Abstract Fermentation in a solid medium is a technique used for the production of chitin, pigments, proteins and lipids. In the present work, changes in the chemical and microbiological composition were evaluated in micro silages of shrimp (Litopeneus vanamei) and grasshopper (Sphenarium purpurascens) exoskeletons, fermented with a commercial inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112. The amount of molasses for fermentation, proximal composition and microbiological count of the silages, were determined. The waste was mixed with sugarcane molasses as a carbon source and inoculated using a commercial strain (Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112). After 5 days of fermentation, both silages presented acceptable physical and chemical characteristics. Total coliforms, molds and yeasts were not present and were inhibited by the ensiling process. We concluded that fermentation in a solid medium has suitable characteristics for use as a food supplement for aquatic organisms.

Resumen La fermentación en medio sólido es una técnica utilizada para la producción de quitina, pigmentos, proteínas y lípidos. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los cambios en la composición química y microbiológica en micro ensilados de exoesqueletos de camarón (Litopeneus vanamei) y chapulín (Sphenarium purpurascens) fermentados con un inoculo comercial de Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112. Se determinó la cantidad de melaza para la fermentación, la composición proximal y la cuenta microbiológica de los ensilados. Los desechos se mezclaron con melaza de caña de azúcar como fuente de carbono y se inoculó usando una cepa comercial (Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112). A los 5 d de fermentación ambos ensilados presentaron características físicas y químicas aceptables. Los coliformes totales, mohos y levaduras no estuvieron presentes siendo inhibidos por el proceso de ensilaje. Concluimos que la fermentación en medio sólido tiene características adecuadas para su utilización como suplemento en alimentos para organismos acuáticos.

Abstract: In order to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological composition of functional beverages obtained from chayote pulp (Sechium edule) with L-carnitine. A randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used to evaluate chemical (dry matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, fiber, and ash), physical (pH, °Brix, acidity), and microbiological (mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts) parameters. The treatments studied were: V1, Chayote 100% plus 500 mg of L-carnitine; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V3, Chayote 75% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water. The pH values at V3 gradually decreased until day 21. Crude protein and ash differed (p<0.05) in V1 and V2 compared to the other treatments. While dry matter, ethereal, and nitrogen-free extract did not differ between the variants, mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts were within the ranges (<3) of acceptance according to NTE INEN 1529-6 standards. Treatment V3 showed the highest pH reduction (5.09) compared to other variants after 21 days of storage. It is concluded that including different amounts of chayote pulp with L-carnitine is a suitable alternative to obtain functional beverages for human consumption.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y microbiológica de las bebidas funcionales obtenidas a partir pulpa de chayote (Sechium edule) con L-Carnitina, se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento se evaluaron parámetros químicos (materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto eterio, fibra y ceniza), físicos (pH, °Brix, acidez) y microbiológicos (aerobios mesófilos y mohos y levaduras). Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: V1, Chayote 100 % más 500 mg de L-carnitina; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V3, chayote 75% +250 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada. Los valores de pH en el V3 se redujeron gradualmente hasta el día 21. La proteína cruda y ceniza difirieron (p<0.05) en los V1 y V2 frente a los demás. Mientras que la materia seca, extracto etéreo y extracto libre de nitrógeno, no presentaron diferencia entre variantes. Los aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras estuvieron dentro los rangos (<3) de aceptación según las normas NTE INEN 1529-6. El tratamiento V3 fue el que presentó mayor reducción de pH (5,09) con frente a otras variantes a los 21dias de conservado. Se concluye, que la inclusión de diferentes cantidades de pulpa de chayote con L-Carnitina es una alternativa apropiada para obtener bebidas funcionales aptos para consumo humano.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate whether bacterial inoculation improves the fermentative, microbiological, and chemical characteristics of silages of the elephant grass cv. BRS Capiaçu on different regrowth days. The experimental design was completely randomized and set up in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three regrowth days, with and without inoculant), with four replications. There was a significant interaction between the regrowth days and inoculant on the pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), and effluent losses (EL) of the silages. Inoculation decreased the EL with the advance of regrowth days and increased the dry matter recovery index compared to the silages without inoculant. The population of molds and yeasts decreased when inoculation was adopted to the forage harvested after 85 d. There was a significant interaction between the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) contents of the silages. Inoculation in the grass harvested after 85 d increased the DM contents of the silage. The highest CP contents were observed in the silages after 85 d. The NDFap contents of the grasses harvested after 110 and 135 d were higher than those of the grass harvested after 85 d. The NDFap contents of the silages without inoculant increased with the harvest age. The BRS Capiaçu forage silage harvested at 110 d demonstrated favorable performance for silage production. However, the influence of inoculant use was low for the characteristics evaluated.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar si la inoculación bacteriana mejora las características fermentativas, microbiológicas y químicas de los ensilados del pasto elefante cv. BRS Capiaçu en diferentes días de rebrote. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar y se estableció en un arreglo factorial 3x2 (tres días de rebrote, con y sin inoculante), con cuatro repeticiones. Hubo una interacción significativa entre los días de rebrote y el inoculante sobre el pH, el nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) y las pérdidas por efluentes (PE) de los ensilados. La inoculación disminuyó la PE con el avance de los días de rebrote y aumentó la tasa de recuperación de materia seca en comparación con los ensilados sin inoculante. La población de mohos y levaduras disminuyó cuando se adoptó la inoculación al forraje cosechado después de 85 d. Hubo una interacción significativa entre la materia seca (MS), la proteína cruda (PC) y la fibra detergente neutro corregida por los contenidos de cenizas y proteína (FDNcp) de los ensilados. La inoculación en el pasto cosechado después de 85 días aumentó el contenido de MS del ensilado. Los mayores contenidos de PC se observaron en los ensilados después de 85 días. Los contenidos de FDNcp de los pastos cosechados después de 110 y 135 días fueron mayores que el del pasto cosechado después de 85 días. El contenido de FDNcp de los ensilados sin inoculante aumentó con la edad de cosecha. El ensilado de forraje de BRS Capiaçu cosechado a los 110 días demostró un desempeño favorable para la producción de ensilado. Sin embargo, la influencia del uso de inoculantes fue baja para las características evaluadas.

Abstract The inlet velocity of thermoplastic in injection molds plays a crucial role in obtaining high-quality polymer parts and the final performance of the product. It is known that the way the polymer is injected into the mold can directly affect important properties, such as the distribution of internal stresses, the cooling rate and the formation of surface defects. However, there are injection molding machines that only control injection pressure and dosage, making it difficult to obtain the gate inlet velocity into the mold cavity. Besides, some molds have many injection channels as well as complex inlet geometries, which make a challenging task to identify the inlet velocity. This study presents numerical and experimental approaches on how to determine the entry velocity in thermoplastic injection molds. The main results showed that these methods are highly efficient and contribute to identifying the gate inlet velocity with good accuracy. highquality high quality product properties stresses defects However dosage cavity Besides geometries accuracy

Abstract This study investigated microshear bond strength (µSBS) of two (2) dual-cured resin-luting agents (RelyX™ Ultimate and RelyX™ U200) when photoactivated through varying thicknesses of lithium disilicate, with or without thermal cycling. Discs of IPS e.max Press of 0.5, 1.5, and 2 mm in thickness were obtained. Elastomer molds (3.0 mm in thickness) with four cylinder-shaped orifices 1.0 mm in diameter, were placed onto the ceramic surfaces and filled with resin-luting agents. A Mylar strip, glass plate, and load of 250 grams were placed over the filled mold. The load was removed and the resin-luting agents were photoactivated through the ceramics using a single-peak LED (Radii Plus.) All samples were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Half of the samples were subjected to thermal cycling (3,000 cycles; 5ºC and 55ºC). All samples were then submitted to µSBS test using a universal testing machine (Instron 4411) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α=0.05). The mean µSBS at 24 h was significantly higher than after thermal cycling (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found between resin-luting agents (p > 0.05). The mean µSBS for groups photoactivated through 0.5 mm ceramic were significantly higher than 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increased ceramic thicknesses reduced the bond strength of tested resin-luting agents to lithium disilicate. No differences were found between resin-luting agents. Thermal cycling reduced the bond strength of both resin-luting agents. (µSBS (2 dualcured dual cured resinluting resin luting RelyX (RelyX U200 U disilicate emax e max 05 0 5 15 1 obtained 3.0 30 3 (3. cylindershaped cylinder shaped 10 1. diameter strip plate 25 mold singlepeak single peak Radii Plus. Plus oC 3,000 3000 000 (3,00 cycles ºC 55ºC. 55ºC . 55ºC) Instron 4411 0. mmmin min mm/min threeway three way posthoc post hoc α=0.05. α005 α α=0.05 (α=0.05) p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 (p<0.05) 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) 20 2. conclusion ( U20 3. (3 3,00 300 00 (3,0 441 α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 0.0 U2 3,0 (3, 44 α0 α=0. (α=0.0 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 3, 4 α=0 (α=0. p<0 (p<0. α= (α=0 p< (p<0 (α= (p< (α

Resumo: Este estudo investigou a resistência de união ao microcisalhamento (RUµC) de dois (2) agentes de cimentação de resina dual (RelyX™ Ultimate e RelyX™ U200) quando fotoativados através de diferentes espessuras de dissilicato de lítio, com ou sem ciclagem térmica. Discos do IPS e.max Press de 0,5, 1,5 e 2 mm de espessura foram obtidos. Moldes de elastômero (3,0 mm de espessura) com quatro orifícios cilíndricos de 1,0 mm de diâmetro foram colocados sobre as superfícies cerâmicas e preenchidos com agentes de cimentação de resina. Uma tira Mylar, placa de vidro e carga de 250 gramas foram colocadas sobre o molde preenchido. A carga foi removida e os agentes de cimentação resinosos foram fotoativados através da cerâmica usando um LED de pico-único (Radii Plus). Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37oC por 24 h. Metade das amostras foi submetida a ciclagem térmica (3.000 ciclos; 5ºC e 55ºC). Todas as amostras foram então submetidas ao teste de RUµC usando uma máquina de teste universal (Instron 4411) com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância três fatores e ao teste post-hoc de Tukey (α = 0,05). A média de RUµC em 24 h foi significativamente maior do que após a ciclagem térmica (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre os cimentos resinosos (p > 0,05). As médias de RUµC para grupos fotoativados através de cerâmica de 0,5 mm foram significativamente maiores do que 1,5 mm e 2,0 mm (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, o aumento da espessura da cerâmica reduziu a resistência de união dos agentes de cimentação resinosos ao dissilicato de lítio. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os agentes de cimentação resinosos. A ciclagem térmica reduziu a resistência de união de ambos os agentes de cimentação resinosos. Resumo (RUµC (2 RelyX (RelyX U200 U lítio emax max 05 0 5 15 1 1, obtidos 3,0 30 3 (3, 10 Mylar 25 preenchido picoúnico pico único Radii Plus. Plus . Plus) oC 3.000 3000 000 (3.00 ciclos ºC 55ºC. 55ºC 55ºC) Instron 4411 0, mmmin min mm/min posthoc post hoc α 0,05. 005 0,05 0,05) p 20 2, conclusão ( U20 3, (3 3.00 300 00 (3.0 441 0,0 U2 3.0 (3. 44 3. 4

Aim In recent years, great advances have been made in the use of CAD/CAM to prepare fixed restorations. The marginal and internal fit of these restorations is a principal determinant for their clinical success. In addition, the nature of the oral environment affects the mechanical properties of these restorations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aging process under conditions that simulate the oral environment on the marginal adaptation, and, fracture resistance of crowns fabricated from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) using CAD/CAM methods. Methods Twenty identical crown restorations were fabricated by using CAD/CAM methods to mill polyether ether ketone (PEEK) material. These crowns were produced by using a software design of an epoxy resin replica of the prepared maxillary first premolar tooth. All PEEK crowns were cemented and randomly divided into two equal groups (A, B). Each group was divided into subgroups (A1, A2 and B1, B2). Group A1 and A2 were used to measure marginal adaptation and fracture resistance, respectively, before aging, while group (B1 and B2) were measured after aging. The cemented crowns were mounted in resin molds to facilitate the sectioning process. The measurements of the marginal gap were performed after sectioning at four points using a stereomicroscope. The fracture resistance of the crowns was investigated using a universal testing machine. A statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism® software version and unpaired Student’s t-test. Results The results revealed that aging affected the marginal gap, and the fracture resistance of the PEEK crowns. While aging, negatively affected the conditions under investigation, however the least significant difference of marginal gap was found in the margin region. Conclusions PEEK-CAD/CAM is considered as a good alternative prosthodontic material for fixed prostheses. The CAD/CAM technique used to make PEEK crown restorations in our study offers the advantages of high marginal accuracy and fracture resistance for long-term performance in the oral environment. years CADCAM CAD CAM success addition Therefore (PEEK tooth A, (A B. B . B) A1, (A1 B1 B2. B2 respectively (B stereomicroscope machine Prism Students Student s ttest. ttest t test. test t-test investigation region PEEKCAD/CAM PEEKCADCAM prostheses longterm long term PEEKCAD

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the differences in the pattern of allergen sensitization in CR individuals without or with asthma, according to asthma severity. Methods A total of 1066 adults were evaluated. Asthma and chronic⁄allergic rhinits were identified by specialists, questionnaries and skin-prick test. The phenotypic characterization was avaliable from skin-prick test to an aeroallergen extended panel, total IgE and pulmonary function. Using questionnaires and clinical evaluation, participants were classified into the groups: chronic rhinitis alone (CRA) and chronic rhinitis + asthma, the latter subdivided into CR + mild asthma (CRMA) and CR + moderate to severe asthma (CRMSA). Aerollergen sensitization was defined by a positive prick test to one or more allergens associated with nasal symptoms and/or asthma. The association between CR and asthma was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. The evidence of effect modification of pattern of sensitization in CR on the association with asthma severity and outcomes was examined by introducing interactions terms in the logistic regression models adjusting for confounders. Results Frequency of sensitization to aeroallergens was higher in association with asthma in comparison to CRA (CRMA 70.4%; CRMSA 65.0%; CRA 47.0%; p= 0.000). Similarly, the presence of asthma was associated to aeroallergen multiple sensitization (51.5%) (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.27-3.50). Additionally, the sensitization to mites, cockroaches, animal epithelium, grasses, and molds, were higher in asthma (56.8%, 24.3%, 12%, 7.13% and 10.3%, respectively). Sensitization to Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum and dog epithelium was exclusive in asthma groups. A concomitant asthma diagnosis was directly associated with a positive allergen sensitization at least one allergen (62.7%, OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.80-3.34) and polissensitization (51.5%, OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.27-3.50). Conclusion Asthma is associated with multiple allergen sensitization among patients with CR. Some unique profiles of aeroallergen sensitization were observed in patients with CR and asthma. Nevertheless, no difference was found in the sensitization in relation to asthma severity, which suggest atopy is not the main underlying mechanism for asthma severity among patients with CR. Level of evidence: Level 3. 106 chronicallergic allergic specialists skinprick skin panel function evaluation groups (CRA CRMA CRMSA. . (CRMSA) andor confounders 70.4% 704 70 4 65.0% 650 65 0 47.0% 470 47 p 0.000. 0000 0.000 000 0.000) Similarly 51.5% 515 51 5 (51.5% 210 2 10 2.10 95 1.273.50. 127350 1.27 3.50 1 27 3 50 1.27-3.50) Additionally mites cockroaches grasses molds 56.8%, 568 56 8 (56.8% 243 24 24.3% 12 12% 713 7 13 7.13 103 10.3% respectively. respectively respectively) alternata 62.7%, 627 62 (62.7% 245 45 2.45 1.803.34 180334 1.80 3.34 80 34 1.80-3.34 51.5%, Nevertheless (CRMSA 70.4 65.0 6 47.0 0.00 00 51.5 (51.5 21 2.1 9 273 1.273.50 12735 127 1.2 350 3.5 1.27-3.50 56.8% (56.8 24.3 71 7.1 10.3 62.7% (62.7 2.4 803 1.803.3 18033 180 1.8 334 3.3 1.80-3.3 70. 65. 47. 0.0 51. (51. 2. 1.273.5 1273 1. 35 1.27-3.5 56.8 (56. 24. 7. 10. 62.7 (62. 1.803. 1803 18 33 1.80-3. 0. (51 1.273. 1.27-3. 56. (56 62. (62 1.803 1.80-3 (5 1.273 1.27-3 (6 1.80- ( 1.27-

Abstract This paper investigates mold materials for polypropylene (PP) injection molding, including CuBe alloy (high thermal conductivity), AISI P20 mold steel (the conventional material for injection molds), and polyurethane resin (rapid tooling). Characterization of molded parts involved microstructural analysis, tensile tests, warping, and degree of crystallinity assessments. The results show that the higher thermal conductivity of the mold’s inserts reduced the injection molding cycle time and produced thicker skins, which resulted in smaller spherulite sizes in the core of the samples, reduced the crystallinity degree, and consequently reduced the maximum strain property. The thermal conductivity of the molds’ inserts was shown to be more significative than the skin thickness and mold temperature for the size of the spherulites when they are formed. In addition, CuBe alloys showed to be a strong competitor with additive manufacturing-produced molds with conformal cooling channels to reduce injection molding cycle time. PP (PP high conductivity, , conductivity) P P2 molds, molds) rapid tooling. tooling . tooling) analysis tests warping assessments s skins samples property formed addition manufacturingproduced manufacturing

ABSTRACT The expansion of agribusiness in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil has transformed self-employed farmers into employees of fruit growing companies, bringing changes to their ways of life and work. The study aimed to analyze conditions, processes and workloads in the fruit growing agribusiness. A qualitative research was carried out in which agribusiness employees were interviewed. Evidence was produced and analyzed based on references from the Occupational Health field, based on the theory of social determination of the health-disease process and adopting ‘work processes’ and ‘workloads’ as comprehensive categories of the relationship between work and health-disease. It was observed that agricultural production is based on monoculture, on the intensive use of mechanization and pesticides, and follows the organizational molds of flexible accumulation and Taylorism/Fordism. The world of work experienced by employees is marked by alienation of workers, precariousness and intensification of work, which materialize in physical, psychic, physiological and, above all, chemical workloads. These come from the intense use of pesticides, present in all environments and work processes investigated. Protecting the health of these workers pushes the Unified Health System (SUS) to intensify worker’s health surveillance, and collective health to include the issue of health in the public debate on national agricultural models.

RESUMO A expansão do agronegócio no semiárido do nordeste do Brasil tem transformado agricultores camponeses em empregados de empresas de fruticultura, trazendo mudanças para seus modos de vida e trabalho. O estudo objetivou analisar condições, processos e cargas de trabalho no agronegócio de fruticultura. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados empregados do agronegócio. As evidências foram produzidas e analisadas a partir de referenciais do campo Saúde do Trabalhador, fundamentando-se na teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença e adotando ‘processos de trabalho’ e ‘cargas de trabalho’ como categorias compreensivas das relações entre trabalho e saúde-doença. Observou-se que a produção agrícola se baseia na monocultura, no uso intensivo de mecanização e de agrotóxicos, e segue os moldes organizacionais da acumulação flexível e do taylorismo e fordismo. O mundo do trabalho vivido pelos empregados é marcado por alienação dos trabalhadores, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, que se concretizam em cargas de trabalho físicas, psíquicas, fisiológicas e, sobretudo, químicas. Estas advêm do uso intenso de agrotóxicos, presentes em todos os ambientes e processos de trabalho investigados. A proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores tensiona o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a intensificar a vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador, e a saúde coletiva, a incluir a problemática da saúde no debate público sobre os modelos agrícolas nacionais.

Abstract Introduction: Consumption of fresh tomatoes has increased over the years and production systems (conventional or hydroponic), harvest and post-harvest practices, irrigation water and harvest containers, can affect the microbiological quality of the final product. Objective: To compare the microbiological quality of the cultivated or harvested fruit, the irrigation water, and the harvest containers in two tomato production farms (conventional and hydroponic). Methods: We carried out three sampling visits in each farm (repetitions), taking, in each repetition, 3 tomatoes of each type (composite sample), 50 ml of irrigation water and swabbing 50cm2 of the surface of three harvest containers (composite sample). We determined indicator microorganisms such as total aerobic mesophilic count, mold and yeast count, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli. Presence of Listeria monocytogenes was also analyzed in fruits. We applied student's t-tests at a significance level of 5%. Results: Total aerobic mesophilic and mold and yeast counts of hydroponic tomato were significantly lower than in conventional tomato, while no difference in total coliform counts and E. coli was detected. L. monocytogenes was absent in all samples. The total aerobic mesophilic count was higher in the harvest containers of the conventional farm. In both farms, irrigation water was not considered a source of contamination since it had very low levels of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and E. coli. Finally, an adequate control during harvesting was presumed, having found no difference in the microbiological indicators between the cultivated and harvested tomato. Conclusion: Hydroponic tomatoes are more likely to have a better microbiological profile and longer shelf life compared to conventionally grown tomatoes, evidencing the importance of environmental control and cleaning and disinfection of all elements used in the farming, harvesting and postharvest processes.

Resumen Introducción: El consumo de tomate fresco ha ido en aumento a través de los años y los sistemas de cultivo (convencional o hidropónico), las prácticas de cosecha y poscosecha, el agua de riego y los contenedores pueden incidir sobre su calidad microbiológica. Objetivo: Comparar la calidad microbiológica de la fruta cultivada o cosechada, del agua de riego y de los contenedores de cosecha en dos fincas de producción de tomate (convencional e hidropónica). Métodos: Realizamos tres muestreos a cada finca (repeticiones), tomando, en cada repetición, 3 tomates de cada tipo que conformaron una muestra compuesta, 50 ml de agua de riego e hisopando 50cm2 de la superficie de tres contenedores de cosecha (muestra compuesta). Determinamos los indicadores microbiológicos de recuento total aerobio mesófilo, recuento de hongos filamentosos y levaduras, coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes y E. coli. Además, analizamos la presencia de Listeria monocytogenes en los frutos. Aplicamos pruebas de t-student a un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: Los recuentos total aerobio mesófilo y hongos filamentosos y levaduras del tomate hidropónico fueron significativamente menores que en el tomate convencional, mientras que no hubo diferencia en los recuentos de coliformes totales y E. coli, además L. monocytogenes estuvo ausente en todas las muestras. El recuento total aerobio mesófilo fue mayor en los contenedores de cosecha de la finca convencional. En ambas fincas el agua de riego no se consideró fuente de contaminación pues tuvo niveles muy bajos de coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes y E. coli. Finalmente, se presume un control adecuado en las fincas durante la cosecha, al no haber encontrado diferencia en los indicadores microbiológicos entre el tomate cultivado y el cosechado. Conclusión: Los tomates hidropónicos presentan mayor probabilidad de tener un mejor perfil microbiológico y mayor vida útil en comparación con los tomates cultivados de forma convencional, evidenciando la importancia del control ambiental y la limpieza y desinfección de todos los insumos utilizados en los procesos de cultivo, cosecha y poscosecha.

ABSTRACT The expansion of agribusiness in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil has transformed self-employed farmers into employees of fruit growing companies, bringing changes to their ways of life and work. The study aimed to analyze conditions, processes and workloads in the fruit growing agribusiness. A qualitative research was carried out in which agribusiness employees were interviewed. Evidence was produced and analyzed based on references from the Occupational Health field, based on the theory of social determination of the health-disease process and adopting ‘work processes’ and ‘workloads’ as comprehensive categories of the relationship between work and health-disease. It was observed that agricultural production is based on monoculture, on the intensive use of mechanization and pesticides, and follows the organizational molds of flexible accumulation and Taylorism/Fordism. The world of work experienced by employees is marked by alienation of workers, precariousness and intensification of work, which materialize in physical, psychic, physiological and, above all, chemical workloads. These come from the intense use of pesticides, present in all environments and work processes investigated. Protecting the health of these workers pushes the Unified Health System (SUS) to intensify worker’s health surveillance, and collective health to include the issue of health in the public debate on national agricultural models. semiarid semi arid selfemployed self employed companies conditions interviewed field healthdisease disease ‘workloads healthdisease. disease. monoculture pesticides TaylorismFordism Taylorism Fordism Taylorism/Fordism physical psychic investigated SUS (SUS worker s surveillance models

RESUMO A expansão do agronegócio no semiárido do nordeste do Brasil tem transformado agricultores camponeses em empregados de empresas de fruticultura, trazendo mudanças para seus modos de vida e trabalho. O estudo objetivou analisar condições, processos e cargas de trabalho no agronegócio de fruticultura. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados empregados do agronegócio. As evidências foram produzidas e analisadas a partir de referenciais do campo Saúde do Trabalhador, fundamentando-se na teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença e adotando ‘processos de trabalho’ e ‘cargas de trabalho’ como categorias compreensivas das relações entre trabalho e saúde-doença. Observou-se que a produção agrícola se baseia na monocultura, no uso intensivo de mecanização e de agrotóxicos, e segue os moldes organizacionais da acumulação flexível e do taylorismo e fordismo. O mundo do trabalho vivido pelos empregados é marcado por alienação dos trabalhadores, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, que se concretizam em cargas de trabalho físicas, psíquicas, fisiológicas e, sobretudo, químicas. Estas advêm do uso intenso de agrotóxicos, presentes em todos os ambientes e processos de trabalho investigados. A proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores tensiona o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a intensificar a vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador, e a saúde coletiva, a incluir a problemática da saúde no debate público sobre os modelos agrícolas nacionais. fruticultura condições Realizouse Realizou Trabalhador fundamentandose fundamentando saúdedoença doença saúdedoença. doença. Observouse Observou monocultura agrotóxicos fordismo físicas psíquicas sobretudo químicas investigados SUS (SUS coletiva nacionais

Abstract This study was aimed at analyzing the surface properties of a universal resin composite and evaluating the effect of preheating on its physicochemical properties. Two commercial resin composites were used under two conditions: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR preheated (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) and FS preheated (FSH). The film thickness (FT) test (n = 10) was done using two glass slabs under compression. Flexural strength (FLS) and modulus (FLM) were evaluated using a three-point flexion test (n = 10). Polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) was evaluated in a universal testing machine (n = 5). Gap width (GW) between composite and mold was measured in internally polished metallic molds (n = 10). The degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (n = 3). The morphology of the filler particles was checked by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX analysis. Surface gloss (SG) and surface roughness (SR) were evaluated before and after mechanical brushing (n = 10). The outcomes were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Lower mean values of FT were observed for the preheated groups when compared to the non-preheated groups. URH and FSH showed higher mean values of FLS and FLM when compared with UR and FS. No differences were observed between groups in the PSS test. The GW was higher for the UR and FS groups when compared with URH and FSH. The DC was higher for preheated resin composites when compared to the non-preheated groups. The SR of the UR composite was higher than the FS after mechanical brushing, while the SG was higher for the FS groups. In conclusion, the universal resin composite tested generally presented similar physicochemical properties compared with the nanofilled resin composite and either similar or slightly inferior surface properties. The preheating improved or maintained all properties evaluated. conditions (UR) (URH) (FS . (FSH) (FT n 10 compression (FLS (FLM threepoint three point 10. (PSS 5. 5 5) (GW (DC 3. 3 3) SEM (SEM analysis (SG (SR 2way way 2 Tukeys Tukey s α 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) nonpreheated non conclusion (UR (URH (FSH 1 00 0.0 0.

Resumo Neste estudo avaliou-se propriedades físico-químicas e de superfície de um compósito universal pré-aquecido e comparado a um compósito convencional. Foram utilizados dois compósitos comerciais: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR pré-aquecido (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) e FS pré-aquecido (FSH). O teste de espessura de película (EP) (n = 10) foi feito usando duas placas de vidro sob compressão. A resistência à flexão (RF) e o módulo flexural (MF) foram avaliados por meio do teste de flexão de três pontos (n = 10). A tensão de contração de polimerização (TCP) foi avaliada em uma máquina de teste universal (n = 8). A largura da fenda (LF) entre o compósito e o molde foi medida em moldes metálicos polidos internamente (n = 10). O grau de conversão (GC) foi avaliado por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (n = 3). A morfologia das partículas de carga foi observada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e sua composição em EDX. Brilho superficial (BS) e rugosidade superficial (RS) foram avaliados antes e após escovação mecânica (n=10). Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA 2-fatores e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Menores valores médios de EP foram observados para os grupos pré-aquecidos quando comparados aos grupos não pré-aquecidos. URH e FSH apresentaram maiores valores médios de RF e MF quando comparados com UR e FS. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no teste TCP. A LF foi maior para os grupos UR e FS quando comparados com URH e FSH. O GC foi maior para os compósitos pré-aquecidos quando comparados aos não pré-aquecidos. A RS do compósito UR foi maior que o FS após a escovação mecânica, enquanto o BS foi maior para os grupos FS. Em conclusão, o compósito universal testado geralmente apresentou propriedades físico-químicas semelhantes em comparação ao compósito nanoparticulado e propriedades de superfície semelhantes ou ligeiramente inferiores. O pré-aquecimento melhorou ou manteve todas as propriedades avaliadas. avaliouse avaliou se físicoquímicas físico químicas préaquecido pré aquecido convencional comerciais (UR) (URH) (FS . (FSH) (EP n 10 compressão (RF (MF 10. TCP (TCP 8. 8 8) (LF (GC 3. 3 3) MEV (MEV EDX (BS (RS n=10. n10 n=10 (n=10) 2fatores fatores 2 α 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) préaquecidos aquecidos préaquecidos. aquecidos. conclusão inferiores préaquecimento aquecimento avaliadas (UR (URH (FSH 1 n1 n=1 (n=10 00 0,0 n= (n=1 0, (n=

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la calidad microbiológica y actividad antibacteriana en 43 muestras de miel producida por Melipona beecheii, extraída durante las épocas de cosecha (enero a mayo del 2020 y 2021) y poscosecha (junio a octubre 2020) de meliponarios ubicados en selva baja caducifolia del Sureste de México. Materiales y métodos. La calidad microbiológica se determinó evaluando el contenido de mesófilos aerobios totales, coliformes, hongos, levaduras y anaerobios formadores de esporas. Para la actividad antibacteriana, se utilizó el ensayo de difusión en agar con pocillos utilizando concentraciones de miel al 5, 10, 20, 40 y 80%. Resultados. Se observó la presencia de mesófilos aerobios (83.7% de las muestras), coliformes (4.6%), mohos (20.9%) y levaduras (39.5%), con un máximo de 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 y 3.2x103 UFC/g, respectivamente. En ninguna muestra se observó la presencia de formas esporuladas de clostridios sulfito reductores. Con respecto a la actividad antibacteriana las mayores zonas de inhibición se registraron contra Staphylococcus aureus a una concentración de la miel al 80 y 40%, contrario a lo observado con Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa y Escherichia coli, en donde la interferencia en el crecimiento bacteriano no fue tan evidente. Conclusiones. No obstante, el crecimiento de mesófilos y levaduras en la mayoría de las muestras, éstas presentaron actividad antibacteriana contra los patógenos referidos, lo cual puede ser atribuido a las interacciones entre microbioma, plantas, abejas y características fisicoquímicas de la miel.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the microbiological quality and antibacterial activity in 43 samples of honey produced by Melipona beecheii, extracted during the years 2020 and 2021 in the harvest (January to May) and post-harvest (June to October) seasons from meliponaries located in the low deciduous forest of southeast of Mexico. Materials and methods. Microbiological quality was determined by evaluating the content of total aerobic mesophiles, coliforms, molds, yeasts, and spore-forming anaerobes. For antibacterial activity, the agar well diffusion assay was used using 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80% honey concentrations. Results. The presence of aerobic mesophiles (83.7% of the samples), coliforms (4.6%), molds (20.9%) and yeasts (39.5%) was observed, with a maximum of 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 and 3.2x103 CFU/g, respectively. The presence of sporulated forms of sulfite-reducing clostridia was not observed in any sample. With respect to the antibacterial activity, the highest zones of inhibition were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus at a honey concentration of 80 and 40%, contrary to what was observed with Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Escherichia coli, where the interference in bacterial growth was not so evident. Conclusions. However, the growth of mesophiles and yeasts in most of the samples showed antibacterial activity against the pathogens mentioned above, which can be attributed to the interactions between microbiome, plants, bees and physicochemical characteristics of honey.

ABSTRACT The Myxomycetes are a group of amoeboid protists involved in the decomposition of organic matter of plant origin. In Peru, around 22% of the species known worldwide have been recorded, but the territory is studied unevenly, and the Amazon tropical forests, and particularly the central jungle, has barely been explored. In the present work, the result of expeditions carried out in 2020 to the jungle of Pasco, Oxapampa province, is provided. Six species unknown in this territory are reported, and the species Craterium roseum is recorded for the first time in Peru. The species richness and diversity of this territory is underestimated and need for more exhaustive studies to have a precise idea about its myxobiota.

RESUMEN Los Myxomycetes son un grupo de protistas ameboides que intervienen en la descomposición de materia orgánica de origen vegetal. En Perú se han registrado alrededor del 22% de las especies conocidas a nivel mundial, pero el territorio está estudiado de forma desigual y los bosques tropicales amazónicos, en particular la selva central peruana, apenas ha sido explorada. En el presente trabajo, se dan a conocer los resultados del estudio llevado a cabo en 2020, en la selva central de Pasco, provincia de Oxapampa. Se mencionan seis especies desconocidas de este territorio y se registra, por primera vez, Craterium roseum en el Perú. La riqueza y diversidad de especies de Myxomycetes en este territorio está subestimada, y requiere de estudios más exhaustivos para precisar su mixobiota.

Resumen: En el siguiente ensayo se presenta una visión del paradigma de la educación en un proceso evolutivo de cambio, en donde desde los espacios de análisis socioeducativos se desarrolla una reflexión de cómo desde tiempos pasados se siguen líneas de pensamiento que se transforman en el sistema por corrientes tecnológicas y de información, junto a una visión diferente de nuevas estructuras educativas y administrativas. En donde la gestión administrativa en esta evolución parte de los principios racionales de la gerencia, para ir pasando desde los albores de la expansión educativa, hasta los hechos didácticos en esta expansión, junto a las corrientes de pensamiento. Entre la dualidad del cambio, se determina cómo el cambio de paradigma es difícil de erradicar y pervive en la educación que sigue siendo de producción, por ello se mantiene una “modernización” que construye moldes ideales desde los cuales nos medimos, comparamos y se establece el deber ser; mientras el sistema escolar legitima que culpar al docente por las crisis educativas es negar que ellos mismos (el sistema) están alienados en su trabajo. Un proceso de gestión educativa exitoso se debe de visualizar con profundidad, en función no solo de los intereses economistas, sino también del individuo y del desarrollo personal del mismo en procura de personas exitosas en todos los ámbitos personales.

Resumo: Este ensaio apresenta uma visão do paradigma da educação num processo evolutivo de mudança, onde a partir dos espaços de análise socioeducativa se desenvolve uma reflexão sobre como a partir de épocas passadas se seguem linhas de pensamento que se transformam no sistema por correntes tecnológicas e de informação, juntamente com uma visão diferente das novas estruturas educativas e administrativas. Nesta evolução, a gestão administrativa parte dos princípios racionais da gestão, e passa do início da expansão educacional para os factos didáticos desta expansão, juntamente com as correntes de pensamento. Entre a dualidade das mudanças, é determinado como a mudança de paradigma é difícil de erradicar e sobrevive na educação, que continua a ser de produção, por esta razão mantém-se uma “modernização” que constrói moldes ideais a partir dos quais nos medimos, nos comparamos e estabelecemos o que deve ser; enquanto o sistema escolar legitima que culpar o professor pelas crises educativas é negar que ele próprio (o sistema) esteja alienado no seu traba- lho. Um processo de gestão educacional bem-sucedido deve ser visto em profundidade, não só em termos de interesses económicos, mas também em termos do desenvolvimento individual e pessoal do indivíduo na busca de pessoas bem-sucedidas em todasas esferas pessoais.

Abstract: The following essay presents a vision of the paradigm of education in an evolutionary process of chan- ge, where from the spaces of socio-educational analysis a reflection is developed on how from past times lines of thought are followed and transformed in the system by technological and information currents, together with a different vision of new educational and administrative structures. Where the administrative management in this evolution starts from the rational principles of management, to go from the dawn of educational expansion, to the didactic facts in this expansion, along with the currents of thought. Among the duality of the changes, it is determined how the change of paradigm is difficult to eradicate and survives in education, which continues to be of production, thus maintaining a “modernization” that builds ideal molds from which we measure ourselves, compare ourselves and establish what should be; while the school system legitimizes that blaming the teacher for the educational crises is to deny that they themselves (the system) are alienated in their work. A successful educational management process must be visualized in depth, based not only on the interests of economists, but also on the individual and his or her personal development in the pursuit of successful people in all personal spheres.