Abstract: In Latin America, scales have been built to assess Early Child Development (EChD), most of them for direct evaluations. In Chile, the Psychomotor Development Evaluation Scale (EEDP) and the Test of Psychomotor Development (TEPSI) were developed in the 70’s and 80’s and are still used in different Spanish-speaking countries, but have not been updated or revalidated. In response to the need for a new instrument built in Chile for the evaluation of EChD on a large scale, the Test of Early Learning and Development (TADI-2, for its acronym in Spanish) was built and standardized between 2009 and 2012. This was updated and strengthened between 2018 and 2023 as TADI-2. Objective: To describe the main methodological requirements considered in the construction of a health measurement instrument and, in this context, to analyze the validity of the TADI-2. Development: The rigorous validation process of the TADI-2 stands out, complying with the standards of content selection, standardization, reliability, validity in different sociocultural and ethnic environments, low cost, easy application and open use. Sensitivity for the global score in 4- and 5-year-olds was very good and, in younger children, moderate. Conclusions: The gathered evidence shows that the TADI-2 may be implemented for EChD screening through direct assessment of children under 6 years of age in Chile and the rest of the continent. It is recommended to continue studying the instrument in larger samples to know the consistency of the results in complementary and population-based studies.

Resumen: En Latinoamérica se han construido distintas escalas para la evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (DIT), la mayoría de aplicación directa. En Chile, en los años 70-80 se crearon la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor (EEDP) y el Test de Desarrollo Psicomotor (TEPSI), utilizadas hasta la actualidad en distintos países hispanoparlantes, sin que hayan sido actualizadas ni revalidadas. En respuesta a la necesidad de contar con un nuevo instrumento construido en Chile para la evaluación del DIT a gran escala, entre los años 2009 y 2012 se construyó y estandarizó el Test de Aprendizaje y Desarrollo Infantil (TADI). Este fue actualizado y robustecido entre 2018 y 2023 como TADI-2. Objetivo: Describir los principales requerimientos metodológicos considerados en la construcción de un instrumento de medición en salud y, en ese contexto, analizar la validez del TADI-2. Desarrollo: Destaca el riguroso proceso de validación del TADI-2, cumpliendo con los estándares de selección de contenido, estandarización, confiabilidad, validez en distintos entornos socioculturales y étnicos, bajo costo, fácil aplicación y uso abierto. La sensibilidad para el puntaje global en los niños/ as de 4 y 5 años fue muy buena y, en los menores, moderada. Conclusiones: La evidencia recabada muestra que el TADI-2 puede ser implementado para el tamizaje del DIT a través de aplicación directa, de los niños/as menores de 6 años de Chile y resto del continente. Se recomienda continuar estudiando el instrumento en muestras más amplias para conocer la consistencia de los resultados en estudios complementarios y poblacionales.

INTRODUCTION: The Work Ability Screening Profile (WASP) was conceptualised and developed by occupational therapists at the University of Durban Westville to provide a basic vocational screening assessment. Its purpose was to screen competence in generic work skills which reflected performance in activities essential to workplace participation relevant to the South African context. The assessment was revised in 2005 and renamed the WASP II. It was decided this screening assessment tool would be continuously reviewed using action research with clinicians involved in the ongoing evaluation so ensure validity and reliability for the population with which it is used. This study considered the clinical evaluation, useability and utility of the WASP II in order to inform further revision. METHOD: A cross sectional survey was used to gather data from 70 occupational therapy clinicians familiar with or using the WASP II in clinical practice. RESULTS: A sample of 70 respondents indicated the WASP II was suitable to assess current work ability and production speed with a variety of clients with physical and mental health dysfunction. Ten of the 12 subtests were used by at least 40% of the time by the 28 respondents who used the WASP II frequently. These respondents reported good to adequate useability in terms of cost, sensitivity to clients' educational level and ease of understanding instructions, incorporation into clinical practice contexts while supporting clinical reasoning and judgement. The accommodation of clients' language and provision of standard scores were indicated as inadequate. Utility was considered adequate for all aspects including discrimination of moderate to severe dysfunction, informing the choice of other assessmentsas well as supporting vocational rehabilitation intervention. The WASP II outcomes were also understood by other service providers, employers, referring parties as well asclients. CONCLUSION: While the WASP II was considered appropriate for use in the South African context and has adequate useability and utility, some subtests need to be updated and revised in terms of the standard times and content validity for current practice in the work environment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The WASP II has useability • aligned with generic work skills of acquiring information or following directions numeracy, conveying information and written communication • for with those with work experience and with scholars and students yet to enter the workplace The WASP II has utility in relation to • cost and clients' educational levels • detailed instructions on the task layout but some standardisation needs to be interpreted with care • sensitivity to all aspects of assessment of generic work skills, except discrimination of mild dysfunction

ABSTRACT Objectives. To analyze the budget impact of upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with an inadequate response to conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARD-IR) from the perspective of social security and the private health sector in Argentina. Materials and methods. A budget impact analysis model was developed for a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 adults with health insurance coverage who were diagnosed with RA over a 5-year time horizon. The model parameters were obtained through literature review and validated by local experts. The costs are expressed in 2024 US dollars (USD). Results. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR resulted in minimal increase, with a five-year total cumulative incremental cost of USD 1,855 for social security and USD 1,812 for the private health sector, representing 2% of the total budget. The acquisition cost of UPA was the most influential variable in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR can provide an effective treatment option with a minimal increase in costs for the healthcare system in Argentina, which is especially important in developing countries where health system budgets are more limited. Providing evidence-based estimates is a valuable tool for informing healthcare policies and can help policymakers make informed decisions about the allocation of healthcare resources to improve patient outcomes while also managing costs.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Analizar el impacto presupuestario de upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + metotrexato (MTX) para el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide (AR) moderada a grave en pacientes con respuesta inadecuada a los fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad convencionales (RI-DMARc) desde la perspectiva de la seguridad social y los sectores de salud privados en Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló un modelo de análisis de impacto presupuestario para una cohorte hipotética de 100,000 adultos con cobertura de seguro de salud que fueron diagnosticados con AR en un horizonte de tiempo de 5 años. Los parámetros del modelo se obtuvieron a través de una revisión de la literatura y se validaron con expertos locales. Los costos se expresan en dólares estadounidenses (USD) para el 2024. Resultados. La introducción de UPA 15 mg + MTX para el tratamiento de AR moderada a grave y RI-DMARc resultó en un costo incremental mínimo, con un costo acumulado total a cinco años de USD 1.855 para la seguridad social y USD 1.812 para el sector privado de salud, lo que representa aproximadamente el 2% del presupuesto total. El costo de adquisición de UPA fue la variable más influyente en el análisis de sensibilidad. Conclusiones. La introducción de UPA 15 mg + MTX para el tratamiento de AR genera un incremento de costos marginal para el sistema de salud en Argentina, lo cual es especialmente importante en contextos de presupuestos limitados. Proporcionar estimaciones basadas en la evidencia es una herramienta valiosa para ayudar a tomar decisiones informadas sobre la asignación eficiente de recursos en salud.

Resumen El cálculo del volumen de diferentes granos de oleaginosas a través de modelos computacionales ha demostrado efectividad y eficiencia. En el presente trabajo, el modelo se ha ampliado para permitir cálculos del volumen de soja. En el modelo propuesto, cada grano de la muestra se asimila a un paralelepípedo con ejes principales L (largo), W (ancho) y T (espesor). Los valores L y W se determinan a partir de las distancias de Feret de la imagen y se supone que el espesor es proporcional al ancho del grano. La constante de proporcionalidad k se calcula utilizando la fórmula del modelo y se valida frente al volumen experimental de las muestras, con una confianza o desviación relativa porcentual. El modelo desarrollado aproxima el volumen de soja con una confianza del 1,25% utilizando hardware de bajo costo para la adquisición de imágenes y recursos computacionales moderados.

Abstract The calculation of volume of different oilseed grains through computational models has demonstrated its effectiveness and efficiency. In the present work, the model has been extended to allow calculations of the soybean volume. The model proposes that each grain of the sample is assimilated to a parallelepiped with main axes L (length), W (width) and T (thickness). The L and W values are determined from the Feret distances of the image, and the thickness is assumed to be proportional to the width of the grain. The proportionality constant k is calculated by using the formula of the model and validated against the experimental volume of the samples, fielding a confidence or percentual relative deviation. The model developed approximates soybean volume with a confidence of 1.25%, using low-cost hardware for image acquisition and moderate computational resources.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of sulfur as an essential mineral in the agroecological management of agricultural systems. Materials and Methods: To develop this research, more than 80 scientific publications dealing with sulfur and sulfocalcic broth in agricultural systems were consulted. The fundamental role of these elements in the soil, their use by plants for pest prevention, as well as their effect on mites and ticks hosted by animals, and their value in ruminant nutrition were documented. Papers were also studied that address in the current context, the effects of climate change, the condition of the soil as the basis of all systems and the importance of agroecological management in agriculture and animal husbandry. Results: Sulfur can be used in a variety of ways, as a soil pH reducer, fertilizer, pesticide and medicine for plants and animals. Its use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and in ruminant nutrition is also contemplated. In addition, when combined with calcium as a sulfocalcic broth, sulfur is effective as an insecticide, fungicide, and medicine against mites and ticks. Its use is also necessary because 33 % of the soils in Cuba show a state of degradation ranging from moderate to high. This is due to various factors such as erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination, which also causes the loss of biodiversity. Conclusions: The use of sulfur or sulfocalcic broth is essential in agroecological soil management, due to the high percentage of areas with diverse affectations, to which its multiple applications in plants and animals are added. In Cuba, the use of this substance is a challenge due to the available quantities and the small doses that are used. However, their application facilitates the production of healthy and abundant food at low cost, without causing damage to the environment, and contributes significantly to human welfare.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia del azufre como un mineral esencial en la gestión agroecológica de los sistemas agropecuarios. Materiales y Métodos: Para desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron más de 80 publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre el azufre y el caldo sulfocálcico en los sistemas agropecuarios. Se documentó la función fundamental que desempeñan estos elementos en el suelo, su uso por las plantas para la prevención de las plagas, así como su efecto en ácaros y garrapatas que se hospedan en animales; además de su valor en la nutrición de rumiantes. También se estudiaron artículos que abordan en el contexto actual, los efectos del cambio climático, la condición del suelo como base de todos los sistemas y la importancia de la gestión agroecológica en la agricultura y la ganadería. Resultados: El azufre se puede utilizar de diversas maneras, como reductor del pH del suelo, fertilizante, pesticida y medicamento para plantas y animales. También se contempla su uso en la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico y en la nutrición de rumiantes. Además, cuando se combina con calcio como caldo sulfocálcico, el azufre es efectivo como insecticida, fungicida, y medicamento contra ácaros y garrapatas. También es necesario su uso debido a que el 33 % de los suelos en Cuba presentan un estado de degradación que va desde moderada hasta alta. Esto se debe a diversos factores como la erosión, la salinización, la compactación, la acidificación y la contaminación química, lo cual también provoca la pérdida de biodiversidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de azufre o caldo sulfocálcico es esencial en el manejo agroecológico del suelo, debido al elevado porcentaje de áreas con diversas afectaciones, a lo que se adicionan sus múltiples aplicaciones en plantas y animales. En Cuba la utilización de esta sustancia es un desafío por las cantidades disponibles y las pequeñas dosis que se utilizan. No obstante, con su aplicación se facilita la producción de alimentos sanos y abundantes a costo bajo, sin causar daños al medioambiente, y contribuir significativamente al bienestar humano.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To analyze the budget impact of upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with an inadequate response to conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARD-IR) from the perspective of social security and the private health sector in Argentina. Materials and methods. A budget impact analysis model was developed for a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 adults with health insurance coverage who were diagnosed with RA over a 5-year time horizon. The model parameters were obtained through literature review and validated by local experts. The costs are expressed in 2024 US dollars (USD). Results. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR resulted in minimal increase, with a five-year total cumulative incremental cost of USD 1,855 for social security and USD 1,812 for the private health sector, representing 2% of the total budget. The acquisition cost of UPA was the most influential variable in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR can provide an effective treatment option with a minimal increase in costs for the healthcare system in Argentina, which is especially important in developing countries where health system budgets are more limited. Providing evidence-based estimates is a valuable tool for informing healthcare policies and can help policymakers make informed decisions about the allocation of healthcare resources to improve patient outcomes while also managing costs.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Analizar el impacto presupuestario de upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + metotrexato (MTX) para el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide (AR) moderada a grave en pacientes con respuesta inadecuada a los fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad convencionales (RI-DMARc) desde la perspectiva de la seguridad social y los sectores de salud privados en Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló un modelo de análisis de impacto presupuestario para una cohorte hipotética de 100,000 adultos con cobertura de seguro de salud que fueron diagnosticados con AR en un horizonte de tiempo de 5 años. Los parámetros del modelo se obtuvieron a través de una revisión de la literatura y se validaron con expertos locales. Los costos se expresan en dólares estadounidenses (USD) para el 2024. Resultados. La introducción de UPA 15 mg + MTX para el tratamiento de AR moderada a grave y RI-DMARc resultó en un costo incremental mínimo, con un costo acumulado total a cinco años de USD 1.855 para la seguridad social y USD 1.812 para el sector privado de salud, lo que representa aproximadamente el 2% del presupuesto total. El costo de adquisición de UPA fue la variable más influyente en el análisis de sensibilidad. Conclusiones. La introducción de UPA 15 mg + MTX para el tratamiento de AR genera un incremento de costos marginal para el sistema de salud en Argentina, lo cual es especialmente importante en contextos de presupuestos limitados. Proporcionar estimaciones basadas en la evidencia es una herramienta valiosa para ayudar a tomar decisiones informadas sobre la asignación eficiente de recursos en salud.

Glycerol and glycerol-triethanolamine deep eutectic solvent are both environmentally benign, cost-effective, and practical solvents for the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl halides with arylboronic acids. Utilizing KOH as base, the reaction in glycerol proceeded smoothly with low catalyst loadings (up to 0.5 mol% of PdCl2(PPh3)2) providing excellent yields (up to 99%) of the cross-coupling products, which can be readily extracted with hexane. However, the recyclability of the glycerol medium containing the catalyst is limited to a few cycles. Furthermore, it was explored the use of chlorodiphenylphosphine as a pre-ligand. Although glycerol phosphinite was not generated in situ, PPh2Cl proved to be an excellent pre-ligand, yielding the coupling product with a 98% yield. Compared to glycerol, glycerol-triethanolamine deep eutectic solvent (TEOA:G DES) proves to be a superior solvent for the cross-coupling reaction. In addition, the presence of amine group in the solvent allowed to obtain an inorganic base-free cross-coupling protocol. Aryl bromides and aryl boronic acids containing both electron releasing and attracting functional groups can be coupled without requiring the addition of any further base, affording the biphenyl products in moderate to good yields. The cross-coupling products can be easily isolated by extraction with hexane. Moreover, we observed the formation of triethanolamine phenylboronate during the reaction. The triethanolamine boronate was subsequently synthesized through the condensation of phenylboronic acid with triethanolamine and fully characterized. 11B nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the coordination of the nitrogen to the boron atom of the triethanolamine boronate.

RESUMO Contexto: O teste de tolerancia à lactose (TTL) é ampliamente utilizado por ser minimamente invasivo e de baixo custo, disponível na atenção primária e muito útil na prática clínica. Está bem estabelecido o polimorfismo C/T-13910 na persistência da lactase em populações caucasianas, mas não há estudos avaliando a concordância entre os resultados da genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e do TTL no Brasil, onde a população é altamente miscigenada. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre a presença do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e a má absorção nos resultados do TTL. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de dados coletados de um laboratorio presente em vários estados brasileiros. Os resultados dos pacientes que realizaram um teste genético para intolerância à lactose (genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910) e um TTL de abril de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019 foram analisados para avaliar a concordância entre os testes. Os grupos foram classificados de acordo com a idade (<10 anos; 10-17 anos, ≥18 anos) e estado de residência (São Paulo ou Rio Grande do Sul). Resultados: Entre os 404 pacientes avaliados, houve concordância entre os resultados de genotipagem e TTL em 325 (80,4%) pacientes e discordância em 79 (19,6%) pacientes (K=0,42 - concordância moderada). Em relação ao genótipo, 47 pacientes com genótipo C/C (não persistência de lactase) apresentaram TTL normal e 32 com genótipo C/T ou T/T (indicando persistência da lactase) apresentaram TTL anormal. A idade e o estado de residência (Rio Grande do Sul ou São Paulo) não afetaram a concordância entre os resultados dos exames. Conclusão: Considerando a concordância moderada entre a genotipagem do polimorfismo C/T-13910 e os resultados de TTL (κ=0,42) na população brasileira, sugerimos que a análise de outros polimorfismos poderia ser uma estratégia para melhorar a concordância entre os testes.

ABSTRACT Background: Lactose tolerant test (LTT) is the most broadly used diagnostic test for lactose intolerance in Brazil, is an indirect, minimally invasive and a low-cost test that is widely available in primary care and useful in clinical practice. The C/T-13910 polymorphism in lactase persistence has been well characterized in Caucasian populations, but there are no studies evaluating the concordance between C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping results and LTT results in Brazil, where the population is highly mixed. Objective: We aimed to evaluate agreement between presence of C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping and malabsorption in LTT results. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a Brazilian population whose data were collected from a single laboratory database present in several Brazilian states. Results of individuals who underwent both genetic testing for lactose intolerance (C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping) and an LTT from April 2016 until February 2019 were analysed to evaluate agreement between tests. Groups were classified according to age (<10-year-old (yo), 10-17 yo, ≥18 yo groups) and state of residence (São Paulo or Rio Grande do Sul). Results: Among the 404 patients evaluated, there was agreement between the genotyping and LTT results in 325 (80.4%) patients and discordance in 79 (19.6%) patients (k=0.42 -moderate agreement). Regarding the genotype, 47 patients with genotype C/C (lactase nonpersistence) had normal LTT results, and 32 with genotype C/T or T/T (indicating lactase persistence) had abnormal LTT results. Neither age nor state of residence (Rio Grande do Sul or São Paulo) affected the agreement between test results. Conclusion: Considering the moderate agreement between C/T-13910 polymorphism genotyping and LTT results (κ=0.42) in the Brazilian population, we hypothesize that an analysis of other polymorphisms could be a strategy to improve the agreement between genotyping and established tests and suggest that additional studies should focus on exploring this approach.

RESUMO O reposicionamento de medicamentos busca descobrir novas aplicações para um medicamento já aprovado no mercado, resultando em soluções mais rápidas e de menor custo, geralmente utilizadas para doenças que recebem pouco investimento, como a leishmaniose tegumentar. Nesse contexto, a hesperidina, aprovada comercialmente como Daflon®, tem despertado interesse científico por ser um flavonoide pertencente ao grupo das chalconas, classe que possui potencial antileishmania. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade antileishmania in vitro e in vivo da hesperidina comercial. A hesperidina (9 a 0,56 mg mL-1) foi testada contra as formas promastigota e amastigota de quatro espécies dermotrópicas de Leishmania, sendo elas L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis e L. (V.) naiffi. Para os testes, os hamsters foram infectados no focinho e as lesões tratadas com hesperidina intralesional, cuja eficácia foi avaliada através da aferição do volume total da lesão no focinho e a determinação da carga parasitária. Os resultados in vitro demonstraram toxicidade moderada em macrófagos murinos e melhor eficácia em Leishmania (L.) amazonensis quando comparados às demais espécies testadas. Os resultados in vivo mostraram que a hesperidina foi capaz de reduzir gradativamente o tamanho das lesões causadas por L. (L.) amazonensis, embora não tenha induzido a cura clínica e parasitológica. Assim, a hesperidina mostrou-se promissora em estudos in vitro contra Leishmania (L.) amazonensis e novos estudos com novas formulações e esquemas de tratamento experimental devem ser realizados.

ABSTRACT Drug repositioning seeks to discover new applications for a drug that has already been approved in the market, resulting in faster and lower cost solutions, generally used for diseases that receive little investment, such as cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this context, hesperidin, commercially approved as Daflon®, is a flavonoid that belongs to the chalcones group, a class that has antileishmanial potential. The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of commercial hesperidin. Hesperidin (9 to 0.56 mg mL-1) was tested against promastigote and amastigote forms of four dermotropic species of Leishmania, namely L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) naiffi. For the in vivo tests, hamsters were infected in the snout and the lesions were treated with intralesional hesperidin. The treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring the total volume of the lesion on the snout and determining the parasitic load. The in vitro results showed moderate toxicity in murine macrophages, with higher efficacy in L. (L.) amazonensis when compared to the other species tested. The in vivo results showed that hesperidin was able to gradually reduce the size of lesions by L. (L.) amazonensis, although it did not induce clinical and parasitological cure. Thus, hesperidin showed potential in in vitro tests against L. (L.) amazonensis and further studies with new formulations and experimental treatment schemes should be carried out.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The difference between moderate and rigid control of medicines constitutes a complex process that leads to errors by the pharmaceutical establishment during the availability and sale of medicines. Objective: To compare the Observatory's information for drugs under a moderate and rigid control regime in private pharmaceutical establishments in Lima, Peru. Methods: In this quantitative study, open-access secondary data from the Observatory were analyzed according to the list of controlled drugs of the Peruvian General Directorate of Supplies, Medicines and Drugs (Dirección General de Insumos, Medicamentos y Drogas del Perú). List IIA (rigid regulation) and IVB (moderate regulation) drugs were evaluated, and the variables available in the Observatory were compared with parametric and nonparametric statistics. Results: Controlled drugs were differentiated by sales establishments (p = 0.001), and their average cost according to private (p = 0.035) and public (p = 0.003) marketing. IIA drugs showed lower availability and higher price with respect to IVB drugs. Conclusions: Rigidly controlled drugs are less available and more expensive.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diferencia entre el control moderado y rígido de medicamentos constituye un complejo proceso que conlleva a errores del establecimiento farmacéutico durante la disponibilidad y la venta de medicamentos. Objetivo: Comparar la información disponible en el Observatorio para medicamentos sometidos a un régimen de control moderado y rígido en establecimientos farmacéuticos privados de Lima, Perú. Métodos: En este estudio cuantitativo se analizaron datos secundarios de libre acceso del Observatorio, de acuerdo con el listado de medicamentos controlados de la Dirección General de Insumos, Medicamentos y Drogas del Perú (DIGEMID). Se evaluaron los fármacos de la lista IIA (regulación rígida) y IVB (regulación moderada), y se compararon las variables disponibles en el Observatorio con estadística paramétrica y no paramétrica. Resultados: Los medicamentos controlados se diferenciaron por los establecimientos de venta (p = 0,001), y su costo promedio según la comercialización privada (p = 0,035) y pública (p = 0,003). Los medicamentos IIA mostraron una menor disponibilidad con respecto a los medicamentos IVB y un mayor precio. Conclusiones: Los medicamentos controlados rígidamente se encuentran menos disponibles y resultan más costosos.

Abstract Companies in the globalized world use outsourcing as a production model, opting for subcontracting from companies specialized in different areas of work. In this context, the objective of this study is to determine the relationship between outsourcing as a productive model and customer loyalty of a financial company, for which the type of applied research and descriptive-correlational design were used. The survey questionnaire was applied to collect data on the variables and dimensions. Results, it was found that the relationship between outsourcing and Customer loyalty in a financial company is considerable, with a correlation coefficient τ = 0.628 and p = 0.000, the analysis between the flexibility and information dimensions was moderate τ = 0.412 and p = 0.000, between cost savings and moderate internal marketing τ = 0.487 and p = 0.000, and between professionalism and considerable communication τ = 0.535 and p = 0.000, between quality of service and considerable customer experience τ = 0.696 and p=0.000. With these results it is concluded that outsourcing as a productive model of the company is moderately related to customer loyalty. Therefore, the financial institution must externalize the specific responsibility to specialized external companies.

Resumen Las empresas en el mundo globalizado emplean el outsourcing como modelo productivo, optan por la subcontrata de empresas especializadas en diferentes rubros de trabajo. Bajo este contexto el objetivo de este estudio es determinar la relación entre el outsourcing como modelo productivo y fidelización de clientes de una empresa financiera, para ello se empleó el tipo de investigación aplicada, y diseño descriptivo-correlacional. Se aplicó el cuestionario encuesta para el recojo de datos de las variables y dimensiones. Resultados, se halló que la relación es considerable entre outsourcing y fidelización de Clientes en una empresa financiera, con un coeficiente de correlación τ = 0.628 y p = 0.000, el análisis entre la dimensiones flexibilidad e información fue moderada τ = 0.412 y p = 0.000, entre ahorro de costes y marketing interno moderada τ = 0.487 y p = 0.000, y entre profesionalismo y comunicación considerable τ = 0.535 y p = 0.000, entre calidad de servicio y experiencia del cliente considerable τ = 0.696 y p=0.000. Con estos resultados se concluye que el outsourcing como modelo productivo de la empresa, se relaciona de manera moderada con la fidelización de los clientes. Por ende, la institución financiera, debe exteriorizar la responsabilidad específica a empresas externas especializadas.

Abstract Companies in the globalized world use outsourcing as a production model, opting for subcontracting from companies specialized in different areas of work. In this context, the objective of this study is to determine the relationship between outsourcing as a productive model and customer loyalty of a financial company, for which the type of applied research and descriptive-correlational design were used. The survey questionnaire was applied to collect data on the variables and dimensions. Results, it was found that the relationship between outsourcing and Customer loyalty in a financial company is considerable, with a correlation coefficient τ = 0.628 and p = 0.000, the analysis between the flexibility and information dimensions was moderate τ = 0.412 and p = 0.000, between cost savings and moderate internal marketing τ = 0.487 and p = 0.000, and between professionalism and considerable communication τ = 0.535 and p = 0.000, between quality of service and considerable customer experience τ = 0.696 and p=0.000. With these results it is concluded that outsourcing as a productive model of the company is moderately related to customer loyalty. Therefore, the financial institution must externalize the specific responsibility to specialized external companies.

BACKGROUND: During the 2020 global coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, mobile delivery applications flourished, facilitating consumer access to groceries. Research has shown, however, that usage remains low in developing countries such as South Africa OBJECTIVES: This research identifies factors that affect the acceptance and use of a mobile delivery application. It provides recommendations for application designers to improve application functionality and usability and for retailers to better understand customer needs METHOD: This research adopted an interpretivist stance, utilising the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use 2 (UTAUT2) as a theoretical framework. Data were collected and analysed from 4159 Google Play Store customer reviews using thematic content analysis. Reviews were anonymised, coded and categorised according to the UTAUT2 model constructs. RESULTS: Performance expectancy and facilitating conditions were found to affect acceptance and use of the application. Effort expectancy, hedonic motivation and cost price had a moderate effect. Social influence, habit and price value did not impact the use of the mobile delivery application. Users will depend not only on recommendations from friends and family but also on service costs CONCLUSION: This research revealed that users are more likely to accept and use a mobile delivery application if they find it helpful and receive quick assistance when facing technical challenges. CONTRIBUTION: This research identifies factors that affect the acceptance and use of a mobile delivery application in a geographical area where usage remains low. Retailers may attract more customers and find more success in mobile delivery services by addressing customer concerns and challenges.

The Ti-19Nb-2.5Fe-6Sn alloy subjected to proper heat treatments is a promising material to be applied in orthopedic implants. This type of Ti alloy presents relatively low cost, good biocompatibility, and reasonable mechanical strength combined with low elastic modulus. In such an alloy, Fe improves mechanical strength while ω phase precipitation can be controlled by Sn addition. In this work, samples of the Ti-19Nb-2.5Fe-6Sn (wt.%) alloy were prepared by arc melting, hot swaging, and solution heat treatment. Results from the literature combined with thermodynamic simulations, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and heating/cooling experiments coupled with microstructural analyses were applied to determine the β transus temperature of this alloy. Following, the samples were solution heat treated in the β field and continuously cooled to room temperature at different rates. The effects of cooling rates on intergranular and intragranular α phase precipitation were evaluated. It was found that low cooling rates lead to intergranular precipitation while moderate cooling rates provide more expressive intragranular precipitation. Ti19Nb2.5Fe6Sn Ti19Nb25Fe6Sn TiNbFeSn 19Nb 2.5Fe 6Sn 2 5Fe Nb implants cost biocompatibility modulus addition work wt.% wt (wt.% melting swaging treatment simulations DSC, DSC , (DSC) heatingcooling heating Following evaluated Ti19Nb2 5Fe6Sn 25Fe wt. (wt. (DSC TiNb Ti19Nb FeSn (wt

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito do tratamento de lantanídeos na propagação rápida in vitro e no enraizamento do morango “Cara Vermelha”. Os resultados mostram que concentrações menores (0,2; 0,5 mg/L) e maiores (40,0 mg/L) de La3+ inibem a propagação e o enraizamento do morango, respectivamente. As concentrações médias (1,0; 10,0 e 15,0 mg/L) de La3+ promovem a propagação e o enraizamento, sendo 1,0 mg/L a concentração ideal. No tratamento com 1,0 mg/L de La3+, os hormônios e os 12 elementos nutricionais apresentam a mesma tendência, exceto o elemento Ca. As mudanças no estágio de enraizamento mostram um equilíbrio maior em comparação com o estágio de propagação. Além disso, os elementos ou oshormônios que têm a maior influência nos dois estágios de propagação são Co e K(positivos) e TDZ e Fe (negativos), enquanto os elementos ou os hormônios que influenciam os doisestágios de enraizamento são S e Zn (positivos) e IAA e Fe (positivos). Nossos resultadosmostram que o uso de 1,0 mg/L de La3+ é econômico e útil para a propagação in vitro e oenraizamento do morango. Cara Vermelha. Vermelha . Vermelha” 0,2 02 0 2 (0,2 05 5 0, mgL mg L 40,0 400 40 (40, La3 La respectivamente 10 1 (1,0 100 10, 150 15 15, 1, ideal tendência Ca disso Kpositivos K positivos K(positivos negativos, negativos , (negativos) (positivos positivos. (0, 40, 4 (40 (1, (negativos (0 (4 (1 (

Abstract The study was aimed to assess the effects of exposure of the “Benihoppe” strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) to La3+ treatment during propagation and rooting in vitro. The results showed that propagation and rooting were inhibited by lower (0.2, 0.5 mg/L) and higher (40.0 mg/L) concentrations of La3+, respectively. Propagation and rooting were promoted by a moderate concentration (1.0, 10.0, and 15.0 mg/L) of La3+, and a concentration of 1.0 mg/L was found to be optimal. Under 1.0 mg/L of La3+ treatment, certain trends associated with changes in the levels of hormones and 12 nutrients, with the exception of Ca, were observed during plant growth in vitro, and a greater balance was observed in the trends associated with changes in the amounts of elements at the rooting stage, as compared to the propagation stage. Furthermore, the elements or hormones with the highest effects on the two stages of propagation were Co and K (positive), and TDZ and Fe (negative), while those that affected the two stages of rooting were S and Zn ( positive), and IAA and Fe (positive). Our findings suggest that the use of 1.0 mg/L of La3+ is cost-effective, and can help achieve strawberry propagation and rooting in vitro. Benihoppe “Benihoppe Fragaria×ananassa Fragariaananassa Fragaria ananassa Duch. Duch La3 La vitro 0.2, 02 0 2 (0.2 05 5 0. mgL mg L 40.0 400 40 (40. respectively 1.0, 10 1 (1.0 100 10.0 150 15 15. 1. optimal nutrients Ca stage Furthermore positive, positive , (positive) negative, negative (negative) positive) positive. . costeffective, costeffective cost effective, effective cost-effective 0.2 (0. 40. 4 (40 (1. 10. (positive (negative (0 (4 (1