Serial numbers are marks present on several day-to-day objects, created by manufacturers for purposes such as quality control, product tracking and to prevent counterfeiting. In the case of firearms, these characters can be obliterated or damaged by natural processes or intentionally by criminals to prevent positive identification of stolen property. One non-destructive method employed by crime laboratories for the restoration of obliterated characters is the magnetic particle method. The present work aims to study the synthesis and application of waste-made magnetic nanoparticles in the recovery of adulterated markings. A set of analytical-grade materials and metallic waste magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized for comparison purposes. Chemical characterization tests by X-ray fluorescence, morphological tests by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and magnetization tests by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were performed. The efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested on 1020 steel plates previously engraved and adulterated by sanding. Both homemade magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated superior performance compared to commercial magnetic particles. The application of homemade magnetic particles, especially using waste as the source of production, decreases the cost of the material and is environmentally friendly. The development of this material makes magnetic serial number restoration a better option for widespread use in forensic procedures. daytoday day objects control counterfeiting firearms property nondestructive non destructive wastemade made markings analyticalgrade analytical grade Xray X ray fluorescence SEM, SEM , (SEM) VSM (VSM performed 102 sanding particles production friendly procedures (SEM 10 1

Abstract Introduction: The creation of protected natural areas within urban environments has played an essential role in providing small reservoirs of native vegetation and refuges for endemic species. However, knowledge of how land management and landscape design can influence the different community structures of urban parks is scarce. Objective: To analyze, through ant communities, the influence of urbanization in a protected natural area (PNA) located in an urban zone. Methods: From April to July 2022, using bait traps and pitfall traps along 100 m transects, the presence of ant species was recorded in the El Refugio State Park Natural Area in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Alpha diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, while beta diversity was evaluated using the Jaccard index. Additionally, indicator species were identified through the indicator value (IndVal). Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to associate the presence of species with environmental variables and vegetation types, and contingency tables were created to relate ant presence to vegetation cover size. Results: In total 18 565 individuals were captured (five subfamilies, 22 genera, and 29 species). Species richness and diversity decreased in sites with low vegetation cover, such as in Tamaulipan thornscrub; secondary vegetation retained greater species richness. Indicator species found in secondary vegetation and grassland areas were mainly composed of species that tolerate high temperatures and generalists such as Forelius mccooki and Tetramorium spinosum. The presence of these species is primarily associated with temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover. A relationship between the presence of ant species and vegetation cover size was evident. Conclusion: The structure and composition of ant communities vary according to the type of vegetation structure, particularly in areas that have undergone greater anthropogenic damage. Therefore, the conservation of landscapes, as well as monitoring of these areas, should be considered in future research.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de espacios naturales protegidos en entornos urbanos desempeñan un papel esencial, proporcionando reservorios de vegetación autóctona y refugios de fauna endémica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre cómo la gestión del suelo y el diseño del paisaje influye en las diferentes estructuras comunitarias de parques urbanos. Objetivo: Analizar a través de comunidades de hormigas la influencia de la urbanización en un área natural protegida en zona urbana. Métodos: De abril a julio de 2022, en transectos de 100 m se colocaron trampas de cebo y Pitfall, se registró la presencia de especies de hormigas del Parque Estatal “El Refugio” (PER), Tamaulipas, México. La diversidad Alfa se evaluó mediante números de Hill y la diversidad Beta con el índice de Jaccard. Se identificaron especies indicadoras con el Valor Indicador (IndVal). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple asociando la presencia de especies con variables ambientales y tipos de vegetación. Se realizó una tabla de contingencia para relacionar la presencia de hormigas con el tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Resultados: En total, se capturaron 18 565 individuos (cinco subfamilias, 22 géneros y 29 especies). La riqueza y diversidad de especies disminuyó en sitios con baja cobertura vegetal, como en matorral espinoso tamaulipeco; la vegetación secundaria conservó mayor riqueza de especies. Áreas de vegetación secundaria y pastizal registraron especies indicadoras, principalmente especies generalistas y tolerantes a las altas temperaturas como Forelius mccooki y Tetramorium spinosum. La presencia de especies está asociada con la temperatura, humedad y cobertura vegetal. Se evidenció una relación entre presencia de especies de hormigas y tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Conclusiones: La estructura y composición de las comunidades de hormigas varía de acuerdo con la estructura vegetal, principalmente en áreas que han sufrido mayor daño antropogénico. La conservación de los paisajes y el monitoreo de estas áreas, deben ser considerados en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Construction professionals are at the forefront in reinforcing the soil with the use and application of methods and materials that help increase its bearing capacity, since one of the main causes of building collapse and settlement is soft soil. For this study, a five-story reinforced concrete building was designed using structural software and a soil-structure interaction analysis was performed. Immediate and differential settlements were calculated with the application of loads from the structure. Four reinforcement analysis models were considered: 1) without improvement; 2) with soil replacement; 3) with geogrids; and 4) with geogrids and footing width reduction. The bearing capacity was estimated using data from soil studies and material parameters from quarries near the study area in Portoviejo, Ecuador. An adaptation to the formulas of Meyerhof & Hanna was applied for the soil substitution alternative, while the formulas of Huang & Meng were used and applied for the geogrids. The aim of this analysis is to obtain a high bearing capacity value of the soil that leads to savings in foundation material and at the same time to achieve low numbers of settlements that are deduced to the safety of the structure. The results of the reinforcement in relation to the natural soil revealed a considerable increase for the geogrid alternatives compared to soil substitution, and a reduction in settlements. The percentages obtained after analysis and calculations demonstrate the benefits of using geogrids under this type of structure.

Resumen Los profesionales en construcción están a la vanguardia para reforzar el suelo con el uso y aplicación de métodos y materiales que ayuden a aumentar su capacidad portante, ya que, una de las causas principales de colapsos y asentamientos de edificaciones es el suelo blando. Para este estudio, se diseñó una edificación de cinco pisos de hormigón armado mediante un software estructural y se realizó un análisis de interacción suelo-estructura. Se calcularon los asentamientos inmediatos y diferenciales con la aplicación de las cargas provenientes de la estructura. Consideramos cuatro modelos de análisis de reforzamiento: 1) sin mejoramiento; 2) con sustitución del suelo; 3) con geomallas; y 4) con geomallas y reducción del ancho de zapata. El cálculo de la capacidad portante se estimó mediante datos de estudios de suelos y parámetros de materiales provenientes de canteras aledañas a la zona de estudio en Portoviejo, Ecuador. Se aplicó una adaptación a las fórmulas de Meyerhof y Hanna para la alternativa de sustitución del suelo, en cambio, para las geomallas se usó y aplicó las fórmulas de Huang & Meng. Lo que se pretende con este análisis es obtener un valor alto de capacidad portante del suelo que conlleve ahorro de material de cimentación y a la vez alcanzar números bajos en los asentamientos que se deduzcan a la seguridad de la estructura. Los resultados del reforzamiento con relación al suelo natural revelaron un incremento considerable para las alternativas de geomallas en comparación con la sustitución del suelo, y una reducción en los asentamientos. Los porcentajes obtenidos luego del análisis y de los cálculos demuestran los beneficios del uso de geomallas bajo este tipo de estructuras.

Abstract Terminalia argentea tree, native to Brazil, is widely used in landscaping, recovering degraded areas, its wood, coal production, and the bark or leaf extracts has medicinal use. Despite of its importance, the arthropod fauna associated to this plant and its interspecific relationships still needs further studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the arthropods, their ecological indices and the distribution in the leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. The numbers of phytophagous insects (e.g., Cephalocoema sp.), pollinators (e.g., Tetragonisca angustula), and natural enemies (e.g., Oxyopidae), and their ecological indices (e.g., species richness), were higher on the adaxial leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. Aggregated distribution of phytophagous insects (e.g., Aphis spiraecola), pollinators (e.g., Trigona spinipes), and natural enemies (e.g., Camponotus sp.) on T. argentea saplings was observed. Abundance, diversity, and species richness of natural enemies correlated, positively, with those of phytophagous and pollinators insects. Predators and tending ants followed their prey and sucking insects, respectively. Tending ants protected sucking insects against predators, and reduced chewing insects. The high number of Cephalocoema sp. on T. argentea saplings is a problem, because this insect can feed on leaves of this plant, but its preference for the adaxial leaf face favors its control. The aggregation behavior of arthropods on T. argentea saplings favors the control of potential pests of this plant. There seems to be competition between tending ants for space and food resources on T. argentea saplings. tree Brazil landscaping areas wood production use importance studies T e.g., eg e g (e.g. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) richness, richness) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes, spinipes spinipes) observed Abundance diversity correlated positively respectively predators problem e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é muito utilizada no paisagismo, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, sua madeira na produção de carvão e o extrato da casca ou das folhas tem uso medicinal. Apesar de sua importância, a fauna de artrópodes associada a esta planta e suas relações interespecíficas ainda carecem de estudos mais aprofundados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os artrópodes, seus índices ecológicos e a distribuição nas faces foliares de mudas de T. argentea. O número de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Cephalocoema sp.), polinizadores (ex.: Tetragonisca angustula), e inimigos naturais (ex.: Oxyopidae), e seus índices ecológicos (ex.: riqueza de espécies), foram maiores nas faces adaxiais das folhas das mudas de T. argentea. Foi observada uma distribuição agregada de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Aphis spiraecola), polinizadores (ex.: Trigona spinipes) e inimigos naturais (ex.: Camponotus sp.) em mudas de T. argentea. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de inimigos naturais correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com as de insetos fitófagos e polinizadores. Os predadores e as formigas cuidadoras seguiram as suas presas e os insetos sugadores, respectivamente. As formigas cuidadoras protegeram os insetos sugadores contra os predadores e reduziram os insetos mastigadores. O elevado número de Cephalocoema sp. em mudas de T. argentea é um problema, pois esse inseto pode se alimentar de folhas dessa planta, mas sua preferência pela face adaxial da folha favorece seu controle. O comportamento de agregação de artrópodes em mudas de T. argentea favorece o controle de potenciais pragas dessa planta. Parece haver competição entre as formigas cuidadoras por espaço e recursos alimentares nas mudas de T. argentea. Brasil paisagismo degradadas medicinal importância aprofundados T ex. ex (ex. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) espécies, espécies) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes abundância correlacionaramse, correlacionaramse correlacionaram se, correlacionaram-se positivamente respectivamente mastigadores problema (ex

Resumo Insetos galhadores são abundantes na natureza, encontrados em muitos ecossistemas globalmente, com espécies atacando plantas de importância econômica. Os efeitos de herbívoros de alimentação livre na abundância de insetos galhadores em árvores de Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) no Cerrado brasileiro (Savana) foram estudados. A porcentagem de desfolha e o número de ácaros fitófagos ou de Hemiptera fitófagos correlacionaram-se, negativamente, com a percentagem de folhas galhadas e de adultos do parasitoide Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. Porcentagem de folhas galhadas e o número de Eurytoma sp. adultos e ácaros fitófagos correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com o de aranhas. Os números de ácaros e fitófagos Hemiptera correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com os de joaninhas e Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. O número de adultos de Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) correlacionou-se, negativamente, com Sycophila sp. O número de Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlacionou-se, negativa e positivamente, com os de joaninhas e ácaros fitófagos, respectivamente. Herbívoros de alimentação livre afetaram a presença de insetos galhadores (Hymenoptera) em árvores de C. brasiliense, competindo por alimento e espaço. O mesmo foi observado entre dois parasitoides de Eurytoma sp., o que pode reduzir o controle biológico natural dessa praga.

Abstract Galling insects are abundant in nature, found in many ecosystems globally, with species attacking plants of economic importance. We studied the effects of free-feeding organisms on the abundance of galling insects on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees in the Brazilian Cerrado (Savanna). Percentage of defoliation and the number of phytophagous mites or number of phytophagous Hemiptera correlated negatively with percentage of galled leaves and the parasitoid Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults, respectively. Percentage of galled leaves and the numbers of Eurytoma sp. adults and phytophagous mites correlated positively with spiders. Numbers of mites and Hemiptera phytophagous correlated positively with those of lady beetles and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectively. The number of Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) adults correlated negatively with Sycophila sp. The number of Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlated, negatively and positively, with those of lady beetles and phytophagous mites, respectively. Free-feeding herbivores affected the presence of galling insects (Hymenoptera) on C. brasiliense trees, competing for food and space. The same was observed between two parasitoids of Eurytoma sp. galling insect, which can reduce the natural biological control of this pest.

Resumo Os mamíferos têm uma capacidade limitada de regenerar seus tecidos e órgãos. Um dos mecanismos associados à regeneração natural é a desdiferenciação. Várias moléculas pequenas, como vitamina C e fatores de crescimento, podem melhorar a eficiência da reprogramação. Neste estudo, as células NTERA2-D1 (NT2) foram induzidas à diferenciação (NT2-RA) com ácido retinóico (RA) 10-5 M por três dias e depois submetidas a várias quantidades de humor vítreo (VH). Os resultados mostram que a taxa de crescimento dessas células foi reduzida, enquanto essa taxa foi parcialmente restaurada após o tratamento com VH (NT2-RA-VH). A análise do ciclo celular com o método PI também mostrou que o número de células na fase S do ciclo celular nessas células estava aumentado. Os níveis de antígenos SSEA3 e TRA-1-81 em NT2-RA diminuíram, mas aumentaram em NT2-RA-VH a um nível semelhante ao das células NT2. O nível de SSEA1 teve um padrão oposto. A expressão do gene OCT4 diminuiu após o tratamento com AR, mas foi recuperado em células NT2-RA-VH. Em conclusão, sugerimos o VH como uma mistura potente para melhorar a reprogramação celular levando à desdiferenciação.

Abstract Mammals have a limited capacity to regenerate their tissues and organs. One of the mechanisms associated with natural regeneration is dedifferentiation. Several small molecules such as vitamin C and growth factors could improve reprogramming efficiency. In this study, the NTERA2-D1 (NT2) cells were induced towards differentiation (NT2-RA) with 10-5 M retinoic acid (RA) for three days and then subjected to various amounts of vitreous humor (VH). Results show that the growth rate of these cells was reduced, while this rate was partly restored upon treatment with VH (NT2-RA-VH). Cell cycle analysis with PI method also showed that the numbers of cells at the S phase of the cell cycle in these cells were increased. The levels of SSEA3 and TRA-1-81 antigens in NT2-RA were dropped but they increased in NT2- RA-VH to a level similar to the NT2 cells. The level of SSEA1 had an opposite pattern. Expression of OCT4 gene dropped after RA treatment, but it was recovered in NT2-RA-VH cells. In conclusion, we suggest VH as a potent mixture for improving the cellular reprogramming leading to dedifferentiation.

Abstract Tsunamis, despite their rarity, are among the deadliest natural disasters, inflicting catastrophic damage on both coastal and inland regions. Given their highly site-specific impact, a comprehensive understanding of tsunami wave flow characteristics is crucial for effective tsunami preparedness and for safeguarding civil engineering structures. This study investigates the formation and progression of tsunami bores as they transition into surges near the shore. We employed a wave-flume experimental approach, with a specific focus on the Malaysian coastline. Experiments took place in a wave flume with a length of 40 m and a platform designed to replicate the gentle slopes commonly found in Malaysian coastal areas vulnerable to tsunamis. The primary focus lied in measuring key flow parameters, including flow depths and velocities near the shore. Wet bed bores were marked by a sudden rise in water depth and considerable air entrainment in the front region. As these waves transformed into dry bed surges, the front slope became gentler, and aeration diminished, while peak velocities increased. Additionally, the study also delves into the relations between flow depth and velocity concerning Froude numbers and momentum flux. The outcomes contribute significantly to global initiatives aimed at improving coastal resilience against tsunamis. Tsunamis rarity disasters regions sitespecific site impact structures shore waveflume approach coastline 4 tsunamis parameters region gentler diminished increased Additionally flux

ABSTRACT This research deals with the study of the various factors affecting the performance of circular shaped elevated water tanks made of reinforced concrete material with framed staging with filled as well as empty conditions due to past Indian earthquakes. Six ground accelerations have been picked out based on the strong motion parameters. Eight numbers of existing tanks have been selected with different storage capacity and structural configurations. Seismic performances such as base shear, base moment and hydrodynamic pressure are calculated using Response Spectrum method for the ground accelerations selected. The results due to all the ground accelerations are compared with that obtained by the elastic design response spectrum available in IS1893: part1 (2016). Eventually, it has been found out that the performances of each tank for every acceleration is highly influenced by the structural configuration, mainly for empty tanks. Hence, this research is intended to achieve desirable performances of water tanks during the occurrences of earthquakes by providing appropriate number of columns and horizontal bracing configuration. To ensure this, an experimental investigation has also been done on two models, tank 1 of capacity 105.86 m3 and tank 2 of 223.278 m3, to determine the dynamic properties of tanks. parameters configurations shear IS1893 IS part 2016. 2016 . (2016) Eventually configuration Hence models 10586 105 86 105.8 m 223278 223 278 223.27 IS189 201 (2016 1058 10 8 105. 22327 22 27 223.2 IS18 20 (201 2232 223. IS1 (20 (2 (

Native to South America, Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple; Solanaceae) is naturalised in several countries globally. The plant is a major invader in the southern USA, but has minor weed status in South Africa. We investigated whether S. viarum has escaped natural enemy pressure or has recruited insect herbivores from the local Solanum flora, which are exerting some level of biotic resistance. Insect species richness and abundance and the resulting levels of herbivory were compared between plants from sympatric populations of S. viarum and the native Solanum dasyphyllum Schumacher and Thonning in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Foliage, floral material, and fruits were collected across seasons from 20 plants of each species and assessed in the laboratory. Despite no significant differences between the two species in the size of the sampled plants, S. viarum displayed significantly lower insect herbivore diversity and abundance and suffered significantly lower levels of damage to its photosynthetic and reproductive tissues. Five of the 11 specialist herbivore species recorded on S. dasyphyllum were associated with S. viarum, but in substantially lower numbers and in fewer samples. The flowerbud-galling moth Scrobipalpa sp. (Gelechiidae), which prevents fruiting in S. dasyphyllum, was absent on S. viarum and indicative of the negligible floral damage on S. viarum. Although the fruit of S. viarum were occasionally utilised by specialist herbivores, seed damage was similarly negligible. Due to its release from specialist natural enemies and with no evidence of biotic resistance, S. viarum may increase in weed status in South Africa.

Abstract This is the story of Odontoglossum crispum (=Oncidium alexandrae), from the 19th century to the present day. It is a love story because Odontoglossum crispum was considered by many to be the most beautiful of all orchid species. It was collected by the hundreds of thousands from the cloud forests of its native Colombia and exported to Britain, the rest of Europe and the USA. Vast numbers were lost in transit. When they arrived, many perished due to a lack of understanding of its needs in cultivation. Only the ‛best’ forms were grown, and the remainder discarded. Today, much of its native habitat has either disappeared or been despoiled due to human actions. Few plants remain in cultivation in the UK. It was one of the first species to be grown commercially from seed, most notably in the UK by Charlesworth & Co., following the scientific discovery by Noël Bernard that orchid seeds required the participation of a suitable fungus to germinate under natural conditions.

Resumen Antecedentes: Mesoamérica es uno de los hotspots de biodiversidad más importantes del planeta. A pesar de importantes esfuerzos realizados durante más de dos siglos para contribuir al conocimiento florístico de esta región, el conocimiento de su flora todavía es disperso y desigual. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la magnitud de la riqueza de plantas vasculares de la cuenca del río Usumacinta? Sitio y años de estudio: Cuenca del río Usumacinta (Guatemala y México), 1838-2018. Metodos: Se integró y sistematizó información florística a partir de diferentes fuentes de información derivadas de estudios florísticos y ecológicos. Resultados: Se registraron 6,977 especies, 1,892 géneros y 274 familias. El mayor número de especies (5,746) y registros (58,859) fueron de la porción mexicana, en comparación con su contraparte guatemalteca (4,445 especies y 19,952 registros). Las familias con mayor riqueza de especies fueron Orchidaceae (598), Fabaceae (512), y Asteraceae (476). La prevalencia de estas y todas las demás familias con contribuciones significativas a la flora varió entre los tres sectores altitudinales en los que se subdividió la cuenca (cuenca baja, cuenca media y cuenca alta). Conclusiones: La cuenca del río Usumacinta es una región estratégica para la conservación de la biodiversidad vegetal, con casi una tercera parte de las especies de plantas vasculares conocidas para Mesoamérica y ca. de 6 % de la flora del continente americano. Los esfuerzos de exploración botánica deben centrarse en áreas de la cuenca en donde la información disponible es escasa o nula a fin de obtener una mejor apreciación de su flora.

Abstract Background: Mesoamerica is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Despite significant efforts made over two centuries to contribute to the floristic knowledge of this region, our understanding of its flora is still scattered and uneven. Questions: What is the magnitude of the vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin? Study site and dates: Usumacinta River Basin (Guatemala and Mexico), 1838-2018. Methods: We compiled the checklist by systematizing the floristic information acquired from various sources derived from numerous floristic and ecological studies. Results: We recorded 6,977 species, 1,892 genera and 274 families. The largest numbers of species (5,746) and records (58,859) correspond to the Mexican portion of the Usumacinta River Basin, compared to its Guatemalan counterpart (4,445 species and 19,952 records). The most species-rich families were Orchidaceae (598 species), Fabaceae (512), and Asteraceae (476). The prevalence of these and all other families with significant contributions to the flora varied among three elevation-defined sectors into which the Usumacinta River Basin was subdivided (lower, middle, and upper basin). Conclusions: The Usumacinta River Basin is a strategic region for plant biodiversity conservation as it hosts almost one third of all vascular plant species known for Mesoamerica and ca. 6 % of the entire flora in the Americas. Further botanical exploration should focus on those areas of the basin for which little or no information is available in order to gain a better appreciation of its flora.

Abstract We compiled 302 breeding records from an in-depth review of bird observational records from the Lima Metropolitan Area (Lima-Peru), from eBird and iNaturalist, during 2000-2020. We (1) determined the geographic distribution of breeding records and breeding activity of species, (2) examined periods of breeding activity, and (3) described nesting patterns including nesting habitat use, host plant preference, and clutch size. Records occurred in 27 districts and encompassed 45 species. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) and Podiceps major (n=36) had the highest numbers of breeding records, and Zenaida meloda had the highest diversity of breeding activity (6 types of records). We established breeding periods for 21 species, including those breeding throughout the year (n=10), during the dry-warm season (December-April, n=5), during the humid-cold season (June-October, n=3), and some others showing some variation between the two seasons (n=3). Out of a total of 82 nesting records, 52.4% were associated with natural or artificial aquatic environments. We identified 15 host plant species, that provided support to eight nesting species. Nests of Charadrius vociferus (3 eggs), H. palliatus (1-4 eggs), and Z. meloda (2 eggs) showed invariable clutch sizes compared to what has been reported for these species in other areas of the Peruvian central coast. We showed that citizen science data is a useful tool for studying breeding biology, espe cially of Peruvian birds, where more traditional data sources are scarce.

Resumen Recopilamos 302 registros reproductivos a partir de una revisión en profundidad de registros de observación de aves del Área Metropolitana de Lima, (Lima-Perú), de eBird e iNaturalist, durante 2000-2020. Nosotros (1) determinamos la distribución geográfica de los registros reproductivos y la actividad reproductiva de las especies, (2) examinamos los períodos de actividad reproductiva y (3) describimos los patrones de anidación, incluido el uso del hábitat de anidación. Los registros ocurrieron en 27 distritos y abarcaron 45 especies. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) y Podiceps major (n=36) tuvieron el mayor número de registros de reproducción, y Zenaida meloda tuvo la mayor diversidad de actividad de reproducción (6 tipos de registros). Establecimos periodos de reproducción para 21 especies, incluyendo las que se reproducen du rante todo el año (n=10), durante la estación seca-cálida (diciembre-abril, n=5), durante la estación húmeda-fría (junio-octubre, n=3), y algunos otros que muestran alguna variación entre las dos estaciones (n=3). De un total de 82 registros de anidación, el 52,4% estuvo asociado a ambientes acuáticos naturales o artificiales. Identificamos 15 especies de plantas hospederas, que brindaron apoyo a ocho especies anidadoras. Los nidos de Charadrius vo ciferus (3 huevos), H. palliatus (1-4 huevos) y Z. meloda (2 huevos) mostraron tamaños de puesta invariables en comparación con lo reportado para estas especies en otras áreas de la costa central peruana. Mostramos que los datos de la ciencia ciudadana son una herramienta útil para el estudio de la biología reproductiva, especialmente en las aves peruanas, donde las fuentes de datos más tradicionales son escasas.

SUMMARY Prosopis caldenia is a woody perennial species endemic to the temperate semi-arid phytogeographic region of central Argentina known as the Caldén district. Currently, some areas of this region are degraded because of livestock, fires, the advance of the agricultural frontier, and lack of forest management, among others. To improve the restoration of this important species within its natural distribution area and/or for the expansion of the wooded area, propagation methods must be developed that produce acceptable numbers of seedlings when seeds are put in conditions to germinate. The seeds of P. caldenia present an impermeable coat that prevents uniform imbibition. The literature is scarce regarding the study of scarification methods in this species. The objective of this work was to evaluate which pre-germination method (mechanical, chemical, or thermal) best adapts and improves the germination parameters. The seeds were placed in a germination chamber at a temperature of 30 ºC for 12 days and daily observations of germination, non-embedded seeds, non-germinated embedded seeds, root length, and germination indices were carried out. The results indicate that mechanical scarifying achieves the highest germination rate, germination indices, and root length (P < 0.05) followed by acid treatment. This research should be repeated in the nursery to verify whether the laboratory results are maintained under plant production conditions.

RESUMEN Prosopis caldenia es una especie leñosa perenne endémica de la región fitogeográfica semiárida templada del centro de Argentina conocida como el distrito de Caldén. Actualmente, se presentan áreas degradadas como consecuencia de la falta de manejo forestal, ganadero, incendios, avance de la frontera agrícola, entre otros. Para fortalecer la restauración de esta importante especie, dentro de su área de distribución natural y/o para la expansión de la superficie boscosa, se requiere desarrollar métodos de propagación que, en el caso de semillas, puestas en condiciones para germinar lo hagan dentro de valores aceptables a nivel de producción de plantines. Las semillas de P. caldenia presenta un tegumento impermeable que impide una imbibición uniforme. La bibliografía es escasa en cuanto al estudio de los métodos de escarificado en esta especie. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo fue evaluar qué método pregerminativo (mecánico, químico o térmico) se adapta y mejora los parámetros de germinación. Las semillas fueron colocadas en cámara de germinación a una temperatura de 30 ºC por 12 días y se realizaron observaciones diarias de germinación, semillas no embebidas, semillas embebidas no germinadas, longitud de raíz y se elaboraron índices de germinación. Los resultados indican que el escarificado mecánico logra la mayor tasa de germinación, índices de germinación y longitud de raíz (P < 0,05) seguido por el tratamiento con ácido. Es necesario repetir esta experiencia en vivero para contrastar si los resultados en laboratorio se mantienen en condiciones de producción de plantas.

Abstract Mathematics, as a space for social inclusion, promotes autonomy in everyday situations with knowledge that demands an understanding of the concept of numbers and operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). This article presents an excerpt from a master's thesis which aimed to implement a didactic sequence for the development of Conceptual Fields of additive and multiplicative structures in Natural Numbers for a congenitally blind student. With a qualitative approach, pedagogical interventions were described over three semesters, identifying that the student understood the concept of numbers. Then, throughout the process, the students commenced the proper organization of schemes to solve problem situations involving additive and multiplicative structures. Since the student is blind, his mental schemes are represented orally and/or with tactile material. It is inferred that a didactic sequence can contribute to the process of developing mathematical notions, respecting the student's learning pace.

Resumen La matemática, como espacio de inclusión social, promueve la autonomía en situaciones cotidianas con conocimientos que demandan la comprensión del concepto de número y operaciones (suma, resta, multiplicación, división). Este artículo presenta un recorte de una tesis de maestría cuyo objetivo fue implementar una secuencia didáctica para el desarrollo dos Campos Conceptuales das estructuras aditivas y multiplicativas en Números Naturales para un estudiante con ceguera congénita. Con enfoque cualitativo, se describen intervenciones pedagógicas a lo largo de 3 semestres, identificando que el estudiante entendió el concepto de número y, a lo largo del proceso, comienza a organizar los esquemas adecuadamente para resolver situaciones problema que involucran estructuras aditivas y multiplicativas. Como el alumno es ciego, la representación de sus esquemas mentales se realiza de forma oral y/o con material táctil. Se infiere que una secuencia didáctica puede contribuir al proceso de desarrollo de las nociones matemáticas, respetando el ritmo de aprendizaje del alumno.

Resumo A Matemática, como espaço para a inclusão social, promove a autonomia em situações do cotidiano com saberes que demandam a compreensão do conceito de número e operações (adição, subtração, multiplicação, divisão). Esse artigo apresenta um recorte de uma dissertação de mestrado cujo objetivo foi implementar uma sequência didática para o desenvolvimento dos Campos Conceituais das estruturas aditivas e multiplicativas nos Números Naturais para um estudante cego congênito. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, descreve-se intervenções pedagógicas ao longo de 3 semestres, identificando que o estudante compreendia o conceito de número e, ao longo do processo, passa a organizar os esquemas adequadamente para a solução de situações problemas envolvendo estruturas aditivas e multiplicativas. Como o estudante é cego, a representação de seus esquemas mentais é feita oralmente e/ou com material tátil. Infere-se que uma sequência didática pode contribuir com o processo de desenvolvimento de noções matemáticas, respeitando o ritmo de aprendizagem do estudante.

Abstract Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) tree shows applicability in programs to recover degraded areas due to its fast-growing, rustic, pioneer species, with the potential to fix nitrogen. However, this plant is attacked by pests. It is important to know, among them, the most important. This study aims to evaluate the herbivorous insects (loss sources) and their natural enemies (solution sources) on 48 A. mangium saplings. They were classified according to their ability to damage or reduce the source of damage on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The loss sources Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), and Tropidacris collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The solution sources Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The number of Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was reduced per number of Brachymyrmex sp.; that of T. collaris those of Oxyopidae and Brachymyrmex sp.; and that of Tettigoniidae that of P. termitarius, totaling 8.93% of reduction of these herbivorous insects (numbers) on A. mangium saplings. These herbivorous insects turn into problems in commercial plantations of this plant since to are related to pests in some crops. These tending ants and Oxyopidae can be important on A. mangium commercial crops because they can reduce the number of these herbivorous insects. Willd. Willd (Willd. Fabales (Fabales Fabaceae fastgrowing, fastgrowing fast growing, growing fast-growing rustic species nitrogen However know them 4 A IndexProduction Index Production ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) Fabr Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apidae , Apidae) Hemiptera, Hemiptera (Hemiptera) sp (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae) L Aethalionidae, Aethalionidae Aethalionidae) Stoll Orthoptera (Orthoptera Romaleidae, Romaleidae Romaleidae) I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U Araneae, Araneae (Araneae) Smith (Smith Formicidae, Formicidae Formicidae) Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae T 893 8 93 8.93 numbers (numbers (Willd II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U (Araneae 89 9 8.9 8.

Resumo A Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) apresenta aplicabilidade em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao seu rápido crescimento, espécie rústica, pioneira, com potencial de fixação de nitrogênio. No entanto, esta planta é atacada por pragas. É importante saber, entre eles, o mais importante. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os insetos herbívoros (fontes de perda) e seus inimigos naturais (fontes de solução) em 48 mudas A. mangium. Eles foram classificados de acordo com sua capacidade de danificar ou reduzir a fonte de dano nessas mudas usando o percentual do Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecido (% I.I.-P.U.). As fontes de perda Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Tropidacris Collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. em folhas de mudas de A. mangium. As fontes de solução Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. nas folhas de mudas de A. mangium. O número de Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) foi reduzido pelo número de Brachymyrmex sp.; a de T. collaris pelos de Oxyopidae e Brachymyrmex sp.; e a de Tettigoniidae pelo de P. termitarius, totalizando 8,93% de redução destes insetos herbívoros (números) em mudas de A. mangium. Esses insetos herbívoros podem se tornar problemas em plantações comerciais desta planta, pois estes estão relacionados como pragas em algumas culturas. Essas formigas e Oxyopidae podem ser importantes em cultivos comerciais de A. mangium, pois podem reduzir o número desses insetos herbívoros. Willd. Willd (Willd. Fabales (Fabales Fabaceae crescimento rústica pioneira nitrogênio entanto saber eles 4 ImportânciaProdução Importância Produção ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) Fabr Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apidae , Apidae) Hemiptera, Hemiptera (Hemiptera) sp (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae) L Aethalionidae Stoll Orthoptera (Orthoptera Romaleidae, Romaleidae Romaleidae) I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U Araneae, Araneae (Araneae) Smith (Smith Formicidae Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae T 893 8 93 8,93 números (números culturas (Willd II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U (Araneae 89 9 8,9 8,