ABSTRACT Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are essential elements with a fundamental role in biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Vitamins such as thiamine, despite being required in small quantities, influence plant growth. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of different doses of thiamine applied as seed treatment, combined or not with Co and Mo, in enhancing the development of soybean crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse according to a randomized block design with a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising six thiamine doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) in the presence or absence of Co and Mo at the recommended rate of 100 mL ha-1. At 40 days after sowing, plants were analyzed for root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. Principal component analysis showed that combined application of Co and Mo with thiamine was negatively associated with all variables and that the thiamine doses most positively associated with the analyzed variables were 50 and 200 mg kg-1. In treatments containing thiamine alone, there was a linear direct relationship between thiamine dose and nodule dry weight. Root and shoot lengths and dry weights were highest in plants treated with thiamine only at a dose of 122 mg kg-1. Application of Co and Mo combined with thiamine via seed treatment does not promote the development of soybean crops. Thiamine application is a promising treatment to increase shoot length, root dry weight, and nodule dry weight in soybean. (Co (Mo legumes quantities growth crops arrangement 0, 0 (0 10 25 20 kg1 kg 1 kg-1 ha1. ha1 ha 1. ha-1 4 sowing length number 5 kg1. alone 12 ( kg- ha-

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of rhizobia and Azospirillum brasilense combined with humic substances (HS) in growth promotion of Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) and Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena). For this, experiments in a greenhouse with the cultivation of each plant species were carried out. A randomized complete block experimental design with five repetitions was followed. Plant seeds were sown and then inoculated with rhizobia and co-inoculated with A. brasilense. Subsequently, HS were added at the dose recommended by the manufacturer. In the experiments with both plants, control treatments with the addition of nitrogen (N) with or without HS were used. After 45 days, the shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), shoot-accumulated N (Nac) and relative efficiency index (REI) were determined. In addition, the mass of dry nodules (MDN) in the lima bean plants and the number of nodules (NN) in leucaena plants were determined. The results showed that in the lima bean and leucaena plants there was a greater increase in SDM, RDM and Nac in treatments that received HS and co-inoculation with rhizobia and A. brasilense than in treatments that were inoculated only with rhizobia and HS and in treatments that received N and HS compared to addition of N and isolated inoculation of rhizobia. The combined application of HS and rhizobia in co-inoculation with A. brasilense had a greater effect on the increase of MDN in lima bean and NN in leucaena, than in treatments where only rhizobia with HS were added. These results indicate the existence of potential interaction of the use of HS with the co-inoculation of rhizobia and A. brasilense, showing promise for the production of sustainable agricultural crops.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la inoculación y co-inoculación de rizobios y Azospirillum brasilense combinados con sustancias húmicas (SH) en la promoción del crecimiento de Phaseolus lunatus (frijol lima) y Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena). Para ello se realizaron experimentos en invernadero con el cultivo de cada especie vegetal. Se siguió un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cinco repeticiones. Se sembraron las semillas de plantas y luego se inocularon con rizobios y se coinocularon con A. brasilense. Posteriormente se agregaron SH con la dosis recomendada por el fabricante. En los experimentos con ambas plantas se utilizaron tratamientos control con adición de nitrógeno (N) con o sin SH. Después de 45 días, se determinó la masa seca de la parte aérea (MSPA), la masa seca de la raíz (MSR), el N acumulado en la parte aérea (Nac) y el índice de eficiencia relativa (IER). Además, se determinó la masa de nódulos secos (MNS) y en las plantas de leucaena el número de nódulos (NN). Los resultados mostraron que en las plantas de frijol lima y leucaena hubo un mayor aumento de MSPA, MSR y Nac en los tratamientos que recibieron SH y co-inoculación con rizobios y A. brasilense que en los tratamientos que fueron inoculados solo con rizobios y SH, y en tratamientos que recibieron N y SH en comparación con la adición de N y la inoculación aislada de rizobios. La aplicación combinada de SH y rizobios en co-inoculación con A. brasilense tuvo un mayor efecto en el aumento de MNS en frijol lima y NN en leucaena, seguido de los tratamientos donde solo se agregaron rizobios con SH. Estos resultados indican la existencia de una interacción potencial del uso de SH con la co-inoculación de rizobios y A. brasilense, lo que resulta prometedor para la producción de cultivos agrícolas sostenibles.

ABSTRACT Due to the smaller size of berries plants and some vegetables, their production in containers has grown worldwide. To understand the effect of increasing doses of ammoniacal N, we evaluated production, firmness and size of fruits and concentration of macronutrients in leaves of four blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars (Duke, Legacy, Cargo, and Suziblue) in south central Chile. All were grown in pots with substrate during their third growing season. The results showed an interaction of ammoniacal N dose with blueberry cultivar in most of the parameters evaluated, except for firmness and size of fruits. The increasing dose of ammoniacal N allowed higher production per plant in only two of the four cultivars without effects on the quality attributes firmness and size of fruits. Differences in production per plant and fruit firmness were obtained between cultivars, with production values per plant between 86-210, 142-219, 195-203, and 504-979 g in ʻDukeʼ, ʻLegacyʼ, ʻCargoʼ, and ʻSuziblueʼ, respectively, and greater fruit firmness in ʻSuziblueʼ. The concentrations of macronutrients in leaves showed interactions between cultivar and doses of ammoniacal N, which did not allow obtaining a single dose of ammoniacal N that generate nutritional concentration values in leaves associated with greater fruit production in the four blueberry cultivars.

Resumen Recientemente se ha incrementado el costo de los fertilizantes, lo que afecta la producción de semilla de trigo (Triticum aestivum L), por ello es importante optimizar recursos dentro de los sistemas de producción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (DN) adecuada para la producción de semilla de trigo, así como su efecto sobre calidad fisiológica de semilla en la región de El Bajío en México. En el ciclo agrícola otoño-invierno 2017-2018 se evaluó la variedad Urbina S2007 en seis localidades de los estados de Guanajuato y Michoacán, México, en combinación con las DN de 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 y 300 kg ha-1. Las variables medidas en campo fueron rendimiento (t ha-1), granos por espiga y espigas por metro cuadrado. En laboratorio se evaluó el vigor de semilla, germinación estándar (%) y longitud de plúmula (cm), como parte de la calidad fisiológica de semilla. Se realizó análisis de varianza combinado a través de localidades en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. El efecto de las DN generó el 70 % de la variabilidad total observada en rendimiento, mientras que una situación diferente se observó en vigor y germinación, donde las localidades aportaron más del 88 % de la variabilidad. El rendimiento y calidad fisiológica de semilla se incrementaron en función de la DN; sin embargo, se observó un punto de inflexión a los 240 kg de N ha-1, lo que sugiere que la aplicación de 240 kg de N ha-1 es la dosis óptima para mejorar el rendimiento de semilla sin deterioro de su calidad fisiológica.

Summary Recently, the cost of fertilizers has increased, which affect the production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed, so it is important to optimize resources within production systems. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate dose of nitrogen fertilization (DN) for wheat seed production, as well as its effect on physiological seed quality in the Bajio region of Mexico. In the Autumn-Winter 2017-2018 agricultural cycle the Urbina S2007 variety was evaluated at six locations in the states of Guanajuato and Michoacan, Mexico, in combination with DN of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1. The traits measured in the field were yield (t ha-1), grains per spike and spikes per square meter. In the laboratory, seed vigor, standard germination (%) and plumule length (cm) were evaluated as part of the physiological seed quality. Combined analysis of variance across localities was performed under a randomized complete block design. The effect of DN generated 70 % of the total variability observed in yield, but a different situation was observed in vigor and germination, where localities contributed more than 88% of the variability. Yield and physiological quality of seed increased as a function of DN; however, a turning point was observed at 240 kg N ha-1, suggesting that the application of 240 kg of N ha-1 is the optimal dose to improve seed yield without deterioration of its physiological quality.

Abstract Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been cultivated for more than 7,000 years in the mountain regions (Andes Mountains) of South America. Five ecotypes differing in their phenology, morphology and stress resistance can be found. One of these ecotypes corresponds to the coastal ecotype, which is cultivated mainly in Chile. Little information is available regarding the response of this ecotype to nitrogen (N) fertilization. In the present study, three N fertilization doses (low: 30, adequate: 140 and high: 280 kg ha-1) were evaluated in plants grown in containers. Seed yield and quality attributes, including seed weight, nitrate content, germination, and seed longevity, were evaluated. These results indicate that increasing N fertilization promotes increases in seed yield and weight. In terms of seed quality, although the fertilization treatments did not affect germination, seed longevity was reduced by increasing the N fertilization dose.

Resumen La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) se cultiva desde hace más de 7.000 años en las zonas montañosas (Cordillera de Los Andes) de América del Sur. Existen cinco ecotipos que difieren en su fenología, morfología y resistencia al estrés. Uno de estos ecotipos corresponde al ecotipo de la costa, cultivado principalmente en Chile. Hay poca información disponible con respecto a la respuesta de este ecotipo a la fertilización con nitrógeno (N). En el presente estudio se evaluaron tres dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (baja: 30, adecuada: 140 y alta: 280 kg ha-1) en plantas de contenedor. Se evaluaron los atributos de rendimiento y calidad de la semilla, incluido el peso, el contenido de nitrato, la germinación y la longevidad. Los resultados indican que el aumento de la fertilización nitrogenada promueve el rendimiento y el peso de la semilla. En cuanto a los atributos de calidad de semilla, aunque los tratamientos de fertilización no afectaron la germinación, la longevidad de la semilla se redujo al aumentar las dosis de fertilización nitrogenada.

A comprehensive field investigation was conducted to enhance the productivity, profitability, and water use efficiency (WUE) of summer okra through the optimization of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application. The study involved 3 irrigation levels -0.75 Epan (pan evaporation) as I1, 1.00 Epan as I2, and 1.25 Epan as I3- as the main plot factors, and 4 nitrogen concentrations - 75% recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) as N1, 100% RDN as N2, 125% RDN as N3, and 150% RDN as N4- as the subplot variables. The results of the study revealed a significant influence of irrigation and nitrogen levels on various key parameters. Above-ground dry matter, yield, plant height, WUE, net returns, and benefit-to-cost ratio (B:C) exhibited an incremental trend with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels, up to a certain threshold. Beyond this threshold, further increments in irrigation and nitrogen led to diminishing returns. The models developed for estimating crop yield, above-ground drv matter, plant height, WUE, net returns, and B:C demonstrated impressive accuracy, with high coefficients of determination (R²) and satisfactory precision. The optimized irrigation level (crop evapotranspiration, ET C) ranged from 418.39-441.23 mm. At the same time, the ideal nitrogen application rate was found to be in the range of 167.04-176.13 kg N/ha. These optimal conditions resulted in peak crop yield of 28 295 kg/ha, above-ground dry matter of 6 709.1 kg/ha, plant height of 66.3 cm, WUE of 5.26 kg/m³, B:C of 4.54, and net returns amounting to 441 133 INR/ha. In conclusion, the application of response surface methodology facilitated the identification of the impact of each factor on individual responses, as well as the determination of optimal conditions that simultaneously maximize multiple desirable outcomes. These findings hold significant promise for improving the cultivation of summer okra while optimizing resource use and economic returns.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y 0 ) and the disease progress rate (r), the Exponential, Gompertz, and Logistic models were employed based on temporal data. The study was designed as a randomized complete block with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (fertilizer type x dose), and mean comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). It was found that disease intensity within each canopy level varied in response to the type of nitrogen source and the applied dose, with the severity of the disease (including the area under the disease progress curve) being particularly influenced. A significant interaction between the type of fertilizer and the dose regarding the intensity of Cercospora leaf spot was observed. The Exponential model most accurately depicted the disease's temporal progression. Notably, poultry manure and urea were the fertilizers that most adversely influenced the intensity and initial inoculum (Y 0 ) of Cercospora leaf spot across the various canopies of the cotton plants. The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizers in cotton cultivation could represent a viable sustainable management strategy.

ABSTRACT: In this study, we analyzed the hypothesis that the combination of Nitrospirillum amazonense strain BR11145 with biological fertilizer prepared using Microgeo® and native microbiome from location of the product application results in morphological and nutritional gains for the initial development of sugarcane plants and soil chemistry. For this purpose, pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings were grown in a greenhouse mesocosm experiment using soil amended with nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium fertilizer. The experimental treatments consisted of: 1) biological fertilizer with the addition of N. amazonense (100 mL ha-1), 2) biological fertilizer without the addition of N. amazonense, 3) inoculation with N. amazonense at a dose of 100 mL ha-1 with 2x108 viable cell mL-1, 4) inoculation with N. amazonense at a dose of 200 mL ha-1 with 2x108 viable cell mL-1, and 5) control, without the addition of biological fertilizer and N. amazonense. The biological fertilizer was applied at dose of 300 L ha-1, which was split at planting (200 L ha-1) and in the post-emergence phase (100 L ha-1). After 164 days of planting, it was detected an increase in leaf length +3, number of green leaves, leaf area and sulfur content in the leaves of sugarcane plants that received the biological fertilizer with the addition of N. amazonense. In conclusion, the combination of N. amazonense with biological fertilizer revealed positive effects through morphological and nutritional characteristics in sugarcane plants during their early stages of development when compared to plants grown only with the inoculation of N. amazonense, biological fertilizer or mineral fertilizers, with few notable positive effects on soil chemistry. ABSTRACT study BR BR1114 Microgeo chemistry purpose presprouted pre sprouted nitrogenphosphoruspotassium nitrogen phosphorus potassium 1 N (10 ha1, ha1 ha , 2 3 10 ha- x 2x10 mL1, mL1 1, mL-1 4 20 5 control 30 (20 postemergence post emergence ha1. . 16 +3 conclusion fertilizers BR111 (1 2x1 mL- (2 + BR11 ( 2x BR1

RESUMO: Neste estudo avaliou-se a hipótese de que a combinação de Nitrospirillum amazonense estirpe BR11145 com adubo biológico preparado com base em microbioma autóctone da localidade de aplicação do produto, produzido com Microgeo®, resulta em benefícios morfológicos e nutricionais para o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de cana-de-açúcar e para a química do solo. Para tanto, mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar foram crescidas em mesocosmos num experimento conduzido em casa-de-vegetação com solo enriquecido com fertilizante à base de nitrogênio/fósforo/potássio. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 1) adubo biológico acrescido de N. amazonense (100 mL ha-1), 2) adubo biológico sem o acréscimo de N. amazonense, 3) inoculação de N. amazonense na dose de 100 mL ha-1 (2x108 células viáveis por mL), 4) inoculação de N. amazonense na dose de 200 mL ha-1 (2x108 células viáveis por mL), e 5) testemunha, sem a adição de fertilizante biológico e N. amazonense. O adubo biológico foi aplicado na dose de 300 L ha-1 sendo esta parcelada no plantio (200 L ha-1) e na fase de pós-emergência (100 L ha-1). Após 164 dias do plantio constatou-se aumento no comprimento da folha +3, número de folhas verdes, área foliar e no teor de enxofre nas folhas das plantas de cana-de-açúcar que receberam o adubo biológico combinado com N. amazonense. Conclui-se que a combinação de N. amazonense com o adubo biológico produzido com Microgeo® revelou efeitos positivos por meio de caraterísticas morfológicas e nutricionais em plantas de cana-de-açúcar durante os seus estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento quando comparadas com plantas crescidas apenas com a inoculação de N. amazonense, fertilizante biológico ou fertilizantes minerais, com poucos efeitos positivos notáveis na química do solo. RESUMO avaliouse avaliou se BR BR1114 produto Microgeo canadeaçúcar cana açúcar tanto prébrotadas pré brotadas casadevegetação casa vegetação nitrogêniofósforopotássio nitrogênio fósforo potássio nitrogênio/fósforo/potássio 1 N (10 ha1, ha1 ha , 2 3 10 ha- 2x108 x (2x10 mL, mL) 4 20 5 testemunha 30 (20 pósemergência pós emergência ha1. . 16 constatouse constatou +3 verdes Concluise Conclui minerais BR111 (1 2x10 (2x1 (2 + BR11 ( 2x1 (2x BR1 2x

ABSTRACT: The use of nitrogen (N) in pastoral ecosystems leads to increased productivity, as it allows the plant to elongate its leaves and, therefore, grazing herbivores harvest the green leaves. However, there are very volatile N sources, which can be replaced by ammonium nitrate, which is less volatile and less dependent on the application in rainy days. The treatments are compound of Marandu palisade grass pastures managed under continuous stocking at a canopy height of 25 cm, with different levels of N fertilizer: 0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1year-1, as ammonium nitrate (32% of N), with four replicates (pastures) in a completely randomized design. Nitrogen uptake (54.9, 96.5, 113.8 kg N ha-1) and N nutrition index (0.67, 0.98, 1.15) were different between N level, respectively, 0, 75 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1. The N recovery (58.3, 40.9 %) differed between 75 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. The dose of 75 kg N kg ha-1 year-1 results in better N utilization, while the dose of 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 enables greater stocking rate; therefore, requiring less grazing area. ABSTRACT (N productivity therefore However sources days 2 cm fertilizer 0 15 ha1year1, ha1year1 hayear ha 1year 1, 1 year ha-1year-1 32% 32 (32 N, , N) (pastures design 54.9, 549 54 9 (54.9 965 96 5 96.5 1138 113 8 113. ha1 0.67, 067 67 (0.67 098 98 0.98 1.15 115 level respectively 7 ha- year1. year1 1. 58.3, 583 58 3 (58.3 409 40 40. % year1, year- utilization rate area ha1year ha-1year- (3 54.9 (54. 96. 11 0.67 06 6 (0.6 09 0.9 1.1 58.3 (58. 4 ha-1year ( 54. (54 0.6 (0. 0. 58. (58 (5 (0

RESUMO: O uso de nitrogênio (N) em ecossistemas pastoris leva ao aumento da produtividade, pois permite que a planta alongue suas folhas e, portanto, os herbívoros colham as folhas verdes. Porém, existem fontes de nitrogênio muito voláteis, que devem ser substituídas por nitrato de amônio, que é menos volátil e menos dependente da aplicação em dias chuvosos. Os tratamentos foram compostos por pastagens de capim-marandu, manejadas sob lotação contínua, na altura do dossel a 25 cm, com diferentes doses de N: 0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1, na forma de nitrato de amônio (32% de N), com quatro repetições (piquetes), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A absorção de nitrogênio (54,9; 96,5; 113,8 kg N ha-1) e o índice nutricional de N (0,67; 0,98; 1,15) foram diferentes entre as doses de N, respectivamente, 0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1. A recuperação de N (58,3; 40,9%) diferiu entre 75 e 150 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A dose de 75 kg N kg ha-1 ano-1 resultou em melhor aproveitamento do N, enquanto a dose de 150 kg N ha-1 ano-1 possibilita maior taxa de lotação; portanto, exigindo menos área de pastagem. RESUMO (N produtividade portanto verdes Porém voláteis chuvosos capimmarandu, capimmarandu capim marandu, marandu capim-marandu contínua 2 cm 0 7 15 ha1 ha 1 ha- ano1, ano1 ano 1, 32% 32 (32 , N) piquetes, piquetes (piquetes) casualizado 54,9 549 54 9 (54,9 96,5 965 96 5 1138 113 8 113, 0,67 067 67 (0,67 0,98 098 98 1,15 115 respectivamente ano1. 1. 58,3 583 58 3 (58,3 40,9% 409 40 ano- pastagem (3 (piquetes 54, (54, 96, 11 0,6 06 6 (0,6 0,9 09 1,1 58, (58, 40,9 4 ( (54 (0, (58 40, (5 (0

ABSTRACT: The evaluation of plant growth-promoting bacteria in order to increase corn productivity is a biotechnology of global interest. This study evaluated the efficiency of the consortium between P. fluorescens CNPSo 2719(=CCTB03) and A. brasilense Ab-V06 in corn. Four experiments were carried out in four different locations, with a randomized block design and four replications, with the treatments: (1) without inoculation and without application of N coverage; (2) without inoculation and application of 100% of the recommended dose of N in coverage (200 kg ha-1 of N); (3) Azospirillum brasilense + application of 75% of the recommended dose of N in coverage (150 kg ha-1 of N); (4) bacterial consortium of Azospirillum brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescens + application of 75% of the recommended dose of N in coverage (150 kg ha-1 of N). In all locations, with the use of the bacterial consortium (A. brasilense + P. fluorescens) + 75% of the recommended dose of N in coverage, it was possible to reduce the dose of N in coverage by up to 25% without compromising the productivity of the crop. In this way, it is concluded that the use of the consortium of the two bacteria promotes savings of up to 25% of N fertilization in top dressing and the possibility of using two microorganisms with the capacity to stimulation plant growth with a single application. ABSTRACT growthpromoting promoting interest P 2719=CCTB03 2719CCTB03 CCTB 2719 =CCTB03 CCTB03 2719(=CCTB03 A AbV06 AbV Ab V06 V Ab-V0 locations replications treatments 1 (1 2 (2 100 200 (20 ha1 ha ha- N) 3 (3 75 150 (15 4 (4 N. . (A 25 crop way 2719=CCTB0 2719CCTB0 271 =CCTB0 CCTB0 2719(=CCTB0 AbV0 V0 Ab-V ( 10 20 7 15 2719=CCTB 2719CCTB 27 =CCTB 2719(=CCTB

RESUMO: A avaliação de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas visando aumentar a produtividade da cultura de milho constitui uma biotecnologia de interesse global. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar eficiência do consórcio entre P. fluorescens CNPSo 2719(=CCTB03) e A. brasilense Ab-V06 na cultura do milho. Foram realizados quatro experimentos em diferentes localidades, com o delineamento em blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições, com os seguintes tratamentos: (1) sem inoculação e sem aplicação de N de cobertura; (2) sem inoculação e aplicação de 100% da dose recomendada de N em cobertura (200 kg ha-1 de N); (3) Azospirillum brasilense + aplicação de 75% da dose recomendada de N em cobertura (150 kg ha-1 de N); (4) consórcio bacteriano de Azospirillum brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescens + aplicação de 75% da dose recomendada de N em cobertura (150 kg ha-1 de N). Em todos os locais, o uso do consórcio bacteriano (A. brasilense + P. fluorescens) + 75% da dose recomendada de N em cobertura, foi possível reduzir a dose de N em cobertura em até 25% sem comprometer a produtividade da cultura. Desta forma, conclui-se que a utilização do consorcio das duas bactérias promove economia de até 25% da adubação de N em cobertura e a possibilidade de usar dois microrganismos com capacidade de estimular o crescimento de plantas em uma única aplicação. RESUMO global P 2719=CCTB03 2719CCTB03 CCTB 2719 =CCTB03 CCTB03 2719(=CCTB03 AbV06 AbV Ab V06 V Ab-V0 localidades repetições tratamentos 1 (1 2 (2 100 200 (20 ha1 ha ha- N) 3 (3 75 150 (15 4 (4 N. . locais (A 25 forma concluise conclui se 2719=CCTB0 2719CCTB0 271 =CCTB0 CCTB0 2719(=CCTB0 AbV0 V0 Ab-V ( 10 20 7 15 2719=CCTB 2719CCTB 27 =CCTB 2719(=CCTB

Abstract The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance. fertilizers crisis residue approach Therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing Duncan analyzed 2895 28 95 28.9 7687 76 87 76.8 g 4404 404 4,40 20296 20 296 20,29 24744 247 44 247.4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 stomatamm2 stomatamm stomata mm2 mm stomata/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26.04 (T1 15011 011 15,01 development performance 289 2 9 28. 768 7 76. 440 40 4,4 2029 29 20,2 2474 24 247. 260 26.0 (T 1501 01 15,0 202 20, 26. 15,

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes, energia e outros materiais necessários à indústria desencadeou uma crise econômica global. Motivo que foi investigado sobre as características biológicas e químicas em relação ao rendimento de rabanete nutrido com húmus de resíduo vegetal. O objetivo foi determinar a dose adequada de húmus para obtenção de maior rendimento e sua relação com as características químicas e biológicas do rabanete. Baseia-se em metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Aleatórios, que consistiu de 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos, que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de húmus, e aplicaram 15 dias após a semeadura. As características físicas do rabanete foram avaliadas e processadas por meio de análise de variância e Duncan. Também foram analisadas a concentração de elementos nas folhas e a densidade estomática. Foi determinado que o T5 se destacou no comprimento total da planta com 28,95 cm, peso da planta com 76,87 g, diâmetro equatorial com 4.404 cm e produtividade comercial com 20.296 t/ha. Consumo de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 247,44 kg/ha. Densidade estomática 459 estômatos/mm2 e rentabilidade com 150% e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas destacadas T4 com N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo e Zn. Conclui que o T5 se destacou com 20.296 t/ha, que diferiu em 26,04% em relação ao controle (T1) com 15.011 t/ha. Portanto, esta dose adicionou nutrientes ao solo que melhoraram a disponibilidade para absorção pelas plantas e isso influenciou na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas como N, P e Fe e na densidade estomática com 459 estômatos/mm2, que teve resposta em bom desenvolvimento, fortalecendo contra o estresse ambiental e, portanto, maior desempenho. fertilizantes global vegetal Baseiase Baseia experimental tanto utilizouse utilizou Aleatórios tratamentos T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura Duncan 2895 28 95 28,9 7687 76 87 76,8 g 4404 404 4.40 20296 20 296 20.29 24744 247 44 247,4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm estômatos mm2 mm estômatos/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26,04 (T1 15011 011 15.01 Portanto desenvolvimento portanto desempenho 289 2 9 28, 768 7 76, 440 40 4.4 2029 29 20.2 2474 24 247, 260 26,0 (T 1501 01 15.0 4. 202 20. 26, 15.

ABSTRACT Potassium and nitrogen are essential nutrients and their uptake and distribution within plants must be coordinated for optimum growth and development. We evaluated the interaction between nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the development of BRS 394 wheat, and the nitrate and ammonium levels in Oxisol soils. A 52 factorial design was used in a greenhouse experiment, with four replicates in randomized blocks, corresponding to five doses of nitrogen (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 mg dm-3) and five doses of potassium (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg dm-3). The variables analyzed were shoot dry mass; chlorophyll index; nitrate reductase; nitrogen, potassium, and protein concentrations in the leaves; and nitrate and ammonium levels in the soil. There was an interaction between nitrogen and potassium doses on the chlorophyll index, with nitrogen doses between 152.67 and 163.53 mg dm-3 and potassium of 191.50 mg dm-3 providing the highest chlorophyll index. The other variables were influenced separately by the nitrogen dose. The highest nitrate reductase enzyme activity was 1.30 µmol NO h-1 g-1 Fresh Matter, which was reached at a nitrogen dose of 95 mg dm-3. Shoot dry mass, concentrations of nitrogen and total protein in the leaves, and concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in the soil were adjusted to the linear regression model as a function of nitrogen fertilization. The dose of nitrogen that promoted the best development of BRS 394 wheat and the highest concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in Oxysol soils was 280 mg dm-3. 39 5 experiment blocks 0, 0 (0 70 140 210 28 dm3 dm 3 50 100 150 20 dm3. . mass index leaves 15267 152 67 152.6 16353 163 53 163.5 dm- 19150 191 191.5 130 1 30 1.3 h1 h h- g1 g g- Matter 9 3. ( 7 14 21 2 10 15 1526 6 152. 1635 16 163. 1915 19 191. 13 1.

RESUMO O potássio e nitrogênio são nutrientes essenciais, e sua absorção e distribuição dentro da planta devem ser coordenadas para um crescimento e desenvolvimento ideais. Objetivou-se avaliar a interação entre adubação com nitrogênio e potássio no desenvolvimento do trigo BRS 394 e teores de nitrato e amônio em Latossolo Vermelho. Utilizando-se delineamento fatorial 52, com quatro repetições, em blocos casualizados, correspondendo a cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 70, 140, 210 e 280 mg dm-3) e potássio (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg dm-3). As variáveis analisadas foram massa seca da parte aérea, índice de clorofila, nitrato redutase, concentração de nitrogênio, potássio e teor de proteína nas folhas, teor de nitrato e amônio no solo. Houve interação entre as doses de nitrogênio e potássio para a variável índice de clorofila, sendo as doses de nitrogênio entre 152,67 e 163,53 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio e a dose 191,50 mg dm-3 de potássio que proporcionaram maiores índices de clorofila. As demais variáveis foram influenciadas isoladamente pelas doses de nitrogênio. A maior atividade da enzima nitrato redutase foi de 1,30 μmol NO h-1 g-1 Massa Fresca na dose de nitrogênio de 95 mg dm-3. A massa seca da parte aérea, concentração de nitrogênio e proteína total nas folhas, e concentração de nitrato e amônio no solo apresentaram ajuste ao modelo de regressão linear em função da adubação nitrogenada. A dose de nitrogênio que promoveu melhor desenvolvimento do trigo BRS 394 e maiores concentrações de nitrato e amônio no solo foi 280 mg dm-3. essenciais ideais Objetivouse Objetivou se 39 Vermelho Utilizandose Utilizando 52 repetições casualizados 0, 0 (0 70 140 21 28 dm3 dm 3 50 100 15 20 dm3. . aérea clorofila folhas 15267 152 67 152,6 16353 163 53 163,5 dm- 19150 191 191,5 130 1 30 1,3 h1 h h- g1 g g- 9 3. nitrogenada 5 ( 7 14 2 10 1526 6 152, 1635 16 163, 1915 19 191, 13 1,

Abstract Green manure (GM) may reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, been an ecologically appropriate strategy to cultivation of medicinal plants. Crotalaria juncea, is one of the most used because it adapts to different climatic and high nitrogen content. Origanum vulgare. is widely used in cooking, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries and food products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the GM on biomass, essential oil (EO), phenolic and antioxidant. The experiment consisted: control; 150, 300, 450, and 600 g (Sh= leaves+steam) more 200 g roots (R); 600 g aerial part; 200 g roots; and soil with 300 g cattle manure per pot. The highest dry weights were observed in the presence of GM and cattle manure (90 days). The control had an EO production 75% lower in relation to the dose of 450 g GM (Sh+R). Principal component analysis showed that GM and cattle manure positively influenced the dry weight, content, yield, and EO constituents, and total flavonoids. The GM contributed to the accumulation of the major EO compounds (trans-sabinene hydrate, thymol, terpinen-4-ol). The GM management may be beneficial for cultivating, because it can increase the production of biomass and the active components, in addition to being an inexpensive resource. (GM fertilizers plants juncea content vulgare cooking pharmaceutical products EO, , (EO) antioxidant consisted 150 60 Sh= Sh (Sh leaves+steam leavessteam leaves steam 20 R (R) part 30 pot 90 (9 days. days . days) 75 45 Sh+R. ShR Sh+R (Sh+R) weight yield constituents flavonoids transsabinene trans sabinene hydrate thymol terpinen4ol. terpinen4ol terpinenol terpinen 4 ol terpinen-4-ol) cultivating components resource (EO 15 6 2 (R 3 9 ( 7 (Sh+R terpinen-4-ol 1

Abstract The utilization of wastewater from livestock farming (WLF) represents a common agricultural practice, but the absence of research on its agronomic impacts hinders its sustainable implementation. This study assesses the reutilization of WLF combined with nitrogen fertilization on the morphological, bromatological, and productivity attributes of a Tifton 85 pasture during the winter season. The study involved the application of different types of water via sprinkler: (I) stream water; (II) mixture of WLF and stream water at a 1:1 ratio; and (III) undiluted WLF combined with mineral nitrogen fertilization (0 and 45 kg N ha-1) administered at the commencement of the regrowth period. Irrigation was applied on a weekly basis, totaling 2,440 m3 ha-1. At 106 days post-regrowth, parameters including forage productivity, height, leaf-stem ratio, leaf area index, nitrogen nutrition index, crude protein content, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and mineral matter content were determined. Mineral fertilization at the prescribed dosage (45 kg N ha-1) did not have any discernible impact on the parameters under investigation. On average, the reuse of WLF raised the productivity from 2.50 to 5.12 t ha-1 and the Crude Protein from 12.35% to 14.58% compared to stream water. The reuse of WLF demonstrated superior outcomes (p < 0.01) in terms of pasture productivity, nutritional quality, and nitrogen accumulation compared to irrigation solely with stream water. The reuse of diluted WLF (1:1) without fertilization proved adequate to sustain Tifton 85 pastures during the winter season in the Brazilian Cerrado region. (WLF practice implementation morphological bromatological 8 sprinkler I (I II (II 11 1 1: ratio III (III 0 ( 4 ha1 ha period basis 2440 2 440 2,44 m ha1. 1. 10 postregrowth, postregrowth post regrowth, post-regrowth height leafstem stem index fiber determined (4 investigation average 250 50 2.5 512 5 12 5.1 ha- 1235 35 12.35 1458 14 58 14.58 p 0.01 001 01 quality (1:1 region 244 44 2,4 25 2. 51 5. 123 3 12.3 145 14.5 0.0 00 (1: 24 2, 12. 14. 0. (1

Resumo A aplicação de águas residuárias da bovinocultura (ARB) é uma prática usual, entretanto, carece de investigação acerca dos seus efeitos agronômicos para subsidiar a sua utilização sustentável. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o reúso da ARB e da adubação mineral nitrogenada sobre os atributos morfológicos, bromatológicos e de produtividade da pastagem de Tifton 85 durante o inverno. Foram avaliados diferentes tipos de água aplicados por aspersão (I - água de córrego, II - ARB e água de córrego em proporção 1:1, e III - ARB) e dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada mineral (0 e 45 kg N ha-1) aplicados no início da rebrota. A irrigação foi semanal e totalizou 2.440 m3 ha-1. Aos 106 dias após a rebrota foram medidas a produtividade da forrageira, altura, razão folha/colmo, índice de área foliar, índice de nutrição de nitrogênio, proteína bruta, fibras insolúveis em detergente ácido, fibras insolúveis em detergente neutro e matéria mineral. A adubação mineral na dose de 45 kg N ha-1 não influenciou as variáveis avaliadas. Em média, o reúso da ARB elevou a produtividade de 2,50 para 5,12 t ha-1 e a proteína bruta de 12,35% para 14,58% comparado com a água de córrego. O reúso da ARB com ou sem diluição proporcionou produtividade, qualidade nutricional e acúmulo de nitrogênio pela pastagem superiores à irrigação com apenas água de córrego (p < 0,01), sendo o reúso com ARB diluída (1:1) e sem adubação é suficiente para sustentar a pastagem de Tifton 85 durante o inverno no Cerrado. (ARB usual entretanto sustentável morfológicos 8 I 11, 11 1 1, 1:1 0 ( 4 ha1 ha 2440 2 440 2.44 m ha1. 1. 10 forrageira altura folhacolmo folha colmo folha/colmo foliar ácido ha- avaliadas média 250 50 2,5 512 5 12 5,1 1235 35 12,35 1458 14 58 14,58 p 0,01, 001 0,01 , 01 0,01) (1:1 Cerrado 1: 244 44 2.4 25 2, 51 5, 123 3 12,3 145 14,5 00 0,0 (1: 24 2. 12, 14, 0, (1

Abstract India in today’s scenario is implementing an agroecologically based, diversified agricultural system that includes functional biodiversity along with crops, trees and livestock. Therefore, advocating natural farming, an agroecologically based diverse farming system that includes crops, trees and animals as well as functional biodiversity. It is primarily focused on the recycling of biomass inside the farm, with a focus on the use of formulations made on the farm from cow dung and urine (Jeevamrit & Ghanjeevamrit) and the elimination of all synthetic chemical inputs. It aims to lessen smallholder farmers' reliance on inputs that must be purchased as well as their credit load. With all of these facts in mind, this study investigated how the application of bioorganic nutrient sources like Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit used in natural farming system affected the crop performance in strawberry grown under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Farmyard manure, freshly prepared Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit was used for manuring in twelve different treatment combinations replicated thrice planned on the basis of recommended dose of nitrogen. The nitrogen content in bioorganic nutrient sources like Jeevamrit (1.71%) and Ghanjeevamrit (1.68%) was analyzed before application. Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit treatments significantly increased plant growth, flowering, fruit yield and fruit quality. The findings indicated that application of treatment combination T4 (100% RDN through Jeevamrit + Ghanjeevamrit in the ratio of 1:1) resulted in better effects on strawberry plant growth, fruit quality and yield (17.50 tonnes/ha) as compared to the recommended practices. todays today s crops livestock Therefore farmers load mind Pradesh manure 1.71% 171 1 71 (1.71% 1.68% 168 68 (1.68% growth flowering T 100% 100 (100 11 1:1 17.50 1750 17 50 (17.5 tonnes/ha tonnesha tonnes ha practices 1.71 7 (1.71 1.68 16 6 (1.68 10 (10 1: 17.5 175 5 (17. 1.7 (1.7 1.6 (1.6 (1 17. (17 1. (1. (