hearing, and that this task can provide important information for investigation in individuals who have difficulty hearing in unfavorable environments. practice loss factors sensitivity Thus subjects age processing Thirtyeight Thirty eight G1, G , (G1) 1 2 3 years G2, (G2) 6 8 Test GapsinNoise Gaps Noise test BlockTapping Block Tapping listeninginnoise variable aging environments (G1 (G2 (G

Abstract Introduction Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion in chromosome 7, affecting ~ 28 genes. Studies have demonstrated conductive losses seemingly related to the absence of the elastin gene and mild to profound sensorineural losses due to cochlear fragility. Objective To characterize and compare the peripheral auditory system and auditory brainstem response (ABR) of adults with WS and neurotypical adults matched by age and gender. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with 30 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 37 years – 15 of them with WS (study group) and 15 with neither the syndrome nor hearing complaints (control group), matched for sex and age. The subjects underwent pure-tone and speech audiometry, acoustic immittance, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), and ABR. Results Early-onset sensorineural hearing loss was found in 53.3% of the study sample, mostly mild, occurring above 3 kHz. The TEOAEs were absent in 53.3% of assessed subjects; for those in whom they were present, the signal-to-noise responses were significantly lower than in the control group. In the ABR, increased absolute latencies were observed in waves I and III. Conclusion Individuals with WS have early and progressive cochlear impairments, mainly affecting the basal region of the cochlea. They may have low brainstem changes which seem to begin in adulthood. (WS 7 2 genes fragility ABR (ABR gender crosssectional cross sectional sexes 1 group group, , puretone pure tone audiometry immittance transientevoked transient evoked TEOAEs, (TEOAEs) Earlyonset Early onset 533 53 53.3 sample kHz present signaltonoise signal noise III impairments cochlea adulthood (TEOAEs 5 53.

Abstract Introduction The limited access to temporal fine structure (TFS) cues is a reason for reduced speech-in-noise recognition in cochlear implant (CI) users. The CI signal processing schemes like electroacoustic stimulation (EAS) and fine structure processing (FSP) encode TFS in the low frequency whereas theoretical strategies such as frequency amplitude modulation encoder (FAME) encode TFS in all the bands. Objective The present study compared the effect of simulated CI signal processing schemes that either encode no TFS, TFS information in all bands, or TFS only in low-frequency bands on concurrent vowel identification (CVI) and Zebra speech perception (ZSP). Methods Temporal fine structure information was systematically manipulated using a 30-band sine-wave (SV) vocoder. The TFS was either absent (SV) or presented in all the bands as frequency modulations simulating the FAME algorithm or only in bands below 525 Hz to simulate EAS. Concurrent vowel identification and ZSP were measured under each condition in 15 adults with normal hearing. Results The CVI scores did not differ between the 3 schemes (F (2, 28) = 0.62, p = 0.55, η2p = 0.04). The effect of encoding TFS was observed for ZSP (F (2, 28) = 5.73, p = 0.008, η2p = 0.29). Perception of Zebra speech was significantly better with EAS and FAME than with SV. There was no significant difference in ZSP scores obtained with EAS and FAME (p = 1.00) Conclusion For ZSP, the TFS cues from FAME and EAS resulted in equivalent improvements in performance compared to the SV scheme. The presence or absence of TFS did not affect the CVI scores. (TFS speechinnoise noise (CI users (EAS FSP (FSP (FAME lowfrequency (CVI ZSP. . (ZSP) 30band band 30 sinewave sine wave (SV vocoder 52 1 hearing F 2, 2 (2 28 062 0 62 0.62 055 55 0.55 ηp η 0.04. 004 0.04 04 0.04) 573 5 73 5.73 0008 008 0.008 0.29. 029 0.29 29 0.29) 1.00 100 00 scheme (ZSP ( 06 6 0.6 05 0.5 0.0 57 7 5.7 000 0.00 02 0.2 1.0 10 0. 5. 1.

Abstract The article shows how to design and evaluate the strategic vision for the Rural Urban Fringe in Adelia María, Córdoba, Argentina, and signify the commitments to the SDG 2030 agenda. Although the local periurban presents uses that synergize its operation, the community perceives unfavorable use that are not complementary (for example, bad odors from local production). A multicriteria stepwise procedure was used to design the vision and engage stakeholders. First, problems and aspirations were identified through interviews. Second, four RUF visions with strategic land uses were designed and evaluated. Third, the visions were evaluated with the PROMETHEE method. The results show that the actors want a RUF model that exceeds the trend. The chosen vision is complementary. Locate an industrial estate and take advantage of a forest area to reduce odors and noise. Additionally, it densifies future settlements on vacant land and expands the urban area by just 11% to include scattered residences. It locates 19 ha of agricultural parks and distributes recreational areas in the urban sprawl. The vision requires political efforts, and investments and shows how to signify the SDG 2030. The actors positively valued the planning process and how to agree on solutions to structural problems of the territory.

Resumen El artículo muestra cómo diseñar y evaluar la visión estratégica para la Franja Urbana Rural en Adelia María, Córdoba, Argentina, y significar los compromisos con la agenda ODS 2030. Si bien el periurbano local presenta usos que sinergizan su funcionamiento, la comunidad percibe como desfavorables a usos que no son complementarios (por ejemplo malos olores de producciones de proximidad). Se utilizó un procedimiento multicriterio por fases para diseñar la visión e involucrar a actores. Primero, se identificaron problemas y aspiraciones con entrevistas. Segundo, se diseñaron y valoraron cuatro visiones de Franja Urbana Rural con usos del suelo estratégicos. Tercero, se evaluaron las visiones con el método PROMETHEE. Los resultados muestran que los actores desean un modelo de Franja Urbana Rural que supere a la tendencia. La visión elegida es complementaria, y localiza un parque industrial y aprovecha un área forestal para reducir olores, ruidos. También, densifica el poblamiento futuro sobre tierras vacantes y amplía el ejido solo 11% para incluir residencias dispersas. Ubica 19 ha de parques agrarios y distribuye áreas recreativas en la mancha urbana. La visión requiere esfuerzos políticos, inversiones y muestra como significar ODS 2030. Los actores valoraron positivamente el proceso de planificación y como consensuar soluciones a problemas estructurales del territorio.

Resumo O artigo mostra como desenhar e avaliar a visão estratégica para a Faixa Rural Urbana de Adelia María, em Córdoba, Argentina, e significar os compromissos com a agenda dos ODS 2030. Embora o periurbano local apresente usos que sinergizam seu funcionamento, o a comunidade considera desfavoráveis aqueles usos que não são complementares (por exemplo, maus odores provenientes da produção local). Foi utilizado um procedimento multicritério faseado para conceber a visão e envolver os intervenientes. Primeiro, os problemas e aspirações foram identificados através de entrevistas. Em segundo lugar, foram concebidas e avaliadas quatro visões de Faixa Rural Urbana com usos estratégicos do solo. Terceiro, as visões foram avaliadas com o método PROMETHEE. Os resultados mostram que as partes interessadas desejam um modelo de Faixa Rural Urbana que supere a tendência. A visão escolhida é complementar. Localiza um parque industrial e aproveite uma área florestal para reduzir odores e ruídos. Além disso, adensa os futuros assentamentos em terrenos baldios e expande o ejido em apenas 11% para incluir residências dispersas. Localiza 19 hectares de parques agrícolas e distribui áreas de lazer na área urbana. A visão exige esforços políticos, investimentos e mostra como alcançar o ODS 2030. Os atores valorizaram positivamente o processo de planeamento e como chegar a acordo sobre soluções para problemas estruturais do território.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procesos de extracción de minerales y actividades afines a la minería implican la exposición a altos niveles de ruido lo cual puede generar un deterioro en la capacidad auditiva, esta situación representa tambien un problema para los trabajadores de las empresas contratistas de las mineras que debe ser tratado. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de pérdida auditiva en el personal que trabaja en empresas contratistas de mineras peruanas 2018 al 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en una muestra de 213 trabajadores de las empresas contratistas mineras que fueron evaluados con la ficha de audiometría en el periodo 2018 al 2019, los trabajadores fueron seleccionados a partir de un muestreo al azar. Se incluyeron pacientes con estudio de audiometría que estuvieron laborando en cualquiera de las empresas contratistas mineras. Se excluyeron del estudio a los trabajadores con sordera previa al ingreso laboral y a los que tuvieron infección en proceso en algún oído. Resultados: Se reportó que de los trabajadores con hipoacusia probable inducida por el ruido un 23,5 % son varones; un 79,2 % tienen edad entre 30 a 50 años; el 71,7 % son mantenedores y operarios; el 73 % pertenecen a los rubros empresariales de construcción, servicios mineros y mantenimiento; el 62,2 % tuvieron en promedio 4 a 5 horas de exposición por jornada; el 51 % tuvieron experiencia laboral de 11 a 20 años y el 75,5 % declaró usar protección auditiva. Conclusiones: Un 84 % presentó audiometría alterada y el 24,9 % hipoacusia neurosensorial (probable inducida por ruido).

ABSTRACT Introduction: The processes of mineral extraction and related mining activities involve exposure to high noise levels which can generate deterioration in hearing capacity; this situation represents a problem that must be treated. Objective: Determine the degree of hearing loss in personnel working in Peruvian mining contractor companies from 2018 to 2019. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in a sample of 213 workers from the mining contractor companies who were evaluated with the audiometry sheet in the period 2018 to 2019, the workers were selected from a random sample. Patients with an audiometry study who worked for one of the mining contractor companies were included. Workers with deafness prior to work entry and those with an ongoing infection in any ear were excluded from the study. Results: It was reported that 23.5% of the workers with probable noise-induced hearing loss were male; 79.2% were between 30 and 50 years of age; 71.7% were maintenance workers and operators; 73% belonged to the construction, mining services and maintenance sectors; 62.2% had an average of 4 to 5 hours of exposure per day; 51% had work experience of 11 to 20 years and 75.5% reported using hearing protection. Conclusions: 84% presented altered audiometry and 24.9% presented sensorineural hearing loss (probably induced by noise).

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba se dispone de un sistema de normas cubanas de seguridad y salud en el trabajo como instrumentos que estandarizan los métodos de medición y los criterios de evaluación del ruido en los puestos y áreas de trabajo, pero carece de una guía de buenas prácticas que permita el empleo de los resultados de las evaluaciones como potenciales pruebas para la investigación científica del factor de riesgo. Objetivo: Proponer los requisitos mínimos para una guía de buenas prácticas en el estudio del factor de riesgo ruido laboral. Métodos: Se desarrolla un proceso de búsqueda de consenso entre expertos, a través de la técnica de los cuatro procesos de resolución de problemas para proponer los requisitos mínimos que se deben considerar en las evaluaciones de ruido laboral. Resultados: Se establecieron los requisitos mínimos necesarios en los estudios de ruido respetando las normativas nacionales, lo que se estructuró en los siguientes elementos: glosario de términos, métodos de medición por el objetivo que se persigue, criterios de evaluación del ruido, métodos de medición por el tipo de puesto de trabajo (puestos de trabajos fijos, variables y aleatorios), finalidad de las evaluaciones, requisitos medibles, utilidad del mapa de ruido y requisitos informativos. Conclusiones: La guía elaborada propone mejoras metodológicas dentro de la investigación experimental del ruido laboral, ella no obliga sino solo recomienda una estrategia investigativa, da espacio a las interpretaciones personales y referencias elaboradas como verdades hipotéticas consensuadas, las que a futuro pueden incidir en nuevas propuestas metodológicas y normativas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba it exists a system of Cuban norms of security and health in the work like instruments that standardize the mensuration methods and the approaches of evaluation of the noise in the positions and work areas, but it lacks a guide of good practical that allows the employment of the results of the evaluations like potentials tests for the scientific investigation of the factor of risk. Objective: To propose the minimum requirements for a guide of good practical in the study of the factor of risk labor noise. Methods: A process of consent search is developed among experts, through the technique of the four processes of resolution of problems to propose the minimum requirements that should be considered in the evaluations of labor noise. Results: The necessary minimum requirements settled down in the studies of noise respecting the normative ones national, what was structured in the following elements: glossary of terms, mensuration methods for the objective that is pursued, approaches of evaluation of the noise, mensuration methods for the type of work position (positions of fixed works, variables and aleatory), purpose of the evaluations, requirements metrological, utility of the map of noise and informative requirements. Conclusions: The elaborated guide proposes methodological improvements inside the experimental investigation of the labor noise, she doesn't force but alone it recommends an investigative strategy, it gives space to the personal interpretations and references elaborated as truths hypothetical, those that can impact in new methodological and normative proposals to future.

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, certain studies have been performed on the exposure to global occupational noise levels when mechanized equipment is used in coffee-growing. However, these did not indicate the behavior within a frequency spectrum (Hz) by octave bands. The objective of this study was to assess the sound pressure levels of the brush, mower, and atomizer attached to a tractor under actual operating conditions by using 1/1 octave band filters. Quantitative assessments were performed with the mower, brush, and atomizer attached to the MF 275 tractor under two conditions: operative and static. The noise levels obtained under actual operating conditions were determined using a DOS 1000 noise dosimeter and an octave band filter. The static condition assessments were performed inside and outside the coffee plantation using a Hikari HDB 900 digital sound level meter. The NR 15 and NHO 01 standards were used to analyze the data. Under operative and static conditions, the tractor units showed noise levels above the exposure limit of 85 dB (A) for an 8h working day. The assessment of the frequency spectrum revealed the highest noise levels to be in the 125-1000 Hz range. ABSTRACT Brazil coffeegrowing. coffeegrowing growing. growing coffee-growing However (Hz bands brush mower 11 1 1/ filters 27 100 filter 90 meter 0 data 8 A (A h day 1251000 125 125-100 range 2 10 9 125100 12 125-10 12510 125-1 1251 125-

RESUMO: No Brasil, alguns estudos têm sido realizados sobre exposição a níveis de ruído ocupacional global na utilização de conjuntos mecanizados na cafeicultura, não apontando o comportamento dentro de um espectro de frequência (Hz) por bandas de oitava. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o nível de pressão sonora dos implementos trincha, roçadora e pulverizador acoplados ao trator em condições reais de operação por filtros de banda de 1/1 oitava. As avaliações quantitativas foram realizadas com os implementos roçadora, trincha e pulverizador acoplados ao trator MF 275 em duas condições: operação e estático. Os níveis de ruído obtidos em condições reais de operação foram determinados com dosímetro de ruído DOS 1000 e filtro de banda de oitava. Já as avaliações em condição estática dentro e fora da lavoura cafeeira ocorreram por meio da utilização de sonômetro digital Hikari HDB 900. Foram utilizadas as normativas NR 15 e NHO 01 para análise dos dados. Em condições de operação e estático, todos os conjuntos tratorizados apresentaram níveis de ruído superiores ao limite de exposição de 85 dB (A) para uma jornada de trabalho de oito horas. A avaliação do espectro de frequência apontou que os maiores níveis de ruído foram encontrados no intervalo de 125 a 1000 Hz. RESUMO Brasil cafeicultura Hz (Hz oitava 11 1 1/ 27 estático 100 900 0 dados 8 (A horas 12 2 10 90 9

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: The use of this equipment is increasingly common in various professional sectors and for longer periods, whether within a work shift or throughout life. Thus, their interaction with workers' health becomes increasingly relevant, resulting in the need to research what has been described on this topic. This review aims to summarize the most relevant information published, so that professionals in the Health and Safety teams have more tools to guide the matter and so that the workers themselves better understand what could be at stake and are more receptive to protective measures that may be proposed. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through research carried out in april of 2023, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: Acoustic shock can be secondary to an intense and unexpected noise and its prevalence can vary between 13 and 22%; however, it is a complex and controversial concept. It is eventually characterized by otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo, a burning sensation near the ear and anxiety. Acoustic shocks can cause cochlear trauma. The use of Headsets does not seem to cause more fatigue than noise from other sources, as long as it is of the same intensity. Most Call Centers operators work in an open space, with colleagues, which increases exposure to noise. The higher this is, the higher the eqquipment is placed. Susceptibility to hearing loss presents individual variability and interaction with some comorbidities (such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and dyslipidemia); as well as gender and age. Most of these operators listen well; even if they report difficulty in perceiving words with ambient noise and tinnitus. Discussion and Conclusions: Although it is quite common for Call Centers workers to mention, during Occupational Medicine consultations, complaints that they associate with overall noise (especially that produced by Headsets); in reality, the bibliography on the topic is scarce and not very robust. Even so, it describes some very brief instructions to try to minimize the damage and enhance the well-being, satisfaction and productivity of professionals who use this type of equipment. It would be interesting to investigate the subject a little better, better understand the national panorama and publicize this in scientific publications.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: O uso deste equipamento é cada vez mais frequente em diversos setores profissionais e por períodos mais prolongados, quer dentro de um turno de trabalho, quer ao longo da vida. Assim, a interação destes com a saúde dos trabalhadores fica cada vez mais relevante, surgindo a necessidade de pesquisar o que se tem descrito sobre este tema. Esta revisão pretende resumir o que de mais pertinente se publicou, de forma que os profissionais das equipas de Saúde e Segurança tenham mais ferramentas para orientar o assunto e para que os próprios trabalhadores percebam melhor o que poderá estar em causa e estejam mais recetivos a medidas de proteção eventualmente propostas. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: O choque acústico pode ser secundário a um ruido intenso e inesperado e a sua prevalência pode variar entre 13 a 22%; contudo, trata-se de um conceito complexo e controverso. Carateriza-se eventualmente por otalgia, zumbido, vertigem, sensação de queimadura próxima ao ouvido e ansiedade. Os choques acústicos podem causar trauma coclear. O uso de Headsets não parece causar mais fadiga que ruido com outras origens, desde que com a mesma intensidade. A maioria dos operadores de Call Center trabalha em espaço aberto, com colegas, o que potencia a exposição ao ruído. Quanto mais elevado este for, mais alto é colocado o som do equipamento, para conseguir ouvir a chamada. A suscetibilidade à perda de audição apresenta variabilidade individual e interação com algumas comorbidades (como tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e dislipidemia); bem como sexo e idade. A maioria dos operadores de Call Center ouve bem; apesar de mencionarem dificuldade em perceber as palavras com o ruído ambiente e zumbido. Discussão e Conclusões: Ainda que seja bastante frequente estes trabalhadores referirem, durante as consultas de Medicina do Trabalho, queixas que associam ao ruido global (com destaque pelo produzido pelos Headsets); na realidade, a bibliografia sobre o tema é escassa e pouco robusta. Ainda assim, nela estão descritas algumas indicações muito sumárias para tentar minorar os danos e potenciar o bem-estar, satisfação e produtividade dos profissionais que usam este tipo de equipamento. Seria interessante investigar um pouco melhor o assunto, perceber melhor o panorama nacional e divulgar tal em publicações científicas.

SUMMARY Introduction: The food sector includes a reasonable number of workers involved. Empirically, there is no doubt that this sector has work areas that by their nature involve a series of risk factors that can affect the health. Knowing and cataloguing these, in order to be able to draw up a preventive plan, is essential for the health of the worker (and the entity that employs him). This article aims to gather the main occupational risk factors/occupational risks, occupational diseases and recommended protective measures at kitchen workers. Methodology: This is a Scoping Review, initiated through a search carried out in the Medline database (via Pubmed), carried out during the month of November 2023, encompassing articles (in Portuguese and English), with the keywords "kitchen worker" and "occupational" in the title, with no time limit. The risk analysis tool "Online interactive risk assessment" of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work was used as a complement. Content: The main risk factors found are exposure to chemical agents (products used to clean facilities and/or fruit and vegetables, or by-products from cooking); ergonomic risks (maintained/forced postures; repetitive movements, manual handling of loads); accidents (falls at the same level or at different levels; handling of equipment/utensils that increase the risk of burns, cuts and/or amputations); contact with electrical equipment, noise, heat stress and psychosocial risks. The main occupational diseases refer to musculoskeletal, psychosocial or dermatological conditions. Each unit should, however, be evaluated individually, according to its intrinsic characteristics. Conclusions: The safety and health of kitchen workers are issues that deserve constant attention from employers, regulators and society at large. This article explored some of the main occupational hazards and listed the need for effective preventive measures. Reducing these risks is not only an ethical and legal responsibility, but a smart strategy to improve operational efficiency and quality of services, avoiding accidents, minimizing absenteeism, but also improving the productivity of companies. It would be pertinent to develop investigations that assess the national reality

RESUMO Introdução: O setor da alimentação coletiva inclui um número razoável de trabalhadores envolvidos. Empiricamente, não existem dúvidas de que este setor possui áreas de trabalho que pela sua natureza envolvem uma série de fatores de risco que podem afetar a saúde dos trabalhadores. Conhecer e catalogar os mesmos, de modo a poder elaborar um plano preventivo, é essencial para a saúde do trabalhador (e da entidade que o emprega). Este artigo objetiva reunir os principais fatores de risco/riscos ocupacionais, doenças profissionais associadas e medidas de proteção recomendadas. Metodologia: Trata-se de umaScoping Review, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada nas base de dados Medline (via Pubmed), realizada durante o mês de novembro de 2023, englobando artigos (em português e inglês), com as palavras-chave “kitchen worker” e “occupational” no título, sem limite temporal. Utilizou-se como complemento a ferramenta de análise de riscos “Online interactive risk assessment”, da Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho. Conteúdo: Os principais fatores de risco encontrados são exposição a agentes químicos (produtos na higienização das instalações e/ou hortofrutícolas, ou subprodutos derivados da confeção); riscos ergonómicos (posturas mantidas/ forçadas; movimentos repetitivos, manuseamento manual de cargas); riscos de acidentes (quedas ao mesmo nível ou a níveis diferentes; manuseamento de equipamentos/utensílios que aumentem o risco de queimaduras, cortes e/ou amputações); contato com equipamentos elétricos, ruído, stress térmico e riscos psicossociais. As principais doenças profissionais referem-se a condições musculoesqueléticas, psicossociais ou dermatológicas. Cada unidade deverá, no entanto, ser avaliada individualmente, mediante as suas caraterísticas intrínsecas. Conclusões: A segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores das unidades de alimentação coletiva são questões que merecem atenção constante dos Empregadores, reguladores e da sociedade em geral. Este artigo explorou alguns dos principais riscos ocupacionais e listou a necessidade de medidas preventivas eficazes. A redução destes riscos não é apenas uma responsabilidade ética e legal, mas uma estratégia inteligente para melhorar a eficiência operacional e a qualidade dos serviços, evitando acidentes, minimizando o absentismo, mas também melhorando a produtividade das empresas. Seria pertinente desenvolver investigações que avaliassem a realidade nacional.

ABSTRACT Introduction Throughout their academic and professional careers, orchestral musicians are exposed to environments that exhibit varying levels of sound pressure, whether it be through individual work with their instrument or exposure to the sound emanating from the orchestral ensemble in which they are incorporated. Exposure to high sound levels can be potentially damaging to the instrumentalist's hearing health. Objectives Frame the risk and potential consequences associated with exposure to noise by professional orchestra musicians considering the most recent research; contextualize preventive measures described in the literature; and present a summary of preventive measures to be proposed to employers, musical teaching establishments and professional musicians. Methods Integrative literature review, using the Population, Exposure and Outcome strategy. The literature search was carried out in b-on platform and on the website of “Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online”, with 20 articles being selected after applying the criteria defined in accordance with the objective of the present review, for a research period between 2013 and 2023. Results The level of daily exposure to noise by an orchestra musician can vary between 79 dB(A) and 111 dB(A), whether during individual daily practice of the instrument, rehearsals, or live concerts. The characteristics of the musical instrument played by the musician can increase the risk of consequences associated with noise, as well as variables associated with the musical piece worked on and the place where the musician will perform. Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the consequences most cited in the literature. Constructive/engineering, organizational and individual protection measures have been applied, which present advantages but also some potential disadvantages to the performance of orchestra musicians. Conclusion It is important that occupational health professionals initiate early intervention with orchestra musicians and collaborate with cultural institutions to implement individual and collective protection measures that are appropriate to the level of exposure to noise by instrumentalists.

RESUMO Introdução Ao longo da sua formação académica e carreira profissional, o músico de orquestra encontra-se exposto a ambientes com variados níveis de pressão sonora, seja no âmbito do trabalho individual com o seu instrumento, como na exposição ao som emitido pelo grupo orquestral onde se encontra inserido. A exposição a níveis sonoros elevados pode ser potencialmente prejudicial à saúde auditiva do instrumentista. Objetivos Enquadrar o risco e potenciais consequências associadas à exposição ao ruído por músicos de orquestra profissional à luz da investigação mais recente, contextualizar as medidas preventivas descritas pela literatura e apresentar uma síntese das mesmas a propor às instituições culturais, estabelecimentos de ensino musical e músicos profissionais. Metodologia Revisão integrativa da literatura, com utilização da estratégia Population, Exposure e Outcome. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi executada na plataforma b-on e no website da Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online, tendo sido selecionados 20 artigos após a aplicação dos critérios definidos de acordo com o objetivo da presente revisão, para um espaço temporal de pesquisa entre 2013 e 2023. Resultados O nível de exposição diária a ruído por um músico de orquestra pode variar entre 79 dB(A) e 111 dB(A), seja durante a prática diária individual do instrumento, ensaios ou concertos ao vivo. As características do instrumento musical utilizado pelo músico pode incrementar o risco de consequências associadas ao ruído, assim como variáveis associadas à peça musical trabalhada e ao local onde o músico desempenhará a sua performance. A perda auditiva induzida pelo ruído é das consequências mais referenciadas pela literatura. Têm sido aplicadas medidas construtivas/engenharia, organizacionais e de proteção individual, as quais apresentam vantagens, mas também algumas potenciais desvantagens em relação ao desempenho. Conclusão Será relevante que os profissionais da saúde ocupacional intervenham precocemente junto dos músicos de orquestra, assim como colaborem com as instituições culturais na implementação das medidas de proteção individual e coletiva adequadas ao nível de exposição ao ruído.