Resumen Presentamos dos nuevos registros de leucismo en dos especies de aves de dos localidades de México. En primer lugar, reportamos un individuo de Golondrina Tijereta (Hirundo rustica); el individuo fue un polluelo observado entre el 15 de julio y el 6 de agosto del 2010 en un área suburbana del centro de Jalisco, el cual presentó coloración gris blanquizca y ojos oscuros. También reportamos un Zopilote Aura (Cathartes aura) con leucismo observado el 4 de noviembre del 2014 sobrevolando la ciudad de José Cardel, Veracruz mientras migraba; el individuo presentó plumas primarias blancas mezcladas con secundarias obscuras, coberteras primarias blancas, cuello y pecho blancos. Nuestros reportes representan el primer registro en México de leucismo de la Golondrina Tijereta, y el primer reporte publicado de un zopilote con leucismo migrando a través del centro de Veracruz, respectivamente. Nuestras observaciones también muestran que ambos individuos leucísticos realizaban actividades regulares de su ciclo de vida, enriqueciendo el conocimiento disponible sobre las anormalidades cromáticas en las aves mexicanas.

Abstract We present two new records of leucism in two bird species from two locations in Mexico. First, we report one leucistic Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica); the individual was a nestling observed between 15 July and 6 August 2010, in a suburban area of central Jalisco, showing gray-whitish coloration and dark eyes. We also report of one leucistic Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) spotted during the afternoon of 4 November 2014, flying overhead while migrating in the city of José Cardel, Veracruz; the individual showed white primary feathers interspersed with dark secondaries, white primary coverts, white neck, and chest feathers. Our records represent the first Mexican report of leucism in the Barn Swallow, and the first published report of a leucistic vulture migrating across central Veracruz, respectively. Our observations also show that both leucistic individuals were accomplishing regular life-cycle activities, enriching the available knowledge of chromatic abnormalities in Mexican birds.

ABSTRACT We present new data and reviewed the information available on the breeding biology of the Dark-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus melacoryphus), a widespread South American species. We collected opportunistic observations from three nests in a mangrove forest on Isabela Island, Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. The nests were built in forks of White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) branches 5 to 9 m above the ground. They were low/cup-shaped, with intertwined branches on the outside and leaves, stipules, and strips of stem bark in the inner cup. The clutch size was three eggs, which were light green and sub-elliptical in shape. The nestling period lasted between 7 and 8 days. We observed biparental care during incubation and brooding. In addition, we documented the parasitism of the Avian Vampire Fly (Philornis downsi) on Dark-billed Cuckoo chicks.

RESUMEN Presentamos nueva información y revisamos la existente sobre la biología reproductiva del Cuclillo Canela (Coccyzus melacoryphus), una especie ampliamente extendida en Sudamérica. Recogimos información de manera oportunista de tres nidos, en manglares de la Isla Isabela, en el Archipiélago de Galápagos, Ecuador. Los nidos estaban colocados sobre horquetas de ramas de Mangle Blanco (Laguncularia racemosa), entre 5 y 9 m de altura sobre el suelo. Los nidos tenían forma de copa baja, con ramas entrelazadas en la parte externa, y hojas, estípulas y corteza de tallos en el sitio de alojamiento de los huevos y polluelos. El tamaño de puesta fue de tres huevos, los cuales fueron de color verde pálido y de forma subelíptica. Observamos cuidado biparental durante los periodos de incubación y empollamiento. El periodo de empollamiento y cría duró entre 7 y 8 días. Además, documentamos parasitismo de la Mosca Vampiro Aviar (Philornis downsi) en los polluelos del Cuclillo Canela.

Resumen El garrobo (Ctenosaura similis) se encuentra principalmente en ambientes xéricos en la vertiente del Pacífico de Mesoamérica. La especie ha sido considerada omnívora, con un cambio ontogenético en su dieta; los juveniles son insectívoros y los adultos son principalmente herbívoros. El garrobo consume diferentes tipos de materia vegetal y animal, sin embargo, hay pocos informes de eventos concretos de depredación. Aquí reportamos la depredación de la paloma ala blanca (Zenaida asiatica) por el garrobo en Costa Rica. Una paloma adulta fue capturada en el nido por un garrobo, y el único volantón del nido fue depredado por otro garrobo hembra cuando cayó al suelo después del evento de depredación. La paloma ala blanca ha incrementado su distribución y abundancia y explota principalmente hábitats abiertos donde anida incluso en infraestructuras de humanos, donde queda expuesta a depredadores que habitan principalmente en este tipo de hábitat como el garrobo. Discutimos el contexto de este evento de depredación y agregamos a la paloma ala blanca a una lista basada en la recopilación de presas reportadas como consumidas por el garrobo tanto en su área de distribución natural como en sitios donde ha sido introducido.

Abstract The Black Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) mainly inhabits xeric environments at the Pacific slope of Mesoamerica. It has been considered omnivorous, showing ontogenetic changes; juveniles are insectivorous, while adults are primarily herbivorous. The Black Iguana consumes several types of plant and animal material; however, there are very few reports of the actual predation events. Here we report the predation by the Black Iguana in Costa Rica upon a White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica). A female Black Iguana took one adult from its nest, and the only nestling of the nest was predated by another female Black Iguana when it fell to the ground after the predation event. The White-winged Dove has increased its distribution and abundance, exploiting mainly open habitats, including nesting in human infrastructure, where it is exposed to predators inhabiting this habitat, such as the Black Iguana. We discuss the context of this predation event and add the White-winged Dove to a list based on the compilation of prey reported as consumed by the Black Iguana both in its natural distribution area and in sites where it has been introduced.

Resumen Introducción: Chlamydophila psittaci es una bacteria zoonótica e intracelular estricta, que provoca la psitacosis humana y su principal hospedero son las aves psitácidas. La cotorra argentina es un ave psitácida nativa de Sudamérica y actualmente considerada una especie invasora en 19 países, incluyendo Chile. Objetivo: Determinar positividad contra C. psittaci en muestras de suero y torulados de cotorras argentinas de vida libre capturadas en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Métodos: Se analizaron 95 muestras de suero de pichones e individuos adultos de cotorras argentinas, a través de una prueba de ELISA indirecto utilizando un kit comercial. Posteriormente, se analizaron 40 tórulas nasotraqueales y cloacales de individuos adultos a través de una RPC en tiempo real específica para C. psittaci. Resultados: Se detectaron anticuerpos en muestras de suero de cinco individuos adultos de cotorras argentinas (n = 68), mientras que ninguno de los pichones analizados fue seropositivo (n = 27). Todas las muestras analizadas a través de RPC en tiempo real fueron negativas. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran por primera vez en Chile la exposición a C. psittaci en cotorras argentinas de vida libre, lo cual puede representar un riesgo importante para la transmisión de este patógeno a poblaciones humanas y animales.

Abstract Background: Chlamydophila psittaci is a zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium that causes the human psittacosis, and its main host are psittacine birds. The monk parakeet is a psittacine bird native to South America, currently being considered an invasive species in 19 countries, including Chile. Aim: To determine positivity to C. psittaci in serum samples and swabs from free-ranging monk parakeets captured in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Methods: Ninety-five serum samples from nestling chicks and adult monk parakeets were tested using an indirect ELISA test kit. Cloacal and nasotracheal swabs from 40 adult parakeets were further analyzed by C. psittaci-specific real-time PCR. Results: We found antibody titers in sera of five adult monk parakeets (n = 68) while none of the nestlings were seropositive (n = 27). All samples tested with real-time PCR were negative. Conclusions: Our results demónstrate for the first time in Chile the exposure to C. psittaci in free-ranging monk parakeets which may represent a significant risk of pathogen transmission to human and animal populations.

Abstract We collected data during three consecutive breeding seasons (2015-2018) to assess the effects of Taphropiestes plaumanni (Coleoptera: Cavognathidae) on its bird hosts in a native forest of central eastern Argentina. We monitored bird nests for T. plaumanni in 207 nests of Masked Gnatcatcher (Polioptila dumicola, Polioptilidae), 302 nests of Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus, Tyrannidae), 55 nests of Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis, Thraupidae), 99 nests of Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris, Tyrannidae), 23 nests of Yellow-browed Tyrant (Satrapa icterophrys, Tyrannidae), and other passerine species nesting in the same forest patches. We found 13 nests in which nestlings showed evidences of parasitism of which four species are new hosts for this parasite (Vermilion Flycatcher, Masked Gnatcatcher, Red-crested Cardinal Paroaria coronata, Thraupidae, and Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana). Skin lesions caused by T. plaumanni larvae consisted in lacerations and crusts on the belly and chest areas. In one parasitized nest of Vermilion Flycatcher and one parasitized nest of Masked Gnatcatcher we observed the death of nestlings after being parasitized. This study adds new species to the list of hosts for this parasite, reports nestling skin lesions in nests with T. plaumanni parasitism, and reports for the first time the death of parasitized nestlings. 20152018 2015 2018 (2015-2018 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Cavognathidae Argentina T 20 Polioptila dumicola Polioptilidae, Polioptilidae , Polioptilidae) 30 Pyrocephalus rubinus Tyrannidae, Tyrannidae Tyrannidae) 5 Blueandyellow Blue yellow Pipraeidea bonariensis Thraupidae Thraupidae) 9 Smallbilled Small billed parvirostris 2 Yellowbrowed Yellow browed Satrapa icterophrys patches 1 Redcrested Red crested coronata Forktailed Fork tailed savana. savana . savana) areas 2015201 201 (2015-201 3 201520 (2015-20 20152 (2015-2 (2015- (2015 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen Reportamos dos especies de aves con anomalías en la pigmentación, que se observaron en Cali, Colombia, en 2020. Los individuos eran una hembra de chamón parásito (Molothrus bonariensis) con leucismo parcial, una hembra de tortolita común (Columbia talpacoti) con leucismo parcial y un polluelo de la misma especie, con albinismo. Estos registros son los primeros de leucismo parcial y albinismo para Columbia talpacoti y de leucismo parcial para Molothrus bonariensis en Colombia.

Abstract We report two bird species with pigment anomalies, which were seen in Cali, Colombia in 2020. The individuals were, a female Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) with partial leucism, a female Ruddy Ground-Dove (Columbia talpacoti) with partial leucism and a young nestling of the same species, with albinism. The records reported here are the first of partial leucism and albinism for Columbia talpacoti and partial leucism for Molothrus bonariensis in Colombia.

Resumen Existe escasa información sobre la anidación del chipe de cabeza rosada, Cardellina versicolor, residente de Mesoamérica. En mayo 2009 y 2018, encontramos tres nidos de C. versicolor entre 2426 y 2726 msnm en Guatemala. Los nidos estaban en pendientes a orillas de senderos a 1.11. ± 0.84 m de altura, tenían forma de domo, sujetados sobre vegetación herbácea, y constituidos por acículas de Pinus ayacahuite, Pinus sp. y hojas de gramíneas. La nidada fue de dos a tres pichones y/o huevos, y ambos padres compartieron el cuidado parental. Registramos seis eventos de ingreso al nido con duración de 10.7 ± 12.3 min, y en seis ocasiones el nido quedó solo por 5.8 ± 3.4 min. Las crías fueron alimentadas con larvas de lepidópteros, y los pichones tardaron ≥13 días en abandonar el nido. En comparación con sus congéneres migratorias, C. versicolor presentó menor tamaño de nidada y mayor tiempo en abandonar el nido, lo que se ajusta al patrón latitudinal.

Abstract Little information exists on nesting of the Pink-headed Warbler, Cardellina versicolor, resident in Mesoamerica. In May 2009 and 2018, we found three nests of C. versicolor between 2426 and 2726 m asl in Guatemala. The nests were located at 1.1 ± 0.84 m height on slopes along trails. The dome nests were attached to herbaceous vegetation, and consisted of Pinus ayacahuite and Pinus sp. needles and dry grass leaves. Clutch size was two or three eggs or nestlings, and both parents contributed to parental care. We registered six events of nest attendance with a mean duration of 10.7 ± 12.3 min, and on six occasions nests were left alone for 5.8 ± 3.4 min. Nestlings were fed with lepidopteran larvae, and nestlings left the nest after 13 days. Compared with congeneric migratory species, C. versicolor had a lower clutch size and longer nestling period, which fits the latitudinal pattern.

Resumen Presentamos nuevos aspectos de la biología reproductiva de la Yerutí Colorada Leptotila rufaxilla, de cinco nidos encontrados entre 2012 y 2014 en un fragmento de bosque de tierras bajas en el suroeste de Brasil. Los nidos con forma simple / plataforma se construyeron a una altura media de 1.90 m sobre el suelo. El tamaño de la puesta fue de dos huevos blancos y elípticos, incubados durante 15 días (basado en tres nidos). Registramos depredación en dos nidos aún en fase de incubación. El peso mínimo al nacer de los pichones fue de 10 g y los polluelos dejaron el nido con una masa media de 56 g. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los pichones fue de 0.40 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 60.7 g. La tasa de supervivencia diaria, Mayfield y el éxito aparente de anidación en el período de incubación fue de 90, 20 y 56%, respectivamente, mientras que en el período de cría fueron todos de 100%. Nuestros datos y el aporte de la ciencia ciudadana mostraron que L. rufaxilla se reproduce durante el año, principalmente en la época de lluvias, tanto en el suroeste de la Amazonia como en otras regiones de ocurrencia.

Abstract We present new aspects of breeding biology of Gray-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla, from five nests found between 2012 and 2014 in a lowland forest fragment in southwestern Brazil. The nests simple/platform shape were built at a mean height of 1.90 m above ground. The clutch size was two eggs white and elliptic, incubated for 15 days (based on three nests). We recorded predation in two nests still in incubation phase. Minimum hatch weight of nestlings was 10 g and young fledged with a mean mass of 56 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.40 with a growth asymptote of 60.7 g. Daily survival rate, Mayfield and apparent nesting success in the incubation period was 90, 20 and 56%, respectively, while in the nestling period were all 100%. Our data and the contribution of citizen science showed that L. rufaxilla breeds over the year, mainly in the rainy season, both in southwestern Amazonia and in other regions of occurrence.

Resumen Reportamos los primeros datos sobre la anidación y desarrollo de Dendroplex picus peruvianus en un fragmento de bosque en el suroeste de la Amazonia. Observamos y capturamos esta especie entre 1999 y 2019. Encontramos dos nidos activos en 2012 y 2013, pero monitoreamos solo uno. El tamaño de la camada fue de dos huevos incubados durante 16 días. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los polluelos fue de 0.31 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 46.3 g. Registramos una longevidad mínima de ocho años. Nuestros datos mostraron que D. p. peruvianus se reproduce principalmente en la temporada de lluvias (septiembre-marzo) superponiéndose con el periodo de cambio de pluma.

Abstract We reported the first data on the breeding and growth in Dendroplex picus peru-vianus from a forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. We observed and netted this species between 1999 and 2019. We found two active nests in 2012 and 2013, but we monitored only one. Clutch size was two eggs, incubated for 16 days. Theconstant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.31 with a growth asymptote of 46.3 g. We recorded a longest minimum longevity of eight years. Our records showed that D. p. peruvianus breeds mainly in the rainy season (September-March) overlapping with the molt period.

Resumen Nuestro estudio proporciona información sobre la reproducción y la biometría del bienteveo alicastaño Myiozetetes cayanensis en el suroeste de la Amazonia brasileña. M. cayanensis se distribuye desde América Central hasta el norte de América del Sur. Realizamos observaciones sobre la reproducción y captura de esta especie en un fragmento de bosque de tierra firme en el estado de Acre, entre 1999 y 2020 y evaluamos la época de reproducción en Brasil mediante datos de ciencia ciudadana. Monitoreamos nueve nidos entre 2012 y 2020, construidos a una altura promedio de 1.8 m sobre el suelo. El tamaño de la puesta fue de dos, tres o cuatro huevos, incubados durante 15 días. Monitoreamos el desarrollo de seis polluelos: el peso mínimo al nacer fue de 2 g y los polluelos con una masa media de ca. 25.5 g. La tasa de crecimiento constante (K) de los polluelos fue de 0.18 con una asíntota de crecimiento de 22.8 g. La tasa de supervivencia diaria fue del 90% y 100% durante los períodos de incubación y cría, respectivamente. El éxito de Mayfield en los períodos de incubación y cría fue de 20 y 100%, respectivamente. El éxito aparente de anidación en los períodos de incubación y polluelo fue de 46 y 100%, respectivamente. Registramos una longevidad mínima de 2 años, nueve meses y 26 días. La subespecie M. c. cayanensis comienzan a anidar principalmente entre la estación seca y lluviosa en Brasil, superponiéndose con el período de muda en el suroeste de la Amazonia.

Abstract Our study provides information on the breeding and biometrics of Rusty-Margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis in southwest Brazilian Amazonia. M. cayanensis is distributed from Central America until north of South America. We made observations on reproduction and captures of this species in a terra firme forest fragment in the state of Acre, between 1999 and 2020 and we evaluated the breeding season in Brazil through citizen science data. We monitored nine nests between 2012 and 2020, built at a mean height of 1.8 m above ground. Clutch size was two, three or four eggs, incubated for 15 days. We monitored the development of six nestlings: minimum hatch weight was 2 g and young fledged with a mean mass of ca. 25.5 g. The constant growth rate (K) of nestlings was 0.18 with a growth asymptote of 22.8 g. Daily survival rate was 90% and 100% during the incubation and nestling periods, respectively. The Mayfield success in the incubation and nestling periods was 20 and 100%, respectively. Apparent nesting success in the incubation and nestling periods was 46 and 100%, respectively. We recorded a minimum longevity of 2 years, nine months and 26 days. The subspecies M. c. cayanensis start to nest mainly between the dry and rainy season in Brazil, overlapping with the molt period in southwest Amazonia.

Abstract Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) is highly specialized parasitizing only three species, ma- king records of new hosts very informative. During 2017 we studied nesting success on roadsides in Argentine Pampas. Fifty-seven nests (46%) belonged to the known host Brown-and-yellow Marshbirds (Pseudoleistes vires- cens). Four nests belonged to Scarlet-headed Blackbird (Amblyramphus holosericeus); one contained a Screaming Cowbird nestling that fledged with two of the host. We discuss similarities and differences among the Scarlet-headed Blackbird and old hosts. More studies are needed to confirm the regular parasitism of Scarlet-headed Blackbird by Screaming Cowbird, and to better understand their high specificity in host selection.

Abstract Tawny-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha) is an endangered (in Brazil) grassland dependent species, whose breeding success remains poorly known hampering conservation measures on its breeding grounds. Here we analyze the nest survival of the species in relation to temporal and environmental variables over three breeding seasons in hilly dry grasslands in southern Brazil. The apparent nest success was 40%, and MARK survival 20%. Predation was the main cause of failure, affecting 55% of the unsuccessful nests, followed by desertion, infestation by Philornis fly larvae, cattle trampling and burning. The productivity was 1.77 young per pair. Best models include time-specific factors (nest age and time of breeding season), reflected by a gradual reduction in nest survival over the nesting cycle, accompanied by an increase in temperature, subcutaneous larvae infestation, and predation. Nest site characteristics did not influence nest survival. Predation is more prevalent in the nestling rearing period than during incubation. This tendency may be caused by an increase in the activity in the nests, as is predicted by the Skutch hypothesis. The conclusion that time-specific factors influence nest survival more than ecological variables is important to plan on seasonally dependent conservation and management measures.

ABSTRACT Information on the breeding biology of most Neotropical birds, and interpopulation comparisons, are insufficient. The Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), is a forest understory passerine commonly found in the gallery forests of the tropical savanna-like Cerrado biome. We provide information about the nesting phenology, nesting cycle, nests, eggs, nestlings, and nest-site characteristics of a population of the Helmeted Manakin in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. During two breeding seasons we found 16 active, and 30 inactive nests. Breeding activities occurred from mid- August to mid- January, and nests were constructed in bushes and saplings in the forest’s understory, 0.45-3.48 m above ground (1.56 ± 0.66 m). Clutch size was two eggs, which were laid in intervals of one to three days. Three remarkable patterns of interclutch egg color and marking variations were observed. The incubation period of two nests was 18 and 19 days, and nestling periods were 16.3 ± 0.6 days (16-17 days, n = 3 nests). The apparent nest survival of 11 thoroughly monitored nests was 36.4%. In addition to the first description of the interclutch egg pattern variations, the following information differs from previous literature data: egg laying interval and nestling periods. Our data contribute to the overall knowledge of the variations in breeding parameters of the Helmeted Manakin.

Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

RESUMEN Durante los años 2005, 2014-2017, estudiamos seis nidos del monjito (Euphonia elegantissima) en dos sitios urbanos y suburbanos de la ciudad de Xalapa. Los nidos se localizaron en la punta de un árbol de macadamia, debajo de bromelias epífitas y debajo de macetas colgantes con helechos o euforbiáceas. Los dos nidos que fueron colectados fueron cerrados y esféricos (7.2 x 7.5 x 5.6 cm; 10.1 x 8.6 x 11 cm), con una entrada lateral y estuvieron fabricados principalmente de fibras vegetales, hojas y telarañas. Las observaciones incluyeron la construcción del nido, la incubación de los huevos y el cuidado de los polluelos. La construcción de los nidos tardó al menos entre 10 y 11 días. La incubación de los huevos duró entre 14 y 18 días. En todos los casos con excepción de uno, la incubación fue hecha por la hembra y en todas las observaciones el macho escoltó a la hembra al nido. El tiempo de incubación por sesión fue de 36-88 min (media = 62 min) con sesiones fuera del nido más cortas (3-18 min, media = 9 min). En dos nidos se encontraron tres huevos, en uno de los cuales sólo dos huevos eclosionaron; en otro nido se observaron cuatro polluelos. En dos nidos la fase de polluelos duró lo mismo, 20 días, presentando los machos un mayor tiempo de cuidado de los polluelos (35-300 s, media = 109 s) que las hembras (25-99 s, media = 53 s). Se observó una escolta recíproca durante la fase de polluelos, siendo el macho el primero en llegar siempre. La reproducción ocurrió en los meses de enero, abril, mayo (dos nidos), junio y julio. Al registrarse para el monjito la escolta de la hembra por el macho durante la fase de incubación, se corroboran observaciones previas en los géneros Euphonia y Chlorophonia. Los tiempos observados para las fases de incubación y polluelos fueron similares a valores previamente publicados para las especies de ambos géneros.

ABSTRACT Between 2005, 2014-2017, we studied six Elegant Euphonia (Euphonia elegantissima) nests from two sites (urban and suburban) in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz. They were located in a macadamia tree crown, under epiphytic bromeliads, and under hanging fern and Euphorbia pots. The two nests we extracted and measured (7.2 x 7.5 x 5.6 cm; 10.1 x 8.6 x 11 cm), were closed and globular, with a lateral entry and mainly made of plant fibers, leaves, and cobwebs. Our observations included nest construction, egg incubation and chick care (nestling phase). Nest construction took at least 10-11 days, while egg incubation took 14-18 days. Incubation was done by the female in all but one observation, and the male escorted the female to the nest on every occasion. Time of incubation sessions ranged from 36-88 min (mean = 62 min) with shorter out nest sessions (3-18 min, mean = 9 min). There were three eggs in two of the nests, and in one only two eggs hatched; four chicks were observed in another nest. The nestling phase lasted 20 days in two nests, with the male spending more time (35-300 s, mean = 109 s) than the female taking care of the chicks (25-99 s, mean = 53 s). Reciprocal escorting was observed during the nestling phase, with the male always arriving first. Breeding occurred in January, April, May (two nests), June, and July. Observing the male of the Elegant Euphonia escorting the female during the incubation period, corroborates previous observations of this behavior in genera Euphonia and Chlorophonia. Incubation and nestling time periods were similar to other species of these genera.