ABSTRACT Organic fertilization with tobacco powder compost produced via solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a recent practice that needs to be evaluated through research. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two nitrogen sources – tobacco powder compost or mineral fertilizer (NPK) – and of compost doses on N use and loss in an immediate and residual way in a wheat/corn crop succession in a subtropical Argissolo. The wheat/corn crop succession was established after three successive fertilizer applications with different doses of the compost and of NPK. The following treatments were evaluated: control without application of the compost or mineral fertilizer (C0); mineral fertilization (NPK); and three doses of tobacco powder compost calculated to supply half (C50), the same amount (C100), and double (C200) the N applied via mineral NPK fertilization. To evaluate the residual effect of the fertilizer applications, the C50, C100, C200, and NPK treatments gave rise to additional treatments that did not receive more fertilization: rC50, rC100, rC200, and rNPK, respectively. The C0 generated an additional treatment that came to receive compost, identified as C0-C100. Yield and N accumulation in the aerial part of wheat and corn and N2O emission were evaluated throughout the two crop periods. Compost, in comparison to NPK, maintained the grain yield of wheat (3.0 vs2.5 Mg ha-1) and of corn (10.2 vs 9.5 Mg ha-1) and increased N accumulation in the wheat plants (96 vs 68 kg ha-1) and corn plants (191 vs 164 kg ha-1). Compost increased cumulative N2O emissions by up to three times compared to NPK (6.84 vs 1.93 kg N-N2O ha1 yr1). Increasing the compost dose increased cumulative N2O emissions by 52 % (9.36 vs 6.16 ha-1 yr-1); however, it did not change the emission factor (EF) of N2O, the yield-scaled emission, or N use efficiency. The compost residual effect increased wheat yield up to 93 % and corn yield up to 102 %, whereas no residual effect was observed from NPK. Compost applied on the previous crops did not affect N2O emissions in wheat or in corn; consequently, a residual effect did not impact the EF of N2O. Therefore, tobacco powder compost has the potential to replace mineral fertilization in wheat and in corn. Considering its residual effect is an important strategy to optimize its use and mitigate N2O emissions to the atmosphere.

Abstract In the production of kale, nitrogen is one of the nutrients that the plant needs in greater quantity. Its application must be divided throughout the cycle, due to the loss by leaching. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of splitting organic fertilizers in topdressing on the production of kale. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replications, with seven treatments being evaluated in a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial scheme, the first factor was the fertilizers (castor bean cake and bokashi) and the second the application intervals (7; 14 and 21 days), in addition to the control without topdressing fertilization. The amount of each fertilizer was calculated to provide the same dose of N (40 kg ha-1) every 21 days. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves per plant (NLP), leaf fresh matter mass (LFMM), leaf length at the beginning (LLB), middle (LLMe) and end (LLE) of the cycle and “SPAD” index. There was no interaction between the factors, for any characteristic evaluated. For all traits, the values observed in control was lower than treatments with topdressing. The increases of treatments of factorial in relation to the control were 37.8% (plant height); 31.8% (SD); 157.1% (NLP); 213.5% (MLFMM); 7.6% (LLB); 80.2% (LLMe) and 126.6% for the “SPAD” index. It is recommended to use castor bean cake and split it every 21 days as it results in less labor for application.

ABSTRACT Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are essential elements with a fundamental role in biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Vitamins such as thiamine, despite being required in small quantities, influence plant growth. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of different doses of thiamine applied as seed treatment, combined or not with Co and Mo, in enhancing the development of soybean crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse according to a randomized block design with a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising six thiamine doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) in the presence or absence of Co and Mo at the recommended rate of 100 mL ha-1. At 40 days after sowing, plants were analyzed for root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. Principal component analysis showed that combined application of Co and Mo with thiamine was negatively associated with all variables and that the thiamine doses most positively associated with the analyzed variables were 50 and 200 mg kg-1. In treatments containing thiamine alone, there was a linear direct relationship between thiamine dose and nodule dry weight. Root and shoot lengths and dry weights were highest in plants treated with thiamine only at a dose of 122 mg kg-1. Application of Co and Mo combined with thiamine via seed treatment does not promote the development of soybean crops. Thiamine application is a promising treatment to increase shoot length, root dry weight, and nodule dry weight in soybean. (Co (Mo legumes quantities growth crops arrangement 0, 0 (0 10 25 20 kg1 kg 1 kg-1 ha1. ha1 ha 1. ha-1 4 sowing length number 5 kg1. alone 12 ( kg- ha-

Abstract Broccoli is a non-traditional export crop for Ecuador. This study used the response surface methodology to optimize the fertilization of hybrid broccoli, Avenger. The research was conducted at Hacienda Las Mercedes, Cotopaxi province, Ecuador, at 2,913 meters above sea level. We evaluated the response of broccoli to different doses of N-P-K (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium), with five levels ranging from 0 to 300 kg ha-1 of N, 0 to 70 kg ha-1 of P, and 0 to 180 kg ha-1 of K, along with one treatment without fertilization. The experimental design was a Central Composite Rotable Design (CCRD) 3K+1 with four replicates. The variables evaluated included plant height, compactness, equatorial diameter, and head yield. The results showed that: i) the greatest plant height (59.90 cm) was obtained with T13 (150 kg ha-1 N, 70 kg ha-1 P, 90 kg ha-. K); ii) the highest head compactness (1.12 kg cm-2) was found with T11 (300 kg ha-1 N, 35 kg ha-1 P, 90 kg ha-1 K); iii) the best equatorial diameter (197.80 mm) and yield (25.25 t ha-1) were achieved with T8 (239 kg ha-1 N, 56 kg ha-1 P, 144 kg ha-1 K); and iv) the response surface model suggested an optimal dose of 178 kg ha-1 N, 70 kg ha-1 P, and 25 kg ha-1 K for a yield of 26.5 t ha-1. We can conclude that the model adequately fits the crop yield.

Resumen El brócoli es un cultivo no tradicional de exportación para Ecuador. Este estudio utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta para optimizar la fertilización de brócoli híbrido Avenger. La investigación se llevó a cabo en la hacienda Las Mercedes, provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador, a una altitud de 2.913 m s. n. m. Se evaluó la respuesta del brócoli a diferentes dosis de N-P-K (nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio) con cinco niveles de dosis crecientes desde 0 a 300 kg ha-1 de N, 0 a 70 kg ha-1 de P y 0 a 180 kg ha-1 de K, y un tratamiento sin fertilización. El diseño experimental fue un compuesto central rotable (DCCR) 3K+1 con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas incluyeron la altura de la planta, compactación, diámetro ecuatorial y rendimiento de la pella. Los resultados mostraron que: i) la más grande altura de la planta (59,90 cm) se obtuvo con T13 (150 kg ha-1 N, 70 kg ha-1 P, 90 kg ha-1 K); ii) la mayor compactación de la pella (1,12 kg cm-2) se encontró con T11 (300 kg ha-1 N, 35 kg ha-1 P, 90 kg ha-1 K); iii) el mejor diámetro ecuatorial (197,80 mm) y rendimiento (25,25 t ha-1) se lograron con T8 (239 kg ha-1 N, 56 kg ha-1 P, 144 kg ha-1 K); y iv) el modelo de superficie de respuesta sugirió una dosis óptima de 178 kg ha-1 N, 70 kg ha-1 P y 25 kg ha-1 K para un rendimiento de 26,5 t ha-1. En conclusión, el modelo ajusta de manera aceptable el rendimiento del cultivo.

Resumen El estudio se realizó en el distrito de Juan Guerra, provincia y región de San Martín, Perú; se evaluaron dos conjuntos de tratamientos: (1) dosis de fertilizante nitrogenado (FN75, FN100); (2) abono verde Crotalaria juncea (CroJ), Canavalia ensiformis (CanE), y sin abono verde. Se dispuso en un diseño de parcela dividida con cuatro repeticiones. Durante el experimento observamos una fluctuación importante en los parámetros del suelo. Notablemente, hubo un decremento en los niveles de carbono y nitrógeno del suelo, comúnmente atribuidos al metabolismo microbiano. Por otra parte, observamos que CanE redujo significativamente los macollos enfermos por el “Virus de la Hoja Blanca” (RHBV) en un 2,82% en comparación con el control, y CroJ logró una fertilidad de panícula significativa (91,88%). No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en los rendimientos durante esta primera campaña; sin embargo, el mayor rendimiento reportado fue 8,36 t ha-1 con el tratamiento CanE - FN100. Además, la calidad nutricional del arroz no se vio alterada por los abonos verdes o la fertilización química nitrogenada. Estos alcances permiten ahondar en los estudios para considerar alternativas estratégicas para disminuir la dependencia de los fertilizantes inorgánicos por las comunidades más pobres.

Abstract The study was conducted in Juan Guerra district, province and region of San Martin, Peru; it assessed two treatment sets: (1) nitrogen fertilizer dose (FN75, FN100); (2) green manure Crotalaria juncea (CroJ), Canavalia ensiformis (CanE), and without green manure. It was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. During the experiment, we observed an important fluctuation in soil parameters. Notably, there was a decrease in soil carbon and nitrogen levels, likely attributed to microorganism metabolism. On the other hand, we observed that CanE significantly reduced the diseased tillers through “White Leaf Virus” (RHBV) by 2.82% compared to the control, and significant panicle fertility was achieved by CroJ (91.88%). No significant differences were obtained in yields during this first campaign; however, the highest reported yield was 8.36 t ha-1 with the CanE - FN100 treatment. Additionally, the nutritional quality of the rice was not affected by either green manuring or the application of chemical nitrogen fertilization. These findings allow deeper studies to consider strategic alternatives to reducing dependency on inorganic fertilizers among the poorest communities.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la inoculación y co-inoculación de rizobios y Azospirillum brasilense combinados con sustancias húmicas (SH) en la promoción del crecimiento de Phaseolus lunatus (frijol lima) y Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena). Para ello se realizaron experimentos en invernadero con el cultivo de cada especie vegetal. Se siguió un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cinco repeticiones. Se sembraron las semillas de plantas y luego se inocularon con rizobios y se coinocularon con A. brasilense. Posteriormente se agregaron SH con la dosis recomendada por el fabricante. En los experimentos con ambas plantas se utilizaron tratamientos control con adición de nitrógeno (N) con o sin SH. Después de 45 días, se determinó la masa seca de la parte aérea (MSPA), la masa seca de la raíz (MSR), el N acumulado en la parte aérea (Nac) y el índice de eficiencia relativa (IER). Además, se determinó la masa de nódulos secos (MNS) y en las plantas de leucaena el número de nódulos (NN). Los resultados mostraron que en las plantas de frijol lima y leucaena hubo un mayor aumento de MSPA, MSR y Nac en los tratamientos que recibieron SH y co-inoculación con rizobios y A. brasilense que en los tratamientos que fueron inoculados solo con rizobios y SH, y en tratamientos que recibieron N y SH en comparación con la adición de N y la inoculación aislada de rizobios. La aplicación combinada de SH y rizobios en co-inoculación con A. brasilense tuvo un mayor efecto en el aumento de MNS en frijol lima y NN en leucaena, seguido de los tratamientos donde solo se agregaron rizobios con SH. Estos resultados indican la existencia de una interacción potencial del uso de SH con la co-inoculación de rizobios y A. brasilense, lo que resulta prometedor para la producción de cultivos agrícolas sostenibles.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of rhizobia and Azospirillum brasilense combined with humic substances (HS) in growth promotion of Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) and Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena). For this, experiments in a greenhouse with the cultivation of each plant species were carried out. A randomized complete block experimental design with five repetitions was followed. Plant seeds were sown and then inoculated with rhizobia and co-inoculated with A. brasilense. Subsequently, HS were added at the dose recommended by the manufacturer. In the experiments with both plants, control treatments with the addition of nitrogen (N) with or without HS were used. After 45 days, the shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), shoot-accumulated N (Nac) and relative efficiency index (REI) were determined. In addition, the mass of dry nodules (MDN) in the lima bean plants and the number of nodules (NN) in leucaena plants were determined. The results showed that in the lima bean and leucaena plants there was a greater increase in SDM, RDM and Nac in treatments that received HS and co-inoculation with rhizobia and A. brasilense than in treatments that were inoculated only with rhizobia and HS and in treatments that received N and HS compared to addition of N and isolated inoculation of rhizobia. The combined application of HS and rhizobia in co-inoculation with A. brasilense had a greater effect on the increase of MDN in lima bean and NN in leucaena, than in treatments where only rhizobia with HS were added. These results indicate the existence of potential interaction of the use of HS with the co-inoculation of rhizobia and A. brasilense, showing promise for the production of sustainable agricultural crops.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la respiración de la población microbiana asociada a la rizosfera de Saccharum officinarum L. En experimento de larga duración, Umln_6, plantado con Saccharum officinarum L., y seis niveles de nitrógeno, ubicado en la provincia Santiago de Cuba. Se determinó la respiración microbiana, mediante valoraciones químicas en medio cerrado, el rendimiento agrícola y la interacción con variables químicas y meteorológicas del ecosistema. Los datos se procesaron por análisis de varianza factorial, modelo AMMI y ACP. La variable respiratoria tuvo un comportamiento diferencial para los niveles de N aplicados y la fenología del cultivo, además de la influencia de estos factores sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo que alcanza su valor máximo con una dosis promedio de N, de 100.6 kg.ha-1. Los resultados indican que la evaluación de las interacciones caña de azúcar-microorganismos del suelo puede ser útil para un mejor manejo de la fertilización nitrogenada.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the respiration of the microbial population associated with the rhizosphere of Saccharum officinarum L. The quantities of soil microorganisms as an expression of its quality, allow establishing relationships with its chemical properties, by determining microbial respiration. In a long-term experiment, Umln_6, planted with Saccharum officinarum L., and six levels of nitrogen, planted in Santiago of Cuba province. The microbial respiration was determined through chemical assessments in a closed environment, agricultural yield and the interaction with chemical and meteorological variables of the ecosystem. The data were processed by factorial variance analysis, AMMI model and PCA. The respiratory variable had a differential behavior for the levels of N applied and the phenology of the crop, in addition to the influence of these factors on the chemical properties of the soil that reaches its maximum value with an average dose of N, of 100.6 kg.ha-1. The results indicate that the evaluation of sugarcane-soil microorganism interactions can be useful for better management of nitrogen fertilization.

Resumen Recientemente se ha incrementado el costo de los fertilizantes, lo que afecta la producción de semilla de trigo (Triticum aestivum L), por ello es importante optimizar recursos dentro de los sistemas de producción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (DN) adecuada para la producción de semilla de trigo, así como su efecto sobre calidad fisiológica de semilla en la región de El Bajío en México. En el ciclo agrícola otoño-invierno 2017-2018 se evaluó la variedad Urbina S2007 en seis localidades de los estados de Guanajuato y Michoacán, México, en combinación con las DN de 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 y 300 kg ha-1. Las variables medidas en campo fueron rendimiento (t ha-1), granos por espiga y espigas por metro cuadrado. En laboratorio se evaluó el vigor de semilla, germinación estándar (%) y longitud de plúmula (cm), como parte de la calidad fisiológica de semilla. Se realizó análisis de varianza combinado a través de localidades en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. El efecto de las DN generó el 70 % de la variabilidad total observada en rendimiento, mientras que una situación diferente se observó en vigor y germinación, donde las localidades aportaron más del 88 % de la variabilidad. El rendimiento y calidad fisiológica de semilla se incrementaron en función de la DN; sin embargo, se observó un punto de inflexión a los 240 kg de N ha-1, lo que sugiere que la aplicación de 240 kg de N ha-1 es la dosis óptima para mejorar el rendimiento de semilla sin deterioro de su calidad fisiológica.

Summary Recently, the cost of fertilizers has increased, which affect the production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed, so it is important to optimize resources within production systems. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate dose of nitrogen fertilization (DN) for wheat seed production, as well as its effect on physiological seed quality in the Bajio region of Mexico. In the Autumn-Winter 2017-2018 agricultural cycle the Urbina S2007 variety was evaluated at six locations in the states of Guanajuato and Michoacan, Mexico, in combination with DN of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1. The traits measured in the field were yield (t ha-1), grains per spike and spikes per square meter. In the laboratory, seed vigor, standard germination (%) and plumule length (cm) were evaluated as part of the physiological seed quality. Combined analysis of variance across localities was performed under a randomized complete block design. The effect of DN generated 70 % of the total variability observed in yield, but a different situation was observed in vigor and germination, where localities contributed more than 88% of the variability. Yield and physiological quality of seed increased as a function of DN; however, a turning point was observed at 240 kg N ha-1, suggesting that the application of 240 kg of N ha-1 is the optimal dose to improve seed yield without deterioration of its physiological quality.

ABSTRACT Due to the smaller size of berries plants and some vegetables, their production in containers has grown worldwide. To understand the effect of increasing doses of ammoniacal N, we evaluated production, firmness and size of fruits and concentration of macronutrients in leaves of four blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars (Duke, Legacy, Cargo, and Suziblue) in south central Chile. All were grown in pots with substrate during their third growing season. The results showed an interaction of ammoniacal N dose with blueberry cultivar in most of the parameters evaluated, except for firmness and size of fruits. The increasing dose of ammoniacal N allowed higher production per plant in only two of the four cultivars without effects on the quality attributes firmness and size of fruits. Differences in production per plant and fruit firmness were obtained between cultivars, with production values per plant between 86-210, 142-219, 195-203, and 504-979 g in ʻDukeʼ, ʻLegacyʼ, ʻCargoʼ, and ʻSuziblueʼ, respectively, and greater fruit firmness in ʻSuziblueʼ. The concentrations of macronutrients in leaves showed interactions between cultivar and doses of ammoniacal N, which did not allow obtaining a single dose of ammoniacal N that generate nutritional concentration values in leaves associated with greater fruit production in the four blueberry cultivars.

A comprehensive field investigation was conducted to enhance the productivity, profitability, and water use efficiency (WUE) of summer okra through the optimization of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application. The study involved 3 irrigation levels -0.75 Epan (pan evaporation) as I1, 1.00 Epan as I2, and 1.25 Epan as I3- as the main plot factors, and 4 nitrogen concentrations - 75% recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) as N1, 100% RDN as N2, 125% RDN as N3, and 150% RDN as N4- as the subplot variables. The results of the study revealed a significant influence of irrigation and nitrogen levels on various key parameters. Above-ground dry matter, yield, plant height, WUE, net returns, and benefit-to-cost ratio (B:C) exhibited an incremental trend with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels, up to a certain threshold. Beyond this threshold, further increments in irrigation and nitrogen led to diminishing returns. The models developed for estimating crop yield, above-ground drv matter, plant height, WUE, net returns, and B:C demonstrated impressive accuracy, with high coefficients of determination (R²) and satisfactory precision. The optimized irrigation level (crop evapotranspiration, ET C) ranged from 418.39-441.23 mm. At the same time, the ideal nitrogen application rate was found to be in the range of 167.04-176.13 kg N/ha. These optimal conditions resulted in peak crop yield of 28 295 kg/ha, above-ground dry matter of 6 709.1 kg/ha, plant height of 66.3 cm, WUE of 5.26 kg/m³, B:C of 4.54, and net returns amounting to 441 133 INR/ha. In conclusion, the application of response surface methodology facilitated the identification of the impact of each factor on individual responses, as well as the determination of optimal conditions that simultaneously maximize multiple desirable outcomes. These findings hold significant promise for improving the cultivation of summer okra while optimizing resource use and economic returns.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y 0 ) and the disease progress rate (r), the Exponential, Gompertz, and Logistic models were employed based on temporal data. The study was designed as a randomized complete block with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (fertilizer type x dose), and mean comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). It was found that disease intensity within each canopy level varied in response to the type of nitrogen source and the applied dose, with the severity of the disease (including the area under the disease progress curve) being particularly influenced. A significant interaction between the type of fertilizer and the dose regarding the intensity of Cercospora leaf spot was observed. The Exponential model most accurately depicted the disease's temporal progression. Notably, poultry manure and urea were the fertilizers that most adversely influenced the intensity and initial inoculum (Y 0 ) of Cercospora leaf spot across the various canopies of the cotton plants. The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizers in cotton cultivation could represent a viable sustainable management strategy.

ABSTRACT: The use of nitrogen (N) in pastoral ecosystems leads to increased productivity, as it allows the plant to elongate its leaves and, therefore, grazing herbivores harvest the green leaves. However, there are very volatile N sources, which can be replaced by ammonium nitrate, which is less volatile and less dependent on the application in rainy days. The treatments are compound of Marandu palisade grass pastures managed under continuous stocking at a canopy height of 25 cm, with different levels of N fertilizer: 0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1year-1, as ammonium nitrate (32% of N), with four replicates (pastures) in a completely randomized design. Nitrogen uptake (54.9, 96.5, 113.8 kg N ha-1) and N nutrition index (0.67, 0.98, 1.15) were different between N level, respectively, 0, 75 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1. The N recovery (58.3, 40.9 %) differed between 75 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. The dose of 75 kg N kg ha-1 year-1 results in better N utilization, while the dose of 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 enables greater stocking rate; therefore, requiring less grazing area.

RESUMO: O uso de nitrogênio (N) em ecossistemas pastoris leva ao aumento da produtividade, pois permite que a planta alongue suas folhas e, portanto, os herbívoros colham as folhas verdes. Porém, existem fontes de nitrogênio muito voláteis, que devem ser substituídas por nitrato de amônio, que é menos volátil e menos dependente da aplicação em dias chuvosos. Os tratamentos foram compostos por pastagens de capim-marandu, manejadas sob lotação contínua, na altura do dossel a 25 cm, com diferentes doses de N: 0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1, na forma de nitrato de amônio (32% de N), com quatro repetições (piquetes), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A absorção de nitrogênio (54,9; 96,5; 113,8 kg N ha-1) e o índice nutricional de N (0,67; 0,98; 1,15) foram diferentes entre as doses de N, respectivamente, 0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1. A recuperação de N (58,3; 40,9%) diferiu entre 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A dose de 75 kg N kg ha-1 ano-1 resultou em melhor aproveitamento do N, enquanto a dose de 150 kg N ha-1 ano-1 possibilita maior taxa de lotação; portanto, exigindo menos área de pastagem.

ABSTRACT Using of traditional fertilizers to enhance plant productivity extensively causes nutrient loss and environmental hazards. Urea-coated fertilizers are expected to balance the riddle between soil fertility and plant productivity. This study aimed to optimize grain yield prediction based on plant type, soil type, and coated urea levels through the Design Expert Model. Experimental investigations were carried out using sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) plants across multiple winter/summer seasons (2019/2020-2020/2021) in a split-plot design. The main plots represented sandy, loamy, and clayey soils, and subgroups (T1, T2, T3) denoted urea, SCU, and UF, respectively, at recommended nitrogen doses. The central composite face-centered (CCFC) model explained 89 % of the total variability, highlighting the optimal 100 % coated urea dose for maximum grain yield. The application of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) enhanced soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) availability, dehydrogenase (DHA), and urease activities. The N-coated fertilizers positively correlated with soil fertility and soil microbial biomass (SMB), organic matter (OM), grain yield, and microbial population. The highest wheat and maize yields were observed with SCU application in clayey soil. The principal component analysis (PCA) reinforced the positive correlations between SMB, OM, DHA, and urease, emphasizing their significance in grain and straw yield. Consequently, the application of SCU as a slow-release fertilizer for sulfur and nitrogen nutrients proved beneficial in improving soil characteristics and enhancing plant productivity. hazards Ureacoated Urea type Model sulfurcoated (SCU ureaformaldehyde formaldehyde UF (UF L. L wintersummer winter summer 2019/20202020/2021 2019202020202021 2019/2020 2020/2021 2019 2020 2021 (2019/2020-2020/2021 splitplot split plot design sandy loamy soils T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T3 respectively doses facecentered face centered CCFC (CCFC 8 variability 10 pH EC, EC , (EC) N, N (N) P, P (P) K (K availability DHA (DHA) activities Ncoated SMB (SMB) OM (OM) population PCA (PCA Consequently slowrelease slow release 20202020 2019/20202020/202 201920202020202 20192020 2019/202 20202021 2020/202 201 202 (2019/2020-2020/202 (T 1 (EC (N (P (DHA (SMB (OM 2020202 2019/20202020/20 20192020202020 2019202 2019/20 2020/20 20 (2019/2020-2020/20 202020 2019/20202020/2 2019202020202 201920 2019/2 2020/2 2 (2019/2020-2020/2 20202 2019/20202020/ 201920202020 20192 2019/ 2020/ (2019/2020-2020/ 2019/20202020 20192020202 (2019/2020-2020 2019/2020202 2019202020 (2019/2020-202 2019/202020 201920202 (2019/2020-20 2019/20202 (2019/2020-2 (2019/2020- (2019/2020 (2019/202 (2019/20 (2019/2 (2019/ (2019 (201 (20 (2

Abstract India in today’s scenario is implementing an agroecologically based, diversified agricultural system that includes functional biodiversity along with crops, trees and livestock. Therefore, advocating natural farming, an agroecologically based diverse farming system that includes crops, trees and animals as well as functional biodiversity. It is primarily focused on the recycling of biomass inside the farm, with a focus on the use of formulations made on the farm from cow dung and urine (Jeevamrit & Ghanjeevamrit) and the elimination of all synthetic chemical inputs. It aims to lessen smallholder farmers' reliance on inputs that must be purchased as well as their credit load. With all of these facts in mind, this study investigated how the application of bioorganic nutrient sources like Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit used in natural farming system affected the crop performance in strawberry grown under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Farmyard manure, freshly prepared Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit was used for manuring in twelve different treatment combinations replicated thrice planned on the basis of recommended dose of nitrogen. The nitrogen content in bioorganic nutrient sources like Jeevamrit (1.71%) and Ghanjeevamrit (1.68%) was analyzed before application. Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit treatments significantly increased plant growth, flowering, fruit yield and fruit quality. The findings indicated that application of treatment combination T4 (100% RDN through Jeevamrit + Ghanjeevamrit in the ratio of 1:1) resulted in better effects on strawberry plant growth, fruit quality and yield (17.50 tonnes/ha) as compared to the recommended practices. todays today s crops livestock Therefore farmers load mind Pradesh manure 1.71% 171 1 71 (1.71% 1.68% 168 68 (1.68% growth flowering T 100% 100 (100 11 1:1 17.50 1750 17 50 (17.5 tonnes/ha tonnesha tonnes ha practices 1.71 7 (1.71 1.68 16 6 (1.68 10 (10 1: 17.5 175 5 (17. 1.7 (1.7 1.6 (1.6 (1 17. (17 1. (1. (

Resumo: Fungos do gênero Trichoderma spp têm sido relacionados à produção de hormônios ou correlacionados a fatores de crescimento, proporcionando maior eficiência no uso de alguns nutrientes, assim, permitindo uma maior disponibilidade e absorção pelas plantas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se determinar a dose do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro e a eficiência do Trichoderma harzianum no crescimento inicial e qualidade morfofisiológica em mudas de Mezilaurus itauba na Amazônia setentrional. A dose de 50% do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro (FORCup) com Trichoderma harzianum promove melhor qualidade e robustez nas mudas de M. itauba. A presença de Trichoderma harzianum + 50% do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro (FORCup) promove ganhos positivos na biomassa de raiz das mudas de M. itauba. A presença de Trichoderma harzianum promove incremento no conteúdo de clorofilas a e b em mudas de M. itauba. Para produção de mudas de M. itauba indica-se o uso Trichoderma harzianum + 50% do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro (FORCup), pois promove incremento positivo para todos índices fisiológicos e morfológicos nas condições da presente pesquisa. Resumo nutrientes assim plantas sentido objetivouse objetivou se setentrional 50 FORCup (FORCup M indicase indica FORCup, , pesquisa 5

Abstract Fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp have been related to the production of hormones or correlated with growth factors, promoting greater efficiency in the use of some nutrients, thus allowing greater availability and absorption by plants. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the dose of organomineral fertilizer from cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) residues and the efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum on the initial growth and morphophysiological quality of Mezilaurus itauba seedlings in the northern Amazon. Dose of 50% of the organomineral fertilizer from cupuaçu residues (ORFCup) with Trichoderma harzianum promotes better quality and robustness in Mezilaurus itauba seedlings. The presence of Trichoderma harzianum + 50% ORFCup promotes positive gains in the root biomass of Mezilaurus itauba seedlings. The presence of Trichoderma harzianum promotes an increase in chlorophylls a and b contents in Mezilaurus itauba seedlings. For the production of Mezilaurus itauba seedlings, it is recommended to use Trichoderma harzianum + 50% ORFCup, as it promoted increments in all physiological and morphological indices under the conditions of the present study. factors nutrients plants context Theobroma grandiflorum Amazon 50 (ORFCup 5