Resumen El trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) ha ganado relevancia en los últimos años, ya que es una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial y ejerce un impacto significativo en la vida diaria de quienes lo experimentan. La relación entre la disbiosis intestinal y el TDM ha surgido como un componente crucial en el ámbito de la salud mental. La microbiota intestinal, que abarca una amplia diversidad de microorganismos, establece una conexión bidireccional con el TDM a través del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, la neuroinflamación y alteración de la función cerebral. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo, analizar la relación entre los problemas de equilibrio de los microorganismos en el intestino (fenómeno conocido como “disbiosis”) y el TDM. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo que combinó análisis bibliográfico y descriptivo, priorizando fuentes primarias en psicología, neurociencia y microbiología. Se examinaron investigaciones en inglés y español desde 2019 hasta 2023 utilizando motores de búsqueda y bases de datos reconocidas. En este contexto, se observó que el uso de probióticos se ha vuelto cada vez más relevante como parte del tratamiento complementario para el TDM. Los probióticos, como Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 y la bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, ejercen un impacto positivo en la microbiota intestinal, integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica y producción de neurotransmisores. La revisión destaca el papel crucial de la microbiota intestinal en el TDM y la prometedora utilidad de los probióticos como tratamiento complementario. Esto sugiere nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas y subraya la importancia de futuras investigaciones para comprender mejor esta compleja interacción.

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) has gained relevance in recent years, as it is one of the main causes of disability worldwide and has a significant impact on the daily lives of those who experience it. The relationship between gut dysbiosis and MDD has emerged as a crucial component in the field of mental health. The gut microbiota, which encompasses a wide diversity of microorganisms, establishes a bidirectional connection with MDD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation and alteration of brain function. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between problems with the balance of microorganisms in the intestine (a phenomenon known as “dysbiosis”) and MDD. A qualitative approach was adopted that combined bibliographic and descriptive analysis, prioritizing primary sources in psychology, neuroscience and microbiology. Research in English and Spanish from 2019 to 2023 was examined using recognized search engines and databases. In this context, it was observed that the use of probiotics has become increasingly relevant as part of complementary treatment for MDD. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 and the bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, have a positive impact on the intestinal microbiota, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter production. The review highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in MDD and the promising utility of probiotics as a complementary treatment. This suggests new therapeutic perspectives and underlines the importance of future research to better understand this complex interaction.

Resumen El presente ensayo se indaga en el campo interdisciplinario que combina la neurotecnología y la investigación artística para incorporar las obras actuales de la última generación. El objetivo general es indagar la conexión entre el cerebro y la experiencia humana a través de un análisis comparativo de obras de arte contemporáneo en diverso ámbito de neurotecnología, neuroarte y artes mediales. La metodología utilizada en este estudio consiste, tanto en la revisión documental como en la revisión autoral para generar una serie de análisis comparativa. La relación entre la obra de arte y el cerebro humano se basó en algunos resultados de obras de arte de Dikker y Oostrik, y Lieberman. La neurotecnología, la neuroarte y las artes mediales son campos que han generado diversas discusiones y debates en los últimos años. En conclusión, es fundamental para mejorar la creación y la colaboración interdisciplinaria a través de la investigación de neurocientífica.

Abstract This essay investigates in the interdisciplinary field that combines neurotechnology and artistic research to incorporate the current works of the latest generation. The overall goal is to investigate the connection between the brain and the human experience through a comparative analysis of contemporary works of art in various fields of neurotechnology, neuroart, and media arts. The methodology used in this study consists of both documentary and authorial review to generate a series of comparative analyses. The relationship between the artwork and the human brain was based on some results from the works of Dikker and Oostrik, and Lieberman. Neurotechnology, neuroart, and media arts are fields that have generated various discussions and debates in recent years. In conclusion, it is crucial to enhance interdisciplinary creation and collaboration through neuroscientific research.

SIGNIFICANCE: Neuroscientific technologies to assess, monitor and influence brain activity offer tremendous potential in the prevention and treatment of neurological and mental illnesses. However, these innovations, and their pursuit, also raise serious ethical questions. Neuroethics is a field that explores the ethical, legal, societal, philosophical, and cultural implications of neuroscience and related neurotechnologies. Many of these considerations have distinct cultural and contextual dimensions. Along with the advancement of neuroscience research in Africa, it is therefore critical to advance neuroethics as an integral component of neuroscience research on the continent.

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se pretende presentar la relación entre afectividad y cognición en las perspectivas teóricas de Jean Piaget, de la neurociencia y de Lev Vygotsky. En la perspectiva teórica de Piaget, confiere énfasis a los conceptos de interés y asimilación. En la perspectiva teórica de la neurociencia, el énfasis está colocado en las bases biológicas del aprendizaje. Además, problematiza el lugar de la perspectiva histórico-cultural de Vygotsky, enfatizando los conceptos de significado y sentido en el contexto conceptual de la relación entre afecto y cognición. A partir del recorte, presenta algunas posibles contribuciones de tales lecturas dentro del tema estudiado concernientes a la relación entre afecto y cognición. Argumenta que, aunque comporten diferencias, las tres perspectivas explicitan la importancia del afecto para la cognición. En esa dirección, se concluye por la relevancia de las contribuciones dadas por las lecturas de Piaget, Vygotsky y de la neurociencia. Las fuentes utilizadas son de la literatura disponible sobre el tema. Piaget asimilación aprendizaje Además históricocultural histórico cultural recorte que diferencias dirección

ABSTRACT This article aims to present the relation between affection and cognition from the Jean Piaget, neuroscience and Lev Vygotsky’s theoretical perspectives. From Piaget’s theoretical perspective, it emphasizes the concepts of interest and assimilation. From the neuroscience theoretical perspective, emphasis is placed on the biological bases of learning. Furthermore, it problematizes the place of Vygotsky’s historical-cultural perspective, emphasizing the concepts of meaning and sense in the conceptual context of the relation between affection and cognition. Based on the selection made, it presents some possible contributions of such readings within the theme discussed regarding the relation between affect and cognition. It also argues that although they have differences, the three perspectives explain the importance of affect for cognition. In this direction, it concludes that the contributions made by reading Piaget, Vygotsky and neuroscience are relevant. The sources used are from the available literature about the topic. Piaget Vygotskys s Piagets perspective assimilation learning Furthermore historicalcultural historical cultural differences direction relevant topic

RESUMO O presente artigo pretende apresentar a relação entre afetividade e cognição nas perspectivas teóricas de Jean Piaget, da neurociência e de Lev Vygotsky. Na perspectiva teórica de Piaget, confere ênfase aos conceitos de interesse e assimilação. Já na perspectiva teórica da neurociência, a ênfase é colocada nas bases biológicas da aprendizagem. Ademais, problematiza o lugar da perspectiva histórico-cultural de Vygotsky, enfatizando os conceitos de significado e sentido no contexto conceitual da relação entre afeto e cognição. A partir do recorte feito, apresenta algumas possíveis contribuições de tais leituras dentro do tema trabalhado concernentes à relação entre afeto e cognição. Argumenta ainda que embora comportem diferenças, as três perspectivas explicitam a importância do afeto para a cognição. Nessa direção, conclui pela relevância das contribuições dadas pelas leituras de Piaget, Vygotsky e da neurociência. As fontes utilizadas são da literatura disponível sobre o tema. Piaget assimilação aprendizagem Ademais históricocultural histórico cultural feito diferenças direção

Abstract One of the most important figures in the history of neurohistology, Giuseppe Levi (1872–1965) contributed in numerous ways to neuroscience, particularly in the fields of neuronal plasticity and the understanding of sensory ganglia. His daughter Natalia Ginzburg, née Levi (1916–1991), on the other hand, achieved fame as one of the most celebrated Italian writers of the twentieth century. Lessico Famigliare (Family Lexicon), from 1963, is a semibiographical account of her life in which she describes the life and character of her father in detail, providing depth and complexity to a seminal figures in the development of neuroscience. A thorough reading of the book enables modern neurologists to fully appreciate Levi's life and contributions, by means of humanizing him and giving context to his life and works. The present article provides a summary of Levi's and Natalia's lives and times as well as an analysis of the book and of the intimate, vivid descriptions of the neurohistologist's life. neurohistology 1872–1965 18721965 1872 1965 (1872–1965 neuroscience ganglia Ginzburg 1916–1991, 19161991 1916–1991 , 1916 1991 (1916–1991) hand century Family Lexicon, Lexicon Lexicon) 1963 detail Levis s contributions works Natalias intimate neurohistologists neurohistologist 1872–196 1872196 187 196 (1872–196 1916199 1916–199 191 199 (1916–1991 1872–19 187219 18 19 (1872–19 191619 1916–19 (1916–199 1872–1 18721 1 (1872–1 19161 1916–1 (1916–19 1872– (1872– 1916– (1916–1 (1872 (1916– (187 (1916 (18 (191 (1 (19 (

Resumo Uma das figuras mais importantes da história da neuro-histologia, Giuseppe Levi (1872–1965) contribuiu de diversas maneiras para a neurociência, particularmente no campo da plasticidade neuronal e na compreensão dos gânglios sensitivos. Sua filha Natalia Ginzburg, nascida Levi (1916–1991), pelo contrário, adquiriu fama como uma das escritoras italianas mais célebres do século XX. Lessico Famigliare (Léxico familiar), de 1963, é um relato semibiográfico de sua vida, na qual ela descreve a vida e o comportamento de seu pai em detalhes, e confere profundidade e complexidade a uma figura seminal no desenvolvimento da neurociência. Uma leitura aprofundada do livro permite que neurologistas modernos apreciem a vida e as contribuições de Levi de forma mais completa, o humanizando e dando contexto a sua vida e suas obras. O autor resume as vidas e épocas de Levi e Natalia, bem como avalia o livro e as descrições íntimas, vívidas, da vida do neurohistologista. neurohistologia, neurohistologia neuro histologia, histologia neuro-histologia 1872–1965 18721965 1872 1965 (1872–1965 neurociência sensitivos Ginzburg 1916–1991, 19161991 1916–1991 , 1916 1991 (1916–1991) contrário XX Léxico familiar, familiar familiar) 1963 detalhes completa obras íntimas vívidas neurohistologista 1872–196 1872196 187 196 (1872–196 1916199 1916–199 191 199 (1916–1991 1872–19 187219 18 19 (1872–19 191619 1916–19 (1916–199 1872–1 18721 1 (1872–1 19161 1916–1 (1916–19 1872– (1872– 1916– (1916–1 (1872 (1916– (187 (1916 (18 (191 (1 (19 (

ORIENTATION: Industrial Psychologists (IPs) could significantly benefit from integrating neuroscientific evidence into their practices, provided they critically engage with scholarly research rather than rely on unsupported assertions. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of neuroscientific misconceptions among IPs, student psychologists, and intern psychologists in South Africa as well as advocate for enhanced foundational knowledge in applied organisational neuroscience within industrial psychology. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The emerging field of organisational neuroscience, which applies brain science to workplace behaviour, is particularly vulnerable to misconceptions that could hinder its development. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: Using a cross-sectional survey, this research evaluated the knowledge of neuro misconceptions at one point in time within a convenience sample of (n = 98), consisting of registered student psychologists (n = 7; 7%), intern psychologists (n = 8; 10%), and IPs (n = 83; 85%). MAIN FINDINGS: Results indicated that this sample endorses many neuromyth conceptions. There was significant disparity in the endorsement of misconceptions between those with and without neuroscientific training, highlighting a knowledge gap. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings underscore the necessity for improved education in applied organisational neuroscience among IOPs, suggesting integration into training and education programs. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This pioneering study in South Africa emphasises the role of general knowledge, specific training in applied organisational neuroscience, and critical thinking in psychological research as key to combating neuromyths, marking a meaningful contribution to the field.

Resumo: Este estudo qualitativo investigou, por meio de entrevistas autobiográficas, os significados afetivos dos projetos de vida de cinco educadores brasileiros reconhecidos publicamente por seu compromisso com a educação. Partindo de uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento e da Neurociência dos Afetos, objetivou-se avançar na compreensão do papel das emoções na construção de projetos de vida éticos. Destaca-se, como fenômeno comum, a integração das metas pessoais com metas para além de si, reguladas pelo sentimento de bem-estar vivido na profissão docente e no cuidado do outro e pelos sentimentos de dor e indignação diante da violência, ressignificados como motores para a transformação da realidade. Resumo investigou autobiográficas educação teóricometodológica teórico metodológica Afetos objetivouse objetivou se éticos Destacase, Destacase Destaca se, Destaca-se comum si bemestar bem estar violência realidade

Abstract: This qualitative study investigated, by autobiographical interviews, the affective meanings in the life plans of five Brazilian educators who are publicly recognized for their deep commitment to education. Starting from the theoretical-methodological perspective of the Organizing Models of Thinking and Affective Neuroscience, this study aimed to advance the understanding of the role of feelings in the construction of ethical life plans. This research highlights, as a common phenomenon, the integration of personal objectives with goals beyond the self, which are regulated by the well-being experienced in the teaching profession, in caring for others, and by feelings of pain and indignation in the face of violence that are resignified as drivers to transform reality. Abstract investigated interviews education theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological Neuroscience highlights phenomenon self wellbeing well being profession others reality

Resumen: Este estudio cualitativo buscó en entrevistas autobiográficas los significados afectivos de los proyectos de vida de cinco educadores brasileños reconocidos públicamente por su compromiso con la educación. Desde una perspectiva teórico-metodológica de los modelos organizadores del pensamiento y de la neurociencia de los afectos, se pretendió avanzar en la comprensión del rol de las emociones en la construcción de los proyectos de vida éticos. Se destaca como fenómeno común la integración de metas personales con metas colectivas, reguladas por el sentimiento de bienestar experimentado en la profesión docente y en el cuidado del otro, y por sentimientos de dolor e indignación ante la violencia resignificados como impulsores de la transformación de la realidad. Resumen educación teóricometodológica teórico metodológica afectos éticos colectivas otro realidad

Résumé : Cette étude qualitative a investigué, à travers des entretiens avec une approche autobiographique, les significations affectives des projets de vie de cinq éducateurs brésiliens publiquement reconnus pour leur engagement envers l’éducation. Basé sur une approche théorico-méthodologique des Modèles Organisateurs de la Pensée et des Neurosciences des Affects, il visait à avancer dans la compréhension du rôle des sentiments dans la construction de projets de vie éthiques. Comme un phénomène courant, il souligne l’intégration d’objectifs personnels avec des objectifs collectifs, régulés par le sentiment de bien-être ressenti dans le métier d’enseignant et dans le soin des autres et par des sentiments de douleur et d’indignation face à la violence, resignifiés comme moteurs de transformation de la réalité. investigué autobiographique léducation. léducation l éducation. éducation l’éducation théoricométhodologique théorico méthodologique Affects éthiques courant lintégration intégration dobjectifs d collectifs bienêtre bien être denseignant enseignant dindignation indignation violence réalité

Abstract Music is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, serving purposes ranging from aesthetic education to therapy and emotional expression. The purpose of this study is to examine the semantic aspects of musical language as an integrated system, focusing on their ongoing development and content complexity. This research employs a comprehensive approach, drawing on the “general theory of systems” developed in the 20th century. It systematically analyses various elements and properties within the musical language, considering their historical evolution and adaptation to contemporary contexts. The study also explores the integration of music with fields such as quantum physics, neuroscience, and computer technologies. The analysis reveals that the semantic aspects of musical language encompass a rich array of elements, including intonation systems, modes, intervals, rhythms, tempo, dynamics, texture, genres, and compositional structures. While some aspects have undergone radical transformations in terms of content and emotional resonance, others remain fundamentally unchanged. The integration of music with diverse scientific and technological domains has expanded the scope of musical art and enriched its semantic dimensions. This study demonstrates that musical art, with its semantic aspects, continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing cultural and scientific landscape. The integration of music with fields beyond its traditional boundaries opens up new opportunities for interdisciplinary research and innovation. phenomenon expression system complexity approach general systems th century contexts physics neuroscience technologies modes intervals rhythms tempo dynamics texture genres structures resonance unchanged dimensions everchanging ever changing landscape innovation

Resumo A música é um fenómeno complexo e multifacetado, que serve propósitos que vão desde a educação estética à terapia e à expressão emocional. O objetivo deste estudo é examinar os aspectos semânticos da linguagem musical como um sistema integrado, centrando-se no seu desenvolvimento contínuo e na complexidade do seu conteúdo. Esta investigação utiliza uma abordagem abrangente, com base na “teoria geral dos sistemas” desenvolvida no século XX. Analisa sistematicamente vários elementos e propriedades da linguagem musical, considerando a sua evolução histórica e adaptação aos contextos contemporâneos. O estudo explora também a integração da música com domínios como a física quântica, a neurociência e as tecnologias informáticas. A análise revela que os aspectos semânticos da linguagem musical englobam um conjunto rico de elementos, incluindo sistemas de entoação, modos, intervalos, ritmos, andamento, dinâmica, textura, géneros e estruturas composicionais. Embora alguns aspectos tenham sofrido transformações radicais em termos de conteúdo e ressonância emocional, outros permanecem fundamentalmente inalterados. A integração da música com diversos domínios científicos e tecnológicos alargou o âmbito da arte musical e enriqueceu as suas dimensões semânticas. Este estudo demonstra que a arte musical, com os seus aspectos semânticos, continua a evoluir e a adaptar-se à paisagem cultural e científica em constante mudança. A integração da música em domínios que ultrapassam as suas fronteiras tradicionais abre novas oportunidades de investigação e inovação interdisciplinares. multifacetado emocional integrado centrandose centrando se abrangente teoria XX contemporâneos quântica informáticas entoação modos intervalos ritmos andamento dinâmica textura composicionais inalterados semânticas adaptarse adaptar mudança interdisciplinares

Abstract Background Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common source of pain in primary care or pain clinics. There are many different ways to manage and treat MPS, such as physical exercise, trigger points massage, and dry needling. Objective The objective of this overview is to highlight and discuss the evidence-based treatment of myofascial pain by dry needling in patients with low back pain. Methods A systematic review was made based on meta-analysis (MA) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to dry needling treatment for myofascial pain in patients with lumbar pain, published from 2000 to 2023. Results A total of 509 records were identified at first. Seventy were published before 2000, so they were excluded. From the remaining 439 studies, ninety-two were RCTs or MA, of which 86 additional studies were excluded for the following reasons: not related to dry needling treatment (n = 79), not published in English (n = 4), duplicated (n = 1), project protocol (n = 1), and not related to myofascial pain (n = 1). So, this review was based on 4 RCTs and two MA. These studies compared dry needling efficacy to other treatments, such as acupuncture, sham dry needling, laser therapy, physical therapy, local anesthetic injection, ischemic compression, and neuroscience education. Despite outcomes and follow-up period varied between them, they showed that dry needling can decrease post-intervention pain intensity and pain disability. Conclusion Dry needling is an effective procedure for the treatment of myofascial pain in patients with acute and chronic low back pain. Further high-quality studies are needed to clarify the long-term outcomes. MPS (MPS clinics exercise massage evidencebased evidence metaanalysis meta analysis MA (MA (RCTs 200 2023 50 first 43 ninetytwo ninety 8 reasons n 79, 79 , 79) 4, 4) 1, 1 1) 1. . So treatments acupuncture therapy injection compression education followup follow up them postintervention post intervention disability highquality high quality longterm long term 20 202 5 7 2

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome dolorosa miofascial (SDM) é uma fonte comum de dor em centros primários de atenção à saúde ou nas clínicas de dor. Existem muitas formas diferentes de manejar e tratar a SDM, como o exercício físico, a massagem dos pontos de gatilho e o agulhamento a seco. Objetivo O objetivo desta revisão é destacar e discutir o tratamento baseado em evidências da dor miofascial por agulhamento a seco em doentes com dor lombar. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática baseada em metanálises (MA) e ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCTs) relacionados ao tratamento da dor miofascial com agulhamento a seco em pacientes com dor lombar, publicados de 2000 a 2023. Resultados Foram identificados, inicialmente, um total de 509 registos. Setenta deles, publicados antes de 2000, foram excluídos. Dos 439 estudos restantes, 92 eram RCTs ou MA, dos quais 86 foram excluídos pelas seguintes razões: não relacionados a tratamento com agulhamento a seco (n = 79), não publicados em inglês (n = 4), duplicados (n = 1), protocolo de projeto (n = 1) e não relacionados com dor miofascial (n = 1). Assim, esta revisão baseou-se em quatro RCTs e duas MA. Esses estudos compararam a eficácia do agulhamento seco com outros tratamentos, tais como acupuntura, agulhamento a seco “sham”, terapia com laser, fisioterapia, injeção de anestésico local, compressão isquêmica e educação em neurociências. Apesar de os resultados e o período de seguimento variarem entre os estudos, os estudos demonstram que o agulhamento a seco pode diminuir a intensidade da dor pós-intervenção e a incapacidade relacionada à dor. Conclusão O agulhamento a seco é um procedimento eficaz para o tratamento da dor miofascial em pacientes com dor lombar aguda e crônica. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer sua eficácia a longo prazo. SDM (SDM físico MA (MA (RCTs 200 2023 identificados inicialmente 50 registos deles 43 restantes 9 8 razões n 79, 79 , 79) 4, 4 4) 1, 1 1. . Assim baseouse baseou se tratamentos acupuntura sham, sham “sham” laser fisioterapia local neurociências pósintervenção pós intervenção crônica prazo 20 202 5 7 “sham 2

Abstract: In the market for functional products, identifying the tastes and preferences of consumers is crucial to defining marketing strategies due to its difficult to penetrate nature. This article presents a study using multivariate data by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect consumers’ neuronal response to functional products and predict their purchasing decisions. The usefulness of neuromarketing was examined to evaluate the preferences of 16 subjects aged 20 to 29 years, who evaluated a series of samples through the sense of taste. Due to PCA being associated with frontopolar 1 located in the prefrontal cortex, we used PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the data obtained from EEG, finding that the low beta and low gamma frequency bands, along with the percentages of attention and meditation of the panelists, are the main factors in decision making. In addition, we used some digital image processing tools to support the evidence that there is a difference in the brain activity of the panelists when they taste functional products that they like and dislike. This finding can improve our understanding of decision-making and can be used in the food sector to generate a commercial strategy.

Resumo Introdução. Atualmente existem estudos que exploram benefícios, impactos e aplicações da Realidade Virtual (VR) e da Realidade Aumentada (AR) em diferentes áreas tecnológicas e profissionais. Tem despertado o interesse pela investigação devido ao seu enorme potencial e à sua aplicação em todos os níveis de ensino. Os períodos de análise da informação bibliográfica tiveram como referência o período de 2010 a 2021. Objetivo. Descrever a aplicação de VR e AR no processo de aprendizagem no ensino universitário. Identificar as áreas temáticas determinando os domínios de aplicação nas diferentes áreas. Metodologia. Foi utilizado mapeamento misto sistemático. Foram revisados documentos indexados em bibliotecas digitais. Foi filtrado sistematicamente por meio de palavras-chave. Resultados. Existem grandes lacunas nas aplicações da RV, principalmente nas áreas de neurociências e enfermagem (3%), porém, há maiores estudos em ciências da computação (40%). Conclusão. As principais conclusões foram que na Scopus, no período de 2010 a 2021, predominou o maior percentual de menções sobre a aplicação de RV por áreas temáticas e domínios de aplicação. Na análise descobriu-se que existem várias lacunas na aplicação da RV e nas teorias de aprendizagem que não consideraram o desenvolvimento de aplicações de RV para ajudar e orientar nos resultados da aprendizagem, apenas para simulação e treinamento.

Resumen Introducción. En la actualidad existen estudios que exploran beneficios, impactos y aplicaciones de la realidad virtual (RV) y la realidad aumentada (RA) en diferentes áreas tecnológicas y profesionales. Esta temática ha despertado interés en la investigación debido a su enorme potencial y a su aplicación en todos los niveles de la educación. Los períodos de análisis de la información bibliográfica han tenido como referencia desde el 2010 a 2021. Objetivo. Describir la aplicación de la RV y RA en el proceso de aprendizaje en educación universitaria. Identificar las áreas temáticas determinando los dominios de aplicación en diferentes áreas. Metodología. Se utilizó el mapeo mixto sistemático. Se revisaron documentos indexados en las bibliotecas digitales. Se filtraron sistemáticamente mediante palabras claves. Resultados. Existen grandes brechas en las aplicaciones de la RV, fundamentalmente en las áreas de neurociencia y enfermería (3%); no obstante, existen mayores estudios en las ciencias de computación (40%). Conclusión. Los principales hallazgos han sido que en Scopus en el periodo 2010 a 2021 ha predominado el mayor porcentaje de menciones sobre la aplicación de la RV por áreas temáticas de los dominios de aplicación. En el análisis se ha descubierto que existen varios vacíos en la aplicación de la RV y en las teorías del aprendizaje que no han considerado el desarrollo de aplicaciones de RV para ayudar y orientar los resultados del aprendizaje, solo han sido para la simulación y el entrenamiento.

Abstract Introduction. Currently there are studies that explore benefits, impacts and applications of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in different technological and professional areas. It has sparked interest in research due to its enormous potential and its application at all levels of education. The periods of analysis of the Bibliographic information have been from 2010 to 2021 as a reference. Objective. Describe the application of VR and AR in the learning process in university education. Identify the thematic areas by determining the application domains in different areas. Methodology. Systematic mixed mapping was used. Documents indexed in digital libraries were reviewed. It was systematically filtered using keywords. Results. There are large gaps in the applications of VR, mainly in the areas of neuroscience and nursing (3%), however, there are greater studies in computer sciences (40%). Conclusion. The main findings have been that in Scopus in the period 2010 to 2021, the highest percentage of mentions about the application of VR by thematic areas and application domains has predominated. In the analysis it has been discovered that there are several gaps in the application of VR and in learning theories that have not considered the development of VR applications to help and guide towards learning results, they have only been for simulation and training.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In medical sciences, there are several pieces of research associated with the virtual modality, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in the field of clinical neurophysiology, few experiences have been described. Objective: To describe the outcomes of virtually developing the subjects History of Neuroscience and Neurophysiology in Cuba and Introduction to the Methodology of Scientific Research, by means of the inverted classroom and the virtual classroom in the training of higher-degree associates in clinical neurophysiology in Havana. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and nonexperimental study was carried out. The subjects were adapted to the virtual modality by applying a model consisting of four phases: preparation, analysis and design, development and implementation, and evaluation. Results: The faculty was trained in virtual education. Didactic strategies were designed for the virtualization of the teaching-learning process, through the application of the inverted classroom and the virtual classroom. In the evaluation phase, high values were obtained when calculating the promotion and quality indicators, and a student survey was applied. For both subjects, high satisfaction values predominated in the survey criteria, except for evaluations forms and distribution of time for learning, with higher values of the medium satisfaction. Conclusions: The outcomes obtained in the transition to the virtual modality complied with the objectives set in the syllabus of the subjects, making possible non-face-to-face teaching by means of the inverted classroom and the virtual classroom.

RESUMEN Introducción: En las ciencias médicas son diversas las investigaciones asociadas a la modalidad virtual, sobre todo durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Sin embargo, en el campo de la neurofisiología clínica existen pocas experiencias descritas. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del desarrollo virtual de las asignaturas Historia de la Neurociencia y la Neurofisiología en Cuba e Introducción a la Metodología de la Investigación Científica, mediante el aula invertida y el aula virtual en la formación del Técnico Superior en neurofisiología clínica en La Habana. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y no experimental. Se adecuaron las asignaturas en modalidad virtual, al aplicar un modelo constituido por cuatro fases: preparación, análisis y diseño, desarrollo e implementación, y evaluación. Resultados: Se preparó al claustro en materia de educación virtual. Se diseñaron estrategias didácticas para la virtualización del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, mediante la aplicación del aula invertida y el aula virtual. En la fase de evaluación se obtuvieron valores altos al calcular los indicadores de promoción y calidad, y se aplicó una encuesta a los estudiantes. Para ambas asignaturas predominaron los valores de alta satisfacción en los criterios de la encuesta, excepto en “Formas de evaluaciones” y “Distribución del tiempo en el aprendizaje”, con mayores valores de satisfacción media. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos en el tránsito a la modalidad virtual cumplieron con los objetivos propuestos en el programa de las asignaturas, por lo que fue posible la enseñanza no presencial mediante el aula invertida y el aula virtual.

ABSTRACT Data visualization allows you to process quantities of information and condense or summarize it in an image, an animation or a graph to transmit concepts universally. It allows you to improve decision making by being able to capture complex concepts at a glance, or identify new patterns. The difficulty involved in analyzing the most complex organ of the human body, the brain, is a system that processes massive information, and to advance its study it is convenient to use a hierarchy of different levels of organization, where each level in the hierarchy represents an increase in the complexity of the organization. Official sources on neuroscience studies and official sites on neuroscientific technologies, publications indexed in recognized journals on the subject and general medicine are consulted. The objective of the research was to analyze the tools for visualizing neuroimaging data and neuroscience signals that would help identify their main elements for their integration into a multipurpose tool. The technologies, their use and impact on science were described, as well as the tools created to improve the analysis, and characteristics of the latter were obtained in relation to visualization. The impact of the evolution of the analyzed neuroscience data visualization technologies is summarized. The advancement of neuroscience data visualization technologies brings with it the development of sophisticated software that complements these, providing more detailed and improved information.

RESUMEN La visualización de datos permite procesar cantidades de información y condensarla o resumirla en una imagen, una animación o un grafo para transmitir conceptos de manera universal. Permite mejorar la toma de decisiones al poder captar conceptos complejos de un vistazo, o identificar nuevos patrones. La dificultad que conlleva el análisis del órgano más complejo del cuerpo humano, el cerebro, es un sistema que procesa información masiva, y para avanzar en su estudio es conveniente utilizar una jerarquía de diferentes niveles de organización, donde cada nivel en la jerarquía representa un incremento en la complejidad de la organización. Se consultan fuentes oficiales sobre estudios de neurociencias y sitios oficiales de tecnologías neurocientíficas, publicaciones indexadas en revistas reconocidas sobre el tema y medicina general. Como objetivo de la investigación se propuso analizar las herramientas de visualización de datos de neuroimágenes y señales de neurociencias que propicie identificar los elementos principales de las mismas para su integración a una herramienta multipropósito. Se describieron las tecnologías, su uso e impacto en la ciencia, también las herramientas creadas para mejorar el análisis, y se obtiene características de estos últimos con relación a la visualización. Se resume el impacto de la evolución de las tecnologías de visualización de datos de neurociencias analizadas. El avance de las tecnologías de visualización de datos de neurociencias trae consigo el desarrollo de softwares sofisticados que complementan a estas otorgando información más detallada y mejorada.

ABSTRACT Through the incursion of modern computing into medical studies, a specialization known as neuroinformatics arises, which encompasses research based on neuroscience data. Among the areas of greatest interest to the community are the processing and visualization of studies, which generates a growing development of applications for this purpose. One of the most complex elements in the visualization of brain images, due to their characteristics, are the measurements of some neurostructures to diagnose different pathological conditions. The XAVIA-PACS Platform, developed in Cuba, promotes the storage, transmission and visualization of digital medical images; this solution does not promote the processing of brain structures, limiting its use. The University of Computer Sciences and the Cuban Neuroscience Center CNEURO develop joint projects, from which scientific-technical research and the training of professionals are promoted. From this alliance, the BrainSSys project was conceived, whose objective is the development of neuroscience data processing algorithms. In this sense, there is a particular interest in providing the XAVIA PACS solution with algorithms that encourage its use by specialists and researchers. In this research, an analysis of the measurement algorithms in images from Magnetic Resonance studies is carried out in order to select the one with the best performance in terms of precision for the development of the study comparator.

RESUMEN Mediante la incursión de la informática moderna en los estudios médicos surge una especialización conocida como neuroinformática, la cual abarca las investigaciones basadas en datos de neurociencias. Entre las áreas de mayor interés para la comunidad se encuentran el procesamiento y visualización de estudios, lo cual genera un creciente desarrollo de aplicaciones para este fin. De los elementos más complejos en la visualización de las imágenes de cerebro, por sus características, son las mediciones de algunas neuroestructuras para diagnosticar distintas condiciones patológicas. La Plataforma XAVIA-PACS, desarrollada en Cuba propicia el almacenamiento, transmisión y visualización de imágenes médicas digitales, esta solución no propicia el procesamiento de estructuras cerebrales limitando su uso. La Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas y El Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba CNEURO desarrollan proyectos conjuntos, a partir de los cuales se fomenta la investigación científico técnica y la formación de profesionales. Desde esta alianza se concibe el proyecto BrainSSys cuyo objetivo es el desarrollo de algoritmos de procesamiento de datos de neurociencias, en tal sentido existe un interés particular por dotar a la solución XAVIA PACS de algoritmos que propicien su uso por los especialistas e investigadores. En la presente investigación se realiza un análisis de los algoritmos de medición en imágenes de estudios de Resonancia Magnética a fin de seleccionar el de mejor desempeño en cuanto a precisión para el desarrollo del comparador de estudios.

ABSTRACT In the field of neuroscience, increasing volumes of information associated with neurological research are generated, which can be processed thanks to the evolution of computational infrastructures and new technologies, and through the use of High-Performance Computing. This is done through the use of commands in a secure terminal (SSH) and requires technical knowledge that specialists in this field do not have, which causes human errors when executing processing tasks. The objective was to present a tool for the management of neuroscience data processing queues in an HPC. A documentary analysis of different background research was carried out to identify the best variants to take into account for the proposed solution. Python, FastAPI, Javascript, Vue.js and WebSocket were defined as the development environment; PyCharm Community was also used as the development tool. A tool was obtained that improves the usability of the task launching process in a cluster, increasing productivity and reducing errors caused by the human factor. The management of neuroscience data processing queues, based on interfaces and flow automation, reduces human error in the launching of tasks in the HPC server.

RESUMEN En el campo de la neurociencia se generan crecientes volúmenes de información asociadas a investigaciones neurológicas, las cuales pueden ser procesadas gracias a la evolución de las infraestructuras computacionales y las nuevas tecnologías, y mediante el uso de la Computación de Alto Rendimiento. Lo anterior es realizado mediante el uso de comandos en una terminal segura (SSH) y requiere conocimientos técnicos que los especialistas de este campo no disponen, esto provoca errores humanos al ejecutar tareas de procesamiento. El trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar una herramienta para la gestión de colas de procesamientos de datos de neurociencias en un HPC. Se realizó un análisis documental de distintas investigaciones antecedentes que permitieron identificar las mejores variantes a tener en cuenta para la propuesta de solución. Como ambiente de desarrollo se definieron Python, FastAPI, Javascript, Vue.js y WebSocket; además se empleó como herramienta de desarrollo PyCharm Community. Se obtuvo una herramienta que mejora la usabilidad del proceso de lanzamiento de tareas en un clúster, incrementando la productividad y disminuyendo los errores producidos por el factor humano. La gestión de las colas de procesamiento de datos de neurociencias, a partir de interfaces y la automatización de los flujos, disminuye el error humano en el lanzamiento de tareas en el servidor HPC.