The present work reports the in situ fabrication of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) in polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) over pre-patterned hydrophobic stripes on a hydrophilic glass surface. Microcontact printing (μCP) using octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as “ink” was used to obtain these chemically modified substrates. A comparison of the results of the PS-b-P2VP self-assembly over a bare glass substrate and a pre-patterned glass substrate demonstrated the influence of the pattern on the film morphology. Polymeric films of Ag+ and PS-b-P2VP were prepared on a pre-patterned substrate and heated at 150 °C to enable the self-reconstruction of the polymeric matrix and the in situ formation of AgNPs (average particle size of approximately 100 nm). The AgNP/PS-b-P2VP thin films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results demonstrate that the concentration of the solutions of Ag+/PS-b-P2VP used to prepare the films strongly influences the morphologies and dispersion of AgNPs. Moreover, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) activity of the fabricated polymer nanocomposites using Nile Blue as a molecular probe shows the importance of the chemical modification of the substrate in the enhancement of the SERS signal. (AgNPs polystyrenebpoly2vinylpyridine polystyrenebpolyvinylpyridine polystyrene b poly 2 vinylpyridine polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine PSbP2VP PSbPVP PS P2VP P VP (PS-b-P2VP prepatterned pre patterned surface μCP (μCP OTS (OTS ink “ink substrates selfassembly self assembly morphology 15 C selfreconstruction reconstruction average 10 nm. nm . nm) AgNP/PSbP2VP AgNPPSbP2VP AgNPPSbPVP AgNP/PS AgNP UVVis UV Vis microscopy Ag+/PSbP2VP AgPSbP2VP AgPSbPVP Ag+/PS Moreover surfaceenhanced enhanced (SERS signal polystyrenebpoly PSbP PVP 1 AgNPPSbP AgNPPS AgPSbP AgPS

Gold and platinum bimetallic nanoparticles, Au@PtNPs, have gained attention due to their plasmonic properties. The controlled synthesis of Au@PtNPs involves complex parameters, and the resulting synergy between Au and Pt introduces possibilities for tailoring their properties. This study explores the effects of key-parameters of synthesis (gold core diameters, reaction time, and Pt concentration) on the final properties of Au@PtNPs. Gold nanoparticles of varying diameters were synthesized and used as cores for the reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid, forming a surrounding shell of Pt nanoparticles. The parameters were systematically tuned to understand their impact on morphology, dimension, stability, and plasmonic properties of Au@PtNPs. Increasing Pt precursor concentration resulted in thicker and denser Pt shells, broadening the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band and improving Au@PtNPs stability. These properties are essential for applications such as photothermal treatment. The synthesis achieved satisfactory products within just 1 h of Pt4+ reduction at mild temperature without using surfactants. Only limited changes in plasmonic properties were observed after 4 h of synthesis, suggesting an optimal reaction period. Manipulating Au core diameter provided LSPR band control, with smaller cores exhibiting greater broadening towards the infrared region. This systematic exploration provided valuable insights for understanding key-parameters governing the synthesis and properties of Au@PtNPs. AuPtNPs PtNPs keyparameters key gold time acid morphology dimension stability shells (LSPR treatment Pt4 surfactants period control region

Food contamination is a public health problem, and the search for natural additives to increase food stability and safety is challenging. This research aimed to study nanoemulsions produced with coriander essential oil and kefiran, an exopolysaccharide extracted from kefir grains. The composition of coriander essential oil was evaluated, revealing linalool as the main component. An experimental design consisting of six trials was conducted. The NE2 formulation (0.5% kefiran and 1.5% coriander essential oil) exhibited smaller particle size, monodispersity, a lower centrifugal stability coefficient, and higher absolute zeta potential values (> 30 mV), indicating high electrical stability. Morphology, thermal stability, and toxicity tests were performed. The minimum bactericidal concentration was determined and applied to commercial cheese. Thermal stability tests demonstrated an increase in the stability of NE2 compared to its individual components, and it was also proven to be non-toxic. The concentration of 25% m v-1 was identified as the minimum bactericidal concentration and was applied to commercial cheese. problem challenging grains evaluated component conducted NE 0.5% 05 0 5 (0.5 15 1 1.5 size monodispersity coefficient > ( 3 mV, mV , mV) Morphology performed cheese components nontoxic. nontoxic non toxic. toxic non-toxic 25 v1 v v- 0.5 (0. 1. 2 0. (0

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the response of the melon accessions MR1 and C14 to gamma radiation in terms of germination and morphology.The melon accessions came from the germplasm collection of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region, and were submitted to five doses of gamma radiation (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 Gy) in four replications, each comprising 25 seeds, at the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture of the University of São Paulo. The seeds were grown in a greenhouse at UFERSA employing a completely randomised design. The germination potential, rate and index were evaluated during the first stage of the trial. During the second stage, the germinated plants were transplanted into eight-litre buckets containing substrate and sand, in four replications of 15 plants each. The inflorescence, leaf blade and fruit were evaluated. The IMAGE J image analysis software was used to obtain the leaf and fruit data. The germination potential varied for the gamma-ray doses being tested, while the germination rate and index were not affected; phenotypic variations were seen in the leaves. The gamma-ray doses had no effect on the germination process. MR C C1 morphologyThe morphology Semiarid Semi arid Region 0, 0 (0 100 200 300 40 Gy 2 Paulo design trial eightlitre eight litre sand 1 inflorescence data gammaray ray tested affected leaves process ( 10 20 30 4 3

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are versatile organisms that catalyze the conversion of a wide range of carbon sources into biomolecules of great industrial interest. In this study, we exploited the ability of Gluconobacter spp. to synthesize levans. Among the isolated strains, Gluconobacter cerinus UELBM11 produced approximately 14.0 g L−1 of levan under non-optimized conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed that levan obtained from G. cerinus UELBM11 consisted of a β-(2→6)-D-fructose backbone with some β-(2→1) ramifications. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the purified levan was 8.78 × 105 Da. Thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TGA/DTG) analysis indicated high thermal stability, with the maximum decomposition rate observed at 227.44 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a microporous morphology, and the antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that levan had a high scavenging capacity of 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, it has been demonstrated the levan produced by G. cerinus UELBM11 is a promising natural antioxidant and, owing to its microporosity and excellent thermal properties and stability, is a potential candidate as an additive in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. AAB (AAB interest study spp levans strains UELBM UELBM1 140 14 0 14. L1 L 1 L− nonoptimized non optimized conditions chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS, GCMS GC MS , (GC-MS) FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) NMR (NMR G β2→6Dfructose β26Dfructose βDfructose β 2→6 D fructose 2 6 β2→1 β21 2→1 β-(2→1 ramifications Mw (Mw 878 8 78 8.7 10 Da Thermogravimetricdifferential Thermogravimetric differential TGA/DTG TGADTG TGA DTG (TGA/DTG stability 22744 227 44 227.4 C °C SEM (SEM morphology 2,2azinobis 22azinobis azinobis 2,2 azino bis 3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulfonic ethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic 3 ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonic ABTS (ABTS radicals Therefore cosmetics pharmaceuticals products (GC-MS (FTIR β2 6Dfructose Dfructose 26 2→ β2→ 21 β-(2→ 87 7 8. 2274 22 4 227. 2azinobis 2, β-(2 β-( β-

In this study, it was investigated chitosan (CHIT) films in the presence or absence of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP), whose chemical interactions involving metallic surfaces were characterized by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Changes in the morphology were analyzed through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM and AFM micrographs revealed that the incorporation of CNF significantly altered CHIT films, leading to changes in the polymer topography and surface texture due to intimal interactions between CNF and the CHIT matrix. Raman spectra of CHIT and CNF/CHIT films showed similar profiles, reflecting comparable molecular structures of both modified biopolymers. However, SERS spectra of both films, after recovering with AgNP, demonstrated distinct spectral profiles. Innovatively, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of an oligomer model for CHIT were employed to assign the vibrational modes observed in the SERS spectra, which allowed identify key interactions between CHIT moieties and AgNP surfaces. SERS results revealed that chemical adsorption of CHIT on AgNP surfaces occurs through interactions of glycosidic oxygen and amino groups. Such findings provide insights into the structural and chemical behavior of this nanocomposite, highlighting its potential for advanced biological applications. study (CHIT (CNF , (AgNP) surfaceenhanced enhanced (SERS spectroscopy (AFM SEM. . (SEM) matrix CNFCHIT profiles biopolymers However Innovatively DFT (DFT groups nanocomposite applications (AgNP (SEM

RESUMO A aplicação de esgoto sanitário utilizando o gotejamento subsuperficial contribui para mitigar os problemas atuais de disponibilidade de água e produção de alimento. Objetivou-se avaliar o feijão-caupi recebendo esgoto sanitário por gotejadores operando com diferentes vazões e profundidades. Os gotejadores operaram com as vazões de 1,6 e 3,8 L h-1 e foram instalados nas profundidades de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 cm. O feijão-caupi foi cultivado em vasos de 65 L preenchidos com solo argiloso em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se esgoto sanitário sintético e a quantidade aplicada nos vasos foi baseada no elemento limitante, que no caso foi o nitrogênio, para o cultivo do feijão-caupi. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado com sondas de TDR. Avaliou-se a germinação e as respostas fisiológicas e morfologia das raízes do feijão-caupi. A ascensão capilar, quando a água foi aplicada em profundidade, não foi suficiente para umedecer de maneira uniforme a superfície do solo. As variáveis de germinação apresentaram um decréscimo em função do aumento das profundidades de instalação dos gotejadores. A distribuição da água com o aumento da profundidade dos emissores foi responsável pelos prejuízos nas respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas das raízes feijão-caupi. As vazões dos gotejadores não afetaram a germinação do feijão-caupi. Utilizar o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial não foi apropriado para o feijão-caupi nas condições deste estudo. alimento Objetivouse Objetivou se feijãocaupi feijão caupi 16 1 6 1, 38 3 8 3, h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 2 cm vegetação Utilizouse Utilizou limitante nitrogênio feijãocaupi. caupi. TDR Avaliouse Avaliou capilar estudo

ABSTRACT The application of sanitary sewage using subsurface drip irrigation contributes to mitigating the current problems of water availability and food production. The aim in this study was to evaluate cowpea receiving sanitary sewage through drippers operating at different flow rates and depths. The drippers operated at flow rates of 1.6 and 3.8 L h-1 and were installed at depths of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Cowpea was grown in 65 L pots filled with sandy clay soil in a greenhouse. Synthetic sanitary sewage was used and the amount applied to the pots was based on the limiting element, which in this case was nitrogen, for growing cowpea. Irrigation was managed using TDR probes. Germination and the physiological responses and morphology of cowpea roots were assessed. Capillary rise, when water was applied in subsurface, was not sufficient to evenly moisten the soil surface. The germination variables decreased as a result of the increase in drip installation depths. The distribution of water as the depth of the emitters increased was responsible for the damage to the physiological and morphological responses of cowpea roots. The flow rates of the drippers did not affect the germination of cowpea. Using the subsurface drip irrigation system was not appropriate for growing cowpea under the conditions of this study. production 16 1 6 1. 38 3 8 3. h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 25 cm greenhouse element nitrogen probes assessed rise surface 2

RESUMO: O ensino de anatomia vem se modificando ao longo dos anos, introduzindo métodos tecnológicos, principalmente após o período pandêmico. Questiona-se o uso exclusivo da tecnologia em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de dissecação e aulas teóricas presenciais no que diz respeito à aquisição de conhecimento. Este artigo analisou a percepção de conhecimento de alunos de diversos semestres do curso de Medicina Veterinária, comparando alunos que tiveram aulas apenas online com aqueles que tiveram aulas presenciais de Anatomia Descritiva dos Animais Domésticos. Para tanto, questões foram enviadas por meio de formulário, com preenchimento voluntário e anônimo, e posteriormente analisadas estatisticamente. Os resultados indicam que 11,5% dos alunos que cursaram a disciplina remotamente falharam na aplicação dos conhecimentos em outras disciplinas, enquanto nenhum aluno do ensino presencial relatou o mesmo. A maioria dos alunos, tanto dos grupos remotos quanto dos presenciais, lembram-se do assunto, mas revisam o conteúdo com frequência. Em relação ao conhecimento teórico, o grupo online (80,8%) compreendeu melhor à medida que o curso avançava, comparado a 59,6% do grupo presencial. A ligação entre Anatomia e outras disciplinas foi mais destacada pelo grupo presencial (30,8%) em comparação ao online (15,4%). Ambos os grupos concordam que o contacto físico com peças anatômicas é essencial, mas alguns consideram possível ter um primeiro contacto com imagens ou fotografias 3D. Baseado nesse estudo preliminar, conclui-se que as interações iniciais com a área de Anatomia devem incluir técnicas pedagógicas diversificadas com comunicação empática. A utilização de recursos tecnológicos modernos é um aliado do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, e após a abstração dos conteúdos é possível o uso singular da tecnologia na manutenção e atualização do conhecimento anatômico. RESUMO anos pandêmico Questionase Questiona Veterinária Domésticos formulário anônimo estatisticamente 115 11 5 11,5 mesmo lembramse lembram assunto frequência teórico 80,8% 808 80 8 (80,8% avançava 596 59 6 59,6 30,8% 308 30 (30,8% 15,4%. 154 15,4% . 15 4 (15,4%) essencial 3D D preliminar concluise conclui empática ensinoaprendizagem, ensinoaprendizagem aprendizagem, aprendizagem ensino-aprendizagem anatômico 1 11, 80,8 (80,8 59, 30,8 3 (30,8 15,4 (15,4% 80, (80, 30, (30, 15, (15,4 (80 (30 (15, (8 (3 (15 ( (1

ABSTRACT: Anatomy teaching has been changing over the years, introducing technological methods especially after the pandemic period. An ongoing debate revolves around whether exclusive reliance on technology for anatomy classes, as opposed to traditional methods and face-to-face instruction, enhances knowledge acquisition. This study analyzed the knowledge perception of students from various semesters throughout the Veterinary Medicine course, comparing students who only had online classes with those who had face-to-face classes in Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed for voluntary and anonymous completion, and the responses were subsequently analyzed statistically. The results indicated that 11.5% of the students who took Anatomy remotely failed to apply the knowledge in other subjects, while no face-to-face learning student reported the same. Most students, both remote and face-to-face groups, remember the subject but review the content frequently. Regarding theoretical knowledge, the online group (80.8%) understood better as the course progressed, compared to 59.6% of the face-to-face group. The connection between Anatomy and other subjects was more highlighted by the face-to-face group (30.8%) compared to the online group (15.4%). Both groups agree that physical contact with anatomical specimens is essential; however, some believe that initial exposure through 3D images or photographs is feasible. We concluded based on this preliminary study that the initial interactions with the Anatomy field should include diversified pedagogical techniques with empathetic communication. The use of modern technological resources are allies in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, after abstracting the contents, technology alone can effectively maintain and update anatomical knowledge. ABSTRACT years period facetoface face instruction acquisition Animals purpose completion statistically 115 11 5 11.5 same frequently 80.8% 808 80 8 (80.8% progressed 596 59 6 59.6 30.8% 308 30 (30.8% 15.4%. 154 15.4% . 15 4 (15.4%) essential however D feasible communication teachinglearning process Furthermore contents 1 11. 80.8 (80.8 59. 30.8 3 (30.8 15.4 (15.4% 80. (80. 30. (30. 15. (15.4 (80 (30 (15. (8 (3 (15 ( (1

Palygoskite pellets were synthesized with lignin and WAX® and subjected to technological characterization for application in the remediation of Pb ions contained in aqueous effluents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization of the palygorskite:lignin:WAX® material in a proportion of 70:15:15 revealed that the heat treatment of the pellets did not compromise the crystalline structure of the palygoskite. Texture analyses demonstrated that the surface area increased after synthesis and heat treatment, thus increasing the adsorption capacity. Regarding porosity, X-ray microtomography revealed that the pellets exhibit an irregular and porous spherical morphology with interconnected pores. Adsorption tests showed a removal of 73% of PbII contained in aqueous effluents after 15 min, with equilibrium reached in 60 min (88.36%). After the adsorption process, the presence of lead in the material was qualitatively confirmed through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) images. The produced pellets exhibit promising adsorbent qualities, such as strength and effective PbII ion adsorption. WAX Xray X ray XRD (XRD palygorskiteligninWAX® palygorskiteligninWAX palygorskite palygorskite:lignin:WAX 701515 70 70:15:1 palygoskite capacity porosity pores 73 1 6 88.36%. 8836 88.36% . 88 36 (88.36%) process energydispersive energy dispersive SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS images qualities 70151 7 70:15: 883 88.36 8 3 (88.36% 7015 70:15 88.3 (88.36 701 70:1 88. (88.3 70: (88. (88 (8 (

Silver film is commonly used to examine the structure and composition of molecules due to its surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. A simple method for preparing SERS silver films is proposed in this paper by electrodeposition in an amide-based liquid mixture (urea-acetamide-LiBr). The electrochemical behavior of silver in urea-acetamide-LiBr mixture was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. It was found that the nucleation mechanism of silver shifts to instantaneous nucleation under diffusion control with increasing overpotential and temperature. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations confirmed that the obtained deposits are pure silver. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the morphology of the silver deposits depends on the deposition potential and temperature. Rhodamine 6G was used as probe molecules for SERS experiments, showing that these new active substrates have high sensitivity to SERS response with high enhancement factors, of approximately 107, and enable Raman scattering even for diluted solutions. surfaceenhanced surface enhanced (SERS effect amidebased amide based ureaacetamideLiBr. ureaacetamideLiBr urea acetamide LiBr . (urea-acetamide-LiBr) CV (CV chronoamperometry temperature EDS (EDS Xray X ray XRD (XRD SEM (SEM G experiments factors 107 solutions (urea-acetamide-LiBr 10 1

RESUMO: A osteologia desempenha um papel indispensável para o conhecimento dos padrões de normalidade das diversas espécies, sendo a base para o entendimento zoológico. Mazama nana é bastante conhecido no Brasil, porém descrições morfológicas básicas acerca da espécie são escassas, enquanto Subulo gouazoubira, revalidação atual de Mazama gouazoubira, também é incidente no Brasil e, atualmente, tem sido alvo de diversos estudos filogenéticos. Nesse escopo, no presente estudo, foram preparadas, osteologicamente, 19 cabeças de cervídeos (16 Subulo gouazoubira e três Mazama nana) e, em seguida, tomografias computadorizadas (TCs) foram realizadas a fim de aprimorar as formas de avaliação de acidentes ósseos, além de estruturas internas e forames mediante técnicas de reconstrução em três dimensões (3D) devido a difícil visibilidade em peças intactas. Posteriormente, realizou-se um comparativo entre as reconstruções, fotografias digitais e secções tomográficas transversais do crânio, o qual possibilitou a visualização de peculiaridades e exclusividades anatômicas, como a presença da fenestra nasolacrimomaxilar, detalhamento dos seios paranasais e arquitetura de ossos finos, além do formato exclusivo dos ossos cranianos, em comparação a outras espécies, que apresentam um fenótipo único e genuíno. RESUMO espécies zoológico escassas atualmente filogenéticos escopo estudo preparadas osteologicamente 1 16 (1 seguida TCs (TCs ósseos 3D D (3D intactas Posteriormente realizouse realizou se reconstruções crânio anatômicas nasolacrimomaxilar finos cranianos genuíno (

ABSTRACT: Osteology plays an indispensable role in understanding the normal patterns of different species, serving as the foundation for zoological understanding. Mazama nana is well-known in Brazil; however, basic morphological descriptions of the species are scarce, while Subulo gouazoubira, currently revalidated as Mazama gouazoubira, is also prevalent in Brazil and has recently been the subject of various phylogenetic studies. In this respect, in the present study, 19 cervid heads (16 Subulo gouazoubira and three Mazama nana) were osteologically prepared. Next, computed tomographies (CTs) were performed to enhance the assessment of bone accidents, as well as internal structures and foramina through three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques due to the difficult visibility in intact specimens. A comparison was then made between the reconstructions, digital photographs, and CT cross-sections of the skull, which enabled the visualization of anatomical peculiarities and exclusivities, such as nasolacrimal-maxillary fenestra, paranasal sinuses, and thin bone architecture, as well as the unique shape of cranial bones, compared to other species that exhibit a unique and genuine phenotype. ABSTRACT wellknown known however scarce studies respect study 1 16 (1 prepared Next CTs (CTs accidents threedimensional dimensional 3D D (3D specimens reconstructions photographs crosssections cross sections skull exclusivities nasolacrimalmaxillary nasolacrimal maxillary fenestra sinuses architecture bones phenotype (

This study investigated the removal of contaminants in water by adsorption on thermoplastic starch (TPS) and kraft lignin (KL) composites. A study on the desorption of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes in water was also carried out, followed by the photodegradation of solutions containing dissolved dyes. Initially, the surface morphology of the TPS and TPS-KL films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, revealing advantageous characteristics for efficient adsorption of contaminants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis made it possible to characterize the TPS and TPS-KL composites. The results demonstrate the reversibility of the process and confirm the lack of permanent chemical modification in the polymer matrix, indicating that the adsorption/desorption process is physical rather than chemical. This suggests that the adsorbent material can be reused without losing its fundamental structural properties. Furthermore, the study allows for verification of the chemical changes on the surfaces of the materials involved. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) results show that for MO, both substrates exhibited low adsorption capacity, with efficiency values close to 20%. In contrast, for MB, both composite materials displayed excellent dye adsorption rates, achieving efficiencies of 78% or higher. The photodegradation of adsorbed dyes revealed promising results. (TPS KL (KL composites MB (MB MO (MO out Initially TPSKL microscopy FTIR (FTIR matrix adsorptiondesorption properties Furthermore involved Ultravioletvisible Ultraviolet visible UVVis UV Vis (UV-Vis capacity 20 20% contrast rates 78 higher 2 7

Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Abstract: The aesthetic integration of solar systems with multi-family buildings remains rare in Latin American countries. This article considers sixty-five projects by architecture students in Lima (Peru) to establish compositional criteria using typological classifications of the solar system layout on the roofs, volumetric composition, and their relationship with façades and lower spaces. The results show a wide range of variables that must be resolved. However, there are limitations to understanding this integration when dealing with the inclination of roofs as well as the coherence and geometric arrangement in irregular configurations. More emphasis is required on understanding the interior organisation and its implications for solar systems when designing multi-family houses. Previous research on the quantification of solar incidence has already been published; however, more research for further aesthetic assessments in medium-density multi-family dwellings could be carried out in the future.

Resumen: La integración estética de sistemas solares en multifamiliares es un desafío todavía inédito en países latinoamericanos. Sesenta y cinco proyectos desarrollados por estudiantes de arquitectura en Lima (Perú) fueron considerados para establecer criterios de composición mediante clasificación tipológica a nivel de disposición de los sistemas fotovoltaicos, composición volumétrica, relación con las fachadas y los espacios inferiores. Los resultados demuestran múltiples posibilidades. Sin embargo, existen limitaciones para entender esta integración cuando se trata de la inclinación de los techos, así como la coherencia y la disposición geométrica en las configuraciones irregulares obtenidas. Tratándose de multifamiliares y debiendo lidiar con aspectos técnicos, se requiere mayor énfasis en la comprensión de la organización interior y sus implicancias con los sistemas solares. Una investigación previa relacionada a la cuantificación de la incidencia solar ha sido ya publicada, sin embargo, investigaciones para mayores evaluaciones estéticas en multifamiliares de media densidad podrían realizarse a futuro.

Abstract: The approach to the urban development plan by Brazilian architect Lucio Costa for the Alagados neighborhood (1972) emphasizes the dimension of social housing in its urban planning, highlighting the incorporations carried out in response to the revisions of the modern movement. The study contextualizes revisionist approaches in urban plans, focusing on housing clusters in superblocks and their relationship with public facilities, bringing out the organicist paradigm, aiming for flexibility in urban planning. An approach is taken that includes a specific architectural historiography and design theory, reviewing Lucio Costa's proposal through the analysis of documents, plans, and works. Given the disagreement between social housing policy based on utopian ideals and real estate interests, Lucio Costa's superblock proposal presents its adaptable morphology, concluding that the implementation of Lucio Costa's proposal could possibly have provided substantial positive results to Alagados.

Resumen: El enfoque del plan de desarrollo urbano del arquitecto brasileño Lucio Costa para el vecindario de Alagados (1972) enfatiza la dimensión de la vivienda social en su planificación urbana, destacando las incorporaciones llevadas a cabo en respuesta a las revisiones del movimiento moderno. El estudio contextualiza los enfoques revisionistas en los planes urbanos, centrándose en los grupos de viviendas en los superbloques y su relación con las instalaciones públicas, lo que resalta el paradigma orgánico, con el objetivo de flexibilidad en la planificación urbana. Se adopta un enfoque que incluye una teoría de historiografía y diseño arquitectónica específica, revisando la propuesta de Lucio Costa a través del análisis de documentos, planes y trabajos. Dado el desacuerdo entre la política de vivienda social basada en ideales utópicos e intereses inmobiliarios, la propuesta de superbloque de Lucio Costa presenta su morfología adaptable, concluyendo que posiblemente la implementación de la propuesta de Lucio Costa podría haber proporcionado resultados positivos sustanciales a los Alagados.