Resumen Los efectos desfavorables de las condiciones meteorológicas sobre la salud de la población cubana están aumentando en frecuencia e intensidad, debido a los impactos ya visibles del cambio climático sobre Cuba, problema que demanda realizar la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de la población cubana ante los peligros regionales asociados a los procesos meteorológicos que influyen sobre el país. Se realiza una adaptación de la metodología utilizada en Cuba para los estudios de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgo, aplicada en este caso a la estimación del riesgo meteoro-trópico, a partir de establecer la línea base de la mortalidad general diaria en exceso para el período 2001-2020, como indicador de la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones residentes en las mitades occidental y oriental de Cuba; para después estimar el peligro asociado a los procesos sinópticos de escala global y regional que influyen sobre esas mismas porciones del territorio. Se demuestra que existe una relación bien definida entre la mortalidad en exceso y los peligros analizados, lo cual permitió estimar satisfactoriamente la magnitud del riesgo meteoro-trópico diario y llegar a un modelo estadístico que facilita su pronóstico a corto plazo. Se comprueba la génesis meteoro-trópica de los días con mayor mortalidad en exceso, tanto en invierno como en verano, demostrando el relevante papel que tienen algunos procesos y condiciones meteorológicas sobre la salud de la población cubana, hecho que justifica la necesidad de su pronóstico y mitigación.

Abstract The unfavorable effects of meteorological conditions on the health of the Cuban population are increasing in frequency and intensity, due to the already visible impacts of climate change on Cuba, a problem that demands an evaluation of the vulnerability of the Cuban population to regional dangers. Associated with the meteorological processes that influence the country. An adaptation of the methodology used in Cuba for studies of danger, vulnerability and risk is carried out, applied in this case to the estimation of meteor-tropic risk, based on establishing the baseline of the general daily excess mortality for the period. 2001-2020, as an indicator of the vulnerability of the populations residing in the western and eastern halves of Cuba; to then estimate the danger associated with global and regional synoptic processes that influence those same portions of the territory. It is demonstrated that there is a well-defined relationship between excess mortality and the hazards analyzed, which allowed us to satisfactorily estimate the magnitude of the daily meteor-tropic risk and arrive at a statistical model that facilitates its short-term forecast. The meteor-tropic genesis of the days with the highest excess mortality is verified, both in winter and summer, demonstrating the relevant role that some meteorological processes and conditions have on the health of the Cuban population, a fact that justifies the need for its forecast and mitigation.

RESUMEN La investigación tributa a la realización de los estudios de Peligro, Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo (PVR) que se desarrollan en Cuba. Su objetivo fundamental fue evaluar la vulnerabilidad estructural ante hundimientos del suelo por desplome de cavernas en el municipio Sierra de Cubitas, provincia Camagüey. Se realiza la fundamentación teórica y evaluación en el área de estudio a partir de la propuesta de cálculo; se aporta el concepto de “vulnerabilidad estructural” ante hundimientos del suelo por desplome de cavernas, y nuevas herramientas para su análisis y mejor enfrentamiento ante el peligro de origen natural geológico. Se establecen prioridades e incorporación de medidas integradoras para la etapa preventiva en las proyecciones y planes económicos futuros, la contribución para la toma de decisiones en las diferentes etapas del proceso constructivo. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se actualizan los planes de las entidades y zonas de defensa, para establecer sistemas de alerta temprana ante las afectaciones que se pueden producir al patrimonio construido y la necesidad del conocimiento del fenómeno para obras a proyectar; la preservación de la calidad de los recursos acuíferos subterráneos, la gestión para la reducción del riesgo a nivel local, la capacitación, divulgación y sensibilización de la población para elevar la percepción del riesgo, que pueda servir como referente para otras investigaciones. La propuesta se valora mediante el criterio de los expertos, lo que indica su pertinencia en la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad estructural y la prevención o mitigación de los eventos naturales.

ABSTRACT The research is subject to the studies of Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk (PVR) that are developed in Cuba and as a fundamental objective: to evaluate the structural vulnerability to soil subsidence due to the collapse of cavern in the municipality of Sierra de Cubitas, Camagüey province. The theoretical foundation and assessment in the study area based on the proposed calculation; the concept of structural vulnerability contributed to soil subsidence due to cavern collapses and new tools for analysis and better confrontation with the danger of natural origin geological. It establishes priorities and incorporates integrative measures for the preventive stage in the future economic plans and plans, the contribution to decision making in the different stages of the construction process. From the results obtained; the plans of the entities and defense zones are updated so as to establish early warning systems in view of the damage that can be caused to the built heritage and the need to know the phenomenon for works to be projected; preservation of the quality of groundwater resources; management for risk reduction at the local level; the training, dissemination and sensitization of the population to raise the perception of risk and serve as a reference for another research. The proposal is assessed based on expert judgment, indicating its relevance in the assessment of structural vulnerability and the prevention or mitigation of natural events.

Abstract: The earthquake of September 19 of 2017 had economic and social effects in Morelos, Mexico, particularly on the vulnerable population. This work shows the difficulty of the State to foresee and mitigate the effects on this sector based on three categories, resilience inputs, continuum of vulnerability and resilient search conti- nuum, which describe the lack of state support, the instability of settlements and the corresponding adjustment to emerging crises, respectively. To make instrumental use of these categories, mitigation policies are reviewed and the operation of the university collection center of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.

Resumen: El sismo del 19 de septiembre de 2017 tuvo importantes efectos económicos y sociales en Morelos, México, particularmente en la población vulnerable. En este trabajo se visibiliza la dificultad del Estado para prever y mitigar los efectos del sismo en dicho sector, con base en tres categorías: insumos de resiliencia, continuum de vulnerabilidad y continuum de búsqueda resiliente, las cuales describen la falta de apoyo estatal, la inestabilidad de los asentamientos y el correspondiente ajuste ante crisis emergentes, respectivamente. Para hacer un uso instrumental de dichas categorías, se revisan las políticas de mitigación y se caracteriza el funcionamiento del centro de acopio universitario de la Universidad Autónoma de Morelos.

Abstract Anthropogenic activities have added enough to cause important alterations in the climate at a global level; in the last 20 years, a phenomenon of extreme characteristics called ‘climate change’ has worsened, which has been responsible for causing climate variability, the level of affectation of which extends to all geographical scales. This research was carried out in 2022 with the aim of knowing the impacts of climate change on the productive system of the corn crop in Mexico, given its great nutritional, cultural, and economic relevance. It describes the climate variability and extreme events that occur in Mexico and that in some way have a direct relationship with corn production, such as precipitation, temperature, frosts, hailstorms, droughts, and floods. Worldwide, Mexico stands out in the first places in production and consumption of corn; the current population exceeds 126 million people, and it is a condition that manifests a great demand, having to make a strong export of the grain year after year, showing the unsustainability of the country’s food security. This situation is aggravated when climate change and climate variability directly affect the most important requirements for the establishment of a crop, and that directly affect all stages of growth and development, presenting a decrease in current and future yield.

Resumen Las actividades antropogénicas han sumado lo suficiente para ocasionar alteraciones importantes en el clima a nivel global, en los últimos 20 años se ha pronunciado un fenómeno de características extremas denominado ‘cambio climático’, el cual ha sido encargado de causar una variabilidad climática, cuyo nivel de afectación se extiende en todas las escalas geográficas. Esta investigación se realizó en al año 2022, teniendo como objetivo conocer los impactos del cambio climático en el sistema productivo del cultivo de maíz en México, dada su gran relevancia nutricional, cultural y económica. Se describe la variabilidad climática y los eventos extremos que ocurren en México y que de alguna manera tienen una relación directa con la producción del maíz, como la precipitación, temperatura, heladas, granizadas, sequías e inundaciones. A nivel mundial, México destaca en los primeros lugares en producción y consumo de maíz, la población actual supera los 126 millones de personas y resulta una condición que manifiesta una gran demanda, teniendo que realizar una fuerte exportación del grano año con año, poniendo en manifiesto la insostenibilidad de la seguridad alimentaria del país. Esta situación se agrava cuando el cambio climático y la variabilidad climática, afectan directamente en los requerimientos de mayor importancia para el establecimiento de un cultivo y que afectan directamente con todas las etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo, presentando una disminución del rendimiento actual y futuro.

Abstract Introduction Disasters bring human, socioeconomic, and environmental consequences and exacerbate situations of vulnerability. Both highly industrialized core countries and those facing economic difficulties are subject to these events. In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic and the collapse of dams highlight difficulties in anticipating and responding to these types of events. Actions of occupational therapy in the field of emergencies and disasters are scarce in the literature, notably in the sphere of prevention. Objective To explore the evidence of the contribution of occupational therapists in the field of risk management and disasters based on the characteristics, priorities, and main areas of interest of intellectual production in occupational therapy. Method A comprehensive search will be conducted in the journals Disasters, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, and Risk, International Journal of Risk Reduction, and Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, as well as in the databases Occupational Therapy Literature Search Service (OTDBASE), PubMed, and Web of Science. Inclusion Criteria Actions and experiences in the field of occupational therapy, notably those of occupational therapists in risk and disaster management, found in peer-reviewed studies adopting quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, without temporal restriction. The approach advocated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) for study selection, critical appraisal, and data collection and synthesis will be used. human socioeconomic vulnerability events Brazil COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 literature prevention characteristics priorities Policy Reduction Management OTDBASE, OTDBASE , (OTDBASE) PubMed Science peerreviewed peer reviewed quantitative qualitative methods Spanish English Portuguese restriction JBI (JBI selection appraisal used COVID1 1 COVID- (OTDBASE

Resumo Introdução Desastres trazem consequências humanas, socioeconômicas e ambientais e agravam situações de vulnerabilidade. Tanto países centrais, altamente industrializados, como países com dificuldades econômicas estão sujeitos a esses eventos. No Brasil, a pandemia de COVID-19 e o rompimento de barragens evidenciam dificuldades em se antecipar e responder esses tipos de eventos. Ações da terapia ocupacional no campo das emergências e desastres são escassas na literatura, notadamente na esfera da prevenção. Objetivo Explorar as evidências da contribuição de terapeutas ocupacionais no domínio da gestão de risco e desastres a partir das características, prioridades e principais áreas de interesse da produção intelectual em terapia ocupacional. Método Uma pesquisa abrangente será conduzida nos periódicos Disasters, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, and Risk, International Journal of Risk Reduction e Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, assim como nas bases de dados Occupational Therapy Literature Search Service (OTDBASE), PubMed e Web of Science. Critérios de inclusão Ações e experiências no âmbito da terapia ocupacional, notadamente aquelas de terapeutas ocupacionais na gestão de riscos e desastres, encontradas em estudos revisados por pares, que adotem métodos quantitativos, qualitativos e mistos, nos idiomas espanhol, inglês e português, sem restrição temporal. A abordagem preconizada pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para seleção de estudos, avaliação crítica, extração e síntese de dados será utilizada. humanas vulnerabilidade centrais industrializados eventos Brasil COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 literatura prevenção características Disasters Policy Management OTDBASE, OTDBASE , (OTDBASE) Science pares quantitativos mistos espanhol português temporal JBI (JBI crítica utilizada COVID1 1 COVID- (OTDBASE

This study aimed to compare how vulnerable informal and formal households are to disaster risks in Bekkersdal mining area in the Rand West City municipality, using a mixed method. A qualitative approach was used to construct a situational analysis of the community, while a questionnaire was used to collect descriptive data. Findings showed both household types (formal and informal) experienced disaster-related risks as their coping resources are limited. Disaster risks such as mining-related incidents (dust, earth tremors and windstorms) are more significant in the informal areas than in formal areas because of their geographical locations. The latter are located in high density areas, with limited access to basic services. Resulting in among others, construction of illegal informal areas and use of illegal electricity connections. These disaster incidents occur against the backdrop of an already vulnerable dolomitic environment that tends to form sinkholes. Thus, the negative impact of mining is the highest disaster risk factor in the area, yet households seem tolerant and distant as they perceive mining as a job opportunity. The study recommended the municipality to include disaster risks in their integrated development plans to ensure that sustainable mining practices are in place to minimise the negative effects in the area. The rehabilitation of mines, measures to prevent informal construction or illegal occupation, and educational awareness on mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary. CONTRIBUTION: The study adds to the body of knowledge by revising some old techniques of addressing disaster risk measures, especially in surrounding mining communities

Abstract The UN's New Urban Agenda has penetrated urban planning at the same time as extreme events caused by climate change. In view of the scenario of increased flooding in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, the Master Plan approved instruments to mitigate the impacts through discounts on the fees charged for additional building rights for new buildings that use “green and blue infrastructure.” The applicability of this incentive is analyzed across the territory based on a comparison between the discounts and the costs of new sustainable techniques. It is concluded that the instruments tend to be adopted where land value is higher, being insufficient for a large part of the city, mainly areas with greater climate vulnerability, which demand more direct interventions from the government. UNs UN s change Horizonte Gerais green infrastructure. infrastructure techniques higher city vulnerability government

Resumo A Nova Agenda Urbana da ONU penetra o planejamento urbano ao mesmo tempo que eventos extremos causados pelas mudanças climáticas. Diante do cenário de intensificação de inundações em Belo Horizonte – MG, o Plano Diretor aprovou instrumentos para mitigar tais impactos. por meio de descontos na Outorga Onerosa do Direto de Construir para novas edificações que utilizem “infraestruturas verdes e azuis”. Analisa-se a aplicabilidade desse incentivo pelo território, com base na comparação entre esses descontos e os custos das novas técnicas sustentáveis. Conclui-se que os instrumentos tendem a ser adotados onde o solo é mais valorizado, sendo insuficientes para grande parte da cidade, em especial as áreas de maior vulnerabilidade climática, que demandam intervenções mais diretas do poder público. climáticas MG impactos infraestruturas azuis. azuis . azuis” Analisase Analisa se território sustentáveis Concluise Conclui valorizado cidade climática público

Climate-related severe weather events pose a threat to transport infrastructure. Damage to transport infrastructure, in turn, threatens access to socio-economic opportunities (such as employment, healthcare and education). The aim of this paper is to quantify the volume of transport infrastructure at risk of weather-related hazards in the City of Cape Town, and to estimate the direct economic value thereof. Geographical Information Systems are used to overlay areas that are highly exposed to climate-related threats on the city's transport network and infrastructure, enabling the identification and quantification of the volume of infrastructure at risk. Cost estimates for the rehabilitation or reconstruction of this infrastructure obtained from various experts in the South African transport arena are applied to calculate the economic value of the infrastructure at risk. In total, the transport infrastructure at high risk in the case city is valued at R20 billion. Fires and coastal flooding pose the greatest threat. The analysis presented can inform planners and decision-makers on how to improve the resilience and where to reduce the vulnerability of transport infrastructure in the city.

ABSTRACT An evaluation of the areas susceptible to the occurrence of landslides in the coastal zone and representative hydrographic basins of the Guamá municipality was carried out. The Mora-Vahrson method was used through a Geographic Information System, with modifications to the original proposal according to the characteristics of the area. The susceptibility map was obtained, categorized into four levels: Low, Moderate, High and Very High. As a result of the zoning, it was obtained that high susceptibility is the most representative (52%); Towns such as El Macho, La Plata, Uvero, Montompolo and El Francés are located there. The result constitutes an update of the danger for the Guamá municipality and creates the bases for the development of local strategies for management and mitigation of impacts.

RESUMEN Se realizó una evaluación de las áreas susceptibles a la ocurrencia de deslizamientos en la zona costera y cuencas hidrográficas representativas del municipio Guamá. Se empleó, a través de un Sistema de Información Geográfica, el método Mora-Vahrson, con modificaciones de la propuesta original de acuerdo con las características del área. Se obtuvo el mapa de susceptibilidad, categorizado en: Baja, Moderada, Alta y Muy Alta. Como resultado de la zonificación se obtuvo que la susceptibilidad alta es la de mayor representatividad (52%); en ella se ubican localidades como El Macho, La Plata, Uvero, Montompolo y El Francés. El resultado constituye una actualización del peligro para el municipio Guamá y crea las bases para el desarrollo de estrategias locales de gestión y mitigación de los impactos.

Abstract Objective: To identify the costs of involuntary confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the mental and psychosocial health. Materials and methods: An exploratory documentary review of involuntary confinement and its costs in the human nature was carried out. Four descriptors and their combinations, mental health, health psychosocial, costs in the COVID -19 pandemic, and involuntary confinement were searched in bibliographic databases and online in journals and public organizations from 2019 to 2021. 20 studies were found. After selecting and analyzing the documentation five studies were excluded as they were not relevant. To analyze the data, the information was classified in mental health costs, identifying neurophysiological effects such as confusion in the fight-flight system and hyperactivation and/or hypoactivation of the nervous system, and in psychosocial costs in the face of confinement, such as the feeling of anticipated and continuous threat, anxiety, fear, sadness, pain, depression, over stress, trauma, vulnerability, and cultural changes. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, historical, multinational and has a multidimensional impact. The lack of mitigation and the time exceeded resisting it has exposed the humans to continuous stressors that undermine confidence and cause uncertainty. In addition, during the pandemic, confinement brought with it high mental health costs of a neurological and psychosocial nature, such as overstress, anxious-depressive symptoms, vulnerability in personal and social integrity. Conclusions: It is necessary to generate emotional well-being strategies to reduce the impact on mental and psychic health and the social fabric by promoting the recovery of networks of empathy, benevolence, compassion, solidarity support, collectivizing pain and losses, thus recovering confidence and security in oneself and in others.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar costos del confinamiento involuntario por la pandemia COVID -19 en la salud mental y psicosocial. Materiales y Métodos: Se realiza una revisión exploratoria documental del confinamiento involuntario y las afecciones o costes en el ser humano, se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficos y a través de internet en revistas y organismos públicos de cuatro descriptores y sus combinaciones, salud mental, salud psicosocial, costos en la pandemia COVID -19, confinamiento involuntario, entre los años 2019 a 2021. Luego de la localización de 20 estudios se realizó una selección y análisis de la documentación, excluyendo 5 de ellos que no eran relevantes para el objetivo, para el análisis de datos se estructuró la información, en costos en la salud mental identificando afectaciones neurofisiológicas como la confusión en el sistema lucha-huida y la hiperactivación y/o hipoactivación del sistema nervioso y en costos psicosociales ante el confinamiento como la sensación de amenaza anticipada y continua, ansiedad, miedo, tristeza, dolor, depresión, sobre estrés, traumas, vulnerabilidad y cambios culturales. Resultados: La pandemia COVID-19 es inédita, histórica, multinacional y de impacto multidimensional, la falta de mitigación de esta y el tiempo excedido de resistirla ha expuesto al ser humano a continuos estresores que erosionan la seguridad y causan incertidumbre, aunado a ello, durante la pandemia el confinamiento ha traído consigo altos costos en la salud mental de tipo neurológicos y psicosociales tales como el sobre-estrés, síntomas ansioso-depresivos, vulnerabilidad en la integridad personal y social. Conclusiones: Se requiere generar estrategias de bienestar emocional para disminuir el impacto en la salud mental, psíquica y al entramado social a partir de propiciar la recuperación de redes de empatía, benevolencia, compasión, apoyo solidario, colectivizando el dolor y las perdidas, diluyendo el impacto de esta al recuperar la confianza y seguridad en uno mismo, en los otros.

Resumen: Esta investigación presenta los resultados de los análisis estáticos no lineales de las distintas combinaciones probables para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de estructuras de cuatro a seis pisos que tienen una forma irregular en planta con entrepisos de hormigón hecho en sitio y conformadas por pórticos rellenos con mampostería. Se obtuvieron curvas de capacidad teóricas y estas fueron sometidas a varios escenarios sísmicos definidos en la Norma Ecuatoriana de Construcción, para los periodos de retorno comprendidos desde 25 hasta 475 años en intervalos de 10 años, con variaciones de suelo tipo C y D. No se buscó determinar los modos de falla de la tipología sino el comportamiento global estructural, con el fin de utilizar esta información en los cálculos de riesgo del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, con base en las curvas de fragilidad que se generaron. Las curvas de fragilidad mostraron que para un control basado en la deriva máxima permitida por la Norma Ecuatoriana de Construcción del 2%, se presentaron probabilidades predominantes del 95% de igualar o exceder el límite de daño completo, por lo que se busca concientizar sobre las intervenciones estructurales pre-evento sísmico, como reforzamientos o estrategias de mitigación de daño por parte de las autoridades gubernamentales.

Abstract: This research presents the results of nonlinear static analyses of different probable combinations for the vulnerability assessment of four to six story structures with an irregular plan shape with cast-in-place concrete slabs made up by masonry-filled frames. Theoretical capacity curves were obtained and tested to several seismic scenarios defined in the Ecuadorian Construction Code for return periods ranging from 25 to 475 years at 10-year intervals, with type C and D soil variations. The aim was not to determine the failure modes of the typology but the overall structural behavior, in order to use this information in the risk calculations of the Metropolitan District of Quito, based on the fragility curves generated. The fragility curves showed that for a control based on the maximum drift allowed by the Ecuadorian Construction Code of 2%, there were predominant probabilities of 95% of equaling or exceeding the full damage limit, so the aim is to raise awareness to government authorities of pre-seismic structural interventions, such as reinforcements or damage mitigation strategies.

ABSTRACT The study of indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity regarding vulnerability to climate change aims to achieve a better understanding of the key indicators affecting communities and to facilitate responsible authorities in implementing mitigation actions. The objective of the study was to identify the main indicators of vulnerability to climate change in fishing communities in the Tacna region. A sample of 255 artisanal fishermen, duly registered in fishing associations along the coast of Tacna, organized in eight fishing communities: Santa Rosa, Los Palos, Yarada Baja, Llostay, Boca del Río, Vila Vila, Morro Sama, and Ite, was considered. Primary source information was used through the application of a questionnaire consisting of 32 indicators. The findings of this research indicate that the main indicator is the dependence on fishing, so increasing non-dependence on fishing reduces the level of vulnerability to climate change in these communities; additionally, it is found that exposure and sensitivity variables do not influence vulnerability, and greater adaptive capacity reduces vulnerability.

RESUMEN El estudio de los indicadores de exposición, sensibilidad y capacidad adaptativa sobre la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático tiene como finalidad conseguir una mayor comprensión sobre los principales indicadores que repercuten en las comunidades y facilitar a las autoridades responsables implementar acciones de mitigación. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los principales indicadores de vulnerabilidad al cambio climático en las comunidades pesqueras de la región Tacna. Se consideró una muestra de 255 pescadores artesanales, que se encontraban debidamente registrados en las asociaciones pesqueras ubicadas en el litoral de Tacna, organizados en ocho comunidades pesqueras: Santa Rosa, Los Palos, Yarada Baja, Llostay, Boca del Río, Vila Vila, Morro Sama e Ite. Se utilizó información de fuente primaria a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario conformado por 32 indicadores. Los hallazgos de la presente investigación señalan que el principal indicador es la dependencia de la pesca, por lo que al incrementar la no dependencia de la pesca se reduce el nivel de la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de estas comunidades; asimismo, que las variables exposición y sensibilidad no influyen sobre la vulnerabilidad y que a mayor capacidad adaptativa disminuye la vulnerabilidad.

Abstract Purpose: To explore and analyze the possibilities of integrating climate change (CC) in higher-level educational experiences with teachers from the Universidad Veracruzana (UV), at the Poza Rica-Tuxpan campus, Mexico. Due to its geographical location, the region is exposed to extreme hydrometeorological phenomena; there is physical and social vulnerability. Method: The study consisted of group interviews with teachers. They inquired about the threats associated with CC, identified them in their region, and how they approach the CC phenomenon in their academic activity and teaching practice. The dimension of attitudes from social representations theory is retaken as a substantive category; risk, vulnerability, and social resilience as formal categories were used as data-gathering tools in the study region. For the group interviews, a semi-structured guide was developed. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, then analyzed using the content analysis technique. Results: Participants identify and address CC and other threats associated with this phenomenon in their educational experiences. A teaching practice committed to the environmental problem of its own context is recognized. Moreover, the link with other social, municipal, and community actors, who collaborate in educational practices to reduce vulnerabilities, promote risk management, and advance in the process of co-building social resilience, considering CC adaptation and mitigation measures. Conclusions: Educational action, thus, contributes to climate action, strengthening individual and collective capacities that are undoubtedly necessary to stop the current climate crisis.

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer y analizar las posibilidades para integrar el cambio climático (CC) en experiencias educativas de nivel superior con profesorado de la Universidad Veracruzana (UV), en la sede Poza Rica-Tuxpan. Por su ubicación geográfica, la región está expuesta a fenómenos hidrometeorológicos extremos, hay vulnerabilidad física y social. Metodología: Se realizaron entrevistas grupales con profesorado para indagar sobre las amenazas asociadas al CC que identifican en su región y cómo abordan este fenómeno desde su actividad académica y práctica docente. Se retoma como categoría sustantiva la dimensión de actitudes desde la teoría de las representaciones sociales; las categorías formales se adhieren a los enfoques de riesgo, vulnerabilidad y resiliencia social, pertinentes a la región de estudio. Para las entrevistas grupales se elaboró una guía semiestructurada, las entrevistas fueron audiograbadas y transcritas textualmente para su análisis siguiendo la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Las personas participantes identifican y abordan, en sus experiencias educativas, el CC y otras amenazas asociadas a este fenómeno. Se reconoce una práctica docente comprometida con la problemática ambiental de su propio contexto. Además, la vinculación con otros actores sociales, municipales y comunitarios, quienes colaboran en prácticas educativas para reducir vulnerabilidades, promover la gestión del riesgo y avanzar en el proceso de coconstrucción de resiliencia social, donde se consideran medidas de adaptación y mitigación al CC. Conclusiones: La acción educativa contribuye, así, a la acción climática, fortaleciendo capacidades individuales y colectivas, sin duda necesarias para frenar la crisis climática actual.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer e analisar as possibilidades de integrar as mudanças climáticas em experiências educacionais de nível superior com professores da Universidad Veracruzana (UV), no campus Poza Rica-Tuxpan, México. Devido à sua localização geográfica, a região está exposta a fenômenos hidrometeorológicos extremos, e há vulnerabilidade física e social. Metodología: Foram realizadas entrevistas em grupo com professores para indagar sobre as ameaças associadas as mudanças climática que eles identificam em sua região e como abordam esse fenômeno a partir de sua atividade acadêmica e prática docente. A dimensão das atitudes a partir da teoría das representações sociais é assumida como categoria substantiva, e como categorias formais, risco, vulnerabilidade e resiliência social. Para as entrevistas em grupo, foi elaborado um roteiro semiestruturado, as entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio e transcritas na íntegra para análise seguindo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os participantes identificam e abordam as mudanças climáticas e outras ameaças associadas a esse fenômeno em suas experiências educacionais. É reconhecida uma prática docente comprometida com os problemas ambientais de seu próprio contexto. Além disso, o vínculo com outros atores sociais, municipais e comunitários, que colaboram em práticas educativas para reduzir vulnerabilidades, promover a gestão de riscos e avançar no processo de coconstrução da resiliência social, considerando medidas de adaptação e mitigação as mudanças climáticas. Conclusão: A ação educativa contribui assim para a ação climática, fortalecendo as capacidades individuais e coletivas que são, sem dúvida, necessárias para frear a atual crise climática.

ABSTRACT Humanitarian crises can occur in places affected by chemical, physical, biological, and social threats, especially when these threats interact with each other and cause a syndemic. In order to avoid crises in these places, it is necessary to introduce mitigation measures that we have framed as "humanitarian scenarios". Due to their nature, implementation of these interventions requires the creation of multidisciplinary operational groups with a work strategy that integrates them into the affected community. In the case of the child population, the operational group was called the ‘childhood risks in contaminated places’ (CRCP) unit; contaminated places meaning localities impacted by chemical, physical, or biological threats. The strategy has six phases: (i) planning the survey and site visit; (ii) community involvement in identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and routes of exposure (the path of pollutants from their source to the receiving population), and in preparing joint work for the subsequent phases; iii) prioritization of risks identified through environmental monitoring and use of biomarkers of exposure and effects; iv) risk prevention through the creation of various ‘capacities and alternatives for the prevention of syndemic threats’; (v) advocacy to implement these capacities and alternatives through risk communication and local training; and (vi) protection through measures that include telehealth, social progress, and innovation to improve health coverage. The strategy has been implemented in different contexts, and in some of them it has been enriched by analysis of respect for human rights.

RESUMEN Las crisis humanitarias pueden presentarse en sitios afectados por amenazas químicas, físicas, biológicas y sociales, sobre todo cuando estas amenazas interaccionan entre sí y causan una sindemia. A fin de evitar las crisis, en estos sitios se hace necesario introducir medidas de mitigación que hemos enmarcado bajo el término de “escenarios humanitarios”. Debido a su naturaleza, la implementación de dichas acciones de intervención requiere de la conformación de grupos operativos multidisciplinarios y de una estrategia de trabajo que permita integrarlos con la comunidad afectada. En el caso de la población infantil, el grupo operativo recibió el nombre de unidad de riesgos infantiles en sitios contaminados (RISC), es decir, en localidades impactadas por amenazas químicas, físicas o biológicas. La estrategia consta de las siguientes seis fases: i) planificación para el estudio y la visita al sitio; ii) participación de la comunidad para identificar amenazas, vulnerabilidades y rutas de exposición (el camino que deben seguir los contaminantes desde su fuente hasta la población receptora), así como para el trabajo conjunto en las siguientes fases; iii) priorización de riesgos identificados mediante el monitoreo ambiental y uso de biomarcadores de exposición y efectos; iv) prevención de riesgos a través de la creación de diversas capacidades y alternativas para la prevención ante amenazas sindémicas (CAPAS); v) promoción para implementar las CAPAS mediante la comunicación de riesgos y la capacitación local; y vi) protección con medidas que incluyen propuestas de telesalud, progreso social e innovación para mejorar la cobertura sanitaria. La estrategia ha sido aplicada en diferentes contextos, en algunos de los cuales, ha sido enriquecida con el análisis del respeto de los derechos humanos.

RESUMO Crises humanitárias podem ocorrer em locais afetados por ameaças químicas, físicas, biológicas e sociais, principalmente quando essas ameaças interagem entre si e causam uma sindemia. Para evitar as crises, é necessário introduzir nesses locais medidas de mitigação que enquadramos no termo “cenários humanitários”. Por sua natureza, a implementação de tais ações de intervenção exige a formação de grupos operacionais multidisciplinares e de uma estratégia de trabalho que permita integrá-los à comunidade afetada. No caso da população infantil, o grupo operacional recebeu o nome de Unidade de Riscos Infantis em Áreas Contaminadas (na sigla em espanhol, RISC), ou seja, em locais impactados por ameaças químicas, físicas ou biológicas. A estratégia consiste nas seis fases a seguir: i) planejamento para o estudo e visita ao local; ii) participação da comunidade para identificar ameaças, vulnerabilidades e rotas de exposição (caminho que os contaminantes devem seguir desde a sua fonte até a população receptora), bem como para o trabalho conjunto nas fases seguintes; iii) priorização dos riscos identificados por meio do monitoramento ambiental e uso de biomarcadores de exposição e efeitos; iv) prevenção de riscos por meio da criação de diversas capacidades e alternativas para a prevenção diante de ameaças sindêmicas (CAPAS); v) promoção da implantação das CAPAS por meio da comunicação de riscos e capacitação local; e vi) proteção com medidas que incluem propostas de telessaúde, progresso social e inovação para melhorar a cobertura de saúde. A estratégia foi aplicada em diferentes contextos, em alguns dos quais foi enriquecida com uma análise do respeito pelos direitos humanos.

Abstract Decision making and environmental policies are mainly based on propensity level to impact in the area. The propensity level can be determined through artificial intelligence techniques included in geotechnological universe. Thus, this study aimed to determine the areas of greatest vulnerability to human activities, in Amazon biome, through MODIS images of Land use and land cover (LULC) from the 2001 and 2013. Remote sensing, Euclidean distance, Fuzzy logic, AHP method and analysis of net variations were applied to specialize the classes of vulnerability in the states belonging to the Amazon Biome. From the results, it can be seen that the class that most evolved in a positive net gain during the evaluated period was “very high” and the one that most reduced was “high”, showing that there was a transition from “high” to “very high” risk areas. The states with the largest areas under “very high” risk class were Mato Grosso (101,100.10 km2) and Pará (81,010.30 km2). It is concluded that the application of remote sensing techniques allows the determination and assessment of the environmental vulnerability evolution. Mitigation measures urgently need to be implemented in the Amazon biome. The methodology can be extended to any other area of the planet. universe Thus activities biome LULC (LULC 200 2013 distance logic Biome results very high high, , “high 101,100.10 10110010 101 100 10 (101,100.1 km2 km 81,010.30 8101030 81 010 30 (81,010.3 km2. . evolution planet 20 201 101,100.1 1011001 1 (101,100. 81,010.3 810103 8 01 3 (81,010. 2 101,100. 101100 (101,100 81,010. 81010 0 (81,010 101,100 10110 (101,10 81,010 8101 (81,01 101,10 1011 (101,1 81,01 810 (81,0 101,1 (101, 81,0 (81, 101, (101 81, (81 (10 (8 (1 (