Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Abstract The civil construction sector is one of the main consumers of natural resources and presents the need to implement sustainable practices in its activities. We sought to present an overview of sustainability practices that have been developed by the civil construction sector in Brazil and their contributions to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the UN. To this end, a review of the literature was carried out, considering the Brazilian sector, using the following steps: preparation; organization phase; reporting the analysis process and results. Twenty-four companies representing the sector were considered. According to the analysis of their reports, 19 sustainable practices are identified. It was possible to group these practices into four macro areas aligned with the sustainable development of organizations, such as environmental, economic, social, and extensive management practices. Finally, a synthesis of the practices that have been applied in the civil construction sector is presented. Sustainable practices were also aligned with the goals set out in the UN SDGs. activities SDGs (SDGs end steps preparation phase results Twentyfour Twenty considered reports 1 identified organizations environmental economic social Finally presented

Resumo O setor da construção civil é um dos principais consumidores de recursos naturais e apresenta a necessidade de implementação de práticas sustentáveis em suas atividades. Buscou-se apresentar o panorama das práticas de sustentabilidade que vem sendo desenvolvidas pelo setor da construção civil atuantes no Brasil e suas contribuições para o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentáveis (ODSs) propostos pela ONU. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura e em seguida um levantamento de empresas que se destacam no setor considerando o cenário brasileiro, utilizando as seguintes etapas: fase de preparação; fase de organização; e fase de relatar o processo de análise e resultados. Foram consideradas 24 empresas representativas do setor. Segundo a análise de seus relatórios, 19 práticas sustentáveis são desenvolvidas. Foi possível agrupar tais práticas em quatro macro áreas alinhadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável das organizações, como por exemplo, práticas ambientais, econômicas, sociais e práticas amplas de gestão. Por fim, apresenta-se uma síntese das práticas que vem sendo aplicadas no setor da construção civil. As práticas sustentáveis também foram alinhadas aos objetivos estabelecidos nos ODSs da ONU. atividades Buscouse Buscou (ODSs ONU tal brasileiro etapas preparação organização resultados 2 relatórios 1 organizações exemplo ambientais econômicas gestão fim apresentase

ABSTRACT Social technology is based around three axes: community, environmental protection and economic solidarity. The páramo itself is a vital ecosystem for water regulation as it is the source of water supplies for human consumption and performance of economic activities. This article intends to identify the limitations to apply social technology to the protection of the páramo in the central highlands of Ecuador, where processes of self-management, empowerment, participation, agreement-making, cooperation and pursuit for collective welfare have been observed. The methodology is quantitative within the framework of discourse analysis. The results show that, in order to reach a large agreement for the protection and recovery of the páramo, involving all of the communities settled in the area, it is necessary to overcome limitations mostly related to the lacking attention by the government in regards to basic utilities, management plans for conservation areas and studies for economic alternatives allowing communities to subsist in the lower zones, compromising not to extend their agricultural borders further into the highlands. This information helps strengthen natural resource management from a new perspective.

RESUMO A tecnologia social baseia-se em três eixos: a comunidade, o cuidado ambiental e a solidariedade econômica. O páramo é um ecossistema vital para a regulação hídrica pois ele fornece agua para o consumo humano e a realização de atividades económicas. Esse artigo focou-se na identificação das limitações para aplicar os fundamentos da tecnologia social para a proteção do páramo, situado na Sierra central de Equador, sítio onde pode-se observar processos de autogestão, empoeiramento, participação, efetuação de acordos, cooperação e procuração de um bem-estar coletivo. A metodologia é qualitativa, dentro do contexto da análise do discurso. Os resultados mostram que, para ter um acordo grande para a proteção e recuperação do páramo, com todas as comunidades estabelecidas na zona, é necessário vencer limitações relacionadas principalmente à falta de atenção do governo em relação à serviços básicos, planes de gestão de áreas de conservação e estudo de alternativas económicas que permitam que as comunidades possam subsistir nas zonas baixas, e comprometer-se a não estender a fronteira agrícola em direção às zonas altas. Essa informação contribui a fortalecer a gestão de recursos naturais com uma nova perspectiva.

RESUMEN La tecnología social se fundamenta en tres ejes: la comunidad, el cuidado ambiental y la solidaridad económica. Por su parte, el páramo es un ecosistema vital en la regulación hídrica porque sustenta el suministro de agua para consumo humano y el desarrollo de actividades económicas. Este artículo se centra en identificar las limitaciones para aplicar los fundamentos de la tecnología social en la protección del páramo, ubicado en la Sierra central del Ecuador, lugar donde se observan procesos de autogestión, empoderamiento, participación, logro de acuerdos, cooperación y búsqueda del bienestar colectivo. La metodología es cualitativa, en el marco del análisis del discurso. Los resultados muestran que, para que exista un gran acuerdo de protección y recuperación del páramo, entre todas las comunidades asentadas en esta zona, es necesario vencer limitaciones relacionadas, principalmente, con la falta de atención por parte del gobierno en temas de servicios básicos, planes de manejo para áreas de conservación y estudio de alternativas económicas que permitan a las comunidades subsistir en las zonas bajas y comprometerse a no ampliar la frontera agrícola hacia zonas altas. Esta información contribuye a fortalecer la gestión de recursos naturales desde una nueva perspectiva.

ABSTRACT This work aims to identify innovations, technological advances, and best practices to migrate towards a circular economy in air transport. The relevance of the research lies in the contribution to the generation of circular economy knowledge in the field of administration with application in the aeronautical industry. By analyzing literature and best practices, the circular economy could be a viable solution to reduce the use of natural resources in aircraft manufacturing and airport operations. Among the main findings are innovations and technological developments in new materials, fuels, building methods, and best practices implemented at airports to obtain energy and generate less waste. It has also been identified that applying circular economy principles in this mode of transport would contribute to sustainability efforts and increase the competitiveness of organizations in the sector.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar innovaciones, avances tecnológicos y mejores prácticas para migrar hacia una economía circular en el transporte aéreo. La relevancia de la investigación radica en el aporte a la generación de conocimiento sobre economía circular en el campo de la administración con aplicación en la industria aeronáutica. Al analizar la literatura y las mejores prácticas, la economía circular podría ser una solución viable para reducir el uso de recursos naturales en la fabricación de aeronaves y las operaciones aeroportuarias. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentran innovaciones y desarrollos tecnológicos en nuevos materiales, combustibles, métodos de construcción y mejores prácticas implementadas en los aeropuertos para obtener energía y generar menos residuos. También se ha identificado que aplicar principios de economía circular en este modo de transporte contribuiría a los esfuerzos de sostenibilidad y aumentaría la competitividad de las organizaciones del sector.

Resumen Este artículo analiza cómo la teoría geopolítica expuesta por Halford Mackinder se ve amenazada por las previsiones del deshielo del Ártico, en el mediano plazo, y cómo estas predicciones transforman el marco estratégico de los países que conforman el territorio, en especial, de la Federación Rusa. Este cambio, que supone el final del Heartland, deja a Rusia en una situación privilegiada por su cercanía y control de las rutas comerciales y los recursos naturales, pero compone también un escenario nuevo en el que la pasada invulnerabilidad marítima queda abierta a experiencias, hasta ahora, desconocidas. Al centrarse en un análisis entre la teoría de Mackinder y la situación actual del Ártico, el artículo trata de dar respuesta a la importancia del Polo Norte, dada su posición geográfica y su naturaleza de mar helado, y a en qué medida puede suponer este una alteración de los equilibrios de poder en el orden regional y global.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a forma como a teoria geopolítica de Halford Mackinder é ameaçada pelas previsões de degelo do Ártico a médio prazo e transforma o quadro estratégico dos países que compõem o território, nomeadamente a Federação Russa. Esta mudança, que marca o fim do Heartland, deixa a Rússia numa situação privilegiada pela sua proximidade e controlo das rotas comerciais e dos recursos naturais, mas cria também um novo cenário em que a invulnerabilidade marítima do passado se abre a experiências até então desconhecidas. Através de uma análise comparativa entre a teoria de Halford Mackinder e a situação atual do Ártico, procuramos responder à questão da importância do Pólo Norte, dada a sua posição geográfica e a natureza do gelo marinho, e em que medida pode alterar os equilíbrios de poder na ordem regional e global.

Abstract This article analyses how the geopolitical theory set out by Halford Mackinder is threatened by forecasts of Arctic ice melt in the medium term and transforms the strategic framework of the countries that make up the territory, especially the Russian Federation. This change, which marks the end of the Heartland, leaves Russia in a privileged situation due to its proximity to and control of trade routes and natural resources, but also creates a new scenario in which past maritime invulnerability is open to hitherto unknown experiences. Focusing on a comparative analysis between Halford Mackinder's theory and the current situation of the Arctic, the article tries to find answers to the the importance of the North Pole, given its geographical position and sea ice nature, and to the extent to which it may entail an alteration of the balance of power in the regional and global order.

ABSTRACT This work determined the ecological footprint of the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism, a science institution attached at the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. The categories analyzed to carry out the calculations of CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint were: Water, Built surface, Electricity Consumption, Mobility, Paper, Non-hazardous solid waste, Hazardous waste, Food, Services and Production of Magnetic Conditioners. The methodology of Doménech (2009) and the methodology for calculating the ecological footprint in universities of López Álvarez et al. (2009) of the Sustainable Development Office, University of Santiago de Compostela were used as a basis. The results obtained for the year 2022 reflect that the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism needs an area of 52,984 ha/year of forest to regenerate the natural resources that the center uses for the satisfaction of it social demand. Similarly, it requires 89,096 hag standard forest to assimilate CO2 emissions.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo desarrolló el cálculo de la huella ecológica del Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, entidad de ciencia adscrita a la Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. Las categorías analizadas para realizar los cálculos de las emisiones de CO2 y de la huella ecológica fueron: Agua, Superficie construida, Consumo de Electricidad, Movilidad, Papel, Residuos sólidos no peligrosos, Residuos peligrosos, Alimentos, Servicios y Producción de Acondicionadores Magnéticos. Se utilizó como base la metodología de Doménech (2009) y la metodología para el cálculo de la huella ecológica en universidades de López Álvarez y colaboradores (2009) de la Oficina de Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Los resultados obtenidos para el año 2022 reflejan que el Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado necesita un área de bosques de 52,984 ha/año para regenerar los recursos naturales que se demandan por el centro para satisfacer su objeto social. Asimismo, requiere de 89,096 hag de bosque estándar mundial para asimilar las emisiones de CO2 generadas.

BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

Resumen Comprender la estructura y diversidad forestal permite elaborar y analizar estrategias para el manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue contribuir al conocimiento de la estructura arbórea, así como su capacidad de regeneración en un gradiente altitudinal en un Área Natural Protegida, en Madera, Chihuahua. El estudio comprendió tres intervalos altitudinales: inferior (2 307 a 2 466 m), medio (2 466 a 2 625 m) y superior (2 625 - 2 785 m), en los que se distribuyeron 30 sitios circulares de 500 m2 donde se midió el diámetro y altura del arbolado superior, así como la densidad de la regeneración. La estructura vertical se obtuvo con el índice de Pretzsch (A), además, se evaluó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), la diversidad con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) y riqueza con Margalef (D mg ), asimismo, se estimó la capacidad de renuevo y los daños presentes. Los valores de A muestran la mayor homogeneidad estructural en el intervalo 2; la familia Pinaceae registró el peso ecológico superior en el IVI; los valores de H’ y D mg fueron superiores en el estrato II, sin embargo, todos se consideran de baja diversidad y riqueza; las especies Abies concolor y Pseudotsuga menziesii, mostraron la mayor proporción de regeneración en la comunidad, en la que la supresión es el daño frecuente, no obstante, el 95% de los individuos no presentaron afectaciones. Esta información es de utilidad para la conservación de estas comunidades de importancia ecológica en bosques templados.

Abstract Understanding forest structure and diversity allows the development and analysis of strategies for the sustainable management of natural resources. The objective of the research was to contribute to the knowledge of tree structure, as well as its regeneration capacity in an altitudinal gradient in a Natural Protected Area in Madera, Chihuahua. The study included three altitudinal intervals: lower (2 307 to 2 466 m), middle (2 466 to 2 625 m) and upper (2 625 - 2 785 m), in which 30 circular sites of 500 m2 were distributed where the diameter and height of the upper trees were measured, as well as the density of regeneration. The vertical structure was obtained with the Pretzsch index (A), in addition, the importance value index (IVI), diversity with the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and richness with Margalef (D mg ) were evaluated, as well as the renewal capacity and damage present. The values of A show the greatest structural homogeneity in interval 2; the Pinaceae family registered the highest ecological weight in the IVI; the values of H' and Dmg were higher in stratum II, however, all are considered of low diversity and richness; the species Abies concolor and Pseudotsuga menziesii, showed the highest proportion of regeneration in the community, in which suppression is the frequent damage, however, 95% of the individuals were not affected. This information is useful for the conservation of these ecologically important communities in temperate forests.

Irrigation is required to supplement rainfall to enhance the productivity of chickpea in South Africa (SA). However, the dependence on irrigation can be problematic for SA and other countries with limited natural water resources and variable rainfall. Even though access to irrigation water has been identified as one of the challenges faced when planting chickpea in the winter season in SA, irrigation management strategies for chickpea grown on soils differing in texture have not gained considerable research attention. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of irrigation levels on dry matter production of chickpea grown on two soils differing in soil texture under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial in a completely randomized design, with 3 irrigation levels (25%, 50% and 75% of the water-holding capacity of soil (WHC)) and 2 soils differing in soil textural class (Loamy sand (LS) soil and sandy loam (SL) soil), replicated thrice. Irrigation level, soil texture and their interaction significantly affected shoot biomass (SBM) and total plant biomass (TBM). Generally, SBM, TBM and root biomass decreased correspondingly with the reduction in irrigation. The 25% WHC significantly reduced the SBM by up to 60% and TBM by up to 56% compared to the 50% and 75% WHC. The SBM and TBM were higher in SL soil than in LS soil. A significantly higher root/shoot ratio (0.45) in the LS soil than in the SL soil (0.16) indicated that the conditions of LS soil encouraged plants to allocate higher proportions of biomass into roots, possibly due to increased competition for soil resources. In conclusion, maintaining soil moisture at 50% WHC ensures better chickpea dry matter production in SL soil.

Abstract (Introduction): Coastal areas constitute the interface between land and marine environments, connected through multiple natural and socioecological processes that contribute to human well-being. (Objective): Identify land and marine uses and activities with mutual implications and biophysical processes in the northern region of the Bonaerense Coastal Ecosystem (Argentina), in order to evaluate the degree of compatibility or conflict between these activities, with emphasis on the fishing activity. (Methodology): The land-sea-land (T-M-T) methodological analysis was applied. Uses and activities (U&A) and biophysical processes of marine and land origin were determined. Interactions between marine-land and biophysical processes T-M-T were identified for further categorization and analysis. (Results): A total of 121 U&A sea-land-sea (L-S-L) interactions related to fishing were detected. Medium conflicts were mainly caused by competition for space or resources and were associated with the coexistence of U&A (tourism, fishing, and communication activities), both spatially and temporally. Of the total, 68 negative interactions were observed between biophysical processes and U&A L-S-L, which were linked to climatic events and the effects of climate change (variation in sea surface temperature, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, as well as variations in sediment transport and coastal erosion). (Conclusions): The analysis carried out constitutes an advancement in the study of U&A T-M-T in coastal-marine areas of the Atlantic coast and their interactions, with emphasis on fishing activities, as a contribution to their management with an ecosystemic approach.

Resumen (Introducción): Los espacios litorales constituyen la interfaz entre los ambientes terrestres y marinos, conectados por múltiples procesos naturales y socioecológicos, proporcionando bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano. (Objetivo): Identificar los usos y actividades tanto terrestres como marinos con implicancias mutuas y los procesos biofísicos en la región norte del Ecosistema Costero Bonaerense (Argentina), con el fin de evaluar el grado de compatibilidad o conflicto entre estas actividades, con énfasis en el sector pesquero. (Metodología): Se aplicó el análisis metodológico tierra-mar-tierra (T-M-T). Se determinaron los usos y actividades (UyA), así como procesos biofísicos de origen marino y terrestre. Se identificaron las interacciones entre UyA marinos y terrestres, y procesos físicos T-M-T, para su posterior categorización y análisis de las interacciones previamente identificadas. (Resultados): Se notaron 121 interacciones de UyA T-M-T vinculadas con la pesca. Predominaron los conflictos medios por competencia de espacio o recursos y se relacionaron con la coexistencia espacial y temporal de UyA (turísticas, pesquera y comunicaciones). Se detectaron 68 interacciones negativas entre los procesos biofísicos y UyA asociados a eventos climáticos e impactos derivados del cambio climático (modificaciones en la temperatura superficial del mar, circulación atmosférica y oceánica, así como variaciones en el transporte de sedimentos y erosión costera). (Conclusiones): El análisis efectuado constituye un avance en el estudio entre UyA T-M-T en zonas litorales costero-marinas de la costa atlántica y de sus interacciones, con énfasis en la actividad pesquera, como aporte a la gestión de aquellos, con un enfoque ecosistémico.

Abstract Environmental ethics focuses on human responsibility towards the environment, especially due to the current abuse of natural resources. This relationship has caused serious impacts on the environment and human life, pointing out the need for a genuine and practical change for humanity to assume its responsibility in the preservation of the environment. By considering the theological-philosophical points of view presented by Pope Francis and Hans Jonas’ ethical proposal for the technological era, this study seeks to merge both ideas to promote biodiversity. This implies recognizing the role of the human being as a responsible steward, promoting an ethic that orients towards the future, while maintaining respect for the position of the human being as guardian of the ecosystem and its biological diversity.

RESUMEN La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológico-filosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica.

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between perceptions and agricultural practices in the face of the effects of climate change from the agro-socio-economic context and the hydrological structure in the Cochapata high-altitude ecosystem in Urcuquí-Ecuador. The methodological strategy responds to the qualitative paradigm, case study method. Primary information was collected through landscape reading, interviews, and participant observation. It was found that the territory is occupied by timber industries, whose tree species are characterized by excessive water demand. The sub-paramo is inhabited by peasants in survival conditions who use the land to obtain goods for family sustenance using their labor force. Water distribution is of a hydro-social nature, as it excludes peasants from the right to irrigation and watering. Regarding the effects of the changing climate, the inhabitants perceive heat waves and variations in the rainy season in their daily lives; however, no agricultural practices were found to adapt to the climatic phenomenon. It is concluded that the vulnerability of the ecosystem is not directly related to climate change; it responds to historical failures in the distribution of ecosystem goods such as land and water, to the lack of knowledge of the peasant subject on the part of the state and society, and the excessive extractivism implemented during the last decades.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre percepciones y prácticas agrícolas frente a los efectos del cambio climático desde el contexto agro-socio-económico y la estructura hidrológica en el ecosistema de altura Cochapata en Urcuquí-Ecuador. La estrategia metodológica responde al paradigma cualitativo, método de estudio de caso. Se levantó información primaria mediante lectura del paisaje, entrevistas y observación participante. Se encontró que el territorio está ocupado por industrias madereras cuyas especies arbóreas se caracterizan por excesiva demanda hídrica. El subpáramo está habitado por campesinos en condición de sobrevivencia que usan la tierra para obtener bienes de sustento familiar, valiéndose de su fuerza de trabajo. Se evidenció que la distribución del agua es de carácter hidrosocial, pues excluye al campesinado del derecho a riego y abrevadero. Respecto a los efectos del clima cambiante, los pobladores perciben en su cotidianidad olas de calor y variaciones en las temporadas de lluvias, sin embargo, no se encontraron prácticas agrícolas con intención adaptativa al fenómeno climático. Se concluye que la vulnerabilidad del ecosistema no guarda relación directa con el cambio climático, esta responde a las fallas históricas en la distribución de los bienes ecosistémicos tierra y agua, al desconocimiento del sujeto campesino por parte del Estado y de la sociedad, y al excesivo extractivismo implantado durante las últimas décadas.

Resumo As áreas costeiras são locais propícios para o desenvolvimento de cidades e o estabelecimento de populações vulneráveis expostas a ameaças naturais. As imagens de satélite são uma valiosa ferramenta para o estudo da cobertura do solo. Neste trabalho, foram selecionadas três áreas urbanas costeiras do Rio da Prata (Ribera de Quilmes, Punta Lara e Atalaya) com diferentes características territoriais e populacionais, para analisar a evolução das coberturas do solo, com ênfase na cobertura urbana no período de 1990 a 2020, utilizando imagens de satélite e a técnica de classificação supervisionada. Os resultados demonstraram boa separabilidade entre assinaturas espectrais, variabilidade entre locais, precisão acima de 87% e boa confiabilidade (Índice Kappa acima de 0,75) na classificação. Nas três áreas, a tendência foi o aumento da área urbana em detrimento de outras coberturas. A utilização de ferramentas de acesso livre para conhecer a evolução da cobertura do solo oferece a possibilidade de gerir territórios de forma sustentável em governos com recursos escassos.

Abstract Coastal areas are suitable sites for the development of cities and usually are occupied by vulnerable population, exposed to natural hazards. Satellite images are a valuable tool for the study of land cover. Three coastal urban areas of the Río de la Plata with different territorial and population conditions have been selected (Ribera de Quilmes, Punta Lara and Atalaya). Based on satellite images and the application of supervised classification technique, they were selected to identify and analyze the evolution of different land covers emphasizing urban coverage for the period 1990-2020. The results obtained good separability between spectral signatures, variability between sites, good precision (over 87%) and good reliability (Kappa index over 0.75) in the classification. In the three areas, the trend was an increase in urban cover to the detriment of the rest. Knowledge of land cover, and its evolution from open access images and software, allows in developing countries with limited resources to manage their territories in a sustainable manner.

Resumen Las áreas costeras son sitios favorables para el desarrollo de ciudades y el asentamiento de población vulnerable expuesta a amenazas naturales. Las imágenes satelitales constituyen una valiosa herramienta para el estudio de la cobertura del suelo. En este trabajo se han seleccionado tres áreas urbanas costeras al Río de la Plata (Ribera de Quilmes, Punta Lara y Atalaya) con distintas características territoriales y poblacionales, para analizar la evolución de las coberturas del suelo, con énfasis en la cobertura urbana en el período 1990-2020, utilizando imágenes satelitales y la técnica de clasificación supervisada. Los resultados demostraron buena separabilidad entre firmas espectrales, variabilidad entre sitios, precisión mayor al 87% y buena confiabilidad (Índice Kappa mayor a 0,75) en la clasificación. En las tres áreas, la tendencia fue el incremento del área urbana en desmedro de otras coberturas. La utilización de herramientas de acceso libre para conocer la evolución de la cobertura del suelo, brindan la posibilidad de gestionar territorios de manera sustentable en gobiernos con escasos recursos.

Abstract: The unplanned and fragmented urban development of cities has caused them to be responsible for most of the planet's unsustainable development. Urban sustainability emerges as a response to this imbalance. Throughout its history, Guayaquil has shown unplanned urban growth that has continuously degraded its natural resources, such as forests and estuaries. The present research aims to evaluate the level of sustainability resulting from such change at the neighborhood level in Guayaquil. The study analyzes urban indicators of six representative neighbourhoods of the city regarding socioeconomic and historical factors. Thus, indicators were analyzed with respect to form, diversity, mobility, and environmental quality. The methodology includes an analysis for selecting variables, a study of the neighbourhoods' morphology using geo-portal map and information gathering through field studies and data processing. The results allow inferring the variables' influence on the sustainability level of each analyzed neighbourhood and how density, diversity and environmental quality play a vital role in developing greater sustainability at the neighbourhood and city levels.

Resumen: El desarrollo urbano no planificado y fragmentado de las ciudades ha ocasionado que estas sean responsables de la mayor parte del desarrollo no sustentable del planeta. La sostenibilidad urbana surge como medida de respuesta ante esta descompensación. La ciudad de Guayaquil presenta a lo largo de su historia un crecimiento urbano no planificado que continuamente ha degradado sus recursos naturales, como bosques y esteros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad resultante de tal crecimiento a nivel barrial en Guayaquil. El estudio analiza indicadores urbanos de seis barrios representativos de la ciudad en cuanto a factores socioeconómicos e históricos. Se analizaron indicadores con respecto a la forma, diversidad, movilidad y calidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada recoge un análisis para la selección de variables, estudio de la morfología de los barrios realizada por medio de mapas de geo portales, relevamiento de información a través de estudio de campo y procesamiento de datos. Los resultados permiten inferir la influencia de las variables en el nivel de sostenibilidad de cada uno de los barrios analizados y como la densidad, la diversidad y calidad ambiental desempeñan un papel primordial en el desarrollo de una mayor sostenibilidad a nivel barrial y de ciudad.

ABSTRACT Cuba faces a complex situation related to the warranty of the pillars of food and nutrition security; due to the international economic crisis, the irrational use of natural resources and the impact of climate change; a situation that gets worse due to the lack of financial resources and the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. In this scene, the Cuban State and Government´s bet to approve the Plan of Food Sovereignty and Nutrition Education and its consequent legal instrumentation, the Law of Food Sovereignty and Food and Nutrition Security. The present article contains the construction process of these legal regulations, the novel methodologies used for their elaboration, and the systematization of good practices and lessons learned in this legislative process.

RESUMEN Cuba enfrenta un contexto complejo para garantizar los pilares de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional; producto de la crisis económica internacional, la utilización irracional de los recursos naturales y el impacto del cambio climático, la cual se acentúa con la carencia de recursos financieros y los efectos de la pandemia del coronavirus. Ante este escenario, el Estado y Gobierno cubanos apostaron por aprobar un Plan de Soberanía Alimentaria y Educación Nutricional y su instrumentación jurídica, la Ley Soberanía Alimentaria y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y su Reglamento. El presente artículo aborda el proceso de construcción de estas normas legales, las metodologías novedosas utilizadas para su elaboración, con una sistematización de las buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas en este proceso legislativo.