SUMMARY: The Calva (scalp) is the set of tissues that cover the upper, posterior and lateral regions of the bony head. This term, belonging to the first Latin declension characteristic of feminine nouns, is valid as an official term in Terminologia Anatomica through the numerical code 7113. However, the main translations of the same into Spanish and English are skull and bald. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to analyze the etymology of the Latin term Calva in order to evaluate and discuss the coherence between its lexical and morphological relationship, thus contributing to the understanding and correct naming of the terms belonging to Terminologia Anatomica. To address this issue, searches were conducted using Latin-Spanish and Latin-English dictionaries, where an etymological analysis determined that the relationship of the term in question with the skull and the epithet bald is due to the fact that Calvus, a Latin adjective used to refer to "bald", was formed from the words Calva, Calvaria and Recalvus, the meaning of the first being "bald head", the second "skull" and the third "having receding hairline". Therefore, it is concluded that currently the Latin term Calva is not adequate given the etymological meanings found, in addition to the possible confusion of this with other terms belonging to Terminologia Anatomica, the incorporation of a new term is suggested that obeys the guidelines of FIPAT-IFFA and the various grammatical aspects of Latin.

RESUMEN: La Calva (cuero cabelludo) es el conjunto de tejidos que cubren las regiones superior, posterior y lateral de la cabeza ósea. Este término, perteneciente a la primera declinación latina característica de sustantivos femeninos, se encuentra vigente como término oficial en Terminologia Anatomica por medio del código numérico 7113. Sin embargo, las principales traducciones del mismo a los idiomas español e inglés son cráneo y calvo. Por este motivo, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la etimología del término latino Calva con el fin de evaluar y discutir la coherencia entre su relación léxica y morfológica, contribuyendo de esta manera a la comprensión y correcta denominación de los términos pertenecientes a Terminologia Anatomica. Para abordar este planteamiento, se llevaron a cabo búsquedas por medio de diccionarios latín-español y latín-inglés en donde al realizar un análisis etimológico se determinó que la relación del término en cuestión con el cráneo y el epíteto calvo se debe a que Calvus, adjetivo latino empleado para hacer referencia a “calvo”, se conformó a partir de los vocablos Calva, Calvaria y Recalvus, siendo el significado del primero el referido a “cabeza calva”, para el segundo “cráneo” y para el tercero “tener el cabello en retroceso”. Por lo tanto, se concluye que actualmente el término latino Calva no es el adecuado y se sugiere su reemplazo por Epicranium como único término vigente. El mismo, se encuentra presente en Terminologia Anatomica en la columna “otros” como término latino que guarda relación con Calva y sus respectivas denominaciones en inglés. Se sugiere el cambio planteado en aras de avances en la denominación con carácter informativo y descriptivo de las estructuras incorporadas a Terminologia Anatomica y en la proposición de términos que obedezcan a los lineamientos de la FIPAT- IFFA y a los diversos aspectos gramaticales del latín.

Abstract: Background: During the revision of Gonolobus for Mexico, it was observed that G. fuscus, G. luridus, and G. tingens lack the staminal appendages and faucal ring typical of the genus. The observed specimens of these species have glandular trichomes, which become crystalline and white with age, and the double gynostegial corona characteristic of Polystemma, so their transfer to this genus is proposed. Questions: Do the morphological data support the transfer of the species studied here from Gonolobus to Polystemma? Are the plants studied here cospecific with any of the species known for Polystemma? Species studied: G. fuscus, G. luridus, and G. tingens. Location and years of study: Mexico. Methods: Protocols, digital images, and herbarium specimens of Gonolobus, and specialized literature were reviewed. Morphological comparisons were made with Mexican species of Gonolobinae, using the cohesive species concept. Results: The transfer of two species of Gonolobus to Polystemma is here proposed, as well as the synonymization of Gonolobus tingens Decne., Gonolobus suberifer B.L. Rob., Matelea suberifera, and M. crenata. Conclusions: With these taxonomic adjustments, Polystemma reaches 14 species, highlighting Mexico as the main center of diversity of the genus.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En la revisión de Gonolobus para México se observó que G. fuscus, G. luridus y G. tingens carecen de los apéndices estaminales y anillo faucal típicos del género. Los ejemplares observados de estas especies tienen tricomas glandulares tornándose cristalinos y blancos con la edad y la corona ginostegial doble característicos de Polystemma, por lo que se propone su transferencia a este género. Preguntas: ¿Los datos morfológicos apoyan la transferencia de las especies aquí estudiadas de Gonolobus a Polystemma? ¿Las plantas aquí estudiadas son coespecíficas a alguna de las especies conocidas para Polystemma? Especies de estudio: G. fuscus, G. luridus y G. tingens. Sitio y años de estudio: México. Métodos: Se revisaron los protólogos, las imágenes digitales del material tipo, los ejemplares de herbario de las especies de Gonolobus consideradas y la literatura pertinente. Las especies bajo estudio se compararon morfológicamente con las especies mexicanas conocidas dentro de las Gonolobinae, empleando para ello el concepto cohesivo de especie. Resultados: Se propone la transferencia a Polystemma de dos de las especies de Gonolobus aquí estudiadas, así como la sinonimización de Gonolobus tingens Decne., Gonolobus suberifer B.L. Rob., Matelea suberifera y M. crenata. Conclusiones: Con estos ajustes taxonómicos, Polystemma alcanza las 14 especies, resaltando a México como el principal centro de diversidad del género.

Scaffolds are devices with interconnected pores that favor cell interaction and proliferation. They play a significant role in tissue engineering, as they mimic the conditions of tissue production in vivo. The aim of this study was to synthesize scaffolds of chitosan, collagen, and Jatropha mollissima by lyophilization and characterize their chemical/biodegradability and morphological properties. For that, techniques of optical microscopy, infrared spectrometry, biodegradation test, and degree of swelling were performed. A 2% (m/v) chitosan/collagen (1:9) in lactic acid solution was produced. Then, Jatropha mollissima crude extract was added to this solution in different proportions of mass (5, 10, and 15%). Optical microscope images indicated the three-dimensional network formation with interconnected pores and predominantly lamellar shape. Through infrared spectrometry, characteristic bands indicated a physical mixture. Also, the swelling degree of all samples was proportional to the amount of Jatropha mollissima extract with the highest percentage of 1852%. Biodegradation test also revealed a proportional ratio between the amount of sap used and the degraded percentage with the lowest value of around 35% in 28 days. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the scaffolds produced show potential to be used in tissue engineering as dressings. proliferation vivo chitosan collagen chemicalbiodegradability chemical biodegradability properties microscopy spectrometry performed 2 m/v mv m v (m/v chitosancollagen 19 1 9 (1:9 Then 5, 5 (5 10 15%. 15 15% . 15%) threedimensional three dimensional shape mixture Also 1852 1852% 35 days conclusion dressings (1: ( 185 3 (1 18

Abstract: Background: Numerous studies have described junglerice (Echinochloa colona) competitiveness against crops, but its behavior concerning plant density as an outcome of intraspecific competition has not been well documented. Objective: This study aimed to characterize morphology based on population density and determine the degree of density dependence. Methods: Junglerice was grown in field conditions in a range of densities from 0.25 to 300 plants m-2. Plant height and width, tillering, aerial dry weight, seed weight, seed number, and hundred-seed weight were determined and related to growth habits by principal components analysis. The variables were fitted to the growth habits using a general linear model. Aerial dry weight, tiller number, seed number, and seed weight per plant (pl-1) and per area (m-2) were fitted to plant density using non-linear functions. Results: Plants exhibited prostrate habit at 0.25 plants m-2, semi-prostrate habit at 2-4 plants m-2, and erect habit at 35 plants m-2. Prostrate plants displayed a width of 196 cm, a height of 40 cm, 158 tillers per plant, and over 32,000 seeds per plant, whereas erect plants had an average width of 13.7 cm, a height of 114.5 cm, 10 tillers per plant, and approximately 1,700 seeds per plant. The aerial dry matter per area adhered to the law of constant final yield. In contrast, tiller number, seed number, and weight per area had a nonlinear dome-shaped relationship. Conclusions: Junglerice modifies its aerial structures according to population density, showcasing extensive morphological plasticity. This characteristic allows junglerice to adopt different growth habits. Abstract Background Echinochloa colona crops documented Objective dependence Methods 025 0 25 0.2 30 m2. m2 m 2. 2 m-2 tillering number hundredseed hundred analysis model pl1 pl 1 (pl-1 (m-2 non functions Results m2, 2, semiprostrate semi 24 4 2- 3 19 cm 15 32000 32 000 32,00 137 13 7 13. 1145 114 5 114. 1700 700 1,70 yield contrast domeshaped dome shaped relationship Conclusions plasticity 02 0. m- (pl- (m- 3200 00 32,0 11 170 70 1,7 (pl (m 320 32, 17 1,

ABSTRACT Introduction: Morphological characteristics of the somatic nervous plexuses result very important to understand the main injuries of them and to do the physical examination, that’s why this topic is studied in all the specialties of the Health Sciences. Objective: To elaborate an educational software that facilitates the learning process of the characteristic of the somatic nervous plexuses. Methods: A technological innovation to elaborate an educational software related to somatic nervous plexuses for the first year medical students was done. The investigation was performed from September 2021 to February 2021. It was used CrheaSoft program, version 3.1, the software Adobe PhotoShop CS4 to process the imagining and the suite Office 2003 for text writing. Results: The software was structured in six modules: presentation, contents, games, exercises, anatomical images, complements and credits-help, which shows the organized information by contents and the interactions with the students in all the teaching activities where this product could be used. In the validation by expert and user criteria, all the aspects of the software were evaluated in the category of excellent and good. Conclusions: The creation of this educational software constitute a way for the students to get access to the scientific, very well organized and updated information about morphological characteristics of the somatic nervous plexuses, that facilitate the assimilation of this topics at the present where important changes has taken place at the medical schools and the study plans of Health Sciences degrees.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las características morfofuncionales de los plexos nerviosos somáticos resulta imprescindible para entender las principales lesiones de estos y la realización del examen físico, por ello este tema se estudia en todas las especialidades de las Ciencias de la Salud. Objetivo: Elaborar un software educativo que facilite el aprendizaje de las características morfofuncionales de los plexos nerviosos somáticos. Métodos: Se realizó una innovación tecnológica para elaborar un software educativo referido a los plexos nerviosos somáticos, dirigido a estudiantes del primer año de medicina. La investigación se desarrolló de septiembre 2021 a febrero 2022, se utilizó el programa CrheaSoft versión 3.1, el software Adobe PhotoShop CS4 para el procesamiento de imágenes y la suite ofimática Microsoft Office 2003 para la elaboración de textos. Resultados: El software quedó estructurado en seis módulos: inicio, temario, juegos, ejercicios, mediateca, complemento y créditos-ayuda, que muestran la información recopilada del tema y permiten la interacción con los estudiantes en todas las actividades docentes en las que se puede utilizar el producto. En la validación por criterio de expertos y de usuario, todos los aspectos fueron evaluados en la categoría de excelente y bien. Conclusiones: La creación de este software educativo constituye una vía para que el estudiante tenga acceso a la información actualizada y científica, organizada sobre las características morfofuncionales de los plexos nerviosos somáticos, que facilite la asimilación de estos contenidos en una etapa en que se han producido cambios en los escenarios docentes y en los planes de estudio de las carreras de las Ciencias de la Salud.

RESUMO: Palicourea marcgravii é uma planta tóxica letal e amplamente disseminada no Brasil. Sua ingestão causa efeitos cardiotóxicos em animais, levando à insuficiência cardíaca aguda sem alterações macroscópicas evidentes no coração devido à rápida progressão da doença. A confirmação do diagnóstico atual se baseia na identificação microscópica das lesões renais características. Embora a troponina seja usada como biomarcador de lesões miocárdicas na medicina humana e veterinária, seus níveis séricos em ovinos intoxicados por P. marcgravii ainda são desconhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os níveis séricos de troponina I e avaliar sua expressão em lesões incipientes no coração de ovinos. Oito ovinos machos foram experimentalmente intoxicados com 1g/kg da planta fresca. Os animais foram avaliados fisicamente a cada duas horas, e tiveram seu sangue coletado antes da administração da planta e durante a fase agônica, antes do óbito. Além disso, foram realizadas necropsia e imunohistoquímica em fragmentos cardíacos. Todos os animais apresentaram níveis mínimos de troponina antes da administração da planta, e mostraram aumento expressivo imediatamente antes do óbito, indicando extravasamento devido à lesão cardíaca. Esses resultados confirmam a hipótese de que a troponina é liberada na corrente sanguínea antes das alterações morfológicas no miocárdio serem observadas pela microscopia convencional e imunohistoquímica. Esses achados contribuem para a compreensão dos mecanismos patológicos dessa intoxicação e podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento em animais afetados. RESUMO Brasil doença características veterinária P desconhecidos 1gkg gkg 1g kg g fresca horas agônica óbito disso cardíacos afetados

ABSTRACT: Palicourea marcgravii is a lethal toxic plant widely distributed in Brazil. Ingestion of this plant causes cardiotoxic effects in animals, leading to acute heart failure without evident macroscopic changes in the heart due to the rapid progression of the disease. Currently, the diagnosis is confirmed based on microscopic identification of characteristic renal lesions. Although troponin is used as a biomarker for myocardial lesions in human and veterinary medicine, its serum levels in sheep poisoned with P. marcgravii remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine serum levels of troponin I and evaluate its expression in incipient heart lesions in sheep. Eight male sheep were experimentally intoxicated with 1g kg-1 of fresh P. marcgravii plants. The animals were physically examined every two hours, and blood samples were collected before the administration of the plant material and during the agonizing period immediately before death. Additionally, necropsy and immunohistochemistry were performed on cardiac tissue samples. All animals presented minimal serum levels of troponin I before plant administration, with a significant increase in these levels immediately before death, indicating leakage due to the cardiac injury. These results confirm the hypothesis that troponin is released into the bloodstream before morphological changes in the myocardium can be observed through conventional microscopy and immunohistochemical testing. These findings contribute to understanding the pathological mechanisms of this toxicity and may assist in the early diagnosis and treatment of affected animals. ABSTRACT Brazil disease Currently medicine P unknown g kg1 kg 1 kg- plants hours death Additionally injury testing

ABSTRACT Enrofloxacin (ENRO) and oxytetracycline (OTC) are two antibiotics, which are difficult to remove by conventional water treatment methods. The characteristics of the biocomposites suggest that they could represent an alternative for the removal of this type of substances through adsorption processes. The current study aimed to determine and compare the potential of biocomposites formed with chitosan and different concentrations of activated carbon (AC) with a particle size of 500 nm, prepared from agave bagasse, to remove enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline solved in water. The effectiveness of the addition of different concentrations of AC (0, 0.5, 2 and 5% w/v) to chitosan was evaluated by morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detection of the characteristic functional groups carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the nanoparticles of AC were attached in the chitosan biocomposite, and stable chemical crosslinking was formed during the polymerization process. The removal test of ENRO (10 mg/mL) and OTC (10 mg/mL) in a water was performed by a gradient method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the addition of AC to chitosan formed a biocomposite with maximum capacity to remove 59.3% of OTC (contact time 2 h at 100 rpm, 4 g biocomposite/L solution, pH 6-7, 30 ºC), and a maximum removal of 50.3% of ENRO (contact time 2 h at 100 rpm, 4 g biocomposite/L solution, pH 6, 30 ºC). Biocomposites formed by chitosan and agave activated carbon can support the development of tools for the removal of recalcitrant antibiotics from water bodies.

RESUMEN La enrofloxacina (ENRO) y la oxitetraciclina (OTC) son dos antibióticos difíciles de eliminar por métodos convencionales de tratamiento de agua. Las características de los biocompositos sugieren que podrían ser una alternativa para la remoción de este tipo de sustancias por procesos de adsorción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar y comparar el potencial de los biocompositos formados con quitosano y diferentes concentraciones de carbón activado (CA) con un tamaño de partícula de 500 nm, preparados a partir de bagazo de agave, para remover enrofloxacina y oxitetraciclina en solución acuosa. Se evaluó la efectividad de la adición de diferentes concentraciones de CA (0, 0.5, 2 y 5 % p/v) al quitosano mediante análisis morfológico usando microscopía electrónica de barrido. La detección de los grupos funcionales característicos llevada a cabo mediante espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), mostró que las nanopartículas de CA están unidas al biocomposito de quitosano sugiriendo un entrecruzamiento químico estable, formado durante el proceso de polimerización. La prueba de eliminación de ENRO (10 mg/mL) y OTC (10 mg/mL) en agua se realizó mediante un método en gradiente de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Los resultados mostraron que la adición de CA al quitosano formó un biocomposito con capacidad máxima de remover 59.3 % de OTC (tiempo de contacto 2 h a 100 rpm, 4 g biocomposito/L solución, pH 6-7, 30 ºC) y un porcentaje 50.3 % como remoción máxima de ENRO (2 h tiempo de contacto a 100 rpm, 4 g biocomposito/L solución, pH 6, 30 ºC). Los biocompositos formados por quitosano y carbón activado de agave pueden apoyar el desarrollo de herramientas para la eliminación de antibióticos recalcitrantes de los cuerpos de agua.

Abstract This study assessed a green synthesis method for iron nanoparticles (Fe(NPs)), using Eucalyptus grandis leaf extract, to reduce waste generation and diminish the use of conventional chemical inputs, such as Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4), without significant losses in catalytic activity. Various volumetric ratios of plant extract and NaBH4 were tested to understand how this variation would affect the morphological, structural, and catalytic power of the material. In the conducted analyses, a reduction in the crystallinity of Fe(NPs) was observed for proportions above 25% of the extract. However, the particle size remained stable among different syntheses, with iron ions showing improved dispersion for proportions of 40% and 50% of the extract. Regarding stabilization, characteristic bands of aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers and carboxylic acids were identified, indicating the extract's involvement in coating the metallic cores. To assess the catalytic performance, studies were conducted on the catalytic reduction of the contaminant 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, using Fe(NPs) as catalysts. The results revealed conversions above 80% for Fe(NPs) synthesized with volumetric proportions of up to 40% of the plant extract, suggesting that substituting the chemical agent did not significantly affect the catalytic activity of the biocatalyst. Finally, ecotoxicological tests performed with Lemna minor and artemia salina demonstrated a significant reduction in the toxicity of the contaminant 4-nitrophenol, as well as the biocompatibility of the obtained Fe(NPs). FeNPs, FeNPs Fe NPs , (Fe(NPs)) inputs NaBH4, NaBH (NaBH4) morphological structural material analyses Fe(NPs 25 However syntheses 40 50 stabilization compounds alcohols identified extracts s cores performance 4nitrophenol nitrophenol 4 4aminophenol, 4aminophenol aminophenol aminophenol, 4-aminophenol catalysts 80 biocatalyst Finally 4nitrophenol, nitrophenol, FeNPs. . (Fe(NPs) (NaBH4 2 5 8 (Fe(NPs (NaBH

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um método de síntese verde de nanopartículas de ferro (Fe(NPs)) utilizando o extrato das folhas de Eucalyptus grandis, visando reduzir a geração de resíduos e diminuir o uso de insumos químicos convencionais, como o Borohidreto de sódio (NaBH4), sem comprometer a atividade catalítica. Diversas proporções volumétricas do extrato vegetal e de agente redutor NaBH4 foram testadas para compreender como essa variação afetaria as características morfológicas, estruturais e o poder catalítico do material. Nas análises realizadas, observou-se uma redução na cristalinidade das Fe(NPs) para proporções acima de 25% do extrato. No entanto, o tamanho das partículas permaneceu estável entre as diferentes sínteses, destacando-se o fato de que os íons de ferro apresentaram melhor dispersão em proporções de 40% e 50% do extrato. Em relação à estabilização, foram identificadas bandas características de compostos fenólicos, álcoois e ácidos carboxílicos, evidenciando a atuação do extrato no revestimento dos núcleos metálicos. Para avaliar o desempenho catalítico, foram conduzidos estudos de redução catalítica do contaminante 4-nitrofenol a 4-aminofenol, utilizando as Fe(NPs) como catalisadores. Os resultados revelaram conversões acima de 80% para as Fe(NPs) sintetizadas com proporções volumétricas de até 40% do extrato vegetal, indicando que a substituição do agente químico não afetou significativamente a atividade catalítica do biocatalisador. Por fim, os testes ecotoxicológicos realizados com Lemna minor e artemia salina demonstraram uma redução significativa na toxicidade do contaminante 4-nitrofenol, além de comprovar a biocompatibilidade das Fe(NPs) obtidas. FeNPs Fe NPs (Fe(NPs) grandis convencionais NaBH4, NaBH , (NaBH4) morfológicas material realizadas observouse observou se Fe(NPs 25 entanto sínteses destacandose destacando 40 50 estabilização fenólicos carboxílicos metálicos 4nitrofenol nitrofenol 4 4aminofenol, 4aminofenol aminofenol aminofenol, 4-aminofenol catalisadores 80 biocatalisador fim 4nitrofenol, nitrofenol, obtidas (Fe(NPs (NaBH4 2 5 8 (NaBH

Resumo Uma nova espécie do recentemente descoberto tridentíneo miniatura, Rhinotridens, é descrita da bacia Amazônica no Brasil, Colômbia e Peru. A nova forma difere de Rhinotridenschromocaudatus, espécie-tipo do gênero, pela nadadeira caudal hialina, o barbilhão rictal vestigial ou externamente ausente, a nadadeira anal longa, com 22–29 raios segmentados, além de várias outras características do esqueleto. Uma descrição osteológica da nova espécie é fornecida com base em exemplares diafanizados e corados, e características de morfologia externa são revelados através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), que pela primeira vez mostram detalhes da estrutura labial de Tridentinae. Os sete caracteres morfológicos previamente listados como sinapomorfias de Rhinotridens são confirmados na espécie aqui descrita, corroborando sua alocação genérica. Uma característica adicional da morfologia do processo lateral do autopalatino é proposta como uma nova sinapomorfia do gênero. miniatura Brasil Peru Rhinotridenschromocaudatus espécietipo tipo gênero hialina ausente longa 2229 22 29 22–2 segmentados esqueleto corados MEV, MEV , (MEV) Tridentinae genérica 222 2 22– (MEV

Abstract A new species of the recently discovered miniature tridentine catfish, Rhinotridens, is described from the Amazon basin in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It differs from Rhinotridens chromocaudatus, type-species of the genus, in having the caudal fin mostly hyaline, a rictal barbel vestigial or externally absent, a longer anal fin with 22–29 segmented rays, and numerous other features from the skeleton. An osteological account of the new species is provided based on cleared and stained specimens, and traits of its external morphology are revealed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which for the first time reveal details of the lip structure of tridentines. The seven morphological characters previously listed as synapomorphies for Rhinotridens are confirmed in the species described herein, corroborating its generic allocation. An additional characteristic from the morphology of the lateral process of the autopalatine is proposed as a novel synapomorphy for the genus. catfish Brazil Colombia Peru chromocaudatus typespecies type genus hyaline absent 2229 22 29 22–2 rays skeleton specimens SEM, SEM , (SEM) tridentines herein allocation 222 2 22– (SEM

Abstract Biomphalaria straminea is one of the three snails that act as the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni and is responsible for maintaining high rates of schistosomiasis in some areas of northeastern Brazil. The principal morphological characteristic of B. straminea is the marked vaginal wrinkling, although it is also present in congeneric species, a group known as the B. straminea complex. Based on the morphological and molecular analyses, we investigated the intraspecific variation of B. straminea. The specimens were obtained from 10 sites in Brazil, and the shells were analyzed, as well as 16 morphological structures of the reproductive system. The COI and ITS2 sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis, genetic divergence, and haplotype network (COI). We observed a large intraspecific variation in the morphological structures examined. The genetic divergence also demonstrated significant intraspecific variability in B. straminea: 0–3% in ITS2 sequences, and 0–6% in COI sequences. Analysis of the distribution of COI haplotypes recovered 16 haplotypes and haplotype diversity of 0.9088. These results indicate phenotypic variability that is not constrained to a locality or strictly controlled genetically by B. straminea, which may have driven a misidentified of these species. Brazil B wrinkling species complex analyses 1 analyzed system ITS analysis COI. . (COI) examined 03 0 3 0–3 06 6 0–6 09088 9088 0.9088 (COI 0– 0908 908 0.908 090 90 0.90 09 9 0.9 0.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to select water deficittolerant accessions of the genus Manihot, through morphological characters under different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a split-plot arrangement with plots consisting of tree water regimes (simulated rainfall and water depth of 100 and 20% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)), and subplots consisting of eight accessions of the genus Manihot (Gema-de-Ovo and Engana-Ladrão from the species M. esculenta Crantz, and BGMS-115, BGMS-110, BGMS-102, BGMS- 79, BGMS-24, and BGMS-48 from Manihot sp.). The accessions were evaluated considering two crop cycles: the first had 120 and 60 days from the application of the treatments. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf lobe length and shoot dry mass production were evaluated. For each cropping cycle, a split-plot analysis of variance was performed. The highest genotypic means were expressed by the accessions BGMS-115, BGMS-102, BGMS- 79 and BGMS-24 for most of the analyzed variables, regardless of the cultivation cycle. For the characteristic shoot dry mass production, accessions BGMS-102 and BGMS-79 showed the best performances under conditions of limited water regime (20% ETc), regardless of the cropping cycle. Accession BGMS-102 was also grouped in the group with the highest genotypic means, for this trait, in treatments with rain simulation and 100% ETc, in the first cycle, demonstrating that, under stress conditions, this accession is an option to tolerate low water precipitation and responds well when higher precipitation occurs. design splitplot split plot simulated 10 20 ETc , (ETc)) GemadeOvo Gema de Ovo EnganaLadrão Engana Ladrão M Crantz BGMS115, BGMS115 BGMS 115, 115 BGMS-115 BGMS110, BGMS110 110, 110 BGMS-110 BGMS102, BGMS102 102, 102 BGMS24, BGMS24 24, 24 BGMS48 48 BGMS-4 sp.. sp sp. . sp.) cycles 12 6 height diameter leaves cycle performed 7 BGMS-2 variables BGMS-10 BGMS79 BGMS-7 (20 ETc) trait that occurs 1 2 (ETc) BGMS11 11 BGMS-11 BGMS10 BGMS2 BGMS4 4 BGMS-1 BGMS7 (2 (ETc BGMS1 (

RESUMO Objetivou-se selecionar acessos do gênero Manihot através de caracteres morfológico-agronômicos, quando submetidos à diferentes regimes hídricos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas três condições de regimes hídricos (simulação da chuva e reposições de 100 e 20 % da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc)) e nas subparcelas, oito acessos de espécies do gênero Manihot (gemade-ovo e engana-ladrão da espécie M. esculenta e BGMS-115; BGMS-102; BGMS-79; BGMS-24; e BGMS-48 acessos de Manihot sp.). Os acessos foram avaliados em dois ciclos de cultivo, 120 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, comprimento, largura do lóbulo foliar e produtividade da massa seca da parte aérea. Para cada ciclo de cultivo foi realizada uma análise de variância em parcela subdividida. As maiores médias genotípicas foram expressas pelos acessos BGMS-115, BGMS-102, BGMS-79 e BGMS-24 para grande parte das variáveis analisadas, independentemente do ciclo de cultivo. Para a característica produtividade da massa seca da parte aérea, os acessos BGMS-102 e BGMS-79 apresentaram os melhores desempenhos em condições de regime hídrico limitado (20% ETc) independente do ciclo de cultivo. O acesso BGMS-102 também estava agrupado no grupo com maiores médias genotípicas, para esta característica, nos tratamentos com simulação de chuva e com 100% da ETc, no primeiro ciclo, demostrando que em condições de estresse este acesso é uma opção para tolerar as baixas precipitações hídricas e responde bem quando ocorre maiores precipitações. Objetivouse Objetivou se morfológicoagronômicos, morfológicoagronômicos morfológico agronômicos, agronômicos morfológico-agronômicos casualizados subdivididas 10 2 ETc (ETc) subparcelas gemadeovo gemade ovo enganaladrão engana ladrão M BGMS115 BGMS 115 BGMS-115 BGMS102 102 BGMS79 79 BGMS24 24 BGMS48 48 BGMS-4 sp.. sp sp. . sp.) 12 6 planta caule folhas comprimento aérea subdividida BGMS115, 115, BGMS102, 102, BGMS-7 BGMS-2 analisadas BGMS-10 20% (20 1 (ETc BGMS11 11 BGMS-11 BGMS10 BGMS7 7 BGMS2 BGMS4 4 BGMS- BGMS-1 (2 BGMS1 (

Marine sponges belonging to the genus Neopetrosia represent a quasi-inexhaustible source of novel cytotoxic compounds. Yet studies delineating their molecular mechanisms of action in cancer cells remain scarce. We investigated the cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing potential of the Mauritian marine sponge Neopetrosia exigua derived crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fraction. Their cytotoxic activity was screened against four cancer cell lines and two non-malignant cell lines via the Alamar Blue metabolic assay. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined. The ability of the active extract to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and modulate the expression levels of apoptotic markers (caspases and polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)) was further evaluated via western blot. The ethyl acetate fraction (NEEAF) displayed the highest inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 6.87 μg/mL against the liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Mechanistically, NEEAF induced morphological hallmarks characteristic of apoptosis, increased ROS production, decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, NEEAF induced the activation of caspase-9, -7, -3 and cleavage of PARP. Overall, this study provides biochemical evidence for oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells by NEEAF. Further in-depth investigations are needed to isolate the active constituents, which may potentially lead to the development of novel anticancer therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE: • Marine sponges represent an untapped goldmine of structurally unique compounds with interesting anticancer properties. • This important initial investigative work will set the stage for more in-depth mechanistic studies and chemical characterisation of potentially novel bioactive compounds from the genus Neopetrosia. • This work will also help to strengthen frameworks oriented towards the conservation of Neopetrosia species in the Western Indian Ocean region.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was twofold. The first aim was to examine the association of anthropometric measures on kinematic characteristic which represent stroke efficiency in young female front crawl swimmers. The second aim was to create a prediction model which could provide help to swimming coaches with the purpose of easier and better selection of female front crawl swimmers by measuring and following basic morphological characteristics. Eighty female competitive swimmers all members of the swimming Clubs in province of Vojvodina, Serbia (age 12.52 ± 08 years, years of training involvement 4.05 ± 1.2 and personal best times over 50 m front crawl 32.79 ± 0.86 s) performed 50 m front crawl race. The 50 m front crawl swimming efficiency expressed through stroke index significantly was related to body height (r = 0.44, p = 0.000), body mass (r = 0.402, p = 0.000), sitting height (r = 0.612, p = 0.000) arm spam (r = 0.576, p = 0.000), biacromial diameter (r = 0.470, p = 0.000), bicrestal diameter (r = 0.348, p = 0.001) and with chest circumference (r = 0.427, p = 0.000). Regression equation for stroke index prediction was defined by following variables: body mass, sitting height, arm span, chest circumference with 43.5% explained variance. Additionally by analyzing obtained model the higher the values of SH, ARSP, CHICR and the lower values of BM in a group of early pubescent female swimmers the higher 50 m front crawl efficiency values will be.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo fue examinar la asociación de las medidas antropométricas con las características cinemáticas que representan la eficiencia de la brazada en nadadoras jóvenes estilo crol. El segundo objetivo era crear un modelo de predicción que pudiera ayudar a los entrenadores de natación con el propósito de seleccionar mejor y más fácilmente a las nadadoras crol midiendo y siguiendo las características morfológicas básicas. Ochenta nadadoras competitivas, todas miembros de los clubes de natación en la provincia de Vojvodina, Serbia (edad 12,52 ± 8 años, años de participación en el entrenamiento 4,05 ± 1,2 y mejores tiempos personales en 50 m estilo crol 32,79 ± 0,86 s) realizaron una carrera de 50 m estilo crol. La eficiencia de nado crol de 50 m expresada a través del índice de brazada se relacionó significativamente con la altura del cuerpo (r = 0,44, p = 0,000), la masa corporal (r = 0,402, p = 0,000), la altura sentado (r = 0,612, p = 0,000) y el brazo. spam (r = 0,576, p = 0,000), diámetro biacromial (r = 0,470, p = 0,000), diámetro bicrestal (r = 0,348, p = 0,001) y con perímetro torácico (r = 0,427, p = 0,000). La ecuación de regresión para la predicción del índice de brazada se definió mediante las siguientes variables: masa corporal, altura sentada, extensión de los miembros superiores, circunferencia del pecho con una varianza explicada del 43,5 %. Además, al analizar el modelo obtenido, cuanto más altos sean los valores de SH, ARSP, CHICR y los valores más bajos de BM en un grupo de nadadoras púberes tempranas, mayores serán los valores de eficiencia de crol de 50 m.

ABSTRACT Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) black stem and root rot (BSRR) caused by complex fungi is one of the most serious fungal disease of cassava in Thailand. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of BSRR disease of cassava in Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. From June 2015 to May 2018, the outbreak areas in three districts of Nakhon Ratchasima province were surveyed for cassava plants with the characteristic symptoms. From 1800 diseased samples, 139 fungal pathogens were isolated and separated by morphological traits. Among them, 33 fungal isolates were subsequently tested for pathogenicity on detached stems and roots of CMR 43-08-89, a susceptible cassava cultivar, and proved to be pathogenic with different levels of aggressiveness. Next, PCR amplification of DNA of eight pathogenic isolates with high aggressiveness using two sets of universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and Ef1-688F/Ef1-1251R, revealed that the TEF1-α gene region could be used for the identification and classification at the species level. The analysis results fit well with that of the morphological studies on growth and colonial characteristics of the eight isolates. Based on the GenBank database, they were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. euphorbiaceicola and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum.

ABSTRACT The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) serves as a raw material for the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries but it has a low germination rate and seed viability, which are directly related to the morphological characteristics of the fruits and seeds. Biometric characterization provides information necessary for the differentiation, characterization of ecological and genetic aspects of different species and populations of the same group, and can help in the conservation and propagation of species. The current work performed the biometric characterization of fruits and diaspores of Mauritia flexuosa from a cultivation environment in the Brazilian Cerrado. 100 fruits were randomly sampled, which were measured in length, width, thickness, individual weight, diaspore length, diaspore width, diaspore thickness and individual diaspore weight. Fruits were classified as red (Hue 10 R 4/8) and yellow-orange diaspores (Hue 7.5 YR 8/8). Data for each characteristic were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. The fruits varied by 6.56% in length, 4.38% in width and 4.26% in thickness while the diaspores varied by 8.17% in length, 9.29% in width and 9.62% in thickness. The variables fruit weight and diaspore weight showed the greatest variations, 12.12% and 23.86%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between width and thickness (0.90). The small variation in biometric dimensions indicates that the species has little variability. L f. f food viability seeds differentiation group Cerrado sampled length Hue 1 4/8 48 4 8 yelloworange yellow orange 75 7 5 7. 8/8. 88 8/8 . 8/8) analysis 656 6 56 6.56 438 38 4.38 426 26 4.26 817 17 8.17 929 9 29 9.29 962 62 9.62 variations 1212 12 12.12 2386 23 86 23.86% respectively 0.90. 090 0.90 0 90 (0.90) variability 4/ 8/ 65 6.5 43 3 4.3 42 2 4.2 81 8.1 92 9.2 96 9.6 121 12.1 238 23.86 09 0.9 (0.90 6. 4. 8. 9. 12. 23.8 0. (0.9 23. (0. (0 (

RESUMO A palmeira buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) serve como matéria-prima para a indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica e biotecnológica, porém apresenta baixa taxa de germinação e viabilidade de sementes, que estão diretamente relacionadas com as características morfológicas dos frutos e sementes. A caracterização biométrica fornece informações necessárias para a diferenciação, caracterização de aspectos ecológicos e genéticos de diferentes espécies e de populações de um mesmo grupo, podendo auxiliar na conservação e propagação de espécies. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho realizou a caracterização biométrica de frutos e diásporos de Mauritia flexuosa provenientes de um ambiente de cultivo no Cerrado brasileiro. Foram amostrados aleatoriamente 100 frutos, que foram mensurados em comprimento, largura, espessura, peso individual, comprimento do diásporo, largura do diásporo, espessura do diásporo e peso individual do diásporo. Os frutos foram classificados como vermelhos (Hue 10 R 4/8) e os diásporos amarelo-alaranjados (Hue 7.5 YR 8/8). Os dados de cada característica foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os frutos apresentaram variação de 6,56% de comprimento, 4,38% de largura e 4,26% de espessura, enquanto os diásporos apresentaram variação de 8,17% de comprimento, 9,29% de largura e 9,62% de espessura. As variáveis peso do fruto e peso do diásporo apresentaram maiores variações, 12,12% e 23,86%, respectivamente. Houve correlação positiva entre a largura e espessura (0,90). A pequena variação nas dimensões biométricas indica que a espécie possui pouca variabilidade. L f. f matériaprima matéria prima alimentícia biotecnológica sementes diferenciação grupo forma brasileiro Hue 1 4/8 48 4 8 amareloalaranjados amarelo alaranjados 75 7 5 7. 8/8. 88 8/8 . 8/8) descritiva 656 6 56 6,56 438 38 4,38 426 26 4,26 817 17 8,17 929 9 29 9,29 962 62 9,62 variações 1212 12 12,12 2386 23 86 23,86% respectivamente 0,90. 090 0,90 0 90 (0,90) variabilidade 4/ 8/ 65 6,5 43 3 4,3 42 2 4,2 81 8,1 92 9,2 96 9,6 121 12,1 238 23,86 09 0,9 (0,90 6, 4, 8, 9, 12, 23,8 0, (0,9 23, (0, (0 (