Abstract Objective: Analyze sex hormone's influence during Chagas disease. Methods: Male and female BALB/c mice were divided into six groups, four experimental (sham, orchiectomized, orchiectomized and supplemented with estradiol, orchiectomized supplemented with testosterone, oophorectomized, oophorectomized and supplemented with estradiol, and oophorectomized and supplemented with testosterone), and two control (healthy and intraperitoneally with T. cruzi strain NINOA infected). Clinical data were recorded daily, parasitemia was evaluated using a Neubauer chamber during the infection, and heart histopathological analysis was performed using the paraffin embedding technique. To analyze parasitemia curves and the area under the parametric curves, two-way ANOVA test was performed to correlate groups' data. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Higher mortality rates, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, edema, higher parasitemia levels, more amastigote nests, and more severe inflammatory infiltrate were found in higher testosterone concentration mice, whereas in higher estradiol concentration groups, paresia, prostration, edema, and necrosis were found. Conclusions: Our results showed that testosterone increased infection severity, whereas estradiol had the opposite effect. This research improves the understanding of sex hormones´ infuence upon this infection to contribute with the handling of Chagas´ disease.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de las hormonas durante la enfermedad de Chagas. Métodos: Se separaron grupos de ratones macho y hembras BALB/c, todos infectados con T. cruzi (cepa NINOA), 4 grupos experimentales de machos (Sham, orquidectamizados, orquidectimezados y suplementados con estradiol, orquidectamizaos y suplementados con testosterona). 4 grupos experimentales de hembras (oforectomizadas, oforectomizadas y suplementadas con estradiol, oforectomizadas y suplementadas con testosterona y sham), and y dos grupos control para cada sexo (sin infección e infectados intraperitonealmente con T. cruzi (cepa NINOA). Los datos clínicos fueron registrados diariamente, la parasitemia fue evaluada durante toda la infección utilizando una cámara de Neubauer y el análisis histopatológico del corazón fue realizada con la técnica de inclusión en parafina. Para el análisis de las curvas de parasitemia y el área bajo la curva, se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de dos vías, p < 0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente diferentes. Resultados: Las mayores tasas de mortalidad, cardiomegalia, hepatomegalia y mayor infiltrado inflamatorio, se encontró en los ratones con una mayor concentración de testosterona. En contraste los ratones con mayor concentración de estradiol presentaron paresia, postración edema y necrosis. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados ponen en manifiesto que la testosterona incrementa la severidad del curso de la enfermedad de Chagas, mientras que el estradiol tuvo el efecto opuesto. Este trabajo mejora el entendimiento del rol que juegan las hormonas sexuales en esta infección para contribuir en un mejor manejo de la enfermedad de Chagas.

Summary Backgrounds and aims: Previous studies on the botanical resources providers of néctar and pollen stored in nests of stingless bees in the Chaco forest showed that they include a high number of pollen types but a few are dominant among the samples. The aim was to identify the pollen types implied in the overlapping and partitioning of the food niche between Geotrigona argentina, Tetragonisca angustula fiebrigi, and Melipona orbignyi in the "palosantal" forest of the Chaco Seco eco-region. M&M: Pollen types from 135 microscopic slides of honey and stored pollen from 20 wild nests of three Meliponini bee taxa were identified and quantified. The degree of food niche overlapping between the bees was calculated. Microphotographs of pollen grains were made using light microscope. Results: The abundant pollen types shared by the three taxa were Neltuma (Fabaceae), Cynophalla retusa (Capparaceae) and type Maytenus (Celastraceae), while by taxa pairs were Sarcomphalus mistol (Rhamnaceae), Anisocapparis speciosa (Capparaceae), type Schinopsis (Anacardiaceae), Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Sapotaceae), and Gonopterodendron sarmientoi (Zygophyllaceae). The resources composing the niche partitioning of each bee (those temporally exclusive) were also detected. Conclusions: Attributes, importance, and possible causes of the floral resources involved in the food niche overlapping and partitioning were discussed.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Previos estudios acerca de los recursos botánicos proveedores de néctar y polen almacenados en nidos de "abejas sin aguijón" en el bosque chaqueño mostraron que éstos incluyen un elevado número de tipos polínicos pero que pocos son dominantes en las muestras. El objetivo fue identificar los tipos polínicos implicados en la superposición y partición del nicho alimentario entre Geotrigona argentina, Tetragonisca angustula fiebrigi y Melipona orbignyi en el bosque de "palosantal" de la ecorregión Chaco Seco. M&M: Se identificaron y cuantificaron los tipos polínicos de 135 preparados microscópicos de miel y polen almacenado de 20 nidos silvestres de tres taxa de abejas Meliponini. Se calculó el grado de superposición de nicho alimentario entre las abejas. Las microfotografías de los granos de polen se realizaron utilizando microscopio óptico. Resultados: Los tipos polínicos abundantes compartidos por los tres taxa fueron Neltuma (Fabaceae), Cynophalla retusa (Capparaceae) y tipo Maytenus (Celastraceae), mientras que por pares de taxa fueron Sarcomphalus mistol (Rhamnaceae), Anisocapparis speciosa (Capparaceae), tipo Schinopsis (Anacardiaceae), Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Sapotaceae) y Gonopterodendron sarmientoi (Zygophyllaceae). Se detectaron también recursos que formaron parte de la partición del nicho de cada abeja (aquellos temporariamente exclusivos). Conclusiones: Se discuten las características, importancia y posibles causas de los recursos florales involucrados en la superposición y partición del nicho alimentario.

Abstract This article is interested in photographic portraits. To do this, the visual proposal of Lariza Hatrick –an argentine lesbian artist dedicated to portraying the sex-dissident community that she herself inhabits– is considered. Interesting here is the way in which her portraits account for the apparition of bodies as an ontological place of political contestation not reducible to the level of meaning. In this direction, some links between identity and representation are explored based on the pioneering work of Michel Foucault, the queer gaze of Judith Butler, and the well-known photographs of Cindy Sherman. Finally, a counterpoint is made between these theoretical and aesthetic approaches, and the ontological register that nests in Hatrick’s photographs – here pondered as support where the abject reverberates, that is, a radical otherness. that circulates in corporeal materiality that goes beyond any normative framework.

Resumen El presente artículo se interesa por los retratos fotográficos. Para ello, se considera la propuesta visual de Lariza Hatrick –artista lesbiana argentina dedicada a retratar la comunidad sexodisidente que ella misma habita–. Aquí interesa el modo en que sus retratos dan cuenta de la irrupción de los cuerpos como lugar ontológico de contestación política no reductible al plano de la significación. En esta dirección, se recorren algunos vínculos entre identidad y representación a partir del trabajo precursor de Michel Foucault, de la mirada queer de Judith Butler y de las conocidas fotografías de Cindy Sherman. Finalmente, se realiza un contrapunto entre estas aproximaciones teóricas y estéticas, y el registro ontológico que anida en las fotografías de Hatrick –aquí ponderadas como soporte donde reverbera lo abyecto, es decir, una alteridad radical que circula en una materialidad corporal que desborda todo marco normativo–.

Abstract In order to establish the incidence and distribution of termite populations on native grassland (Paspalum notatum L.) production, cattle farms and their surroundings were examined in Itacurubi del Rosario, department of San Pedro, Paraguay; using the GPS nest location method (Garmin Map 76 CSx), drones, capture of aerial photographs and then the evaluation of the incidence and distribution of termite nests per hectare. Maps of incidence and distribution of nests were made for a surface of seven hectares. From the data generated, a map with the distribution of active termite nests was prepared using the QGIS software version 3.18. The formation of termite mounds represented an average area of 12 m² and an intensity of 13.5% per hectare, distributed in an average of 96.2 nests per hectare, totaling some 8,085 termite nests within the study area for a total area of 7 ha. Examples of species were represented by the family: Termitidae (Cornitermes cumulans, Nasutitermes nigriceps and Termes sp.) of wide distribution in the study area. The presence of termite mounds negatively affects the useful productive area due to the occupied area and a significant loss of pasture per day to feed the animals in each season of the year.

Resumen Con el fin de evaluar la incidencia y distribución de las poblaciones de termitas sobre la producción del pastizal nativo (Paspalum notatumL.), se muestrearon fincas ganaderas y su entorno en Itacurubi del Rosario - Departamento de San Pedro - Paraguay. Los termiteros fueron localizados utilizando un GPS de la marca Garmin Map 76 CSx y drones equipados con cámaras fotográficas para las capturas de fotografías aéreas. Se realizaron mapas de incidencia y distribución de termiteros para la superficie de uno y 7,4 hectáreas. A partir de los datos generados, se elaboró un mapa con la distribución de los termiteros activos mediante el software QGIS versión 3.18. La formación de los termiteros representó una superficie promedio de 12 m² en promedio y una intensidad de 13,5% por hectárea, distribuidos en un promedio de 96,2 nidos por hectárea, totalizando unos 711,88 termiteros dentro del área de estudio para una superficie total de 7,4 ha. La familia Termitidae estuvo representadas por las siguientes especies: (Cornitermes cumulans,Nasutitermes nigricepsyTermessp.) de amplia distribución en el área de estudio. La cantidad de termiteros encontrados afecta la superficie útil productiva del pastizal, así como a la disponibilidad de pastos para la alimentación animal en las distintas épocas del año.

Abstract The Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata) and the Peruvian Pelican (Pelecanus thagus) are endemic seabirds from the Humboldt Current System. This work aimed to evaluate the conservation value of the Farallones de Carelmapu and its use as a nesting site for seabirds. The information obtained shows the southernmost breeding record of the Peruvian Booby and the Peruvian Pelican, in the Farallones de Carelmapu (41°S), located on the coast of Maullín, southern Chile. On February 12, 2022, 29 active Peruvian Booby nests were recorded; for the Peruvian Pelican, 114 chicks and 39 fledglings were estimated. In addition, the Farallones de Carelmapu are described for the first time as an important breeding site for the seabirds and very relevant for the creation of a new marine protected area.

Abstract Introduction : Trichoblastoma is a neoplasm that is not clinically suspected due to its low frequency but must be differentiated from basal cell carcinoma through histopathological study. Aim : To report an extremely rare tumor that occurs in places where it is common to see basal cell carcinomas. Clinical case : The case of a 34-year-old patient is presented, who showed a nodule of firm consistency and defined edges on the right side of the forehead. In the histological evaluation a well-circumscribed hypodermal nodule was found consisting of masses and nests of large basaloid cells with an ovoid nucleus and visible nucleolus with peripheral palisade and some rudimentary follicles. Given these findings, the differential diagnosis with basal cell carcinoma and trichogerminoma was raised, since these neoplasms have common elements. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor cells were positive in a higher or lesser percentage for: p63, p53, CK20, Bcl2 and CD10. Conclusions : Diagnosingatrichoblastoma is a challenge since it has characteristics similar to basal cell carcinoma and other benign follicular tumors such as trichogerminoma, so it is necessary to interrelate the histomorphological findings with the immunohistochemical results.

Resumen Introducción: El tricoblastoma es una neoplasia que por su baja frecuencia no se sospecha clínicamente, pero que debe ser diferenciada de un carcinoma de células basales a través del estudio histopatológico. Objetivo: Reportar un tumor sumamente raro que se presenta en sitios donde es frecuente observar carcinomas basocelulares. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 34 años, quien mostraba un nódulo deconsistencia firme y bordes definidos en la región frontal derecha. En laevaluación histológica, se encontró un nódulo hipodérmico bien circunscrito,constituidopormasasynidosdecélulasbasaloidesgrandesconnúcleoovoideo y nucléolo visible con empalizada periférica y algunos folículos rudimentarios. Ante estos signos histopatológicos, se planteó el diagnóstico diferencial con carcinoma de células basales y tricogerminoma,yaqueestasneoplasiaspresentanelementos comunes. La inmunohistoquímica mostró que las células tumorales eran positivas en mayor o menor porcentaje parap63,p53,CK20,Bcl2yCD10. Conclusiones: Pensar en el diagnóstico de un tricoblastoma es un reto, ya que tiene características similares al carcinoma de células basales y a otros tumores benignos foliculares como el tricogerminoma. Por ello, es necesario interrelacionar los hallazgos histomorfológicos con los resultados inmunohistoquímicos.

Abstract Many anuran amphibians deposit their eggs in foam nests, biostructures that help protect the eggs and tadpoles from predators. Currently, there are no other identification and description studies of the cultivable microbiota role in the nests of the Leptodactylid frogs such as Physalaemus cuvieri, Leptodactylus vastus and Adenomera hylaedactyla. This study aimed to isolate and identify the culturable bacteria from these three anuran species' nests, as well as to prospect enzymes produced by this microbiota. Foam nests samples and environmental samples were diluted and viable cell count was determined. Bacterial morphotypes from foam nest samples were isolated through spread plate technique. Isolates’ DNAs were extracted followed by rRNA 16S gene amplification and Sanger sequencing. To evaluate their enzymatic potential, the isolates were cultured in ATGE medium supplemented with starch (0.1% w/v), gelatin (3% w/v) and skimmed milk (1% w/v), to verify amylase and protease activity. A total of 183 bacterial morphotypes were isolated, comprising 33 bacterial genera. Proteobacteria phylum was the most abundant in all the three nests (79%). The genera Pseudomonas and Aeromonas were the most abundant taxon in P. cuvieri and L. vastus. In A. Hylaedactyla, were Enterobacter and Bacillus. Regarding enzymatic activities, 130 isolates displayed protease activity and 45 isolates were positive for amylase activity. Our results provide unprecedented information concerning culturable bacterial microbiota of the foam nests of the Leptodactylid frogs, as well as their potential for biomolecules of biotechnological interest. predators Currently hylaedactyla species determined technique Isolates S sequencing 0.1% 01 0 1 (0.1 w/v, wv w/v , w v 3% 3 (3 1% (1 18 79%. 79 79% . (79%) P L Hylaedactyla Bacillus activities 13 4 interest 0.1 (0. ( 7 (79% 0. (0 (79 (7

Resumo Muitos anfíbios anuros depositam seus ovos em ninhos de espuma, bioestruturas que ajudam a proteger os ovos e girinos de predadores. Atualmente, não existem relatos de identificação e descrição do papel da microbiota cultivável nos ninhos de sapos da família Leptodactylidae, como Physalaemus cuvieri, Leptodactylus vastus e Adenomera hylaedactyla. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar as bactérias cultiváveis presentes nos ninhos dessas três espécies de anuros, além de prospectar enzimas produzidas por essa microbiota. Amostras de ninhos de espuma e amostras ambientais foram diluídas, e a contagem de células viáveis foi determinada. Os morfotipos bacterianos das amostras de ninhos de espuma foram isolados por meio da técnica de spread plate. O DNA dos isolados foram extraídos, seguidos pela amplificação do gene rRNA 16S e sequenciamento Sanger. Para avaliar o potencial enzimático, os isolados foram cultivados em meio ATGE suplementado com amido (0,1% p/v), gelatina (3% p/v) e leite desnatado (1% p/v), para verificar a atividade de amilase e proteases. Um total de 183 morfotipos bacterianos foi isolado, abrangendo 33 gêneros bacterianos. O filo Proteobacteria foi o mais abundante em todos os três ninhos (79%). Os gêneros Pseudomonas e Aeromonas foram os taxons mais abundantes em P. cuvieri e L. vastus. Em A. hylaedactyla, foram Enterobacter e Bacillus. Em relação às atividades enzimáticas, 130 isolados exibiram atividade de protease e 45 isolados foram positivos para atividade de amilase. Nossos resultados fornecem informações inéditas sobre a microbiota bacteriana cultivável dos ninhos de espuma dos sapos da família Leptodactylidae, bem como seu potencial para biomoléculas de interesse biotecnológico. predadores Atualmente Leptodactylidae hylaedactyla diluídas determinada plate extraídos S Sanger enzimático 0,1% 01 0 1 (0,1 p/v, pv p/v , p v 3% 3 (3 1% (1 proteases 18 isolado 79%. 79 79% . (79%) P L A Bacillus enzimáticas 13 4 biotecnológico 0,1 (0, ( 7 (79% 0, (0 (79 (7

Abstract This research was conducted for the purpose to evaluate the contribution Giant petrels and Brown skuas nestings in the formation of ornithogenic soils by the phosphatization process in Harmony Point, Maritime Antarctic. Ten nests were selected to collect topsoil samples (0-20 cm), from 0 m up to 20 m away, with regular spacing of 2 m. The analysis of the samples included the physical, chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analyzes. Phosphate minerals were identified. The presence of high content of some trace elements, such as Zn, Cu and Sr is associated with the bird’s excrements. Total-P and bioavailable-P recorded higher levels. This result demonstrates the importance of the time factor in the bird’s nesting, as well as in the development of the soil in these soil-forming environment. Phosphatization in these areas is not restricted to the specific location of the nest, since high values of P have been identified at distances between 8 and 12 m, from de nest’s top. This suggests the transport of P rich solutions and phosphatized material along fractures by the freeze-thaw cycles, contributing to increase the geographical expression of this phenomenon in this ice-free area, consequently the development of soils and the establishment of vegetation. Point Antarctic 020 (0-2 cm, cm , cm) away physical chemical analyzes elements Zn birds bird s excrements TotalP Total bioavailableP bioavailable levels nesting soilforming forming environment nest 1 top freezethaw freeze thaw cycles icefree ice free area vegetation 02 (0- (0 (

Abstract The honey bee Apis mellifera is a plant-pollinator that produces commercial products. It has female castes with workers performing tasks in the colonies and a queen, it has the longest lifespan, in charge of reproduction. This bee undergoes a population decline worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand how aging affects the digestive tract of this insect. In the midgut, regenerative cells are organized in nests replacing the dead cells. This study verified the hypothesis that the number of regenerative cells decreases as A. mellifera queen ages. The midgut was evaluated in queens at the age of four days and eight, 11 and 25 months. The midgut of 11- and 25-month-old queens presented signs of epithelial disorganization in comparison with younger queens. The number of regenerative cell nests in the midgut decreases according to the age of the queen, but the number of cells per nest is similar. The decreased number of regenerative cell nests reveals a potential loss in the amount of these cells available for the renewal of the midgut epithelium. The absence of variations in the number of regenerative cells per nest according to the queen age indicates that these cells do not undergo proliferation before the differentiation. plantpollinator plant pollinator products lifespan reproduction worldwide Therefore insect A ages eight 1 2 months 25monthold monthold month old similar epithelium differentiation

Abstract Aerial census for identification and quantification of nesting sites of Golden Eagle was performed through the mountain ranges of the central Baja California Peninsula, Mexico from 5 to 8 April 2021. We identified a total of 113 nests and 12 territories of Golden Eagle on a sampling trajectory of 1,203 km that encompassed a surface of 176,000 ha. The highest abundance of nests (n = 57) was recorded between 29º and 30º N latitudes with elevations ranging between 600 and 700 m (n = 35) in the Valle de Los Cirios Protected Natural Area, which is mainly associated with mountain biotopes with steep cliffs and ample alluvial valleys that promote foraging and nesting sites for this species. The number of nests of Golden Eagle showed an inverse relationship with the altitude along a latitudinal gradient. This study reports new nesting sites of Golden Eagle in the central peninsular region that includes the mountain ranges of Matomí, Jaraguay, and La Libertad.

Resumen Un censo aéreo para la identificación y cuantificación de sitios de anidación de águila real fue realizado a través de los sistemas montañosos de la parte central de la península de Baja California, México, del 5 al 8 de abril de 2021. Identificamos un total de 113 nidos y 12 territorios de águila real a través de una trayectoria de muestreo de 1,203 km que abarcó una superficie de 176,000 ha. La mayor abundancia de nidos (n = 57) fue registrada entre las latitudes 29º y 30º N con elevaciones variando entre 600 y 700 m (n = 35) en el Área Natural Protegida Valle de Los Cirios, la cual está principalmente asociada a biotopos de montaña con acantilados pronunciados y amplios valles aluviales que promueven sitios de forrajeo y anidación para esta especie. El número de nidos demostró una relación inversa con la altitud a través de un gradiente latitudinal. Este estudio reporta nuevos sitios de anidación de águila real en la región central peninsular que incluye de norte a sur a las sierras de Matomí, Jaraguay y La Libertad.

ABSTRACT Experiments with artificial nests are widely used to gain insights into the behavioral and ecological factors affecting the survival of natural nests. Undesired effects on nest success may arise from variations in nest and egg characteristics (e.g., dimensions, texture, and color). Still, evaluating these potential factors is seldom considered in the design of artificial nest studies, particularly in tropical regions. We assessed the effect of two nest types (cup-shaped and dome-shaped) and two egg types (differing in size and color) on the survival of artificial nests. The egg types included smaller (22-25 mm), variously colored eggs of blue-breasted quails, Synoicus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) and larger (25-30 mm), white-spotted-with-brown eggs of Japanese quails, Coturnix japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1848. The experiment took place within a coastal shrubland (restinga) in southeastern Brazil, from August 16-31, 2017. This period coincides with the onset of the breeding season for most insectivorous bird species in the region. The nests were observed for 15 days to assess predation, revealing higher survival rates in dome-shaped nests than cup-shaped ones. Egg type, however, did not affect survival rates. This suggests that coastal shrubland nest survival is influenced by factors seen in other Neotropical environments, where dome-shaped nests are likewise less vulnerable to predation. Interestingly, egg color and size did not impact nest predation in this environment. We suggest that future studies on artificial nests should incorporate variations in nest types and validate the selection of egg types. e.g., eg e g (e.g. dimensions texture color. . Still regions cupshaped cup shaped domeshaped dome differing 2225 22 25 (22-2 mm, mm , mm) bluebreasted blue breasted quails Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1766 2530 30 (25-3 whitespottedwithbrown white spotted brown Schlegel 1848 restinga (restinga Brazil 1631, 1631 16 31, 31 16-31 2017 region 1 ones type however environments Interestingly environment e.g. (e.g 222 2 (22- 176 253 3 (25- 184 163 16-3 201 e.g (22 17 (25 18 16- 20 (2 (

Resumo Relatamos o caso de um homem de 45 anos com úlcera no palato há 10 dias. O paciente era usuário de álcool e tinha história de uso de cocaína há 17 anos, interrompida há 7 anos. Foi realizada biópsia incisional e os cortes histológicos revelaram extensa área ulcerada recoberta por membrana fibrinopurulenta, com pequenos ninhos de células escamosas que apresentavam citoplasma eosinofílico, núcleos evidentes e por vezes múltiplos, atipias celulares leves e diversas figuras mitóticas. As características clínicas e histológicas indicaram o diagnóstico de Sialometaplasia Necrotizante e o paciente foi submetido a acompanhamento clínico. Na terceira semana de acompanhamento, a remissão da lesão tornou-se evidente. Ressaltamos a importância do exame histopatológico e imunohistoquímico no correto diagnóstico.

Resumen Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 45 años con úlcera en paladar de 10 días de evolución. El paciente era consumidor de alcohol y tenía antecedentes de consumo de cocaína desde hacía 17 años, discontinuada durante los últimos 7 años. Se realizó biopsia incisional y los cortes histológicos revelaron una extensa área ulcerada recubierta por una membrana fibrinopurulenta, con pequeños nidos de células escamosas que presentaban citoplasma eosinófilo, núcleos evidentes y en ocasiones múltiples, leve atipia celular y varias figuras mitóticas. Las características clínicas e histológicas indicaron el diagnostico de Sialometaplasia Necrotizante y el paciente fue sometido a seguimiento clínico. En la tercera semana de seguimiento se hizo evidente la remisión de la lesión. Destacamos la importancia del examen histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico en el correcto diagnóstico.

Abstract We report a case of a 45-year-old man with a palate ulcer for 10 days. The patient was an alcohol user and had a history of using cocaine for 17 years, discontinued for the last 7 years. An incisional biopsy was performed, and histological sections revealed an extensive ulcerated area covered by a fibrinopurulent membrane, with small nests of squamous cells in the connective tissue. These squamous cells exhibited eosinophilic cytoplasm, evident and sometimes multiple nuclei, mild cellular atypia, and several mitotic figures. The clinical and histological characteristics indicated a Necrotizing Sialometaplasia diagnosis, and the patient underwent clinical follow-up. In the third week of follow-up, remission of the lesion became apparent. We emphasize the importance of histopathological and immunohistochemical examination in the correct diagnosis.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the position of bait nests on the capture of stingless bee species. The experiment was conducted in the rural area of the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, from May 2022 to September 2022. Thirty bait nests were distributed in a randomized block design, with two treatments (A: bait nests set up one meter above the ground, and B: bait nests buried in the ground), with 15 replications per treatment. Of treatment B, two baits were nested by jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), and two were nested by Mandaguari-preta (Scaptotrigona postica). Therefore, the position of the bait nest influenced (p < 0.05) the success in capturing stingless bee species, in which treatment B, with baits buried in the ground, was significantly superior to treatment A, with baits set up one meter above the ground. ABSTRACT species Grande Sul 202 design A (A ground B , ground) 1 Tetragonisca angustula, angustula angustula) Mandaguaripreta Mandaguari preta Scaptotrigona postica. postica . postica) Therefore p 0.05 005 0 05 20 0.0 00 2 0.

ABSTRACT Grazing intensity is one of the main factors that shape vegetation structure, influencing the grassland bird community. Tall grass birds, including several threatened species, are depending on low intensities or exclusion of grazing, which is rarely practiced in Pampa. In this study we evaluate how grazing intensities affects the bird community in Brazilian Pampa grasslands. We established three transect lines, one each grazing treatment (moderate and low intensity, and on an area with cattle exclusion). During 13 months, transects were sampled monthly to record the diversity and abundance of bird species. All three areas presented very similar species richness, ranging from 50 to 54 species, and diversity (H’) ranging from 2.79 to 2.95. The abundance was favored by the decrease in intensity and the exclusion of grazing. In general, shortgrass bird species were more representative in the area under moderate grazing, while tallgrass birds were favored by low intensity and grazing exclusion. The taller and denser vegetation, in areas less impacted by livestock, was especially important for endangered species, such as Culicivora caudacuta Vieillot, 1818 and Sporophila cinnamomea Lafresnaye, 1839, providing shelter, perches and substrate for building and fixing nests. We corroborate the need for areas with distinct grazing intensities, forming a mosaic with different heights of vegetation, maintaining the grassland bird diversity. However, more areas with low intensity or exclusion of grazing are needed, on which several threatened species depend. Although, even these areas must be managed, avoiding the encroachment of excessive woody vegetation, which can lead to the deterioration of grassland vegetation, affecting the associated birdlife. structure grasslands lines . exclusion) 1 months richness 5 H (H’ 279 2 79 2.7 295 95 2.95 general livestock Vieillot 181 Lafresnaye 1839 shelter nests However needed depend Although managed birdlife (H 27 7 2. 29 9 2.9 18 183

RESUMO A intensidade de pastejo é um dos principais fatores que moldam a estrutura da vegetação, influenciando a comunidade de aves campestres. Aves de grama alta, incluindo diversas espécies ameaçadas, dependem de baixas intensidades ou exclusão de pastejo, pouco praticadas no Pampa. Aqui, avaliamos a comunidade de aves em campos sob intensidade de pastejo moderada, baixa e sob exclusão de pastejo. Estabelecemos 3 transecções, uma em cada uma destas condições. As três transecções foram amostradas mensalmente, durante 13 meses, registrando as espécies e suas abundâncias e posteriormente relacionando-as com as condições da vegetação observadas. As três áreas apresentaram riqueza e diversidade (H’) de espécies muito semelhantes entre si, variando de 50 a 54 espécies, e de 2,79 a 2,95, respectivamente. A abundância de indivíduos, foi favorecida pela diminuição da intensidade e pela exclusão de pastejo. De modo geral, espécies de aves associadas à grama curta foram mais representativas na área sob pastejo moderado, enquanto as associadas à grama alta foram favorecidas pela baixa intensidade e exclusão de pastejo. A vegetação mais alta e densa, das áreas menos impactadas pelo gado, foi especialmente importante para as espécies ameaçadas de extinção, como Culicivora caudacuta Vieillot, 1818 e Sporophila cinnamomea Lafresnaye, 1839 fornecendo abrigo, poleiros e substrato para construção e fixação de ninhos. Corroboramos, dessa forma, a necessidade de áreas com distintas intensidades de pastejo, formando um mosaico com diferentes alturas de vegetação, mantendo a diversidade de aves campestres. São necessárias, porém, mais áreas com baixa intensidade ou exclusão de pastejo, das quais diversas espécies ameaçadas dependem. Contudo, estas áreas também devem ser manejadas, evitando o desenvolvimento de excessiva vegetação lenhosa, que pode levar à descaracterização da vegetação campestre, afetando a avifauna a ela associada. campestres Pampa Aqui moderada mensalmente 1 meses relacionandoas relacionando observadas H (H’ si 5 279 2 79 2,7 295 95 2,95 respectivamente indivíduos geral moderado densa gado extinção Vieillot 181 Lafresnaye 183 abrigo ninhos Corroboramos forma necessárias porém Contudo manejadas lenhosa campestre associada (H 27 7 2, 29 9 2,9 18