Abstract This narrative review addresses the historical and legal evolution of advance directives globally and locally since their emergence. It starts from the principle of autonomy in modern bioethics and its relationship with the patient’s vulnerability, as well as the consideration of death by health professionals. It highlights the essential role of the advance directives document as a valuable tool in the physician-patient-family relationship, being fundamental to understanding the patient’s perspective. The document is defined considering the medical literature and its application is discussed, stressing the importance of not waiting until advanced clinical deterioration for its implementation. The review also examines national and international legislation, as well as current medical knowledge, with the aim of facilitating consensual decisions among all parties involved in patient care.

Resumen Esta revisión narrativa aborda la evolución histórica y legal de las voluntades anticipadas a nivel global y local desde su surgimiento. Parte del principio de autonomía en la bioética moderna y su relación con la vulnerabilidad del paciente, así como la consideración de la muerte por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Destaca el papel esencial del documento de voluntades anticipadas como una herramienta valiosa en la relación médico-paciente-familia, siendo fundamental para comprender la perspectiva del paciente. Se define el documento considerando la literatura médica y se discute su aplicación, subrayando la importancia de no esperar hasta un deterioro clínico avanzado para su implementación. La revisión también examina la legislación nacional e internacional, así como el conocimiento médico actual, con el objetivo de facilitar decisiones consensuadas entre todas las partes involucradas en el cuidado del paciente.

Resumo: Introdução. O tabagismo é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Atualmente é considerado a principal causa de morte evitável do mundo. O uso simultâneo de tabaco e maconha está associado a um maior risco de persistência e recaída de ambos consumos. Nos últimos anos, o uso de sistemas eletrônicos de liberação de nicotina em jovens tem aumentado no mundo todo, devido à novidade do seu uso, ao grande número de sabores e à noção de que são menos nocivos. O objetivo foi conhecer a prevalência do consumo de tabaco, maconha e cigarro eletrônico na população uruguaia de entre 15 e 21 anos, a associação do consumo entre eles e a percepção do risco de seu uso. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo analítico transversal no período de fevereiro-abril de 2021. Uma pesquisa anônima, voluntária e autoadministrada foi divulgada por meio de redes sociais e centros educacionais públicos e privados em todo o país. Para o processamento dos dados foi utilizado o software de dados SPSS 25, considerando um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados e Discussão: 1.517 respostas foram processadas. Constatou-se que 54% fumaram cigarro alguma vez e 19,7% usaram-o regularmente no último mês. 48% usaram maconha em algum momento e 19,4% o fizeram no último mês. As prevalências encontradas para tabaco e maconha são superiores às relatadas na literatura nacional. Com relação ao cigarro eletrônico, não há dados disponíveis em nosso meio para essa faixa etária, sendo que o presente estudo relata que 32% o utilizaram em algum momento. Dos que fumam cigarros, 84% e 58% já usaram maconha e cigarros eletrônicos, respectivamente. Dos que usaram cigarro eletrônico alguma vez, 50% nunca fumaram ou apenas experimentaram com cigarros tradicionais; esse fato pode corresponder ao fato do cigarro eletrônico atuar como porta de entrada para o tabagismo nos jovens. Encontrou-se associação significativa entre consumir uma das três substâncias e ter pai, mãe ou responsável que a consome ou consumiu, dados condizentes com o histórico no Uruguai. Em relação à percepção de risco, 98% concordaram que o tabaco é prejudicial à saúde, 66% concordaram com a maconha e 81% com o cigarro eletrônico. Ao analisar as patologias específicas, observam-se diferenças marcantes de acordo com a substância considerada, sendo que 73%. Conclusões: Observou-se alta prevalência de consumo dessas substâncias em jovens e apreciável associação entre elas. Curiosamente, foi encontrada uma prevalência semelhante de uso de cigarro e maconha no último mês. Isso é especialmente relevante tendo em vista que foi observada uma diferença significativa entre a percepção do risco de consumo dessas substâncias, sendo a maconha consideravelmente menor. Em relação aos cigarros eletrónicos, há uma subestimação dos malefícios que provocam entre os jovens inquiridos. Em razão do exposto, a elaboração de políticas públicas especificamente direcionadas a esse problema seria da hierarquia.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: Introduction: Smoking is a public health problem worldwide. It is currently considered the leading cause of preventable death in the world. The simultaneous use of tobacco and marijuana is associated with a higher risk of persistence and relapse of both substances. In the last few years, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems in young people has increased worldwide, due to the novelty of their use, the large number of flavors and the conception that its use is less harmful. The aim of the present work was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco, marijuana and electronic cigarette consumption in the Uruguayan population between 15 and 21 years of age, the association of consumption between them and the perception of the risk linked to their use. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out during February-April 2021. An anonymous, voluntary and self-administered survey was distributed among social networks and public and private schools throughout the country. SPSS 25 data software was used for data processing, considering a significance level of 0.05. Results and Discussion: 1517 responses were processed. It was found that 54% smoked cigarettes at some point and 19.7% smoked regularly in the last month. 48% used marijuana at some point and 19.4% did so in the last month. The prevalences found for tobacco and marijuana are higher than those reported in the national literature. With regard to electronic cigarettes, there is no local data available for this age range, with the present study reporting that 32% used it at some point. Of those who smoke cigarettes, 84% and 58% used marijuana and e-cigarettes at some point, respectively. Of those who used electronic cigarettes at some point, 50% never smoked or only tried traditional cigarettes; this could attest to electronic cigarettes acting as a gateway to smoking in young people. A significant association between consuming one of the three substances and having a father, mother or guardian who consumes or consumed them was found, data consistent with local records. Regarding risk perception, 98% agreed that tobacco is harmful, 66% agreed so with marijuana and 81% agreed so with electronic cigarettes. When analyzing specific diseases, substantial differences were observed depending on the drug. 73% believe that electronic cigarettes are less harmful than smoking regular cigarettes. Conclusions: It was shown that there is a high prevalence of consumption of these substances in young people and a considerable association between them. Interestingly, there was a similar prevalence of consumption of cigarettes and marijuana in the last month. This is especially relevant given that there was a significant difference between the risk perception of cigarettes vs marijuana, with the latter being considerably less. Regarding electronic cigarettes, there is an underestimation of the harm associated with their use. Therefore, it would be of hierarchy to promulgate public policies directed to this problem.

Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

Global databases such as Web of Science and Scopus have determined the standard indicators to measure the research output in national comparisons and its quality evaluation for decades. Already classic studies of science proved that this landscape of scientific production was distorted by using overly selective bibliographical indexes that were considered “international databases” while their coverage was severely limited. A relevant part of the bibliometric literature in the last 10 years has revolved around the limitations of these global data sources and the search for alternatives to explore more comprehensive universes of the scholarly output, considering all disciplines and languages. Particularly relevant in this debate are some recently created bibliographic services and search engines that provide new opportunities: Dimensions, Lens, Open Alex, CrossRef and Google Scholar. Our specific contribution to these studies relies on a methodological shift based on a convergence between prosopography and bibliometrics. For that end, we selected two countries that can be considered “peripheral centers” in the Latin American region. Firstly, we determined a universe of national researchers of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) and the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET, Argentina). The target populations are composed of 10,619 tenured researchers at CONICET and 14,418 holders of the CNPq’s “research productivity fellowship”. Secondly, we built a database with their comprehensive publishing performance uploaded in the national curricular information systems, the Brazilian Lattes and Argentina’s SIGEVA, that includes metadata for all articles. After computational and manual data cleaning of this database, we retained a total 464,361 articles for Brazil and 81,005 for Argentina published in 2013-2020. The comparative study shows that Argentina and Brazil have similar patterns of coverage in the global databases, although they differ in terms of collaboration practices and national publishing.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the effect of relaxation exercise on fatigue symptoms in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This is a meta-analysis study. The literature review was carried out by searching studies published between 2011 and 2020. This meta-analysis was recorded on PROSPERO in the National Health Research Institute (Registration no: CRD42022313646). RESULTS: Seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The effect size of the studies included in the meta-analysis was found to be g=1.232 (p=0.028), which indicated a "huge effect size." The scale used in the subgroup analyses, the application time of the relaxation exercise, and the number of relaxation exercise applications were evaluated, and a significant difference was found at p<0.05. CONCLUSION: Relaxation exercises can be used as an effective method for reducing fatigue in hemodialysis patients. OBJECTIVE patients METHODS metaanalysis meta analysis 201 2020 Registration no CRD42022313646. CRD42022313646 CRD . CRD42022313646) RESULTS metaanalysis. analysis. g1232 g 1 232 g=1.23 p=0.028, p0028 p p=0.028 , 0 028 (p=0.028) huge size. analyses evaluated p005 05 p<0.05 CONCLUSION 20 202 CRD4202231364 g123 23 g=1.2 p002 p=0.02 02 (p=0.028 p00 p<0.0 2 CRD420223136 g12 g=1. p=0.0 (p=0.02 p0 p<0. CRD42022313 g1 g=1 p=0. (p=0.0 p<0 CRD4202231 g= p=0 (p=0. p< CRD420223 p= (p=0 CRD42022 (p= CRD4202 (p CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

The National Development Plan (NDP) advocates for the elimination of poverty, and the reduction of inequality by 2030. These goals can only be achieved if we harness the energies of the people, build an inclusive economy, develop skills, improve the capacity of the state and promote leadership and partnerships across society. This is to be achieved through transforming society more equitably and at the same time making the country more competitive in the global economic system. The article seeks to explore how institutions of higher learning can be transformed through the production of future professors with a developmental agenda. Therefore, the NDP advocates continuous professional development, lifelong learning and knowledge production, and innovation as a focus for building the capacity of individuals and society. The article employed the modernisation theory as a vehicle to drive social change and transformation in higher education. The article employed a systematic review of the literature on transformation and social change in higher education as advocated in the NDP. The findings of the article show that universal human development can be achieved by respecting human rights, promoting equality and empowering people to exercise the opportunities and choices they value in higher education. The article recommends that a structured interaction between lecturers and students within the context of transformative change and social justice should be prioritised in higher education. This can only be achieved through preparing the future professor with a developmental agenda to assist in shaping higher education by designing a curriculum that responds to the needs of the current cohort of students.

Abstract The article aims to reconstruct the growth of Law Schools from the national perspective in two periods of higher education expansion in Brazil. In the first period, from 1964 to 1980, the paper emphasizes the role of private institutions in the expansion and the dominant conception of undergraduate studies as being vocational. In the second period, from 1996 to 2019, it thematizes the legislation created after the 1988 Constitution, which includes the changing conception of university education, and the processes of commodification and financialization of higher education. Lastly, the paper deals with full and partial distance learning in undergraduate degrees and discusses the role of the Brazilian Bar Association in face of the expansion of the Law Schools. The article contributes to the comprehension of a phenomenon that is frequently mentioned by the literature but has not yet been analyzed from empirical data. Grounded on the changes of legislation and policy, and on the data from the Statistical Yearbook of Brazil and Higher Education Census, the paper shows that the growth of Law Schools followed the expansion of higher education in Brazil in both periods and that the area’s main particularity is that the Ministry of Education did not authorize the creation of schools with full distance learning for undergraduate Law degrees in the period. period 196 1980 vocational 199 2019 198 Constitution Lastly policy Census areas area s 19 201 1 20 2

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo reconstruir o crescimento dos cursos de Direito a partir do cenário nacional em dois momentos de expansão da educação superior no Brasil. No primeiro, de 1964 a 1980, é enfatizado o papel das instituições privadas na expansão e a concepção dominante da graduação como profissionalizante. No segundo, de 1996 a 2019, são tematizados a legislação criada a partir da Constituição de 1988, incluída a mudança de concepção sobre o papel da formação universitária, e os processos de mercantilização e de financeirização da educação superior. Por fim, o texto trata do ensino a distância e da sua entrada nos cursos presenciais e discute o papel da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil frente à expansão dos cursos de Direito. O trabalho contribui para a compreensão de um fenômeno bastante mencionado na literatura, porém ainda não analisado a partir de dados empíricos. Fundamentado pelas mudanças de legislação e de política pública e pelos dados do Anuário Estatísticos do Brasil e do Censo da Educação Superior, o texto mostra que os cursos de Direito acompanharam a expansão da educação superior no Brasil em ambos os períodos e que a principal particularidade do curso está em o MEC não ter autorizado abertura de cursos da área na modalidade a distância no período. primeiro 196 1980 profissionalizante segundo 199 2019 1988 universitária fim literatura empíricos Superior período 19 198 201 1 20 2

Resumo Os dispositivos estatais para o governo das águas no Brasil vêm sendo fortemente influenciados pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, tendo como principal instituição multilateral promotora o Banco Mundial, cujas diretrizes convergem para o afastamento das instituições estatais do papel de provedoras dos serviços de água e promovem a perda do controle sobre as águas por populações locais. Neste artigo, analiso a trajetória das políticas governamentais para a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir da instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) à luz da literatura antropológica sobre grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, administração pública e o campo autodenominado de antropologia da água, observando o processo de criação e implementação de dispositivos institucionais que abrem caminho para a transformação da água em uma commodity. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observação participante em avaliação oficial da PNRH e análise de relatórios de projetos do Banco Mundial. desenvolvimento Mundial locais artigo (PNRH commodity

Abstract State devices for water governance in Brazil have been strongly influenced by the development discourse, with the World Bank as the main multilateral institution that promotes it, whose guidelines converge towards the removal of state institutions from the role of providers of water services and promote the loss control over water by local populations. In this article, I analyze the trajectory of government policies for water management in Brazil from the institution of the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) under the light of anthropological literature on large development projects, public administration and the self-declared field of anthropology of water, observing the process of creation and implementation of institutional devices that pave the way for the transformation of water into a commodity. The research was carried out through participant observation in an official evaluation of the NWRP and analysis of project reports from the World Bank. discourse it populations article (NWRP projects selfdeclared self declared commodity

Abstract: The microeconomic research about private expenditures on educational goods and services shows that the variation in investment levels reflects differences in income, socio-demographic characteristics, and the average number of household members. There are few studies in Latin America, however, that also explore the income elasticity of educational demand. This article addresses this important gap in Mexico, using data from the 2020 National Survey of Household Income and Expenditures. By means of Engel curves and tobit regression analysis, this article outlines the values assigned to education according to family traits. In particular, the results show that, as we focus on economically wealthier households, education is no longer a superior good, without becoming a necessity good. In addition, the data show evidence of gender differences that are opposite to those pointed out in the peer-reviewed literature.

Resumen: La investigación microeconómica sobre el gasto privado en bienes y servicios educativos muestra que la variación en los niveles de inversión corresponde a diferencias en el ingreso, características sociodemográficas y al número de miembros de los hogares. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios al respecto en América Latina, en los que además se explore la elasticidad del ingreso en la demanda educativa. Este trabajo aborda esta brecha en México, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares de 2020. A través de curvas de Engel y análisis de regresión tobit, el trabajo expone los valores asignados a la educación según rasgos familiares. Concretamente, los resultados muestran que, al acercarnos a hogares económicamente más ricos, la educación deja de ser un bien superior, sin llegar a ser un bien de necesidad. Adicionalmente, los resultados muestran evidencia de sesgos de género opuestos a aquellos apuntados en la literatura especializada.

Abstract This paper’s research focuses on a multidimensional racism suffered by Haitians migrants in the Dominican Republic, which appears to be social and political as well. The direct experience of the author in the Dominican Republic strengthens an empirical and theoretical analysis for questioning a possible correlation between Dominican politics, nationalism, and popular support for the general exclusion, within the Dominican national system, of Haitian migrants. Through an initial review of relevant literature, from the fields of Sociology and Migration, this article defines the concept of Agamben’s Homo Sacer. Agamben’s theoretical contribution is useful to identify the state’s will to exclude Haitian migrants. In addition, Sayad’s concept of State-thinking will also be used. Moreover, the historical focus on community’s search for national identity relies on Rappaport’s works and then related to the Dominican Republic. Exclusion and marginalization of Haitian migrants is also analyzed by outlining the lack of governmental data and updated information about immigrants, leading to hypothetical correlations between State-promoted illegalization of Haitian migrants, enforced by local politics, and a social dimension of racial nationalism. With a focus on International Relations on Political Science, the study describes that the current Dominican government, headed by President Luis Abinader, shows a trend influenced by a past heritage of political realism and nationalism in its bilateral relations with Haiti, since, it is worth noting, there seems to be relevant consensus in the Dominican society for such hardline policies.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la presencia de un racismo multidimensional, de carácter social y político, padecido por los migrantes haitianos en República Dominicana. La experiencia directa del autor en República Dominicana motiva la búsqueda de un análisis empírico y teórico que pueda interrogarse sobre una posible correlación entre el nacionalismo en la política dominicana y el apoyo popular hacia la exclusión de los migrantes haitianos en el sistema nacional dominicano. A través de una inicial revisión de la literatura de referencia del campo sociológico y migratorio, se define el concepto de Homo Sacer expuesto por Agamben. El aporte teórico de Agamben es útil para identificar la voluntad estatal de excluir a los migrantes haitianos. Además, se tomará el concepto de pensamiento de Estado identificado por Sayad, mientras que el foco histórico en la cuestión identitaria dominicana cuenta con aportes procedentes de las obras de Rappaport. La marginalización y exclusión de los migrantes haitianos se estudia también cuestionando la ausencia de datos y registros actualizados por el Gobierno dominicano, queriendo proponer eventuales correlaciones entre la ilegalización estatal de los migrantes haitianos, con el aval de la política dominicana, y una forma social de nacionalismo racial. Utilizando también un enfoque propio de las Relaciones Internacionales y la Ciencia Política, se describe cómo el actual gobierno de República Dominicana, encabezado por el presidente Luis Abinader, muestra una tendencia hacia pasados elementos de realismo político y nacionalismo en las relaciones bilaterales con Haití, donde, cabe incluir, encuentra un efectivo consenso por parte de la sociedad dominicana.

Abstract: The 35 sister-cities agreements of Oaxaca de Juárez and Guanajuato capital do not automatically lead into a useful paradiplomatic activity for the citizens. The specialized literature has marginalized four core components in the management of a beneficial internationalization of municipalities: visibility, functionality, rationality, and institutionalization. Through a model based on the four components, questionnaires were submitted to both municipalities through the National Transparency Platform. The end goal of such was to assess the visibility, functionality, rationality, and the institutionalization dimensions for the 35 of international sister-cities agreements signed by both Mexican municipalities. Results suggest an insufficient visibility of the sister-cities agreements, a precarious functionality, a questionable rationality in the selection of the sister-city’ agreements, and a scarce institutionalization and follow-up for most international sister-cities agreements in which both Mexican capitals take part.

Resumen: Los 35 hermanamientos internacionales de Oaxaca de Juárez y la capital de Guanajuato no conducen automáticamente a una actividad paradiplomática útil para la ciudadanía. La literatura especializada ha marginalizado cuatro componentes medulares para la conducción de una internacionalización provechosa de los municipios: la visibilidad, la funcionalidad, la racionalidad y la institucionalización. A través de un modelo que incluye los cuatro componentes, se aplicaron cuestionarios a ambos municipios a través de la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia para evaluar la visibilidad, la funcionalidad, la racionalidad y la institucionalización de los 35 acuerdos de hermanamientos internacionales suscritos por ambos municipios. Los resultados sugieren una insuficiente visibilidad de los hermanamientos, una precaria funcionalidad, una cuestionable racionalidad en la selección de los hermanamientos y una escasa institucionalización y seguimiento de la mayoría de los hermanamientos internacionales de los que son parte estas dos capitales mexicanas.

RESUMEN El establecimiento de nuevas Áreas Protegidas (AP) representa un paso inicial crucial para contrarrestar la pérdida y fragmentación de hábitats naturales, con el fin de conservar ecosistemas de vital importancia para la biodiversidad y preservar las culturas tradicionales. La gestión efectiva de una AP puede generar beneficios significativos tanto para la diversidad biológica que la habita como para la sociedad en general, asegurando la continuidad de los ecosistemas productivos. Este estudio se propone describir de manera exhaustiva las políticas nacionales relacionadas con las AP en Ecuador y las estrategias clave para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica de enfoque descriptivo, cualitativo y exploratorio, que incluyó la consulta de artículos científicos, libros, informes técnicos y documentos gubernamentales pertinentes. Los resultados resaltan el papel fundamental de las AP como refugios esenciales para la vida silvestre, así como su función protectora ante los efectos del cambio climático, permitiendo la evolución de la diversidad genética en respuesta a las presiones de la selección natural. Las principales amenazas a la biodiversidad comprenden cambios en el uso de la tierra debido a la agricultura y la urbanización, la propagación de especies invasoras, la explotación excesiva de recursos y la contaminación ambiental.

ABSTRACT The establishment of new Protected Areas (PAs) represents a crucial initial step to counteract the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, in order to conserve ecosystems of vital importance for biodiversity and preserve traditional cultures. The effective management of a PA can generate significant benefits for both the biological diversity that inhabits it and for society in general, ensuring the continuity of productive ecosystems. This study aims to comprehensively describe national policies related to PAs in Ecuador and key strategies for biodiversity conservation. A descriptive, qualitative and exploratory literature review was carried out, including consultation of scientific articles, books, technical reports and relevant government documents. The results highlight the fundamental role of PAs as essential refuges for wildlife, as well as their protective function in the face of the effects of climate change, allowing the evolution of genetic diversity in response to the pressures of natural selection. The main threats to biodiversity include changes in land use due to agriculture and urbanization, the spread of invasive species, overexploitation of resources, and environmental pollution.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo socializar la periodización de la obra educativa de Anisia Miranda Fernández, quien se dedicó a la educación de niños, adolescentes y jóvenes a través de la literatura donde contribuyó a la formación de valores morales, sociales y a la identidad nacional. En la investigación se emplea la periodización como instrumento metodológico que permitió precisar el periodo a estudiar, las etapas y dentro de ellas, los aportes que realizó esta escritora a la educación de las nuevas generaciones. Como resultado se demostró que la obra educativa de Anisia Miranda es creativa, transformadora, intencionadamente nacional, adecuada a las edades de sus públicos y permeada de mensajes comprometidos con la formación del hombre nuevo que necesitaba una sociedad en construcción, los cuales hoy son retomados por su trascendencia social.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to socialize the periodization of the educational work of Anisia Miranda Fernández, who dedicated herself to the education of children, adolescents and young people through literature where she contributed to the formation of moral and social values and national identity. In the research, periodization is used as a methodological instrument that allowed us to specify the period to be studied, the stages and within them, the contributions that this writer made to the education of new generations. As a result, it was demonstrated that Anisia Miranda's educational work is creative, transformative, intentionally national, appropriate to the ages of its audiences and permeated with messages committed to the formation of the new man that a society under construction needed, which today are taken up by its social significance.

RESUMO A pandemia de covid-19 se impôs de modo mais agudo e dramático aos grupos políticos e socialmente mais vulnerabilizados, como a População em Situação de Rua (PSR). A literatura sobre as respostas às demandas de saúde e de assistência social dos mais vulnerabilizados, durante a pandemia, ainda é escassa. Neste artigo, descreve-se a rede de cuidado à PSR, considerando os caminhos formalmente instituídos e aqueles produzidos durante a pandemia de covid-19, no município de Belo Horizonte. Para tanto, realizaram-se análise documental, visitas técnicas a serviços assistenciais, entrevistas em profundidade e grupos focais com atores que compõem a rede de cuidado. Os resultados mostraram que a rede é composta por quatro componentes com interseções: pela rede da saúde, da assistência social, da Pastoral Nacional do Povo da Rua (sociedade civil organizada) e a rede criada para cuidado de sintomáticos respiratórios. As mudanças de fluxos impostas pela pandemia repercutiram em dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de cuidado da PSR. Contudo, observou-se a potencialidade para a oferta da integralidade do cuidado, mediante articulações realizadas na pandemia entre a saúde, a assistência social e a sociedade civil organizada. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 vulnerabilizados PSR . (PSR) escassa artigo descrevese descreve covid19, 19, Horizonte tanto realizaramse realizaram documental assistenciais interseções organizada respiratórios Contudo observouse observou covid1 1 covid- (PSR

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed itself in a acutely and dramatically way, particularly on politically and socially vulnerable groups, such as the homeless population (HP). The literature on health emergency and response and social care needs of the most vulnerable during the pandemic is scarce. This article describes the network of care for HP, including formally instituted pathways of care and those produced during the pandemic of COVID-19, in the city of Belo Horizonte. The methodological path used documentary analysis, technical visits to care services, in-depth interviews and focus groups with the care network stakeholders. The results showed that the network is composed of four components with intersections: the health network, the social care network, the ‘National Pastoral Care of the Homeless People’ (non-governmental organization) and the network created to care for people with respiratory symptoms. The workflow changes imposed by the pandemic resulted in access barriers in different centers offering care for HP. However, it was observed the potentiality of the integral care offer, through the connections built during the pandemic between health, social care, and the non-governmental organizations. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 way HP . (HP) scarce COVID19, 19, Horizonte analysis services indepth depth stakeholders intersections National People nongovernmental non governmental organization symptoms However offer organizations COVID1 1 COVID- (HP

ABSTRACT The article considers the specifics of the perception of Russian classical literature in a foreign educational environment. The authors conducted an experiment to determine the degree of students’ proficiency in Russian literature of the 19th century in educational institutions of the Chechen Republic. The results show a significant appreciation and understanding of the concepts of ethics, national mentality, and national identity embedded in Russian classical literature among the survey participants. The conclusions emphasize the essential role of Russian classical literature in contributing to the spiritual and cultural development of students in the Chechen Republic. They also stipulate the need for methodological recommendations to enhance the teaching and comprehension of classical literary texts, suggesting the continuous relevance of Russian literature in fostering a multifaceted and culturally rich educational framework.

RESUMEN El artículo examina las particularidades de la percepción de la literatura clásica rusa en un entorno educativo extranjero. Los autores llevaron a cabo un experimento para determinar el grado de dominio de la literatura rusa del siglo XIX por parte de los estudiantes de los centros educativos de la República de Chechenia. Los resultados muestran una apreciación y comprensión significativas de los conceptos de ética, mentalidad nacional e identidad nacional incluidos en la literatura clásica rusa entre los participantes en la encuesta. Las conclusiones subrayan el papel esencial de la literatura clásica rusa para contribuir al desarrollo espiritual y cultural de los estudiantes de la República de Chechenia. También estipulan la necesidad de recomendaciones metodológicas para mejorar la enseñanza y la comprensión de los textos literarios clásicos, sugiriendo la continua relevancia de la literatura rusa en el fomento de un marco educativo multifacético y culturalmente rico.