Abstract: The article presents the discussion of medical knowledge about yellow fever during an epidemic episode that occurred in the city of Mérida and other towns in the state of Yucatán between 1911 and 1912. This work was prepared based on the scientific reports from physicians who conducted research on this disease and malaria. The Statistical Bulletin was reviewed to contrast the figures provided by both scientists and health authorities. Regarding epidemic episodes, the reports were critical of the provisions of the health authorities because they did not constantly monitor susceptible people. On the other hand, the origin of the condition broke with the postulates in the medical literature. In addition, the clinical manifestations of the patients in the interior generated a debate on the methods for diagnosis through of laboratory analysis and therapy.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta la discusión de los conocimientos médicos sobre la fiebre amarilla durante un episodio epidémico que se presentó en la ciudad de Mérida y otros poblados del estado de Yucatán, entre los años de 1911 y 1912. Este trabajo se elaboró con base en los reportes científicos de los médicos que realizaron investigaciones sobre esta enfermedad y el paludismo. Se revisó el Boletín de Estadística para contrastar las cifras proporcionadas tanto por los científicos como por las autoridades sanitarias. En cuanto a los episodios epidémicos, los reportes eran críticos con las disposiciones de las autoridades sanitarias porque no hacían un seguimiento constante de las personas susceptibles. Por otra parte, el origen del padecimiento rompía con los postulados de la literatura médica. Además, las manifestaciones clínicas de los enfermos del interior generaron un debate sobre los métodos para el diagnóstico a través de los análisis de laboratorio y la terapéutica.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los brotes recurrentes de dengue subrayan la necesidad de abordajes más efectivos en la prevención y control de vectores. A menudo, las intervenciones se centran en un enfoque biomédico y de promoción de la salud desde un enfoque individual, sin integrar factores socioambientales ni ser evaluados científicamente Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la recolección de residuos domésticos de gran tamaño sobre potenciales criaderos de mosquitos transmisores del dengue en Asunción, Paraguay durante los años 2017 a 2021. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal, donde se encuestaron 350 hogares, como línea de base durante el 2017 y una línea de cierre en 108 hogares en 2021. Se utilizó el método de Diferencia en Diferencia (DID) para comparar la presencia de criaderos antes y después de la intervención en 43 hogares intervenidos y 65 no intervenidos. Resultados: La recolección diferenciada fue utilizada principalmente por aquellos hogares que tenían una gran cantidad de residuos sólidos de gran tamaño, pero no para deshacerse de todos estos objetos, sino sólo de una parte (DID de -52% en el número total de criaderos y DID de 1% en número de hogares con criaderos). Encontramos una reducción significativa en el número de total de criaderos de gran tamaño, pero no observamos diferencias en el número total de hogares con criaderos. Factores subjetivos, como la creencia de que los objetos en desuso podrían llegar a ser útiles en el futuro explicaban en gran medida su presencia en los hogares, incluso con el servicio disponible. Conclusiones: El enfoque de la gestión municipal en los residuos voluminosos puede contribuir a la prevención del dengue por el hecho de que no constituyen residuos de generación rápida en los hogares, y su eliminación puede tener un impacto relativamente duradero. El factor subjetivo relacionado con la presencia de estos criaderos en los hogares debe ser objeto de mayores estudios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recurrent dengue outbreaks underscore the need for more effective approaches to vector prevention and control. Often, interventions focus on a biomedical and health promotion approach from an individual approach, without integrating socio-environmental factors or being scientifically evaluated. Objetive: To evaluate the impact of large household waste collection on potential breeding sites of dengue-transmitting mosquitoes in Asuncion, Paraguay during the years 2017 to 2021. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental, longitudinal study, where 350 households were surveyed, as a baseline during 2017 and a closing line in 108 households in 2021. The Difference-in-Difference (DID) method was used to compare the presence of breeding sites before and after the intervention in 43 intervened and 65 non-intervened households. Results: Differentiated collection was mainly used by those households that had a large amount of large solid waste, but not to dispose of all these objects, but only part of them (DID of -52% in the total number of breeding sites and DID of 1% in the number of households with breeding sites). We found a significant reduction in the total number of large breeding sites but did not observe differences in the total number of households with breeding sites. Subjective factors, such as the belief that disused objects could become useful in the future, were largely responsible for the reduction in the number of large breeding sites. Conclusions: The municipal management approach to bulky waste can contribute to dengue prevention because it does not constitute rapidly generated waste in households, and its disposal can have a relatively long-lasting impact. The subjective factors related to the presence of these breeding sites in households warrant further study.

RESUMEN Introducción: El virus chikungunya (CHIKV), es un alfavirus con genoma de ARN monocatenario, perteneciente a la familia Togaviridae, transmitido a través de la picadura de mosquitos del género Aedes sp., caracterizada por fiebre y dolores articulares incapacitantes. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas del virus chikungunya en pacientes pediátricos que acudieron a un Hospital Regional de Paraguay entre enero y junio del 2023. Material y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron en el estudio todos los pacientes que presenten variables de interés; sexo, edad, procedencia, hallazgos clínicos y síntomas atípicos. Resultados: Se ha realizado la revisión de 465 fichas clínicas de pacientes con cuadro confirmado de chikungunya. La edad mínima de los pacientes fue de 4 días y la máxima de 17 años, la mitad de los pacientes estuvieron ubicados entre 1 y 10 años de edad. El 62,6% tuvo una presentación típica del cuadro de infección por chikungunya, el 37,4% tuvo una forma de presentación atípica. El 4,3% presentó complicaciones entre las que se citan encefalitis-meningoencefalitis y miocarditis. El 10,8% tuvo desenlace fatal, obitó. Conclusión: En cuanto a los datos demográficos, hubo predominio del sexo masculino y procedencia urbana. En cuanto a la presentación clínica, se reportaron formas típicas con fiebre, polialtralgias y mialgias. Las formas atípicas se presentaron con alteración del sistema cardiovascular, discrasia sanguínea y neumonías asociadas. Los casos que se consideraron complicados representan el 4,3% de la muestra y fue del 10,8% la mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus with a single-stranded RNA genome belonging to the Togaviridae family. It is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes sp. genus and is characterized by fever and disabling joint pain. Objetive: Determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the chikungunya virus in pediatric patients who attended a Regional Hospital in Paraguay between January and June 2023. Materials and method: Quantitative, observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. All patients with variables of interest were included in the study; sex, age, origin, clinical findings and atypical symptoms. Results: A total of 465 clinical records of patients with confirmed chikungunya were reviewed. The minimum age of the patients was four days, and the maximum was 17 years; half of the patients were between 1 and 10 years of age. Male predominance in 52.7%, patients from urban areas in 72.5%. 62.6% had a typical presentation of chikungunya infection, and 37.4% had an atypical presentation. Fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, headache, vomiting, and nausea predominated in the usual manner. In the atypical form, alterations of the cardiovascular system, bleeding dyscrasias, and pneumonia, among others, predominate. 4.3% presented complications, including encephalitis-meningoencephalitis and myocarditis. There was a death rate of 10.8%. Conclusion: Male sex predominated, coming from urban areas with typical presentation of chikungunya, with predominant symptoms of fever, polyarthralgia, and myalgia. Atypical form alteration of the cardiovascular system, bleeding dyscrasias, pneumonia. 4.3% presented complications, 10.8% died.

Abstract Objectives : To monitor the oviposition activity of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and of dengue and chikungunya cases in four localities of temperate Argentina, during the 2023 epidemic. Methods : During the summer and autumn of 2023, the oviposition activity of the mosquito vector was monitored weekly using ovitraps, and the arrival of cases with dengue or chikungunya in Tandil, Olavarría, Bahía Blanca and Laprida were registered. Results : Monthly variations of the percentage of positive traps were similar in the first three locations; in Laprida the mosquito was not detected. On the con trary, a significant difference was observed in the per centage of total traps that ever tested positive in each locality, being higher in Olavarría (83.3%) than in Bahía Blanca (68.6%) and Tandil (48.7%). Regarding diseases, 18 imported cases of dengue and 3 of chikungunya were registered. In addition, the first autochthonous case of dengue in the region was recorded, being the southern most until known. Conclusion : It is essential to raise awareness and train the members of the health systems of the new regions exposed to Ae. aegypti for early detection of cases, and to the general population to enhance pre vention actions.

Resumen Objetivos : Monitorear la actividad de oviposición del mosquito Aedes aegypti y de casos de dengue y chikun gunya en cuatro localidades de Argentina templada, durante la epidemia del 2023. Métodos : Durante el verano y otoño del 2023, se mo nitoreó semanalmente mediante ovitrampas la actividad de oviposición del mosquito vector, y se registró el arribo de casos con dengue o chikungunya a Tandil, Olavarría, Bahía Blanca y Laprida. Resultados : La variación mensual del porcentaje de trampas positivas fue similar en las tres primeras localidades; en Laprida no se detectó el mosquito. Por el contrario, se observó una diferencia significativa del porcentaje de trampas que alguna vez resultó positiva en cada localidad, siendo mayor en Olavarría (83%), que en Bahía Blanca (67%) y Tandil (49%). Respecto a las enfermedades, se registraron 18 casos importados de dengue y 3 de chikungunya. Además, se registró el primer caso autóctono de dengue en la región, siendo el más austral hasta el momento. Conclusión : Es imprescindible sensibilizar y capacitar a los integrantes de los sistemas de salud de las nue vas regiones expuestas al Ae. aegypti para la detección temprana de casos, y a la población en general para potenciar las acciones de prevención.

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad del Chikungunya es una arbovirosis, producida por el virus Alfavirus de la familia Togaviridae, transmitida por la picadura de mosquitos Aedes aegypti o Aedes albopictus. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y la calidad de vida posterior a la infección por el virus de Chikungunya (CHIKV). Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, de pacientes con CHIKV durante el mes de agosto de 2023. Se realizó un cuestionario, se midieron datos sociodemográficos, al diagnóstico de infección por CHIKV, duración de la enfermedad y manifestaciones clínicas. Se incluyó la versión española del “Cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36”. Resultados: Participaron 192 personas que tuvieron chikungunya. La edad promedio de la población de estudio fue 36 +/- 13,62 años. El 53,65% fue del sexo femenino. Con respecto al estado de salud, tenían un peor estado de salud las mujeres (M: 68.93% vs H: 55,06%), empeorando con el aumento de la edad. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la fiebre y las poliartralgias. Conclusión: Todos los individuos presentan algún tipo de afectación en la calidad de vida, siendo más notorio en los dominios de rol físico, vitalidad y dolor.

Abstract: Introduction: Chikungunya disease is an arboviroais, caused by an Alfavirus virus of the Togaviridae family, transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics and quality of life after Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Materials and Methods: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of patients with CHIKV during the month of August 2023. A questionnaire was carried out, sociodemographic data, diagnosis of CHIKV infection, duration of the disease and clinical manifestations were measured. The Spanish version of the “SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire” was included. Results: A group of 192 patients was evaluated during the study period. The average age of the study population was 36 +/- 13.62 years and 53.65% were female. Women reported worse health status (M: 68.93% vs. M: 55.06%) in general, and this increased with age. The most frequent symptoms were fever and polyarthralgia. Conclusion: All individuals reported some type of impairment in quality of life, particularly in the domains of physical role, vitality and pain.

Abstract Within households, bulky solid waste serves as the predominant breeding ground for mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the relationship between material and subjective factors, using socioecological theoretical frameworks for health prevention. A descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted, using a simple random sample of 350 households in Asunción, Paraguay. To compare households based on the presence or absence of large breeding sites, the chi-square test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon statistical test, and Yuen's robust T statistical test is employed. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determinate the Odd Ratio (OR). The study concludes that individualistic approaches in dengue prevention must be transcended and management capacities in homes must be increased by addressing environmental barriers and social beliefs, given the factor that most significantly explaines the presence of obsolete objects in homes is the belief that these items could prove useful in the future. In the multivariate analysis, the perception of usefulness of the potential breeding sites was one of the two significant variables that explain this behavior. The other significant variable was the low coverage of waste collection.

Resumen Dentro de los hogares, los residuos sólidos voluminosos constituyen el tipo de criadero más frecuente del mosquito transmisor del dengue. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar y describir la relación entre factores materiales y subjetivos, a través de un marco teórico socioecológico de prevención de la salud. Se realiza un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante una muestra aleatoria simple de 350 hogares en Asunción, Paraguay. Para comparar los hogares, según la presencia o no de criaderos de gran tamaño, se usa la prueba de chi cuadrado, en el caso de variables categóricas, el test estadístico no paramétrico Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, el test estadístico robusto T de Yuen y un análisis multivariado de regresión logística, para el cálculo del Odd Ratio (OR). El estudio concluye que se deben trascender los enfoques individualistas en la prevención del dengue y aumentar las capacidades de gestión en los hogares. Abordalas barreras del entorno y las creencias sociales, dado que el factor que explica con mayor fuerza estadística la existencia de objetos en desuso dentro de los hogares es la creencia de considerarlos de utilidad en el futuro. En el análisis multivariado, la percepción de utilidad del potencial criadero fue la variable que más explicaba la conducta. La otra variable significativa fue la baja cobertura de recolección de residuos.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

ABSTRACT Brazil has been suffering a dengue (DENV) epidemic in 2019 and 2022 and records cases of Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). Londrina city, Paraná, stands out for the number of cases and deaths from dengue. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the density and diversity of mosquitoes present in urban public establishments of Londrina, to analyze their ecological relationships, and to investigate the presence of the DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Ovitraps were installed in outdoor sites in two public establishments in each region of Londrina, while adult culicids were caught indoors with a Nasci aspirator. A total of 5077 eggs were obtained in 77 ovitraps. The South region had the highest infestation while the East had the lowest (Ovitrap Positivity Index: 38% and 25%; Egg Density Index: 67.83 and 19.03, respectively). From eggs, 704 Aedes aegypti females and 71 Aedes albopictus females were obtained, while in the aspiration of adults, 99 A. aegypti and 11 Culex quinquefasciatus were captured, the highest number in the West and the lowest in the North. The DENV-II virus was detected in a pool of 17 A. aegypti females in the West region. The results demonstrate high density of pathogen vector species, mainly A. aegypti, in and around establishments, alerting to the need for constant local entomological surveillance to prevent viral circulation, mainly in crowded places. The presence of A. albopictus around the establishments also alerts to the urbanization of the species and potential participation in the viral circulation, demonstrating the need for constant monitoring. DENV (DENV 201 202 ZIKV (ZIKV CHIKV . (CHIKV) city Paraná Therefore relationships aspirator 507 7 ovitraps Ovitrap Index 38 25% 25 6783 67 83 67.8 1903 19 03 19.03 respectively. respectively respectively) 70 adults 9 1 captured North DENVII II circulation places monitoring 20 (CHIKV 50 3 2 678 6 8 67. 190 0 19.0 5 19.

ABSTRACT Mansonia Blanchard mosquitoes are aggressive and opportunistic, making it difficult for habitation in certain areas. However, there is no data regarding their rearing in laboratory in Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different diet composition on the development of Mansonia humeralis immatures. The plant Pistia stratiotes was used as a substrate for larval attachment, and fish food (Tetra Marine® Flakes) and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in various combinations were used as feed. Eggs and larvae were obtained from mosquitoes collected in the field using protected human catches, and the experiments were conducted in the laboratory (25-27°C and 70-80% relative humidity) with 200 larvae per container (n=15). Mortality rate, larval development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, and the number of eggs and larvae were recorded. Overall, a high mortality rate (0.5 – 0.7) was observed in the first 12 days of the experiment in all diets, up to 50% of adults emerged from the remaining larvae with a male to female ratio of 1.1 to 1.3. The use of yeast in combination with fish food resulted in lower mortality rate (0.52), a shorter larval development time (34 days), a higher pupation rate (0.21) and number of eggs (21 eggs) compared to the other diets. However, fertility was very low (1%) regardless of the diet used. The use of yeast is recommended as part of the diet offered to this mosquito species under the laboratory conditions used in our study. opportunistic areas However Brazil Therefore immatures attachment Tetra Marine Flakes bakers baker s Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed catches 2527°C 2527C C 25 27°C 27 7080% 7080 70 80% 80 70-80 humidity 20 n=15. n15 n n=15 . 15 (n=15) recorded Overall 0.5 05 0 5 (0. 0.7 07 7 1 diets 50 11 1. 13 3 1.3 0.52, 052 0.52 , 52 (0.52) 34 (3 days, days) 0.21 021 21 (0.21 (2 1% (1% 2527 2 27C 708 8 70-8 n1 n=1 (n=15 0. (0 (0.52 ( 0.2 02 (0.2 (1 252 70- n= (n=1 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Background: Chikungunya fever is an emerging global infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that manifests as an acute febrile illness with joint pain and can lead to chronic arthritis. The mechanism underlying chronic joint damage remains unclear; however, chronic chikungunya arthritis shares similarities with rheumatoid arthritis. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have revolutionized rheumatoid arthritis treatment by preventing joint damage. However, the role of these therapies in chronic chikungunya arthritis has not been determined. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the burden of joint structural damage in chronic chikungunya arthritis to help to define the role of disease-modifying therapy in this disease. Methods: This systematic review included retrospective and prospective studies, trials, and case reports evaluating joint damage caused by chikungunya virus. Various databases were searched without any date or language restrictions. Study selection was conducted independently by two researchers, and data were extracted from the articles selected. Results: A total of 108 studies were initially evaluated, with 8 meeting the inclusion criteria. Longitudinal studies have reported persistent joint pain from chikungunya infection and the progression of radiographic joint damage up to 13 years post-infection. Joint imaging revealed synovial inflammation, bone erosion, and cartilage destruction in patients with chronic chikungunya arthritis. Conclusions: Few studies have addressed chikungunya-induced joint damage, limiting our understanding of chronic chikungunya arthritis. Nevertheless, chronic chikungunya arthritis has similarities to rheumatoid arthritis. The success of early disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis underscores the need for comprehensive research on its role in chikungunya arthritis. Background unclear however Diseasemodifying Disease modifying However determined diseasemodifying disease Methods trials virus restrictions researchers selected Results 10 evaluated criteria 1 postinfection. postinfection post infection. post-infection inflammation erosion Conclusions chikungunyainduced induced Nevertheless

BACKGROUND Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Human-to-human transmission depends on a mosquito vector; thus, the interruption of parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes is an important approach in the fight against malaria. The parasite stages infectious to mosquitoes are the gametocytes, sexual stages that are ingested by the vector during a blood meal and transform into male and female gametes in the midgut. Immunity against sexual stage antigens expressed by gametocytes, gametes, and the zygote formed after fertilisation can interrupt the parasite sexual cycle in the mosquito. This transmission blocking immunity is mediated by specific antibodies ingested during the mosquito blood feed, inhibiting the parasite development in the midgut. Merozoite thrombospondin related anonymous protein (MTRAP) is a merozoite and gametocyte surface protein essential for gamete egress from erythrocytes and for parasite transmission to mosquitoes. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluated the potential of the P. berghei MTRAP to elicit antibodies with the ability to inhibit gamete fertilisation in vitro. METHODS We expressed a soluble recombinant PbMTRAP and used it to immunise BALB/c mice. The transmission blocking activity of the anti-rPbMTRAP antibodies was tested through in vivo challenge experiments followed by in vitro conversion assays. FINDINGS Immunisations with the rPbMTRAP induced a strong antibody response and the antibodies recognised the native protein by Western Blot and IFA. Anti-rPbMTRAP present in the blood stream of immunised mice partially inhibited gamete conversion into ookinetes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that antibodies to PbMTRAP may reduce but are not sufficient to completely block transmission. Plasmodium Humantohuman Human human thus malaria gametocytes midgut feed (MTRAP Here P BALBc BALB c antirPbMTRAP anti assays IFA AntirPbMTRAP Anti ookinetes

Abstract Background: Arboviral diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by viruses transmitted by arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. These diseases, such as those caused by the dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses, have a significant impact worldwide. In this context, entomological surveillance plays a crucial role in the control and prevention of arboviruses by providing essential information on the presence, distribution, and activity of vector mosquitoes. Based on entomological surveillance, transovarian transmission provides information regarding the maintenance and dissemination of arboviruses. The objective of this study was to detect these arboviruses in Goiânia, Goiás, and analyze the occurrence of transovarian transmission. Methods: Aedes aegypti eggs were collected from different regions of Goiânia and cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions until the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Adult females were grouped into pools containing their heads and thoraxes. These pools were subsequently evaluated using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Results: A total of 157 pools (N=1570) were analyzed, with two pools testing positive for CHIKV and one pool testing positive for ZIKV, indicating that the offspring resulting from transovarian transmission are potentially infectious. Conclusions: In summary, the demonstration of the vertical transmission mechanisms of CHIKV and ZIKV in A. aegypti serves as an alert to health authorities, as these diseases are still underreported, and their primary urban vector has likely acquired this capacity, contributing to the dissemination of these infections. Background arthropods mosquitoes DENV, DENV , (DENV) (ZIKV) CHIKV, (CHIKV) YFV (YFV worldwide context presence distribution Goiás Methods thoraxes reversetranscription reverse transcription RTqPCR RT qPCR (RT-qPCR assay Results 15 N=1570 N1570 N 1570 (N=1570 analyzed Conclusions summary authorities underreported capacity infections (DENV (ZIKV (CHIKV 1 N=157 N157 (N=157 N=15 N15 (N=15 N=1 N1 (N=1 N= (N= (N

ABSTRACT Background: Information regarding the distribution of Culicidae species in the northeastern region of Brazil is scarce. Methods: Immatures were collected from approximately four fragments of the Atlantic Forest. Results: This study presents new occurrences of 18 Culicidae species in Pernambuco state: Anopheles kompi, Georgecraigius fluviatilis, Culex bidens, Culex chidesteri, Culex bastagarius, Culex imitator, Mansonia humeralis, Wyeomyia incaudata, Uranotaenia apicalis, Culex mollis, Culex usquatus, Culex dunni, Culex serratimarge, Culex ybarmis, Culex microphyllus, Sabethes purpureus, Wyeomyia pilicauda, and Wyeomyia airosai. The last nine species were also new records for the northeast region. Conclusions: With the inclusion of these newly recorded species, the total number of mosquitoes documented in Pernambuco state now rises to 94. Background scarce Methods Forest Results 1 kompi fluviatilis bidens chidesteri bastagarius imitator humeralis incaudata apicalis mollis usquatus dunni serratimarge ybarmis microphyllus purpureus pilicauda airosai Conclusions 94 9

ABSTRACT The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major threat to public health because it spreads several arboviruses. Since this insect is an anthropophilic mosquito that has evolved to thrive in urban settings and is common in Brazil and other tropical nations, controlling its population growth is difficult. The two basic methods of control are eradicating its breeding grounds and applying pesticides. There have been reports of pesticide resistance emerging as well as DEET's potential danger for people, particularly youngsters. Therefore, research has been done to find novel insecticides and repellents. In this way, the goal of this research was to assess thymol's insecticidal and repellent activities in Ae. aegypti. Bioassays were performed with eggs, larvae and adults exposed to different concentrations of thymol. The findings demonstrated that thymol has insecticidal effect in both the immature and adult phases, eliminating the larvae in 24 hours. In addition, necrosis was observed in hemocytes, without alteration in the production of nitric oxide by the insects. When evaluating repellency, thymol showed 99.5% of landing inhibition. This leads to the conclusion that thymol can be employed as an active component in the formulation of insecticides and repellents for the Ae. aegypti mosquito. arboviruses nations difficult pesticides DEETs DEET s people youngsters Therefore way thymols Ae eggs phases 2 hours addition hemocytes insects repellency 995 99 5 99.5 inhibition 9 99.

RESUMO O Aedes aegypti é um mosquito que causa grande impacto na saúde pública por ser o vetor de diversas arboviroses. Controlar a proliferação desse inseto é desafiador, já que é um mosquito antropofílico, altamente adaptado a ambientes urbanos e disseminado no Brasil e em outros países de clima tropical. A principal forma de combatê-lo é destruindo seus criadouros ou utilizando inseticidas. Há relatos do desenvolvimento de resistência aos inseticidas e da potencial toxicidade do DEET para os seres humanos, sobretudo crianças. Dessa forma, estudos vêm sendo realizados, a fim de buscar novas substâncias inseticidas e repelentes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade inseticida e repelente do timol em mosquitos Ae. aegypti. Foram realizados bioensaios com ovos, larvas e adultos expostos a diferentes concentrações de timol. Os resultados demonstraram que o timol possui ação inseticida tanto nas fases imaturas quanto no adulto, matando 100% das larvas em 24h. Além disso, observou-se necrose em hemócitos, sem alteração na produção de óxido nítrico pelos insetos. Ao avaliar a repelência, o timol apresentou 99,5% de inibição do pouso. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o timol pode ser utilizado como princípio ativo na composição de inseticidas e repelentes contra o mosquito Ae. aegypti. arboviroses desafiador antropofílico tropical combatêlo combatê lo humanos crianças sentido Ae ovos adulto 100 24h h disso observouse observou se hemócitos insetos repelência 995 99 5 99,5 pouso concluise conclui 10 9 99, 1