Resumen El siguiente artículo propone analizar en tres secciones la forma en que la masonería logró abrirse paso en el Dar al-islam como parte de la expansión imperialista europea, la cual tuvo sus primeras expresiones en el siglo XVIII y se logró asentar en el siglo XIX. La primera sección tiene como objetivo establecer el vínculo entre masonería e imperialismo, la segunda se aboca a profundizar sobre las transformaciones estructurales internas que sufre el Dar al-islam ante el desafío imperialista europeo, y finalmente en la tercera sección se analiza la manera en que la masonería buscó establecerse en el mundo islámico generando toda una reflexión sobre sus orígenes místicos y asociativos frente a los universos culturales islámicos que se consideraron similares a los de la masonería.

Abstract The following article analyzes in three sections the way in which freemasonry managed to break through in Dar al-islam as part of the European imperialist expansion, which had its first expressions in the 18th century and reached its apogee in the 19th century. The first section aims to establish the link between freemasonry and imperialism, the second focuses on the internal structural transformations suffered by Dar al-islam facing the European imperialist challenge, and finally, the third section analyzes how freemasonry sought to establish itself in the Islamic world, reflecting on its mystical and associative origins based on the references to Islamic cultural practices that were regarded as similar to those of freemasonry.

Resumo Este artigo tem como tema a recepção de Wilhelm Dilthey na França, na primeira metade do século XX. Não se trata, contudo, de uma exposição da obra do seu mais célebre comentador francês do período, Raymond Aron. Apresenta-se em linhas gerais a recepção de Dilthey na obra de Alexandre Koyré, historiador das ciências e também da filosofia, das religiões e do misticismo especulativo alemão. Próximo de Raymond Aron e de Bernard Groethuysen, outro leitor e comentador diltheyano ignorado, Koyré foi marcado pela obra de Dilthey, o que é atestado pelos trabalhos que escreveu diretamente sobre este autor, bem como por aqueles nos quais seu nome não aparece, e sobre a história do misticismo especulativo alemão e a história das ciências. A aparente estranheza dessa aproximação nos mostra a complexidade da recepção de Dilthey na França e a necessidade de alargarmos seu campo de análise para além dos trabalhos de Aron. XX trata contudo período Apresentase Apresenta filosofia Groethuysen ignorado autor aparece

Abstract This article delves into the reception of Dilthey’s work in France during the first half of the 20th century. Rather than focusing on his most famous French commentator of the period, Raymond Aron, this study offers an overview of the appropriations of Dilthey present in the works of Alexandre Koyré, historian of science, and also of philosophy, religions, and German speculative mysticism. Deeply marked by Dilthey’s work, Koyré was close to Aron and Bernard Groethuysen, another ignored Diltheyan reader and commentator. This is attested not only by the studies he wrote directly about this author, but also by those in which his name does not appear, including those on the history of German speculative mysticism and the history of science. This seemingly unconventional association underscores the complexity of Dilthey’s reception in France, making clear the need to broaden this field of analysis beyond Aron’s contributions. Diltheys s th century period science philosophy religions Groethuysen author appear Arons contributions

Resumen En este trabajo se analiza el problema del conocimiento de sí en la filosofía de JeanJacques Rousseau a partir de cuatro tópicos presentes en Las ensoñaciones del paseante solitario: la autobiografía, la ficción, la tradición pastoral y la mística. El problema del conocimiento de sí responde a la inquietud filosófica de base en Rousseau: conocer qué es el hombre. A partir de estos cuatro temas se pretende, entonces, recorrer las posibilidades y limitaciones de este conocimiento.

Abstract This paper analyses the problem of self-knowledge in the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This is accomplished through four topics in Reveries of the solitary walker: autobiography, fiction, pastoral tradition and mysticism. The problem of self-knowledge responds to Rousseau’s basic philosophical concern: to learn what human being is. From these four starting points, then, the aim is to explore the possibilities and limitations of such knowledge.

ABSTRACT This paper explores the possibility of thinking a place for the mysticism of Self within the constitutive requirements of the modern form of consciousness. It takes a common idea found in the works of three representative thinkers of Modernity – Feuerbach, Nietzsche and Jung – , and interprets it in the light of the mysticism of Self. Then the perspective thus established is used in order to interpret the mystical dimension present in a concrete fragment of contemporary psychological experience. The strengthening of the conexion between Mysticism of Self and psychological experience opens a fertile dialogical space in the borderland comprising Theology, Philosophy and Psychology.

RESUMO O artigo explora a possibilidade de se pensar um lugar para a mística do Si-mesmo em consonância com as coordenadas que definem a forma de consciência prevalente na modernidade. Para tanto, toma-se um ideologema comum encontrado no pensamento de três autores que representam o espírito da modernidade – Feuerbach, Nietzsche e Jung – e apresenta-se uma interpretação sob a perspectiva da mística do Si-mesmo. Em seguida, a posição assim estabelecida é utilizada para interpretar a dimensão mística presente em um fragmento concreto de experiência psicológica contemporânea. Consolidando a articulação entre Mística do Si-mesmo e experiência psicológica, abre-se espaço para um fecundo diálogo na zona fronteiriça envolvendo teologia, filosofia e psicologia.

Resumo Este artigo é um exercício de aproximação dialética entre Clarice Lispector e Jorge Luis Borges, levando em consideração o conteúdo filosófico das suas escritas, específicamente no que tange ao questionamento da subjetividade individual. As principais diferenças entre os dois autores (o raciocínio frente à intuição, a intertextualidade frente à introspecção, a erudição frente ao misticismo) são desconstruídas de tal forma que ambos os projetos literários se revelam complementários ou inclusive reduzíveis a um denominador comum. Borges escritas individual intuição introspecção misticismo comum

Resumen Este artículo constituye un ejercicio de aproximación dialéctica entre Clarice Lispector y Jorge Luis Borges, considerando el contenido filosófico de sus escritos, específicamente en lo referido al cuestionamiento de la subjetividad individual. Las principales diferencias entre los dos autores (lo racional frente a lo intuitivo, la intertextualidad frente a la introspección, la erudición frente al misticismo) se deconstruyen de tal forma que ambos proyectos literarios resultan complementarios o incluso reductibles a un denominador común. Borges escritos individual intuitivo introspección misticismo común

Abstract This paper is an attempt to approach dialectically Clarice Lispector and Jorge Luis Borges, bearing in mind the philosophical content of their writings, regarding the undermining of individual subjectivity. The main differences between the two authors (rationality vs. intuition, intertextuality vs. introspection, erudition vs. mysticism) are deconstructed in a way that configures the two literary projects as complementary or even reducible to a common denominator. Borges writings subjectivity rationality vs intuition introspection mysticism denominator

The first half of the eighteenth century witnessed a resurgence of Platonism in literature generally and in theology in Germany en Holland in particular, because of the appeal Plato's ideas held for the distinction between immanent and transcendental reality, man's quest for unity with the Good, and the human soul as the vehicle for uniting with God. Because most human beings are preoccupied with material things, Plato believed they need to have their thoughts turned to the immaterial reality behind the material world, and thus to be weaned away from the objects of their passions. To Plato the world is more than a world of appearances. Behind each particular thing is the idea or form of the thing. Moreover, the ideas or forms are all ultimately related to the Form of the Good. Plato believed that the soul is an immaterial entity, which in some ways is like the Forms. Particularly revealing to the emerging trend of Romanticism was Plato's philosophica transcending of sceptical and materialistic views of reality, the notion that those who know what is good will love and desire it, and that moral virtue is of itself a prerequisite to knowing the good. The problem presented itself as to how sinful man and chaos in the world can be brought in accordance with God's perfect and sinless nature. Because Plato's view of human improvement by means of education and salvation through personal virtue is far removed from the Christian message of redemption by a loving, personal God, Pietists reverted to the neo-Platonism legacy of love mysticism to resolve the dualism inherent to the Romantic juxtaposition of the immanent and the transcendent. The Voortrekker woman Susanna Smit reflected these influences in her Reformed Pietistic spirituality and re-interpreted the Christian conviction of the love of God and man's salvation by relying on neo-Platonism love spirituality in the works of James Hervey, Rutger Schutte, Hieronymus van Alphen, Rhjnvis Feith and other pietistically inclined authors. This research investigates the impact of the idea of experiential numinous love mediating between the Good and the human soul and neo-Platonism love sentimentality in Susanna Smit's diaries and the effect of these influences in her Reformed Pietistic spirituality from 1843 to 1863.

Cape Pietism is a hybrid, transnational and transconfessional form of spirituality, emanating from the Pietistic movement in Germany, with its emphasis on medieval mysticism, piety and spiritual devotion to Christ, and Dutch Second Reformation influences. Feminine Pietists in South African frontier communities were the practitioners of this form of spirituality, analogous to similar trends in the mystical cultures in German and Dutch Medieval mysticism. In addition to the influence of religious literature of German and Dutch Pietists, the marginalisation and isolation of feminine believers on the South African frontier cultivated tendencies similar to those in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Pietism in Europe. Lay feminine spirituality in Cape frontier communities reflects forms of Pietistic mysticism parallel to the Beguines, the Dominican penitent women and female mystics elsewhere in Europe. Common to the diverse mystical cultures in Europe and the Cape frontier communities, is the expression of numinous experiences through mystical love metaphors-a legacy of Dionysius the Areopagite and other Neoplatonic Christian believers. Dorothea Magdalena Goosen is an exponent of Cape Pietistic tendencies with a strong undercurrent of melancholy and a feeling of spiritual abandonment. Her autobiographical ego-text and self-composed verses testify to her finding consolation in the grace of God through the inpouring of Christ's love in her heart. Typical to female exponents of Cape Pietism, she longs for the heavenly rejoicing with Christ and the sweet elation of the heart following the embrace of the Bridegroom and restored consolation. Her numinous mystical experiences are recorded in Pietistic outpourings of love and bridal metaphors-mostly in an erotic form. A study of her mystical spirituality adds to broaden the corpus of knowledge of Cape Pietistic mysticism by tracing the roots of her love mysticism to the Neoplatonic legacy of German and Dutch female spirituality. The conclusion provides a clearer view of the mystical profile of feminine members of the petit bourgeoisie and their efforts at spiritual self-empowerment in their isolated living conditions in South African pioneering communities.

In the last phase of the Middle Ages, medieval piety and mysticism converged in the movement called Devotio Moderna (Modern Devotion). In the last decades of the fourteenth century, the Modern Devotion arose as a new religious movement in the northern Low Countries, and had a major influence upon religious life in Europe. It was particularly popular with women; but until now, there has been little research on the role of women in this movement. From the late seventeenth century, Dutch pietism manifested as a hybrid form of Protestant spirituality, with a transconfessional appeal and emphasis on personal piety. Bernard of Clairvaux influenced first-generation Reformers like John Calvin and authors of the Modern Devotion, and a century later, a strong resurgence of influence by Bernard and Modern Devotion authors from the Low Countries. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this influence was exported to the Cape of Good Hope and the pioneering communities on the South African frontier. The study of the ego texts of pietistic feminine authors, reveals the strong impact of Roman Catholic spirituality of the Modern Devotion on feminine members of the petit bourgeoisie in South African pioneering communities. In this article, the spiritual commitment of feminine authors at the Cape and on the South African frontier, like Catharina Allegonda van Lier, Louisa Thom, Hester Venter, Dorothea Goosen and Susanna Smit to the tenets of the Modern Devotion, is investigated against the background of Dutch pietistic spirituality in the period 1700 to 1860. CONTRIBUTION: This research is a pioneering contribution to the corpus of knowledge available on the Modern Devotion, and its influence on Reformed theology. It focuses on the influence exerted by the Modern Devotion on the religious views of feminine Reformed Pietists in South Africa in the period 1700-1860

The need to find clarity concerning (1) the relationship between scientific and religious cosmological discourses and (2) the imagining of a space where various religions could meet in fruitful conciliation as far as (1) is concerned, formed the basis of the article. The aim of the article was to investigate the relevance of Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga (5th CE, Pali compendium of Theravāda Buddhism) with regard to the above problems. The methodology employed involved clarifying the historical context of the Visuddhimagga; understanding the subjective intentions of Buddhaghosa and extrapolating non-emphasised but promising underlying tendencies in his magnum opus, conducive to a perspective of ultimate, universal peace as far as Cosmos, all of humanity and its various religious discourses are concerned. The reading of the Visuddhimagga revealed a mythology of many deities, tolerated but demoted to a status lower than that of enlightened humans; the denial of a Creator God; no notion of an analogia entis between humans and a living Cosmos, nor any tendency towards pantheism and a commitment to the ideal of universal happiness for all beings. The main conclusion was that Theravāda Buddhism (and, to a lesser extent, Christian theology) could be extended towards the notion of a living, evolving Cosmos, appearing from and disappearing into non-substantial silence. It is not claimed that Buddhaghosa succeeded in achieving a great cosmology. It remains an unrealised possibility, latently possible as an extension of Theravāda. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution of the article is that it uncovers deeply hidden lines in Buddhism (and Christianity) that are emerging and converging. 'Theo-logy', re-interpreted as mystical 'cosmo-sophy', would not amount to a cynical debunking or irresponsible annexation of Buddhaghosa for utterly unthinkable ends, but as a topic worthy of investigation. The article is part of work in progress.

This article contributed to a project about Nature and Theology (Prof. Dr. J. Buitendag). The text questioned why our modern concept of nature must be reformulated in a contemporary concept of nature as the anthropocentrism of the modern concept of nature is criticised by a growing knowledge about the cohesion of many phenomena in the evolution of life on planet Earth. This criticism confronts theologians with fundamental deficiencies in their ongoing anthropological approach of life, especially human life. The article looked for a reinterpretation of mystical texts of Gregory of Nyssa in order to question whether this offers a new framework of a theological approach of a contemporary concept of nature. CONTRIBUTION: Within the project about Nature and Theology new questions arise as the concept of Nature has to be reformulated based on new insights in the evolution of life. Within the debates about the Anthropocene, the planet Earth is approached as being a living reality in one way or another. So theologians have to look for new theological approaches as well. This article suggested that concepts of Gregory of Nyssa contribute in this respect.

Prayer, meditation and contemplation have long been established as essentials in human life all over the world. Yet, even by a religious devotee, they are regarded in one way or another as insignificant and secondary: what is taken into accounts is just getting things done. Thus, prayer sounds simply as 'saying words', and meditation is an obscure and complicated practice not easily understood. Even if there is any advantage, it is recognised and perceived as totally detached from the life of average people. Contemplative life is indeed sometimes seen as something sceptical. The article challenges the perspective and saying that the absolute principle of prayer is intensifying intimate accomplishment in love, the awareness of God. The authentic goal of meditation is the search and discovery of advanced dimensions in freedom, illumination and love, in intensifying our awareness of our life in God. Besides, people usually consider contemplative life as the opposite of active life and prefer to contemplative life. Using one of the greatest Catholic mystic's perspective, the article shows that contemplative life is not better than active and not vice versa. Both are necessary. In this case, the article also put into a dialogue with Islamic spirituality. CONTRIBUTION: This article enriches the current debate on contemplation and action; it also shatters the complains that mysticism, instructs and guides abandonment from worldly interests and introduces what we can called a new mysticism, that is, an 'activist mysticism of dynamised silence'.

The history of the development of Islam in Indonesia often fails because of the rejection of the local community. Therefore, it is necessary to make ethical efforts so that society can accept Islam. This research is an attempt to explain the Mantra by Sunan Kalijaga (after this referred to as SKM) as a medium for spreading Islam. This research uses a qualitative research paradigm. The primary data source is the spell text in Serat Kidungan ingkang Jangkep. Data analysis techniques use content analysis techniques and hermeneutics. The results showed that SKM is a philosophical representation of Javanese mantras with the spirit of Islam. Mantras are not simple texts but rather acts of establishing the understanding of Islam through integrating literature and culture. Hindu-Islamic syncretism is wrapped in the symbolisation of the text. Word choice is not always of magical significance because the text is oriented towards the purpose of 'the other'. Restructuring the relationship between text and symbols reflects a strategy for changing the nature and purpose of spells. In turn, SKM is a quality ritual language that has an essential role in the history of the Islamic movement in Java, Indonesia. Axiologically, SKM provides necessary educational knowledge about the ethics of proselytising without being hurt. Sunan Kalijaga combines literary, cultural, educational, and ethical values for religious purposes. An important implication of this research is that mantras can contribute to promoting the transdisciplinary aspects of religion in the international theological arena through mantra texts. Thus, SKM has an essential role in spirituality and science. CONTRIBUTION: This article contributes to the HTS Theological Studies's goal of promoting the transdisciplinary aspects of religious studies in the international theological arena on the study of mantra texts.

This study aims to reveal the interaction of local Javanese culture with an Islamic philosophical approach originating from the Cowongan tradition performed by shamans accompanied by dances with holy ladies and reciting mantras. This tradition is a prayer asking the gods to send down rain. This article emphasised that the Cowongan tradition places mystical power as the dominant element in life, which is embodied in symbols. The study of mysticism is closer to the study of Sufism which presents it as Islamic mysticism with the color of syncretism of religious teachings with local cultural practices embodied by mystical-occult practices as the Penginyongan culture. CONTRIBUTION: This research contributed to the fact that traditions that are good and acceptable to society can become the law as part of the Urf, which need to be maintained as long as they do not conflict with Sharia

RESUMEN Entre los siglos XII y XV surgió y se desarrolló un fenómeno que ha sido conocido como el de la ‘mística femenina’. Una escritura de mujeres que se caracterizó principalmente por su carácter visionario en el que, además de escribir acerca de sus revelaciones, también hablaron de sí mismas, creando un enorme corpus de escritura autobiográfica inseparable de la visionaria. Serán estas narrativas las que ayudarán a inspirar el discurso místico barroco hacia los siglos XVI y XVII (Cirlot y Garí), el mismo que llegará a las colonias latinoamericanas junto con todo el programa evangelizador. Dentro de este universo aparecerán los conventos femeninos como parte de la transmisión cultural europea hacia América (Lavrin) y, al mismo tiempo, los textos producidos por monjas y beatas americanas serán enviados a Europa para demostrar la vitalidad que iba adquiriendo la evangelización (Myers). En este artículo, propongo revisar el carácter visionario de dichos escritos, con el fin de identificar los rasgos que los caracterizan.

ABSTRACT During the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, a phenomenon that has been known as that of ‘female mysticism’ emerged and developed. These women, in addition of writing about their revelations, they also spoke of themselves, creating a huge corpus of autobiographical writing inseparable from the visionary. It will be these narratives that will inspire the mystical baroque discourse towards the 16th and 17th centuries (Cirlot and Garí). This will reach the Latin American colonies along with the entire evangelizing program. Within this universe, female convents will appear as part of this European cultural transmission to The Americas (Lavrin). At the same time, the texts produced by Spanish-American nuns and beatas were sent to Europe to demonstrate the vitality that evangelization was acquiring (Myers). In this article I propose to review the visionary nature of these writings, in order to identify the features that characterize them.

Abstract The aim of this work is to retrieve some of the contributions of Michel Foucault and Michel De Certeau on one of the themes of interest they shared: the modern gaze and the emergence of man as an object of knowledge. The contribution of this article is to develop the hypothesis that there was no absolute discontinuity in the appearance of this modern gaze. On the contrary, it is a discontinuity dispersed in different processes that must be related. Thus, our hypothesis is that the modern gaze and the appearance of man as an object of knowledge can only be dimensioned by being related to three processes: 1. The struggles against mysticism from the sixteenth century onwards; 2. A modern experience of madness; 3. The modern experience of death and finitude.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en recuperar algunos de los aportes de Michel Foucault y Michel De Certeau sobre uno de los temas de interés que compartieron: la mirada moderna y la aparición del hombre como objeto de saber. El aporte de este artículo consiste en desarrollar la hipótesis de que no hubo una discontinuidad absoluta en la aparición de esta mirada moderna. Por el contrario, es una discontinuidad dispersa en diferentes procesos que hay que poner en relación. De esta manera, nuestra hipótesis consiste en que la mirada moderna y la aparición del hombre como objeto de saber solamente puede ser dimensionada al ser relacionada con tres procesos: 1. Las luchas contra el misticismo a partir del siglo XVI; 2. Una moderna experiencia de la locura; 3. La experiencia moderna de la muerte y la finitud.