ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to explore the system called “work of art”, through the aesthetic analysis of the Ecuadorian film Mejor no hablar de ciertas cosas (2012). We seek to consider the moral plot that underlies the film under the philosophical visions of Friedrich Nietzsche and Romano Guardini. Finally, it will be shown that the moral tragedy in each micro-story constitutes strata or layers in the aesthetic understanding of the audiovisual plot.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio es explorar el sistema denominado “obra de arte”, a través del análisis estético del filme ecuatoriano Mejor no hablar de ciertas cosas (2012). Se busca considerar la trama moral que subyace en el filme, bajo las visiones filosóficas de Friedrich Nietzsche y Romano Guardini. Finalmente, se mostrará que la tragedia moral en cada micro-historia constituye estratos o capas en la comprensión estética de la trama audiovisual.

Abstract: This article explores an ethical tension that was visible from the 1840s on and that was crystallized in the 1842 Constituent Assembly regarding a civil morality put forward by government authorities. Its objective is to explore one instant in the historical process of disconnection between civil morality and religious morality, more discursive than real, based on an analysis of public opinion and the minutes of the Constitutional Congress. In the context of the country’s political mutations, this article presents a horizon of socioethical mutations tending toward secular virtue yet without pretending to constitute a rupture. This moral adjustment was not an abstract question: it had repercussions on rights such as the freedom of the press and educational freedoms, as well as in procedural issues such as the powers of the courts.

Resumen: El artículo explora una tensión ética visible a partir de la década de 1840 y cristalizada en el Constituyente de 1842 en torno a la postulación de una moral civil por parte de la autoridad estatal. El objetivo es analizar un instante del proceso histórico de desvinculación, más discursiva que fáctica, entre una moral civil y una moral religiosa a partir del estudio de la opinión pública y las actas del Constituyente. Las fuentes son sobre todo de tres tipos: periódicos, folletos y actas legislativas. El texto presenta un horizonte de mutaciones socioéticas tendientes a una virtud secular, pero sin pretensiones de ruptura en el contexto de una reorganización política. El ajuste moral no es una cuestión abstracta: repercute en cuestiones muy significativas, como la definición de las libertades de prensa y enseñanza, y en elementos procedimentales como las atribuciones de los jurados.

Abstract: From Latin American feminisms, this article argues that in a context of financialization of life, the precarious relation between capital, work and life is exacerbated by various devices, such as the debt contracted in response to the imprisonment of a family member. By observing the relevant “corporal itineraries”, this text analyzes the subjection derived from the familiarization of the debt and the intensification of productiveness. It proposes that the imprisonment of a family member leads to a form of indebtedness that redefines the production and extraction of value from the lives of those who are outside, and upholds a morality based on an economics of care.

Resumen: Desde los feminismos latinoamericanos, este artículo sostiene que en un contexto de financiarización de la vida, la precaria relación entre capital, trabajo y vida se ve exacerbada por diversos dispositivos, como la deuda contraída como respuesta al encarcelamiento de un familiar. A partir de la observación de los “itinerarios corporales” pertinentes, este texto analiza el sometimiento derivado de la familiarización con la deuda y la intensificación de la productividad. Propone que el encarcelamiento de un miembro de la familia conduce a una forma de endeudamiento que redefine la producción y extracción de valor de las vidas de quienes están fuera, y defiende una moral basada en una economía del cuidado.

Abstract This article aims to present the work on Persius, written in México by Bartolomé Melgarejo, Professor at the First Cloister of the University of Mexico. Some examples are shown here of the commentaries he adds to his translation into Spanish of the Satires; in them we are able to appreciate moral teachings that emerge from the poet’s expositions, quite useful for society in 16th century.

Resumen Este artículo pretende dar a conocer la obra sobre Persio que fue realizada en México por Bartolomé Melgarejo, profesor del primer Claustro de la Universidad de México. Se muestran algunos ejemplos de los comentarios con los que completa su traducción de las Sátiras a nuestra lengua; en ellos se aprecian enseñanzas morales que se desprenden de lo que expone el poeta, muy útiles para la sociedad del siglo XVI.

RESUMEN El contexto internacional, posibilita la educación ciudadana desde la integración de los contenidos, por ello el problema científico es cómo contribuir a la integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal para el desarrollo de la Educación Moral y Ciudadana en Secundaria Básica. El objetivo consiste en explicar la integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal para el desarrollo de la Educación Moral y Ciudadana en Secundaria Básica. Se utilizaron métodos investigativos, partiendo del método general dialéctico materialista. Los resultados orientan a la fundamentación de la necesaria integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal y Educación Moral y Ciudadana.

ABSTRACT The international context makes possible the citizenship education from the integration of the contents, therefore the scientific problem is how to contribute to the integration of the contents of Universal History for the development of Moral and Citizenship Education in Basic Secondary Education. The objective is to explain the integration of the contents of Universal History for the development of Moral and Citizenship Education in Basic Secondary Education. Research methods were used, starting from the general dialectical-materialistic method. The results are oriented to the foundation of the necessary integration of the contents of Universal History and Moral and Citizenship Education.

ABSTRACT The growth and development of human communities have given rise to the emergence of so-called environmental problems that influence natural resources and human health. In this presentation, it is reflected the reality found in the work with the Life Task from the second cycle of the "Rolando Morales Sanabria" primary school in the Cifuentes municipality, a vital stage in the training of new generations for the conservation of the environment, the maintenance of ethical and moral values of a social project with a humanist foundation. Taking into account these concepts, the objective was to characterize the work with the Life Task from Sports for All as part of Physical Education, in the context described above. This work was carried out with the help of methods and techniques such as document review, observation, survey and interview. The results reveal insufficiencies in this work, from the lack of consultation of official documents, clarifications and regulations, through poor intentionality, to the lack of internalization and carrying out activities in this sense. As conclusions, the foundations for the development of work with the Life Task in the selected context were determined, the current state was characterized, where the casual and irrational use of sports spaces, poor use of the potential of the context, little intention and limited knowledge of the Life Task, as well as the failure to take advantage of the will, desire and disposition of the students to carry out physical-recreational activities related to it stood out.

RESUMEN El crecimiento y desarrollo de las colectividades humanas, han dado lugar a la aparición de los llamados problemas ambientales que influyen sobre los recursos naturales y en la salud del hombre. En este artículo, se reflejó la realidad encontrada en el trabajo con la Tarea Vida desde el segundo ciclo de la escuela primaria "Rolando Morales Sanabria" del municipio Cifuentes, etapa vital en la formación de las nuevas generaciones para la conservación del entorno, el mantenimiento de los valores éticos y morales de un proyecto social con un fundamento humanista. Atendiendo a estas concepciones, se planteó como objetivo caracterizar el trabajo con la Tarea Vida desde el Deporte para Todos como parte de la Educación Física, en el contexto antes descrito. Este trabajo se realizó con la ayuda de métodos y técnicas como la revisión de documentos, la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista. Los resultados revelan insuficiencias en este trabajo, desde la falta de consulta a documentos oficiales, precisiones y normativas, transitando por la pobre intencionalidad, hasta llegar a la falta de interiorización y realización de actividades en este sentido. Como conclusiones se determinaron los fundamentos para el desarrollo del trabajo con la Tarea Vida en el contexto seleccionado, quedó caracterizado el estado actual, donde destacó la utilización casual e irracional de espacios deportivos, mal aprovechamiento de potencialidades del contexto, poco intencionado y limitado conocimiento de la Tarea Vida, así como el no aprovechamiento de la voluntad, deseo y disposición de los alumnos para realizar actividades físico-recreativas relacionadas con esta.

RESUMO O crescimento e o desenvolvimento das comunidades humanas deram origem ao surgimento dos chamados problemas ambientais que influenciam os recursos naturais e a saúde humana. Neste artigo, refletiu-se a realidade encontrada no trabalho com a Tarefa de Vida a partir do segundo ciclo da escola primária "Rolando Morales Sanabria" do município de Cifuentes, etapa vital na formação das novas gerações para a conservação do meio ambiente, a manutenção dos valores éticos e morais de um projeto social de base humanista. Levando em conta esses conceitos, objetivou-se caracterizar o trabalho com a Tarefa de Vida do Esporte para Todos no âmbito da Educação Física, no contexto descrito acima. Este trabalho foi realizado com o auxílio de métodos e técnicas como revisão de documentos, observação, levantamento e entrevista. Os resultados revelam insuficiências neste trabalho, desde a falta de consulta a documentos oficiais, esclarecimentos e regulamentos, passando pela má intencionalidade, até à falta de internalização e realização de atividades nesse sentido. Como conclusões foram determinados os fundamentos para o desenvolvimento do trabalho com a tarefa de vida no contexto selecionado, caracterizou-se o estado atual, onde se destacou o uso casual e irracional dos espaços desportivos, mau aproveitamento das potencialidades do contexto, pouca intenção e conhecimento limitado da Tarefa de Vida, bem como o não aproveitamento da vontade, desejo e disposição dos alunos para a realização de atividades físico-recreativas a ela relacionadas.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la problematización de la minería en Argentina y su impacto en la institucionalidad del sector minero. A partir de un abordaje cualitativo, se estudian dos estados subnacionales que promueven la minería, las provincias de Jujuy y de San Juan. Se evidencia que, en el contexto de conflictos socioambientales, la minería fue socialmente problematizada, lo cual presionó a los estados subnacionales a introducir cambios institucionales. El análisis indaga en torno a los repertorios de acción colectiva de las poblaciones locales, la construcción de redes de actores para visibilizar la problemática, así como en los factores morales y cognitivos que influyeron en la problematización de la minería en Argentina.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the construction of mining as a public issue in Argentina and its impact on the institutional framework of the mining sector. From a qualitative approach, two subnational states that promote mining are analyzed: the Provinces of Jujuy and San Juan. In the context of socioenvironmental conflicts, mining has been questioned which pressured subnational states to introduce institutional changes. The analysis focus on the repertoires of collective action of local populations, the construction of networks of actors for the visibility of the problem, as well as the moral and cognitive factors that influenced the problematization of mining in Argentina.

RESUMEN: La trampa académica es una acción que realizan las personas para lograr el éxito de maneras que no son correctas. A menudo se hacen trampas académicas, desde instituciones educativas básicas hasta universidades o estudiantes. Los educadores deben tener moral para reducir las acciones de Trampa Académica que muchas veces se presenta a nivel educativo. La propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza determina el comportamiento poco ético, como por ejemplo si se producirán trampas académicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto de la propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza sobre el fraude académico en estudiantes de programas de estudio de formación docente de primaria. El estudio actual evaluó la deshonestidad académica entre estudiantes universitarios en programas de formación docente de escuela primaria. Doscientos ocho participantes informaron sobre su comportamiento de trampa y completaron la Escala de propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza. Los resultados de la prueba de regresión para la influencia de la propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza en el fraude académico obtuvieron un valor de probabilidad de sig. (p) = 0,000 (p<0,05) por lo que se acepta la hipótesis: La propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza influyen significativamente en el fraude académico. El valor R cuadrado = 0, 075 significa que la trampa académica contribuye efectivamente en un 7,5 % a la culpa. Se debe considerar la importancia de la inculcación moral en los candidatos a estudiantes-maestros para prevenir comportamientos poco éticos.

ABSTRACT Academic cheating is an action individuals take to achieve success in ways that are not right. Academic cheating is often done, ranging from basic educational institutions to universities or students. Educators must have morals to reduce the actions of Academic Cheating that often occurs at the education level. Guilt and Shame Proneness determines unethical behavior, such as whether academic cheating will occur. This study aims to determine the effect of Guilt and Shame Proneness on Academic Cheating in students of primary school teacher education study programs. The current study assessed academic dishonesty among college students in primary school teacher education programs. Two hundred and eight participants self-reported cheating behavior and completed the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale. The regression test results for the influence of Guilt and Shame Proneness on Academic Cheating obtained a probability value of sig. (p) = 0.000 (p<0.05) so that the hypothesis is accepted: Guilt and Shame Proneness significantly influence Academic Cheating. R-square value = 0, 075 means that Academic Cheating effectively contributes 7.5% to guilt. The importance of moral inculcation in student-teacher candidates must be considered to prevent unethical behavior

The presence of moral values and spiritual practice are highly significant aspects in the life of any young person, serving as safeguards against potential behavioral issues. This study analyzed conceptual approaches as to the quality of spiritual life in adolescent students. To this end, a systematic review was carried out in the WoS, Scopus and SciELO databases by following the PRISMA method. As an outcome of this enquiry, 21 papers showcased a close relationship among the beliefs, values, emotional expressions of adolescents and their psychological well-being. Young people who felt closely connected to their spiritual side had better levels of happiness in different areas of their lives: personal satisfaction, a deeper sense of purpose and healthier interpersonal relationships. Cultural factors, religious traditions and social norms significantly had a big impact on how young people thought about and understood their spiritual dimension too. In conclusion, it is necessary to recognize that the connection with the spiritual dimension can really help young people feel better emotionally and mentally. Likewise, the cultural and social context in which adolescents operate must be taken into account for a deeper understanding of their spirituality.

La presencia de valores morales y la práctica espiritual son aspectos de gran importancia en la vida de cualquier joven, pues sirven de resguardo frente a posibles problemas de conducta. Este estudio analizó las aproximaciones conceptuales sobre la calidad de la vida espiritual en estudiantes adolescentes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo el método PRISMA, en las bases de datos WoS, Scopus y SciELO. Se encontraron 21 artículos que mostraron estrecha relación entre las creencias, valores y expresiones emocionales de los adolescentes y su bienestar psicológico. Aquellos jóvenes que experimentaron una mayor conexión con su espiritualidad mostraron niveles más altos en las dimensiones de bienestar que intervienen en su calidad de vida: satisfacción personal, un sentido de propósito más profundo y relaciones interpersonales más saludables. Los factores culturales, las tradiciones religiosas y las normas sociales influyeron significativamente en cómo los jóvenes abordaron y comprendieron su dimensión espiritual. En conclusión, es necesario reconocer que la conexión con la dimensión espiritual puede contribuir de manera significativa al bienestar emocional y mental de los jóvenes. Asimismo, se debe tener en cuenta el contexto cultural y social en el que se desenvuelven los adolescentes para una comprensión más profunda de su espiritualidad.

A presença de valores morais e da prática espiritual são aspectos de grande importância na vida de qualquer jovem, pois servem de salvaguarda contra possíveis problemas comportamentais. Este estudo analisou abordagens conceituais sobre a qualidade de vida espiritual em adolescentes estudantes. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática seguindo o método PRISMA, nas bases de dados WoS, Scopus e SciELO. Foram encontrados 21 artigos que mostraram uma estreita relação entre as crenças, valores e expressões emocionais dos adolescentes e seu bem-estar psicológico. Os jovens que vivenciaram uma maior ligação com a sua espiritualidade apresentaram níveis mais elevados nas dimensões de bem-estar que intervêm na sua qualidade de vida: satisfação pessoal, sentido de propósito mais profundo e relações interpessoais mais saudáveis. Fatores culturais, tradições religiosas e normas sociais influenciaram significativamente a forma como os jovens abordavam e compreendiam a sua dimensão espiritual. Concluindo, é necessário reconhecer que a ligação com a dimensão espiritual pode contribuir significativamente para o bem-estar emocional e mental dos jovens. Da mesma forma, o contexto cultural e social em que os adolescentes se inserem deve ser levado em consideração para uma compreensão mais profunda da sua espiritualidade.

ABSTRACT Physical activity is a right of every human being, it affects the strengthening of conditions for work; transformation of nature; the struggle and preservation of peace; in the physical-functional development of the individual and the formation of character; ethical, moral and volitional qualities in the individual and social. The research aims to assess the possibilities of physical activity to favor social skills in students with intellectual disabilities, by contributing to the promotion of a healthy generation, physically prepared according to their potentialities, their development needs corrective work and/or compensatory that improves and increases the possibilities of movements, towards the development of social relations in the contexts where it develops; For its development, theoretical, empirical and mathematical statistical methods were used, which made it possible to verify the declared scientific problem from the characterization of the selected sample, from the determination of the dimensions and indicators that allowed arriving at regularities, a great importance is attributed to it. educational value by exploring the environment and developing communicative relationships, as well as, they can build topological, temporal and spatial notions in different situations of movement, it also places the student with intellectual disability in situations of interaction with others, and requires him to seek resources or help to solve the activity, this favors relationships with others and achieve independent action.

RESUMEN La actividad física es un derecho de todo ser humano, repercute en el fortalecimiento de condiciones para el trabajo, en la transformación de la naturaleza, en la la lucha y preservación de la paz, en el desarrollo físico-funcional del individuo y en la formación del carácter; cualidades éticas, morales y volitivas en lo individual y social. La investigación tiene como objetivo valorar las posibilidades de la actividad física para favorecer las habilidades sociales en los educandos con discapacidad intelectual, al contribuir a la promoción de una generación saludable, físicamente preparada según sus potencialidades; su desarrollo necesita de un trabajo correctivo y/o compensatorio que perfeccione y aumente las posibilidades de movimientos hacia el desarrollo de las relaciones sociales en los contextos donde se desarrolla. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadístico-matemáticos, los que posibilitaron la constatación del problema científico declarado a partir de la caracterización de la muestra seleccionada, desde la determinación de las dimensiones e indicadores que permitieron arribar a regularidades. A estos métodos se les atribuye un gran valor educativo al explorar el entorno y desarrollar las relaciones comunicativas, así como que pueden construir nociones topológicas, temporales y espaciales en diferentes situaciones de movimiento; además, sitúa al educando con discapacidad intelectual en situaciones de interacción con los demás, y le exige buscar recursos o ayuda para solucionar la actividad, lo que favorece las relaciones con los demás y logra una actuación con independencia.

RESUMO A atividade física é um direito de todo ser humano, tem impacto no fortalecimento das condições de trabalho, na transformação da natureza, na luta e preservação da paz, no desenvolvimento físico-funcional do indivíduo e na formação. personagem; qualidades éticas, morais e volitivas em nível individual e social. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as possibilidades da atividade física para promover habilidades sociais em alunos com deficiência intelectual, contribuindo para a promoção de uma geração saudável, preparada fisicamente de acordo com o seu potencial; O seu desenvolvimento requer um trabalho corretivo e/ou compensatório que aperfeiçoe e aumente as possibilidades de movimentos em direção ao desenvolvimento das relações sociais nos contextos onde se desenvolve. Para o seu desenvolvimento foram utilizados métodos teóricos, empíricos e estatístico-matemáticos, que permitiram verificar o problema científico declarado a partir da caracterização da amostra selecionada, a partir da determinação das dimensões e indicadores que permitiram chegar às regularidades. A esses métodos é atribuído grande valor educativo na exploração do ambiente e no desenvolvimento de relações comunicativas, bem como podem construir noções topológicas, temporais e espaciais em diferentes situações de movimento; Além disso, coloca o aluno com deficiência intelectual em situações de interação com outras pessoas e exige que ele busque recursos ou ajuda para resolver a atividade, o que favorece o relacionamento com os outros e alcança a ação independente.

Eisenhower, Dulles, Eden and Macmillan played crucial roles in the Suez crisis, which had significant repercussions for the Middle East and the global balance of power. However, none of them entirely escaped the crisis unscathed. Eisenhower viewed containment of communism as his primary objective. He believed that it was untenable for the USA to identify with Britain's colonial past. Dulles rarely lost sight of the colonial dimension during the crisis. Ultimately, the crisis had a significant impact on Britain's international standing, confirming its status as a second-rate nation and revealing its waning status as a global power. As the international aspect of decolonisation was crucial for Macmillan to address, he pursued withdrawal from Africa as a vital objective to maintain and expand Britain's status as a powerful nation. He was unable to eradicate the stigma associated with the fact that Britain was a colonial power. His efforts to strengthen the status of Britain as a significant power through the Commonwealth were similarly ineffectual. The importance of British colonialism had attained its pinnacle. In some quarters, it was believed that Macmillan had always played a dubious role targeting Eden's removal as prime minister. Reasons for these apparent misrepresentations remain a matter of conjecture. The most favourable interpretation was that he attempted to use his association with Eisenhower from World War II to bolster Eden's domestic position against cabinet opponents. Alternately, he may have led Eden intentionally into a political catastrophe from which he expected to profit. He was the ultimate beneficiary of Suez. Macmillan was involved in all of the crucial decisions during the crisis and may have had greater intent than Eden to bring down Nasser. Added to the suspicions about Macmillan's behaviour was his reluctance, if not outright refusal, to formally evaluate Suez that prompted him to collaborate closely with the Cabinet Office in order to authorise ministerial memoirs and official publications that were required to be submitted to him prior to publication. As it involved extremely delicate concerns of foreign and domestic politics, he ruled that nothing could be published regarding Suez without his permission. In his ruthless and violent pursuit of vindication, it was common knowledge that Eden disregarded the norms of confidentiality. His conservative administration was fatally undermined by internal discord. Suez ruined him politically, materially and emotionally. Eden made the final decision to invade Egypt without extensive consultation with his cabinet, without playing open cards with the United States, and while keeping members of the Commonwealth in the dark. Suez remained a highly visible and fiercely contested issue in British academic, media and political circles, and a parliamentary campaign continued as new publications, radio and television programmes addressed new aspects of the issue. The crisis resulted in moral defeat and diplomatic catastrophe for the two former colonial powers. Their authority and prestige among Arab powers were irreparably harmed. They were now dependent on Israel, the youngest and most rapidly expanding military power in the Middle East. The crisis had an enduring effect on the international relations of France. Mollet, the French premier, disapproved of Nasser's support for Algerian insurgents who presented France with substantial challenges and even posed a threat to its political stability. Following the collapse of the Fourth Republic, General Charles de Gaulle was elected president of France. He held his own opinion about France's indispensable role in international affairs. Nasser was at ease within the Soviet sphere of influence due to hostility and vilification from the West. The Soviet Union and its allies took advantage of the concurrent Hungarian insurrection to condemn Western imperialism, thereby diverting global attention away from their own brutality in Hungary. Nasser emerged from the crisis with distinction owing to his Pan-Arab nationalism and neutrality. It allowed him to strengthen his position as an advocate for the Arab cause and decolonisation. The new realities, which the West encountered in the Middle East, turned out to be the decline of colonialism and the rise of nationalism.

Eisenhower, Dulles, Eden en Macmillan was instrumenteel tydens die Suezkrisis wat beduidende implikasies vir die Midde-Ooste en die globale magsbalans meegebring het, maar nie een van hulle het heeltemal ongeskonde uit die krisis gekom nie. Eisenhower het die inperking van kommunisme as sy hoogste prioriteit geag en het Brittanje se koloniale erfenis as onhoudbaar beskou, en Dulles het die koloniale dimensie dikwels opgehaal. Brittanje se dalende status as 'n wêreldmoondheid is blootgelê en as 'n tweederangse moondheid bevestig. Die feit dat Brittanje 'n koloniale mag was, het 'n stigma gelaat waaraan Eden en Macmillan weinig kon doen. Dit was alombekend dat Eden die reëls van geheimhouding verontagsaam het in sy meedoënlose en bloedige strewe na regverdiging. Wat Eden se konserwatiewe regering noodlottig ondermyn het, was die onenigheid in sy eie geledere. Hyself was polities, fisies en emosioneel deur Suez verpletter. Macmillan het uit die wrak van Suez getree om 'n gedemoraliseerde Konserwatiewe Party te lei en 'n land wat nog in die dieptes van vertwyfeling verkeer het. Frankryk was diep gegrief oor Nasser se steun aan rebelle in Algerië. Die nagevolge van die krisis het die agteruitgang van Europese kolonialisme beklemtoon en 'n blywende impak op Frankryk se internasionale verhoudings gehad. Algerië het ontsaglike probleme vir Frankryk veroorsaak en selfs sy politieke stabiliteit bedreig.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

RESUMEN La educación en valores patrióticos y morales es fundamental para el desarrollo integral de las personas y la sostenibilidad de las sociedades democráticas. Si bien la educación patriótica ha enfrentado críticas por su uso potencial como herramienta de propaganda nacionalista, una concepción contemporánea apunta a promover una conciencia cívica crítica que valore la propia cultura y al mismo tiempo respete otras tradiciones en un mundo globalizado. Mientras tanto, la educación moral busca formar individuos capaces de discernir entre el bien y el mal, guiados por la justicia y contribuyendo activamente al bien común y los derechos humanos. A la luz de esto, esta investigación examina el papel del sistema educativo de Azerbaiyán en la configuración de los valores morales y cívicos de las generaciones futuras. El autor aboga por la educación patriótica como un medio para inculcar responsabilidad no sólo como ciudadanos de Azerbaiyán sino también como miembros de una comunidad global interconectada. La investigación destaca la necesidad de adoptar métodos de enseñanza personalizados, interactivos y contextualizados, en lugar de un enfoque único para todos, considerando los antecedentes, las necesidades y los intereses específicos de los estudiantes para su desarrollo de valores. También se destaca el papel fundamental de los docentes en este proceso formativo. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances en este campo, la educación de calidad en patriotismo y moralidad sigue siendo un desafío contemporáneo y está ganando cada vez más prioridad.

ABSTRACT The education in patriotic and moral values is essential for the comprehensive development of individuals and the sustainability of democratic societies. While patriotic education has faced criticism for its potential use as a tool for nationalist propaganda, a contemporary conception aims to promote critical civic awareness that values one's own culture while respecting other traditions in a globalized world. Meanwhile, moral education seeks to shape individuals capable of discerning between right and wrong, guided by justice, and actively contributing to the common good and human rights. In light of this, this research examines the role of Azerbaijan's educational system in shaping the moral and civic values of future generations. The author advocates for patriotic education as a means to instill responsibility not only as citizens of Azerbaijan but also as members of an interconnected global community. The research highlights the need to adopt personalized, interactive, and contextualized teaching methods, instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, considering the backgrounds, needs, and specific interests of students for their value development. It is also underscored the fundamental role of teachers in this formative process. However, despite advancements in this field, quality education in patriotism and morality remains a contemporary challenge and is increasingly gaining priority.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es analizar cómo se expresa la estima por la literatura azerbaiyana en la obra de N. S. Tikhonov, con especial atención a su impresión artística de los clásicos literarios Nizami y Vurgun. Para lograrlo en la investigación se profundiza en los escritos de Tikhonov para resaltar las instancias en las que rinde homenaje a la literatura del país caucásico, examinando los elementos temáticos y estilísticos que subrayan esta conexión. A pesar de los diferentes tiempos que los separaron, N.S. Tikhonov retrató ampliamente a Vurghun como un poeta nacional y clásico del Azerbaiyán soviético, enfatizando la profunda conexión con el renombrado poeta Nizami, aunque a veces no fue explícito. En nuestra opinión, Tikhonov reconoció el valor perdurable de la poesía producida por estos autores, y este legado poético, entrelazado con la identidad nacional, se convirtió en un bien cultural compartido, enriqueciendo el tesoro moral de la sociedad más allá del precipicio histórico marcado por triunfos y tribulaciones. Así, Tikhonov, a través de sus esfuerzos creativos, refleja y contribuye a la apreciación del patrimonio literario azerbaiyano.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyze how the esteem for Azerbaijani literature is expressed in the body of work by N. S. Tikhonov, with a specific focus on his artistic impression of the literary classics Nizami and Vurgun. To accomplish this in the investigation it is delved into Tikhonov's writings to highlight the instances where he pays homage to the literature of the Caucasian country, examining the thematic and stylistic elements that underscore this connection. Despite the different times that separated them, N.S. Tikhonov extensively portrayed Vurghun as a national and classical poet of Soviet-Azerbaijan, emphasizing the profound connection with the renowned poet Nizami, although sometimes he wasn't explicit. In our opinion, Tikhonov recognized the enduring value of the poetry produced by these authors, and this poetic legacy, intertwined with the national identity, became a shared cultural asset, enriching the moral treasury of society beyond the historical precipice marked by both triumphs and tribulations. Thus, Tikhonov through his creative endeavors, reflects and contributes to the appreciation of Azerbaijani literary heritage.

RESUMEN Los rápidos avances de la biomedicina y la biotecnología en las últimas décadas han abierto nuevos dilemas bioéticos que requieren un enfoque integral. ¿Estamos jugando a ser Dios manipulando la vida? ¿Existen límites éticos que la ciencia no debería cruzar? Estas preguntas conectan inevitablemente con fundamentos teológicos sobre el significado de la existencia, el origen y destino de la persona y la relación entre la humanidad y la divinidad. Por lo tanto, una bioética sólida requiere revisar las fuentes espirituales y religiosas que históricamente han proporcionado sabiduría sobre el valor de la vida. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la bioética desde la perspectiva del Islam considerando sus diferentes fuentes teológicas. Es importante señalar que, si bien existe un espectro de posiciones sobre estas cuestiones emergentes, la base común en la sociedad islámica proviene de fuentes como el Corán y los hadices, que contienen principios éticos universalizables. Así, no se puede olvidar que desde una perspectiva islámica la rendición de cuentas ante Dios implica que los avances tecnocientíficos deben vincularse a referentes trascendentes que brinden dirección moral, fundamentando conceptos como la santidad de la vida, la inviolable dignidad humana y la responsabilidad con las generaciones futuras.

ABSTRACT The rapid advances in biomedicine and biotechnology in recent decades have opened new bioethical dilemmas that require a comprehensive approach. Are we playing God by manipulating life? Are there ethical limits that science should not cross? These questions inevitably connect with theological foundations about the meaning of existence, the origin and destiny of the person, and the relationship between humanity and divinity. Therefore, solid bioethics requires revisiting the spiritual and religious sources that have historically provided wisdom about the value of life. Taking this into account, the objective of this work is to discuss bioethics from the perspective of Islam considering its different theological sources. It is important to note that although there is a spectrum of positions on these emerging issues, the common basis in Islamic society comes from sources such as the Quran and the hadiths, which contain universalizable ethical principles. Thus, it cannot be forgotten that from an Islamic perspective accountability before God implies that techno-scientific advances must be linked to transcendent references that provide moral direction, basing concepts such as the sanctity of life, inviolable human dignity, and responsibility with future generations.