In the water/triethanolamine/ethanol system, TiCl4 aqueous solution is used as the precursor to regulate the conversion rate of TiCl4 by changing the reaction temperature, water volume, pH value, and ethanol amount. The experiment uses a single-factor method to investigate the dynamic relationship between Ti4+ concentration and time under various factors, thereby achieving controllable TiO2 production. The experimental results showed that under a single factor, the conversion rate showed a trend of first steep and then slow growth within 180 min. After 180 min, the conversion rate tended to stabilize. Considering various factors, it was found that VTiCl4:VC6H15NO3:VH2O:VC2H5OH = 1:6:15:30, pH = 7, reaction time at room temperature was 4 h, and the hydrolysis effect was good. The final conversion rate was 90.46%, and the hydrolysis reaction conforms to the first-order reaction equation. Kinetic parameters: pre-factor (A) = 0.107, activation energy (Ea) = 4488.65 J mol-1. watertriethanolamineethanol triethanolamine system TiCl volume value amount singlefactor factor Ti4 Ti factors TiO production 18 min stabilize VTiCl4VC6H15NO3VH2OVC2H5OH VTiClVCHNOVHOVCHOH VTiCl4 VC6H15NO3 VH2O VC2H5OH VTiCl VC H NO VH O OH 161530, 161530 1 6 15 30, 30 1:6:15:30 7 h good 9046 90 46 90.46% firstorder order equation parameters prefactor pre A (A 0107 0 107 0.107 Ea (Ea 448865 4488 65 4488.6 mol1. mol1 mol 1. mol-1 OVC VCHNO VC6H15NO VHO VCHOH 16153 3 1:6:15:3 904 9 90.46 010 10 0.10 44886 448 4488. mol- 1615 1:6:15: 90.4 01 0.1 44 161 1:6:15 90. 0. 16 1:6:1 1:6: 1:6 1:

The present study analyzed the chemical composition and phytotoxic activity of Artemisia lancea essential oil (EO). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed the presence of 55 compounds, representing 82.36% of the entire EO, with eucalyptol (18.7%) being the most abundant constituent. Phytotoxic bioassay results indicated that the EO (concentration ranging from 0.25-5 mg mL−1) inhibited the growth of Amaranthus retroflexus and Setaria viridis. Root length of A. retroflexus and S. viridis were reduced with the increasing concentration of the EO, especially when the EO was applied at 1-5 mg mL−1. When treated with 1-5 mg mL−1 EO, shoot length of A. retroflexus and S. viridis were also significantly suppressed. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for inhibiting root and shoot growth of A. retroflexus by the EO were 0.284 and 0.246 mg mL−1; for S. viridis, the EO showed IC50 values of 0.44 and 0.262 mg mL−1 for root and shoot inhibition, respectively. The most promising findings were observed when A. lancea EO concentration reached 1 mg mL−1 and higher, which completely inhibited seed germination of A. retroflexus and S. viridis. These findings suggest A. lancea EO has potential as an eco-friendly bioherbicide for agricultural weed control. EO. . (EO) chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS GC MS (GC-MS 5 compounds 8236 82 36 82.36 18.7% 187 18 7 (18.7% constituent 0.255 0255 0.25 0 25 0.25- mL1 mL A S 15 1- mL− suppressed IC (IC50 0284 284 0.28 0246 246 0.24 IC5 044 44 0.4 0262 262 0.26 inhibition respectively higher ecofriendly eco friendly control (EO 823 8 3 82.3 18.7 (18.7 255 025 0.2 2 (IC5 028 28 024 24 04 4 0. 026 26 82. 18. (18. 02 (IC (18 (1 (

Serial numbers are marks present on several day-to-day objects, created by manufacturers for purposes such as quality control, product tracking and to prevent counterfeiting. In the case of firearms, these characters can be obliterated or damaged by natural processes or intentionally by criminals to prevent positive identification of stolen property. One non-destructive method employed by crime laboratories for the restoration of obliterated characters is the magnetic particle method. The present work aims to study the synthesis and application of waste-made magnetic nanoparticles in the recovery of adulterated markings. A set of analytical-grade materials and metallic waste magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized for comparison purposes. Chemical characterization tests by X-ray fluorescence, morphological tests by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and magnetization tests by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were performed. The efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested on 1020 steel plates previously engraved and adulterated by sanding. Both homemade magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated superior performance compared to commercial magnetic particles. The application of homemade magnetic particles, especially using waste as the source of production, decreases the cost of the material and is environmentally friendly. The development of this material makes magnetic serial number restoration a better option for widespread use in forensic procedures. daytoday day objects control counterfeiting firearms property nondestructive non destructive wastemade made markings analyticalgrade analytical grade Xray X ray fluorescence SEM, SEM , (SEM) VSM (VSM performed 102 sanding particles production friendly procedures (SEM 10 1

A series of novel thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological ability. 2-Amino-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrano-3-cyanonitrile was synthesized by Gewald reaction using pyranone as substrate, malonitrile and sulfur powder as raw materials and triethylamine as base at room temperature. Subsequent amination with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) gave N'-(3-cyano-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide. In this article, the 23 thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidines were obtained by Dimroth rearrangement condensation with different anilines, 16 of them being new compounds. Meanwhile, all compounds were assessed for breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line bioactivity with paclitaxel (PTX) as the positive control, and all compounds in the series showed inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231. The IC50 of compound l against MDA-MB-231 is 27.6 μM, which is similar to that of PTX with an IC50 of 29.3 μM. This means that compound l exhibits comparable inhibitory activity to PTX in MDA-MB-231 cells and may be considered as a potential anti-MDA-MB-231 inhibitor. thieno2,3dpyrimidine thieno23dpyrimidine thienodpyrimidine thieno 2,3 d pyrimidine 2 3 designed ability 2Amino4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3dpyrano3cyanonitrile 2Amino47dihydro5Hthieno23dpyrano3cyanonitrile AminodihydroHthienodpyranocyanonitrile Amino 4,7 dihydro 5H pyrano cyanonitrile 4 7 H substrate temperature N,Ndimethylformamide NNdimethylformamide N,N dimethylformamide N DMFDMA DMF DMA (DMF-DMA N3cyano4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3cpyran2ylN,Ndimethylmethanimidamide. N3cyano47dihydro5Hthieno23cpyran2ylNNdimethylmethanimidamide NcyanodihydroHthienocpyranylNNdimethylmethanimidamide cyano c pyran yl dimethylmethanimidamide. dimethylmethanimidamide N'-(3-cyano-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide article thieno2,3d thieno23d thienod thieno[2,3-d anilines 1 Meanwhile MDAMB231 MDAMB MDA MB 231 MDA-MB-23 (PTX control MDAMB231. 231. IC IC5 276 27 6 27. μM 293 29 29. antiMDAMB231 antiMDAMB anti anti-MDA-MB-23 inhibitor thieno2 3dpyrimidine dpyrimidine 2, 2Amino4 7dihydro5Hthieno2 3dpyrano3cyanonitrile Hthieno dpyrano 47 4, Ndimethylformamide NN N3cyano4 3cpyran2ylN Ndimethylmethanimidamide cpyran ylN N3cyano4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3cpyran2ylN,Ndimethylmethanimidamide ylNNdimethylmethanimidamide 3d MDAMB23 MDA-MB-2 antiMDAMB23 anti-MDA-MB-2 2Amino dihydroHthieno 7dihydro5Hthieno dpyranocyanonitrile Ncyano N3cyano cpyranylN MDAMB2 MDA-MB- antiMDAMB2 anti-MDA-MB- MDA-MB anti-MDA-MB

ABSTRACT The quality of fruit can be quickly and accurately assessed using bio-impedance spectroscopy, but no comprehensive studies have been conducted on how the detection conditions affect their bio-electrical properties. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the effects of sample volume, sample temperature, probe depth and probe distance on the bio-electrical properties of apples and uses a controlled bi-variable method to determine the optimal parameter settings, thus providing researchers with reliable references. Two different measurement methods, the spike method and the contact method, are used to measure the electrical properties of apples under various conditions and to compare the results. It is verified that the effects of sample volume, temperature, probe depth, and probe distance on bio-electrical properties follow physical laws when using the spike method. The contact method, however, is prone to errors and is not suitable for large-scale samples. The optimal conditions for the spike method, determined by a bi-variable approach, are sample volume of 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), probe distance of 2.5 cm at 1 kHz and 1 cm at 20 kHz, and probe depth of 1 cm. bioimpedance bio impedance spectroscopy bioelectrical Accordingly temperature bivariable bi variable settings references methods results however largescale large scale samples approach 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

RESUMO A qualidade das frutas pode ser avaliada de forma rápida e precisa usando a espectroscopia de impedância bioelétrica, mas não foram realizados estudos abrangentes sobre como as condições de detecção afetam suas propriedades bioelétricas. Assim, este estudo visa investigar os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura da amostra, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas das maçãs e usar um método de controle bivariável para determinar as configurações ideais dos parâmetros, fornecendo assim referências confiáveis para os pesquisadores. Dois métodos de medição, o método de impulso e o método de contato, foram usados para medir as propriedades elétricas das maçãs sob várias condições e comparar os resultados. Foi verificado que os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas seguem leis físicas ao usar o método de pulso. No entanto, o método de contato é propenso a erros e não é adequado para amostras em grande escala. As condições ideais para o método de impulso, determinadas por uma abordagem bivariável, são volume de amostra de 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), distância da sonda de 2.5 cm a 1 kHz e 1 cm a 20 kHz, e profundidade da sonda de 1 cm. bioelétrica Assim parâmetros pesquisadores medição resultados pulso entanto escala 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

Abstract The influence of occupant behaviour in buildings is widely discussed as one of the causes for the gap between energy use estimated via computer simulation and during building operation. Knowing the main drivers for adjustments in building systems is essential to guide the development of mathematical models for such behaviours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main motivating agents for adjusting windows, luminaires, and air-conditioning in offices. Two offices were monitored using sensors that collected data from the internal environment and user interaction with such systems. Rainfall and external and internal air temperatures were considered influential for the interaction with window systems. The increase in internal and external temperatures had even more influence on interactions with air-conditioners. The main conclusions were: there is influence of the layout of the offices in the sharing and control of windows and efficiency of passive strategies, such as the use of natural and cross ventilation; and there is an influence of the increase in internal temperature compared to external temperature in the predictability of opening windows and turning air-conditioning devices on. operation behaviours luminaires airconditioning conditioning airconditioners. airconditioners conditioners. conditioners air-conditioners strategies ventilation

Resumo Ainfluência do comportamento dos usuários em edificações é amplamente discutida como uma das causas para discrepâncias entre consumos energéticos esperados, durante a fase de projeto, e consumos durante a operação. Conhecer os principais motivadores para ajustes nos sistemas de edificações é imprescindível para aprimorar a modelagem desses comportamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os principais agentes motivadores para o ajuste das janelas, luminárias e aparelhos de ar-condicionado em escritórios. Dois escritórios foram monitorados por meio de sensores que coletaram dados de qualidade do ambiente interno e comportamento de usuário. Foram consideradas influentes para a interação com sistemas de janelas a pluviometria e as temperaturas do ar externo e interno. O aumento das temperaturas interna e externa apresentou ainda mais influência na interaçãocom aparelhos de ar-condicionado. Duas foram as principais conclusões: há influência do layout dos escritórios no compartilhamento e controle das janelas e eficiência de estratégias passivas, como o uso de ventilação natural e cruzada; e há influência do aumento da temperatura interna em comparação à externa na previsibilidade de abertura de janelas e acionamento de aparelhos de ar-condicionado. esperados projeto operação comportamentos arcondicionado condicionado usuário arcondicionado. condicionado. conclusões passivas cruzada

Abstract This study aimed to estimate CO2 emission and uptake due to the mixed rendering mortars carbonation process, replacing natural aggregate (NA) with recycled aggregate (RA) and lime contents to produce less emissive final material. Mortars were subjected to natural carbonation in three environments. Carbonation depth was evaluated until 119 days of CO2 environmental exposure, and thermogravimetric analysis determined absorbed carbon content. The scenario evaluation considered different depths for the potential CO2 uptake. It was found that the higher the lime content, the higher the carbon emissions and capture. However, the CO2 captured amount (25.41 KgCO2/m³) does not balance its emission from raw materials production. Replacing NA for RA, the mortars reduced emissions associated with production by approximately 8.15%. The scenario simulation proved that constructive control is essential for rendering mortar depths less than 20 mm, the maximum carbon fixation is reached before rendering. Mortars with recycled aggregate are less emissive, which is essential in selecting more sustainable building materials. CO process (NA RA (RA material environments 11 exposure content capture However 25.41 2541 25 41 (25.4 KgCO2/m³ KgCO2m³ KgCOm KgCO2 m³ KgCO m 815 8 15 8.15% 2 mm 1 25.4 254 4 (25. KgCO2/m KgCO2m 81 8.15 25. (25 8.1 (2 8. (

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a emissão e captura de CO2 devido ao processo de carbonatação de argamassas mistas, substituindo agregado natural (AN) por agregado reciclado (AR) e teores de cal para produzir material final menos emissivo. As argamassas foram submetidas à carbonatação natural em três ambientes. A profundidade de carbonatação foi avaliada aos até 119 dias de exposição ao tempo com presença de CO2, e a análise termogravimétrica determinou o teor de carbono absorvido. A avaliação dos cenários considerou diferentes profundidades para o potencial absorção de CO2. Verificou-se que quanto maior o teor de cal, maiores as emissões e captura de carbono. Contudo, a quantidade de CO2 capturada (25,41 KgCO2/m³) não neutraliza a sua emissão proveniente da produção de matérias-primas. Substituindo o AN pelo AR, as argamassas reduziram as emissões associadas à produção, em aproximadamente 8,15%. A simulação dos cenários comprovou que o controle construtivo é essencial, pois em espessuras inferiores a 20 mm a fixação máxima de carbono é alcançada antes da aplicação de revestimento. As argamassas com agregados reciclados são menos emissivas, o que é essencial na seleção de materiais de construção mais sustentáveis. CO mistas (AN AR (AR emissivo ambientes 11 absorvido Verificouse Verificou se Contudo 25,41 2541 25 41 (25,4 KgCO2/m³ KgCO2m³ KgCOm KgCO2 m³ KgCO m matériasprimas. matériasprimas matérias primas. primas matérias-primas 815 8 15 8,15% 2 revestimento emissivas sustentáveis 1 25,4 254 4 (25, KgCO2/m KgCO2m 81 8,15 25, (25 8,1 (2 8, (

Abstract: The bioclimatic quality of three buildings by architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral at Universidad Central del Ecuador was evaluated with two objectives: to find problems that might affect users’ health and productivity, and to establish if climate had a significant role in the design of these buildings The buildings included two faculties: Law and Economics, and the General Administration. Bioclimatic quality was established by comparing existing levels of temperature, relative humidity, and natural light against comfort standards and the local climate. Data were measured over two years in space samples using data loggers. It was concluded that all buildings have spaces outside of comfort being too cold and dark; and climate played a minor role because despite attempts to control natural light, the thermal behavior of materials and the sun's apparent movement were ignored.

Resumen: Se hizo una evaluación de la calidad bioclimática de tres edificios del arquitecto Gilberto Gatto Sobral en la Universidad Central del Ecuador con dos objetivos: encontrar evidencia sobre posibles problemas en los espacios que podrían afectar la salud y productividad de sus usuarios, y determinar si el clima tuvo un papel significativo en el diseño de estos edificios. Los edificios eran dos facultades: Jurisprudencia y Economía, y la Administración General. La calidad bioclimática se estableció a través de la comparación de los niveles existentes de temperatura, humedad relativa y luz natural contra estándares de confort y el clima local. Los datos fueron medidos en muestras de espacios usando data-loggers. Se concluyó que todos los edificios tienen espacios fuera del confort siendo demasiado fríos y oscuros; y el clima tuvo un rol menor debido a que se ignoró el comportamiento térmico de los materiales y el movimiento aparente del sol, pero se intentó controlar la luz natural.

Abstract The Galapagos Islands, a natural heritage of humanity, have meticulous control of wildlife and strict inspection of the number and frequency of visitors. The increase in tourists, apart from positive aspects, and the increase in population generates a greater demand for electrical energy. In this sense, Galapagos seeks a boost to comprehensive energy sustainability, replacing thermal energy with environmentally friendly Non-Conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE), through the optimal energy management project through the Conolophus microgrid project. This document analyzes the optimal management of electrical energy (short-term economic dispatch) considering the stochasticity presented by the high insertion of NCRE in the Santa Cruz-Baltra electrical system. For it. The free simulation software called “SimSEE” (Electric Energy Systems Simulator) is used, where operational scenarios are modeled with and without the Conolophus project in order to analyze its impact on the planning of the operation of the Santa Cruz-Baltra system.

Resumen: Las islas Galápagos, patrimonio natural de la humanidad, cuentan con un control minucioso de la vida silvestre y ejercen estricta inspección del número y frecuencia de visitantes. El incremento de turistas, aparte de aspectos positivos, y el incremento de la población genera una mayor demanda de energía eléctrica. En este sentido, Galápagos busca un impulso a la sostenibilidad energética integral, reemplazando la energía térmica con Energías Renovables No Convencionales (ERNC), amigables con el medio ambiente, a través del proyecto de gestión óptima de la energía mediante el proyecto de microrred Conolophus. En el presente documento se analiza la gestión óptima de la energía eléctrica (despacho económico de corto plazo) considerando la estocasticidad que presenta la alta inserción de ERNC en el sistema eléctrico Santa Cruz-Baltra. Para ello. se usa el software libre de simulación denominado “SimSEE” (Simulador de Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica), donde se modelan escenarios operativos con y sin el proyecto Conolophus con la finalidad de analiza su impacto en la planificación de la operación del sistema Santa Cruz-Baltra.

Summary: In different trials have shown that the use of both vermicompost (VC) and plastic mulch has favored the yield and productivity of a large number of crops. The purpose of our study was to compare synthetic fertilization vs the incorporation of VC on the development of triploid watermelon with plastic mulch in the spring-summer 2019 agricultural cycle at the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The treatments evaluated, each with three repetitions, were: exploratory application of VC, at a rate of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1, and as a control, the regional recommendation 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). The sowing was carried out in planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. The sowing of the triploid watermelon seeds of the Crunchy Red variety, was carried out in Styrofoam trays with 200 cavities filled with Peat Moss. When the seedlings had two to three true leaves, they were transplanted 1.0 m apart on planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. For the supply of water, drip irrigation was used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a completely randomized experimental design was used, the DMS0.05 test was applied for comparisons of the means. Due to the effect of the treatments evaluated, five of the variables studied: equatorial and polar diameters, pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit weight presented highly significant differences, while yield registered a significant difference. The highest yield of 29 932 Mg ha-1 was recorded with the incorporation of 60 Mg ha-1 of VC confirming that this natural fertilizer was able to satisfy the nutritional needs of triploid watermelon without synthetic fertilization.

Resumen: En diferentes ensayos se ha evidenciado que el empleo, tanto del vermicompost (VC) como del acolchado plástico ha favorecido el rendimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos. El propósito del estudio fue equiparar la fertilización sintética vs la incorporación del VC sobre el desarrollo de la sandía triploide con acolchado plástico en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2019, en el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los tratamientos evaluados, cada uno con tres repeticiones, fueron: aplicación exploratoria de VC, a razón de 30 y 60 Mg ha-1, y como testigo, la recomendación regional 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). La siembra de semillas de sandía triploide, variedad Crunchy Red, se realizó en bandejas de unicel de 200 cavidades, rellenas con Peat Moss, cuando las plántulas tuvieron de dos a tres hojas verdaderas se realizó el trasplante, colocándolas a 1.0 m, entre éstas, sobre camas de siembra, de 2 × 8 m (ancho y largo, respectivamente) cubiertas con plástico negro. Para el suministro de agua se utilizó riego por cintilla. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, mientras que para las comparaciones de las medias se aplicó la prueba DMS0.05. Debido al efecto de los tratamientos evaluados cinco de las variables estudiadas: diámetros polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pulpa, sólidos solubles y peso del fruto registraron diferencias altamente significativas, mientras que el rendimiento presentó diferencia significativa. El mayor rendimiento de 29 932 Mg ha-1 se registró con la aplicación de 60 Mg ha-1 de VC, confirmándose que este producto logró cubrir la demanda nutritiva de la sandía triploide sin fertilización sintética.

Summary: Chitosan as a natural biostimulant promotes the growth and development of crops, development and yield of crops. Several studies have proven the efficacy of chitosan to improve cucumber production, the study of the response to different doses of chitosan is necessary, therefore the objective of the present study was determine the effect of six concentrations of chitosan on the growth and production of the cucumber crop. Six treatments: T1= Control; T2= QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1; T3= QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1; T4= QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1; T5= 400 mg L-1 and T6= 500 mg L-1, were applied by manual spraying at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting the hybrid cucumber Diamante F1, using a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions and five plants per experimental unit. The variables length of the guide, number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of the fruit, and yield in kg ha-1 were recorded. The length of the guide was measured at 15, 30 and 45 days, so for this variable a model of repeated measurements in time and comparison of means by least squares, for the rest of the variables an orthogonal polynomial analysis was used to determine the response of the variables to the different concentrations of chitosan. All variables presented a positive linear response to the application of chitosan. It is concluded that chitosan influences the growth and development of the cucumber plant. Increasing its yield as the dose of chitosan increases. The dose of 500 mg L-1 in this study was the one that had the best results. The need to study higher doses of chitosan is suggested.

Resumen: El quitosano como bioestimulante natural, promueve el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos. Diversos estudios han probado la eficacia del quitosano para mejorar la producción de pepino, el estudio de la respuesta a diferentes dosis de quitosano se hace necesario, por ello el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de seis concentraciones de quitosano sobre el crecimiento y producción del cultivo de pepino. Seis tratamientos: T1 = Testigo; T2 = QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1 ; T3 = QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1 ; T4 = QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1 ; T5 = QuitoMax® 400 mg L-1 y T6 = QuitoMax® 500 mg L-1, fueron aplicados mediante aspersión manual a los 15, 30 y 45 días después del trasplante del hibrido de pepino Diamante F1, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones y cinco plantas por unidad experimental. Se registraron las variables longitud de la guía (cm), número de frutos por planta, longitud (cm), diámetro (cm) y peso del fruto (g), y el rendimiento en kg ha-1. La longitud de la guía se midió a los 15, 30 y 45 días, por lo que para esta variable se utilizó un modelo de mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y comparación de medias por mínimos cuadrados, para el resto de las variables se utilizó un análisis de polinomios ortogonales para determinar la respuesta de las variables a las diferentes concentraciones de quitosano. Todas las variables presentaron una respuesta lineal positiva a la aplicación de quitosano. Se concluye que el quitosano influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta del pepino, incrementando su rendimiento conforme se incrementa la dosis de quitosano. La respuesta lineal positiva sugiere que dosis de 500 mg L-1 o mayores de quitosano son recomendables para mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de pepino.

Resumen (Objetivo) Plasmodium vivax infecta ampliamente a muchas personas en algunas regiones. La singularidad de formar una etapa latente hace que la malaria vivax pueda ser inducida por una recaída por una infección adicional. En el presente estudio, utilizamos un enfoque de simulación dinámica y acoplamiento molecular ara predecir la posibilidad de que compuestos bioactivos de la familia de plantas Zingiberaceae sean candidatos a fármaco contra la malaria dirigiéndose a la proteína de unión a Duffy de Plasmodium vivax (PvDBP). Se requiere la interacción molecular PvDBP-DARC para mediar el proceso de invasión de merozoitos en los glóbulos rojos. La inhibición de este proceso posiblemente pueda controlar el crecimiento y desarrollo del parásito. (Metodología) El análisis de acoplamiento molecular dio como resultado los dos compuestos principales con el valor de energía de unión más bajo, incluida la 5,7-dihidroxiflavanona (-9,3 kcal/mol) y la pinostrobina (-9,2 kcal/mol). (Resultados) Estos compuestos previstos tienen una interacción más fuerte que la cloroquina como control. Además, los compue potenciales también interactúan con los residuos del sitio de unión de DARC y lo mantienen durante el proceso de simulación de dinámica molecular. De lo contrario, la cloroquina como control no puede retener el 75% de los residuos de unión hacia PvDBP. El estudio de dinámica molecular reveló que los tres complejos tienen una estabilidad relativamente similar. (Conclusiones) Predijimos que los dos compuestos bioactivos tienen potencial como inhibidores de la invasión de merozoitos.

Resumo (Objetivo) O Plasmodium vivax infecta amplamente muitas pessoas em algumas regiões. A singularidade de formar um estágio latente significa que a malária vivax pode ser induzida por recaída devido à infecção adicional. No presente estudo, utilizamos uma abordagem de simulação dinâmica e de acoplamento molecular para prever a possibilidade de compostos bioativos da família de plantas Zingiberaceae como candidatos a medicamentos antimaláricos, visand o aproteína de ligação Duffy do Plasmodium vivax (PvDBP). A interação molecular PvDBP-DARC é necessária para mediar o processo de invasão de merozoítos nos glóbulos vermelhos. A inibição deste processo pode possivelmente controlar o crescimento e desenvolvimento do parasita. (Metodologia) A análise de acoplamento molecular resultou nos dois principais compostos com o menor valor de energia de ligação, incluindo ,7-dihidroxiflavanona (-9,3 kcal/mol) e pinostrobina (-9,2 kcal/mol). (Resultados) Esses compostos previstos têm uma interação mais forte do que a cloroquina como controle. Além disso, os compostos potenciais também interagem e mantêm resíduos do sítio de ligação do DARC durante o processo de simulação de dinâmica molecular. Caso contrário, a cloroquina como controle não pode reter 75% dos resíduos de ligação ao três complexos apresentam estabilidade relativa compostos bioativos têm potencial como inibidor Palavras chave: Medicamentos antimalária; ePvmeesdmsilDBP. ntesa invício;O estudo de dinâmica molecular revelou que os emelhante. (Conclusões) Previmos que os dois asão de merozoítos. Plasmodium vivax; PvDBP; Zingiberáceas.

Abstract (Objective) Plasmodium vivax predominantly infects many people in numerous tropical areas, including Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, the Americas, and the Eastern Mediterranean. The uniqueness of forming dormant stages can lead to relapse in vivax malaria upon further infection. This study used molecular docking and dynamic simulation to predict potential bioactive compounds from the Zingiberaceae plant family as inhibitors by targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP). PvDBP-DARC molecular interaction is required to mediate the merozoite invasion process into red blood cells. Inhibiting this process can possibly control parasite growth and development. (Methodology) Molecular docking screening was conducted by using 138 natural compounds from the Zingiberaceae plant family targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). The top two compounds with the lowest binding energy were selected to be analyzed by pharmacokinetics prediction and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. (Results) Molecular docking screening resulted in the top two compounds with the lowest binding energy value, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (-9.3 kcal/mol) and pinostrobin (-9.2 kcal/mol). These compounds are predicted to have stronger interaction than chloroquine as a control. Furthermore, the potential compounds also interact with DARC binding site residues and maintain them during the molecular dynamic simulation process. Otherwise, chloroquine as a control cannot retain 75% binding residues towards PvDBP. A molecular dynamic study revealed that all three complexes have relatively similar stability. (Conclusions) We predicted that the two bioactive compounds (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone and pinostrobin) have the potential as merozoite invasion inhibitors.

Abstract Introduction: The currents of streams and rivers are natural signals that influence the migrations in the life cycle of amphidromous shrimp. Objective: To evaluate the rheotaxis behavior in juveniles and adults of Macrobrachium tenellum, in relation to their response capacity to different water currentspeeds in a closed-loop experimental system. Methods: A PVC pipe system was used, with a tub for water recirculation and a backwater placed in the middle of the system. Water flows of 10-30 cm/s were tested to establish the experimental conditions. Rheotaxis behavior without backwater (SR) and with backwater (CR) was evaluated; three water flows were tested: FI, 14 cm/s; FII, 18.7 cm/s; and FIII, 22.1 cm/s, and a control FC flow, 0 cm/s, with 40 juveniles, 40 females and 40 males per flow. Three main behaviors were identified: positive rheotaxis, negative rheotaxis, and no reaction. Results: For both SR and CR, water flows stimulate positive rheotaxis and the behavioral response is different depending on the speed of the water flow and whether they are juveniles, females, or males. In CR there was a greater response of the prawns to continue swimming against the current when they entered the pool. At a straight angle, the constant flow of water greater than 23.2 cm/s makes it difficult for this species to swim against the current. Conclusions: The positive rheotaxis response was the most prevalent in juveniles, females, and males of M. tenellum.

Resumen Introducción: Las corrientes de arroyos y ríos son señales naturales que influencian las migraciones en el ciclo de vida de langostinos anfídromos. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de reotaxis en juveniles y adultos de Macrobrachium tenellum, con relación a su capacidad de respuesta a diferentes velocidades de flujos de corriente de agua en un sistema experimental de circuito cerrado. Métodos: Se utilizó un sistema de tubos PVC, con una tina para la recirculación del agua y un remanso colocado a la mitad del sistema. Se probaron flujos de agua de 10-30 cm/s para establecer las condiciones experimentales. Se evaluó el comportamiento de reotaxis sin remanso (SR) y con el remanso (CR); se probaron tres flujos de agua: FI, 14 cm/s; FII, 18.7 cm/s; y FIII, 22.1 cm/s, y un flujo control FC, 0 cm/s, con 40 juveniles, 40 hembras y 40 machos por flujo. Se identificaron tres comportamientos principales: reotaxis positiva, reotaxis negativa y sin reacción. Resultados: Tanto para SR como CR los flujos de agua estimulan mayormente la reotaxis positiva y la respuesta de comportamiento es diferente según la velocidad del flujo de agua y si son juveniles, hembras o machos. En CR hubo una mayor respuesta de los langostinos a seguir nadando en contra de la corriente cuando estos ingresaban al remanso. En un ángulo recto, el flujo de agua constante superior a 23.2 cm/s dificulta el nado contra corriente de esta especie. Conclusiones: La respuesta de reotaxis positiva fue la que mayor predominó en juveniles, hembras y machos de M. tenellum.

SUMMARY: The hypothalamic peptide orexin has a prominent role in arousal-related processes. Parvalbumin (PV) positive neurons, as one of the most important subtypes of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons, which also participate in sleep-wake regulation. To broaden the understanding of the neural control and connection between these two types of neurons in the sleep associated nuclei, a double-label immunohistochemical method was used to investigate the overlap between PV immunopositive distributions and projections of orexin neurons in mouse brain. In the basal forebrain, overlap was observed in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB), magnocellular preoptic nucleus (MCPO), substantia innominata (SI), but avoided the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC). In the diencephalon, this dual innervation extended in the direction near the edge of the 3rd ventricle (3V) to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), although the density of PV neurons there was somewhat lighter. Orexin immunoreactive neurons in several lateral hypothalamic areas (LH) were embedded within dense clusters of PV processes when the buttons of orexin were in obvious contact with PV immunoreactivity. In the remainder of hypothalamus, mainly including the ventral tuberomammillary nucleus (VTM), there were few fine orexin fibers and buttons contact with PV soma. Intermingled orexin and PV immunoreactivity were observed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and sparse overlap was observed in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) in the brainstem. Thus, these two different types of neurons, originating in different parts of the brain, together target several brain regions and brainstem monoaminergic nuclei involved in the roles of motivation, stress, locomotion, especially in the regulation of sleep.

RESUMEN: El péptido hipotalámico orexina tiene un papel destacado en los procesos relacionados con la excitación. Neuronas positivas para parvalbúmina (PV), como uno de los subtipos más importantes de interneuronas de ácido g-aminobutírico (GABA), que también participan en la regulación del sueño-vigilia. Para ampliar la comprensión del control neuronal y la conexión entre estos dos tipos de neuronas en los núcleos asociados al sueño, se utilizó un método inmunohistoquímico de doble marcado para investigar la superposición entre las distribuciones inmunopositivas de PV y las proyecciones de las neuronas de orexina en el cerebro de un ratón. En el prosencéfalo basal, se observó superposición en la capa del núcleo accumbens (AcbSh), el núcleo de la rama horizontal de la banda diagonal (HDB), el núcleo preóptico magnocelular (MCPO), la sustancia innominada (SI), pero se evitó el núcleo del núcleo accumbens. (AcbC). En el diencéfalo, esta inervación dual se extendía en dirección cercana al margen del tercer ventrículo (3V) hasta el núcleo preóptico ventrolateral (VLPO), aunque la densidad de neuronas PV allí era algo más ligera. Las neuronas inmunorreactivas de orexina en varias áreas hipotalámicas laterales (LH) estaban incrustadas dentro de densos grupos de procesos PV cuando los botones de orexina estaban en contacto obvio con la inmunorreactividad de PV. En el resto del hipotálamo, incluido principalmente el núcleo tuberomamilar ventral (VTM), había pocas fibras finas de orexina y botones en contacto con el soma PV. Se observó inmunorreactividad de orexina y PV entremezcladas en el área tegmental ventral (VTA), y se observó una escasa superposición en el núcleo gris periacueductal ventrolateral (VLPAG) y el núcleo tegmental laterodorsal (LDT) en el tronco encefálico. Así, estos dos tipos diferentes de neuronas, que se originan en diferentes partes del cerebro, se dirigen juntas a varias regiones del cerebro y a núcleos monoaminérgicos del tronco encefálico implicados en las funciones de motivación, estrés, locomoción y especialmente en la regulación del sueño.

ABSTRACT. Oreochromis niloticus is the most important aquacultural species worldwide. Several countries are interested in repopulating natural or artificial reservoirs with the fry of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) to develop new fisheries or to enhance the existing ones. However, as tilapia is considered an invasive species, it is essential to check the existence of the species in the place before releasing any fry. Characterization of tilapia species with meristic is unreliable because of existing morphological similarities among species. In this work, the composition of the tilapia species of Laguna El Mastranzo (LEM), Nayarit, Mexico, was explored for the first time through a molecular method using the mitochondrial DNA control region. Three tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus, and O. urolepis) were found in LEM, and it was confirmed that the two commercial strains (Aquamol and Spring) intended for repopulation were O. niloticus. Seven haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were obtained: three in LEM, three in Aquamol, and one in Spring strains. Before repopulating any reservoir, a molecular verification strategy is recommended to avoid spreading the species. The results of this work represent a glimpse into the genetic material of LEM, Nayarit, Mexico.