Abstract: This article proposes that the first saltpeter miners identified a creek or “Abra” between the Lagarto and Rosita hill as a route from the Huara and Negreiros plains. They established a “georeferenced point” to make nitrate petitions to the Mining Provincial Council during the Peruvian period. In this particular site, the article highlights a solar geoglyph on Cerro Rosita known as (Ex) Sol de Aura. The importance of the “Abra de Negreiros” was confirmed as a mining exploration point, and also as a route marker between the Tarapacá Valley and Negreiros.

Resumen: En este artículo se plantea que los primeros mineros del salitre identificaron una ensenada o “Abra” entre los cerros Lagarto y Rosita como una ruta desde las pampas de Huara y Negreiros, estableciendo un “punto georreferencial” para los pedimentos salitreros de la Diputación de Minería de la época peruana. Particularmente, en este sitio destaca un geoglifo solar en el cerro Rosita, conocido como (ex) Sol de Aura. La intención de este artículo es iniciar el diálogo entre los registros históricos del sitio y el conocimiento astronómico ancestral que pueda estar plasmado en sus geoglifos. Se constata la importancia del “Abra de Negreiros” como un punto para el cateo y también como un demarcador de una ruta entre el Valle de Tarapacá y Negreiros.

Resumen: La malaria es un problema de salud pública y los casos diagnosticados en la capital de Roraima, Brasil, tienen el potencial de caracterizar la carga de la enfermedad en todo el estado. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de laboratorio de los casos de malaria diagnosticados en Boa Vista. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en dos unidades de salud del municipio, con personas diagnosticadas con malaria y que aceptaron responder el cuestionario. De 206 participantes, caracterizados como hombres, pardos y jóvenes, el 96% (198) reportó actividad minera ilegal. Entre los mineros, el 66% (131) procedían de otros estados de Brasil o de otros países. Las minas estaban ubicadas principalmente en el territorio Yanomami, en Roraima. La infección por Plasmodium vivax se produjo en el 74% (153) de los participantes. Entre los mineros, hubo relatos de hospitalizaciones por malaria grave, ataques previos de malaria y retrasos en el tratamiento tras de la aparición de los síntomas. Aunque el 73% (145) de los mineros informó saber cómo se transmitía la malaria, solo el 54% (107) usaba mosquiteros o repelentes. El uso de Artecom y cloroquina por parte de los mineros no está destinado a un tratamiento completo, sino al alivio de los síntomas para permitir el regreso a las minas de oro. Esto resalta la importancia de la vigilancia molecular para detectar la resistencia a los antipalúdicos. Los indígenas son considerados una población vulnerable a la malaria, y los mineros promueven el aumento de la malaria en las Tierras Indígenas de Roraima. Por lo tanto, el acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento en zonas indígenas invadidas por mineros es imperativo para combatir esta enfermedad que asola a las comunidades indígenas y amenaza la salud pública a gran escala en el objetivo de erradicar la malaria en el estado. Resumen Roraima estado epidemiológicos Vista ello municipio cuestionario 20 participantes hombres jóvenes 96 198 (198 ilegal 66 131 (131 países Yanomami 74 153 (153 grave 73 145 (145 54 107 (107 repelentes completo oro antipalúdicos tanto 2 9 19 (19 6 13 (13 7 15 (15 14 (14 5 10 (10 1 (1 (

Resumo: A malária é um problema de saúde pública e os casos diagnosticados na capital de Roraima, Brasil, têm potencial para caracterizar a carga da doença em todo o estado. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais dos casos de malária diagnosticados em Boa Vista. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo descritivo e transversal em duas unidades de saúde do município, com indivíduos diagnosticados com malária e que concordaram em responder ao questionário. De 206 participantes, caracterizados como homens, pardos e jovens, 96% (198) relataram atividade de garimpo ilegal. Entre garimpeiros, 66% (131) vieram de outros estados do Brasil ou de outros países. As minas estavam localizadas principalmente no território Yanomami, em Roraima. A infecção por Plasmodium vivax ocorreu em 74% (153) dos participantes. Entre garimpeiros, houve relatos de internações por malária grave, ataques prévios de malária e atrasos no tratamento após o início dos sintomas. Embora 73% (145) dos garimpeiros tenham relatado saber como a malária era transmitida, apenas 54% (107) usavam mosquiteiros ou repelentes. O uso de Artecom e cloroquina pelos garimpeiros não se destina ao tratamento completo, mas apenas ao alívio dos sintomas, permitindo o retorno às minas de ouro. Isso ressalta a importância da vigilância molecular para detectar a resistência antimalárica. Os indígenas são considerados uma população vulnerável à malária, e os garimpeiros promovem o aumento da malária nas Terras Indígenas de Roraima. Portanto, o acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento em áreas indígenas invadidas por garimpeiros é imperativo para o enfrentamento dessa doença que assola as comunidades indígenas e ameaça a saúde pública em larga escala na meta de erradicar a malária no estado. Resumo Roraima estado epidemiológicos Vista tanto município questionário 20 participantes homens jovens 96 198 (198 ilegal 66 131 (131 países Yanomami 74 153 (153 grave sintomas 73 145 (145 transmitida 54 107 (107 repelentes completo ouro antimalárica Portanto 2 9 19 (19 6 13 (13 7 15 (15 14 (14 5 10 (10 1 (1 (

Abstract: Malaria is a public health problem and the cases diagnosed in the capital of Roraima, Brazil, show potential to characterize the burden of the disease in the state. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of malaria cases diagnosed in Boa Vista. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in two health units in the city, with individuals diagnosed and who agreed to respond the questionnaire. Of the total of 206 participants, characterized as men, mixed-race, and young, 96% (198) reported participating in illegal mining activity. Among the group of miners, 66% (131) came from other states of Brazil or other countries. The mines were mainly located in the Yanomami territory in Roraima. Plasmodium vivax infection occurred in 74% (153) of participants. In the miner’s group, hospitalizations for severe malaria, previous malaria attacks, and delays in treatment after the onset of symptoms were reported. Although 73% (145) of miners reported knowing how malaria was transmitted, only 54% (107) used mosquito nets or repellents. The use of Artecom and chloroquine by miners is not for the complete treatment but only to relieve symptoms for returning to gold mines, highlighting the importance of molecular surveillance to antimalarial resistance. Indigenous peoples are considered vulnerable to malaria and miners promotes the increase of malaria in Roraima Indigenous Lands. Therefore, access to diagnosis and treatment in Indigenous areas invaded by miners is imperative to confront this disease that ravages Indigenous communities and threatens public health on a large scale to achieve the goal of eliminating malaria in the state. Abstract state epidemiological clinical Vista purpose descriptive crosssectional cross sectional city questionnaire 20 participants men mixedrace, mixedrace mixed race, race mixed-race young 96 198 (198 activity 66 131 (131 countries 74 153 (153 miner s attacks 73 145 (145 transmitted 54 107 (107 repellents resistance Lands Therefore 2 9 19 (19 6 13 (13 7 15 (15 14 (14 5 10 (10 1 (1 (

Resumo: A malária é um problema de saúde pública e os casos diagnosticados na capital de Roraima, Brasil, têm potencial para caracterizar a carga da doença em todo o estado. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais dos casos de malária diagnosticados em Boa Vista. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo descritivo e transversal em duas unidades de saúde do município, com indivíduos diagnosticados com malária e que concordaram em responder ao questionário. De 206 participantes, caracterizados como homens, pardos e jovens, 96% (198) relataram atividade de garimpo ilegal. Entre garimpeiros, 66% (131) vieram de outros estados do Brasil ou de outros países. As minas estavam localizadas principalmente no território Yanomami, em Roraima. A infecção por Plasmodium vivax ocorreu em 74% (153) dos participantes. Entre garimpeiros, houve relatos de internações por malária grave, ataques prévios de malária e atrasos no tratamento após o início dos sintomas. Embora 73% (145) dos garimpeiros tenham relatado saber como a malária era transmitida, apenas 54% (107) usavam mosquiteiros ou repelentes. O uso de Artecom e cloroquina pelos garimpeiros não se destina ao tratamento completo, mas apenas ao alívio dos sintomas, permitindo o retorno às minas de ouro. Isso ressalta a importância da vigilância molecular para detectar a resistência antimalárica. Os indígenas são considerados uma população vulnerável à malária, e os garimpeiros promovem o aumento da malária nas Terras Indígenas de Roraima. Portanto, o acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento em áreas indígenas invadidas por garimpeiros é imperativo para o enfrentamento dessa doença que assola as comunidades indígenas e ameaça a saúde pública em larga escala na meta de erradicar a malária no estado.

Resumen: La malaria es un problema de salud pública y los casos diagnosticados en la capital de Roraima, Brasil, tienen el potencial de caracterizar la carga de la enfermedad en todo el estado. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de laboratorio de los casos de malaria diagnosticados en Boa Vista. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en dos unidades de salud del municipio, con personas diagnosticadas con malaria y que aceptaron responder el cuestionario. De 206 participantes, caracterizados como hombres, pardos y jóvenes, el 96% (198) reportó actividad minera ilegal. Entre los mineros, el 66% (131) procedían de otros estados de Brasil o de otros países. Las minas estaban ubicadas principalmente en el territorio Yanomami, en Roraima. La infección por Plasmodium vivax se produjo en el 74% (153) de los participantes. Entre los mineros, hubo relatos de hospitalizaciones por malaria grave, ataques previos de malaria y retrasos en el tratamiento tras de la aparición de los síntomas. Aunque el 73% (145) de los mineros informó saber cómo se transmitía la malaria, solo el 54% (107) usaba mosquiteros o repelentes. El uso de Artecom y cloroquina por parte de los mineros no está destinado a un tratamiento completo, sino al alivio de los síntomas para permitir el regreso a las minas de oro. Esto resalta la importancia de la vigilancia molecular para detectar la resistencia a los antipalúdicos. Los indígenas son considerados una población vulnerable a la malaria, y los mineros promueven el aumento de la malaria en las Tierras Indígenas de Roraima. Por lo tanto, el acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento en zonas indígenas invadidas por mineros es imperativo para combatir esta enfermedad que asola a las comunidades indígenas y amenaza la salud pública a gran escala en el objetivo de erradicar la malaria en el estado.

Abstract: Malaria is a public health problem and the cases diagnosed in the capital of Roraima, Brazil, show potential to characterize the burden of the disease in the state. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of malaria cases diagnosed in Boa Vista. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in two health units in the city, with individuals diagnosed and who agreed to respond the questionnaire. Of the total of 206 participants, characterized as men, mixed-race, and young, 96% (198) reported participating in illegal mining activity. Among the group of miners, 66% (131) came from other states of Brazil or other countries. The mines were mainly located in the Yanomami territory in Roraima. Plasmodium vivax infection occurred in 74% (153) of participants. In the miner’s group, hospitalizations for severe malaria, previous malaria attacks, and delays in treatment after the onset of symptoms were reported. Although 73% (145) of miners reported knowing how malaria was transmitted, only 54% (107) used mosquito nets or repellents. The use of Artecom and chloroquine by miners is not for the complete treatment but only to relieve symptoms for returning to gold mines, highlighting the importance of molecular surveillance to antimalarial resistance. Indigenous peoples are considered vulnerable to malaria and miners promotes the increase of malaria in Roraima Indigenous Lands. Therefore, access to diagnosis and treatment in Indigenous areas invaded by miners is imperative to confront this disease that ravages Indigenous communities and threatens public health on a large scale to achieve the goal of eliminating malaria in the state.

ABSTRACT Deforestation and high human mobility due to mining activities have been key to the increase in malaria cases in the Americas. Here, we review the epidemiological and control aspects of malaria in the Amazon mining areas. Epidemiological evidence shows: 1) a positive correlation between illegal mining activity and malaria incidence, mostly in the Amazon region; 2) most Brazilian miners are males aged 15-29 years who move between states and even countries; 3) miners do not fear the disease and rely on medical care, diagnosis, and medication when they become ill; 4) illegal mining has emerged as the most reported anthropogenic activity within indigenous lands and is identified as a major cause of malaria outbreaks among indigenous people in the Amazon; and 5) because mining is largely illegal, most areas are not covered by any healthcare facilities or activities, leading to little assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Our review identified five strategies for reducing the malaria incidence in areas with mining activities: 1) reviewing legislation to control deforestation and mining expansion, particularly in indigenous lands; 2) strengthening malaria surveillance by expanding the network of community health agents to support rapid diagnosis and treatment; 3) reinforcing vector control strategies, such as the use of insecticide-treated nets; 4) integrating deforestation alerts into the national malaria control program; and 5) implementing multi-sectoral activities and providing prompt assistance to indigenous populations. With this roadmap, we can expect a decrease in malaria incidence in the Amazonian mining areas in the future. Americas Here shows 1 region 2 1529 15 29 15-2 countries 3 care ill 4 5 expansion insecticidetreated insecticide treated nets program multisectoral multi sectoral populations roadmap future 152 15-

BACKGROUND: Negative attitudes and beliefs are major contributing factors to the rising numbers of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) cases in coal mines both locally and internationally. International literature confirms limited knowledge surrounding employees' attitudes and beliefs regarding NIHL and hearing protection devices (HPDs), hence the need for the study. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the attitudes and beliefs about NIHL and HPD use among employees at a large scale underground coal mine in Mpumalanga. METHOD: A descriptive and exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on Beliefs about Hearing Protection and Hearing Loss (BHPHL). Participants (n = 241) included employees from a coal mine in Mpumalanga, South Africa. RESULTS: Out of 241 completed surveys, this study found that 84% were aware of when to replace earmuffs; 95% believed wearing HPDs could prevent hearing loss in noisy environments; 83% felt their hearing was impacted by loud noise. Additionally, 86% mentioned discomfort from earmuff pressure; 95% emphasised HPD importance; and 95% used HPDs around loud sounds. Moreover, 98% knew how to properly wear earplugs, while lower education levels were linked to higher susceptibility to NIHL. CONCLUSION: The study identified positive attitudes towards NIHL and HPD use, but existing NIHL cases must be acknowledged. Organisations can use the findings to develop tailored hearing conservation programmes (HCP), including education, involving employees in protection decisions and promoting diligent HPD usage. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the limited literature on noise perceptions, NIHL, and HPD use in mining, emphasising the impact attitude has on HPD use and assessing the effect of miners NIHL knowledge on compliance. The findings, unique to coal mining, hold significance for enhancing hearing conservation and reducing NIHL.

Resumo: Este ensaio examina a interação entre a lei, a tecnologia e a cultura na distribuição e consumo de filmes censurados na China. Começa com uma análise das leis e regulamentações relevantes na indústria, explorando as diversas maneiras pelas quais o cinema clandestino contorna as restrições governamentais. Destaca o uso de novas tecnologias e mídias alternativas pelos cineastas independentes como estratégia para publicar seus trabalhos censurados. Durante a pandemia, o diretor Jiang Nengjie difundiu seu documentário Miners, Groom, and Pneumoconiosis (2019) por meio de links privados em serviços de armazenamento em nuvem, o que gerou uma grande repercussão nas redes e lhe proporcionou o apelido de “diretor da nuvem”. A transmissão por meio de aplicativos de videoconferência também criou novas oportunidades para filmes independentes prosperarem na China. O surgimento do cinema clandestino na rede criou um movimento social contínuo, proporcionando aos filmes independentes a chance de prosperar fora das mídias tradicionais

Abstract: This essay examines the interplay between law, technology, and culture in the distribution and consumption of censored films in China. It begins by analyzing the relevant laws and regulations in the industry and explores the various ways that underground cinema circumvents government restrictions. It highlights the independent filmmakers' use of new technologies and alternative media as strategies to publish their censored works. During the pandemic, director Jiang Nengjie shared his documentary Miners, Groom, and Pneumoconiosis (2019) via private links on cloud services, leading to its online virality and earning him the nickname “cloud drive director”. Streaming via video conferencing apps has also created new opportunities for independent films to thrive in China. The emergence of underground cinema online has created an ongoing social movement, providing independent films with the chance to prosper outside of mainstream media

Resumen: Este ensayo examina la interacción entre la ley, la tecnología y la cultura en la distribución y el consumo de películas censuradas en China. Comienza analizando las leyes y regulaciones relevantes en la industria y explorando las diversas formas en que el cine clandestino evade las restricciones gubernamentales. Destaca el uso de nuevas tecnologías y medios alternativos por parte de cineastas independientes como estrategia para publicar sus obras censuradas. Durante la pandemia, el director Jiang Nengjie difundió su documental Miners, Groom, and Pneumoconiosis (2019) a través de enlaces privados en servicios de almacenamiento en la nube, lo que generó una gran repercusión en la red y le valió el apodo de “director de la nube”. La transmisión a través de aplicaciones de videoconferencia también ha creado nuevas oportunidades para que las películas independientes prosperen en China. El surgimiento del cine clandestino en la red ha creado un movimiento social en curso, brindando a las películas independientes la oportunidad de prosperar fuera de los medios tradicionales

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las formas que adquiere la dominación empresaria sobre los trabajadores mineros en los actuales proyectos a gran escala que operan en contextos ecológicos andinos. Para analizar este fenómeno, propongo el concepto de “andinización temporal minera” y delimito sus alcances teóricos y empíricos en discusión con otras investigaciones. La hipótesis central es que la Cordillera de los Andes presenta una serie de problemas ecológicos para el modo global actual en que las empresas mineras organizan el trabajo a gran escala. Las empresas globales, al desplegar su modo de organizar el trabajo por medio de una fijación temporal de los trabajadores en la ecología andina, ponen en acción una serie de estrategias adaptativas (fisiológicas, tecnológicas y culturales) para acostumbrar a trabajadores no habituados al trabajo y hábitat temporal en los Andes y lograr producir minerales para el mercado. Para dar cuenta de este fenómeno, recurro al análisis de un proyecto minero a gran escala y a grandes altitudes, ubicado en la Cordillera de los Andes en el noroeste de la provincia de San Juan, Argentina, articulando las perspectivas de la sociología y antropología del trabajo con una labor de campo etnográfico realizado entre los años 2015 y 2019.

Abstract: This article analyzes the forms that corporate domination takes on mining workers in current large-scale projects operating in Andean ecological contexts. To analyze this phenomenon, I propose the concept of “temporary mining andeanization” and define its theoretical and empirical scope in discussion with other investigations. The central hypothesis is that the Andes mountain range presents a series of ecological problems for the current global way in which mining companies organize work on a large scale. Global companies by displaying their way of organizing work through a temporary fixation of workers in Andean ecology, put into action a series of adaptive strategies (physiological, technological and cultural) to accustom workers not used to work and habitat. temporary in the Andes and manage to produce minerals for the market. To account for this phenomenon, I turn to the analysis of a large-scale mining project at high altitudes, located in the Andes mountain range in the northwest of the San Juan Province, Argentina, and I articulate the perspectives of Labor Sociology and Anthropology with an ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2015 and 2019.

Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal that may cause neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological illnesses. Previously described neurological manifestations of mercury toxicity are symmetrical, and include a pancerebellar syndrome, generalised seizures and encephalopathy. Mercury is used in the gold mining process, and in artisanal or illicit gold mining, often without necessary protection. Here we describe the cases of two artisanal gold miners from western Johannesburg, South Africa, who presented with atypical neurological manifestations of mercury toxicity. Patient 1 presented with focal seizures, an asymmetrical cerebellar syndrome and an acute encephalopathy. Patient 2 had unilateral cerebellar ataxia. Both patients had toxic mercury levels, with no other cause identified for their symptoms. Patient 1 responded well to chelation therapy, but patient 2 refused admission and further medical treatment. The neurological manifestations of mercury toxicity are typically symmetrical, whereas our two patients presented with markedly asymmetrical features. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion for mercury poisoning, even in patients with atypical and unilateral or asymmetrical presentations. A prompt diagnosis and the commencement of early chelation therapy have the potential to produce good outcomes.

In the above title "vernacular" suggests opposite geographic origins and setting than those ascribed "town". It is now generally accepted that the term "vernacular" is an applicable and appropriate way to cluster and organise a certain cultural phenomenon (architecture) and is used for both farm and urban architecture: "vernacular farm architecture" and "vernacular urban architecture". This paper will focus on the changes in the vernacular farm architecture in the Vredefort Dome area (near the present towns of Parys, Vredefort and Potchefstroom), that reflect cultural development processes associated with the history of settlement in the southern African rural areas from 1850 to 1950. For many years, the Vredefort Dome was known as a prestigious area of settlement. Extensive numbers of game attracted hunter-gatherer groups, pre-colonial Bantu-speaking groups and more recently, European pioneers entering the area from around 1836. From 1845, European pioneer farm occupation livestock and agricultural development expanded exponentially until recent times. After 1850, the farmers and settlers (European pioneers) on the southern and northern sides of the Vaal River erected more permanent buildings and structures (including rondavels and rectangular dwellings), constructed with stone and, more commonly, clay. The landowner became both the architect and builder, selecting the most affordable ways to construct structures. Consequently, stone walls, sod walls, rammed-earth walls, walls of raw or sundried bricks, and walls ofburnt andfired bricks are characteristic of the different vernacular building traditions. By 1889, with the influx of miners and capital to the Vredefort and Potchefstroom diggings, a period of temporary economic prosperity ensued. Economics in the area evolved during this period through a combination of agriculture-based activities and mining-based activities. Gold and diamond mining stimulated the regional economy and played a significant role in the establishment and development of towns. This growth was reflected in the presence of typical late nineteenth century vernacular farm architecture, in particular the introduction of galvanised (corrugated) iron roofs. On the farms, two broad, generic architectural traditions existed: "designed" architecture formal structures), and rural, vernacular "architecture" (structures erected without the assistance of professional architects), typically constructed with building materials obtained from the immediate environment. The availability of corrugated iron can be considered the most notable technological development in the vernacular architecture of the nineteenth century. Thatched roofs on rectangular dwellings were replaced with Victorian-style corrugated iron roofs. The "corrugated-iron style" became the "new-vernacular" architecture, and with the addition of verandas, veranda-room houses became a distinguishing characteristic of the period. During thefirst three decades of the twentieth century, poverty and an economic depression had a negative impact on the building environment and therefore on the building of homes. In the Dome area, there were few, if any, wealthy residents who could employ the services of an architect for the design of their private homes. Consequently, the houses were simple and "old-fashioned", resulting in the birth of sub-branches of vernacular building traditions that already existed. The process of change affecting homes after the Second World War (1939-1945) can be seen in the area. The improvement of technology related to running water and sanitation, and the presence of electricity, made life more comfortable and had a notable effect on patterns of internal space utilisation. Some household activities moved from the outside of the home to the inside. Consequently, time and energy were saved, since water was no longer fetched from a water source, and the distance between the service points shortened considerably. The fitting ofpipes to provide water to the service spaces in the house (kitchen and bathroom) caused a change in the interior layout of the farmhouse and a change to lifestyles. Floor plans of urban dwellings were replicated, and the "patchwork" architectural tradition (additions and extensions added to the original pioneer core) became common. Household water consumption, the presence and location of the kitchen and the bathroom and the fitting ofpipes for running water related to the prosperity of each household and differed from farm to farm. It is notable that these changes did not occur among the homes of the labourers, probably as their accommodation was considered temporary. The Vredefort Dome was listed as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 2005. It is the oldest and largest known meteorite impact structure on earth, about 120 km southwest from Johannesburg, and represents a unique geological phenomenon formed about 2 023 million years ago. The Vredefort dome area also contains other well-preserved and outstanding cultural phenomena such as San rock art, Late Stone Age and Late Iron Age sites - including objects, the floor and wall remains of Sotho-Tswana hut structures, animal kraals and smelting-furnaces. The historic sites contain the remains of abandoned homesteads, outbuildings and other structures such as cattle kraals, water furrows, irrigated gardens, the orchards and graveyards of immigrant farmers.

Volksboukuns in die Vredefortkoepel (naby die huidige Parys, en Potchefstroom) kan beskou word as 'n kultuurhistoriese ontwikkelingsproses wat met die vestigingsgeskiedenis tussen 1850 en 1950 geassosieer word. Die Vaalrivieromgewing in die Vredefortkoepel was 'n gesogte vestigingsterrein vir opeenvolgende golwe van nedersetters en het aanvanklik groot wildstapels, jagter-versamelaars, pre-koloniale Bantoesprekendes, en ná 1836 boere en nedersetters (pioniers) getrek. Vanaf 1838 het pioniersvestiging, plaasbesetting, 'n landboustadium en ook 'n era van landbou-mynbou gevolg. Goud- en diamantmynbedrywighede gedurende die laat-negentiende eeu het die ekonomie van die omgewing gestimuleer, 'n beduidende rol in dorpstigting gespeel, en ook die volksboukuns met die gebruik van die sinkplaatdak beïnvloed. Die gegewe landskap beskik ook oor goedbewaarde en besonderse kultuurprodukte soos Sotho-Tswana klipmuurstrukture en verlate woonstrukture, veekrale, en smeltoonde en pioniersvestigings met huise, buitegeboue en ander strukture soos veekrale, ou watervore en besproeiingstuine, boorde en begraafplase. Die Vredefortkoepel, waar die grootste en oudste meteoriet impak op aarde gevind word, is sedert 2005 'n gelyste UNESCO wêrelderfenisterrein.

Abstract This year will mark the tenth anniversary of the signing of the Minamata Convention on the use of mercury. This agreement, signed by 128 countries, aims to protect human health, the preservation of the environment and biodiversity, and focuses on the regulation of this substance in artisanal small-scale gold mining, identified as the main responsible for the use and contamination of the environment in the world. It is the occasion here to analyse how this international policy was reflected in the real activity of the mining communities in the Amazonian region of Madre de Dios in Peru with whom the Wanamei Project worked. By describing the impact of such an agreement on the life and work of these communities, we will discuss two lines of reflection: 1) the need to rethink the territorial and temporal dimensions of such public actions; 2) the need to shift the focus of the underlying rationalities of action from a unicentric logic to a pluricentric philosophy, valuing local practices and knowledge in order to achieve sustainable solutions.

Résumé Cette année marquera le dixième anniversaire de la signature de la Convention de Minamata sur l'utilisation du mercure. Cet accord, signé par 128 pays, vise à protéger la santé humaine, la préservation de l'environnement et la biodiversité, et se concentre sur la réglementation de cette substance dans l'exploitation minière artisanale de l'or à petite échelle, identifiée comme la principale responsable de contamination de l'environnement à l’échelle mondiale. Il s'agit ici d'analyser comment cette politique internationale s’est traduite dans l'activité réelle des communautés minières de la région amazonienne de Madre de Dios au Pérou avec lesquelles le projet Wanamei a travaillé. En décrivant l'impact d'un tel accord sur la vie et le travail de ces communautés, nous chercherons à discuter sur deux axes de réflexion : 1) la nécessité de repenser les dimensions territoriales et temporelles de telles actions publiques ; 2) la nécessité de déplacer l’approche des rationalités sous-jacentes de l'action d'une logique unicentrique à une philosophie pluricentrique, valorisant les pratiques et les connaissances locales afin de parvenir à des solutions durables.

Resumen Se festejará este año el décimo aniversario de la firma del Convenio Minamata sobre el uso del mercurio. Este acuerdo firmado por 128 países, al buscar proteger la salud humana, la preservación del medioambiente y de la biodiversidad se enfoca sobre la regulación de esta substancia en la minería de oro artesanal a pequeña escala, identificada como la principal responsable del uso y contaminación del medioambiente en el mundo. Es la ocasión aquí para analizar como esta política internacional se tradujo en la actividad real de las comunidades mineras de la región amazónica de Madre de Dios en Perú con las cuales se trabajó en el Proyecto Wanamei. Al describir las incidencias de tal acuerdo sobre la vida y el trabajo de estas comunidades, buscaremos debatir dos ejes de reflexión: 1) la necesidad de repensar las dimensiones territoriales y temporales de tales acciones publicas 2) la necesidad de cambiar el enfoque de las racionalidades de acción subyacentes desde una lógica unicéntrica hacia una filosofía pluricéntrica, valorizando las prácticas y saberes locales con fines de alcanzar soluciones sostenibles.

Resumo Este ano assinalar-se-á o décimo aniversário da assinatura da Convenção de Minamata sobre a utilização de mercúrio. Este acordo, assinado por 128 países, visa proteger a saúde humana, a preservação do ambiente e a biodiversidade, dos efeitos nefastos do mercúrio, centrando-se igualmente na regulamentação da utilização desta substância na mineração aurífera artesanal e em pequena escala. Esta é uma oportunidade de analisar a forma como esta política internacional se traduziu na atividade real das comunidades mineiras da região amazónica de Madre de Dios, no Peru, com as quais o Projeto Wanamei trabalhou. Ao descrever o impacto deste acordo na vida e no trabalho destas comunidades, procuraremos discutir duas linhas de reflexão: 1) a necessidade de repensar as dimensões territorial e temporal destas ações públicas; 2) a necessidade de mudar o foco das racionalidades subjacentes à ação de uma lógica unicêntrica para uma filosofia pluricêntrica, valorizando as práticas e saberes locais a fim de alcançar soluções sustentáveis.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the profile and performance of the Minas Gerais bench in the Chamber of Deputies in the debate on the electoral reform of 1855. The measure promised to change the logic of political competition with the advent of district voting and ineligibility. How did the largest bench in the Empire behave in the face of a bill that could profoundly alter its formation? Despite the threat of weakening the provincial power, it was concluded that the support of the miners was decisive for the reform and helped to deepen fissures in the conservative domain. 1855 ineligibility formation power domain 185 18 1

RESUMO Este artigo discute o perfil e a atuação da bancada mineira na Câmara dos Deputados no debate sobre a reforma eleitoral de 1855. A medida prometia alterar a lógica da competição política com o advento do voto distrital e das inelegibilidades. Como se comportou a maior bancada do Império diante de um projeto que poderia alterar profundamente a sua formação? Apesar da ameaça de enfraquecimento do poder provincial, concluiu-se que o apoio dos mineiros foi decisivo à reforma e ajudou a aprofundar fissuras no domínio conservador. 1855 inelegibilidades formação provincial concluiuse concluiu conservador 185 18 1

Abstract: This article analyzes the forms that corporate domination takes on mining workers in current large-scale projects operating in Andean ecological contexts. To analyze this phenomenon, I propose the concept of “temporary mining andeanization” and define its theoretical and empirical scope in discussion with other investigations. The central hypothesis is that the Andes mountain range presents a series of ecological problems for the current global way in which mining companies organize work on a large scale. Global companies by displaying their way of organizing work through a temporary fixation of workers in Andean ecology, put into action a series of adaptive strategies (physiological, technological and cultural) to accustom workers not used to work and habitat. temporary in the Andes and manage to produce minerals for the market. To account for this phenomenon, I turn to the analysis of a large-scale mining project at high altitudes, located in the Andes mountain range in the northwest of the San Juan Province, Argentina, and I articulate the perspectives of Labor Sociology and Anthropology with an ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2015 and 2019.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las formas que adquiere la dominación empresaria sobre los trabajadores mineros en los actuales proyectos a gran escala que operan en contextos ecológicos andinos. Para analizar este fenómeno, propongo el concepto de “andinización temporal minera” y delimito sus alcances teóricos y empíricos en discusión con otras investigaciones. La hipótesis central es que la Cordillera de los Andes presenta una serie de problemas ecológicos para el modo global actual en que las empresas mineras organizan el trabajo a gran escala. Las empresas globales, al desplegar su modo de organizar el trabajo por medio de una fijación temporal de los trabajadores en la ecología andina, ponen en acción una serie de estrategias adaptativas (fisiológicas, tecnológicas y culturales) para acostumbrar a trabajadores no habituados al trabajo y hábitat temporal en los Andes y lograr producir minerales para el mercado. Para dar cuenta de este fenómeno, recurro al análisis de un proyecto minero a gran escala y a grandes altitudes, ubicado en la Cordillera de los Andes en el noroeste de la provincia de San Juan, Argentina, articulando las perspectivas de la sociología y antropología del trabajo con una labor de campo etnográfico realizado entre los años 2015 y 2019.

ABSTRACT Brazil has immense potential in the production of quartz and its gem varieties, consequently generating huge amounts of waste. This research aims to utilize the amethyst quartz tailings from the Alto Bonito mine-Brazil accumulated for decades in waste dumps, through a specific study of cementitious mortar production, considering the mineralogical and chemical characterization; evaluation the use of tailings as a fine aggregate for mortar production; estimate the technical feasibility through mechanical tests and; characterize of specimens by SEM after breakage. The tailings are quartz associated with mica. Quartz is polycrystalline with medium to fine grain, being SiO2 the main component. The comminuted tailings showed a very fine fineness modulus, affecting the formulations. With cement:tailings (1:3) traces the mechanical tests show 5.65 Mpa and 1.05 Mpa to compressive and flexural strength respectively, slightly below the reference. The fine-sized and metamorphic morphology of the tailings affects the mechanical strength of the mortar. The process adopted in the production of mortars with total replacement of the fine aggregate have a great impact contributing to the reduction of waste in dumps, minimizing the environmental impact of mining, in addition to benefiting the Amethyst Miners Cooperative. varieties mineBrazil mine dumps characterization breakage mica grain SiO component modulus formulations cementtailings cement 13 1 3 (1:3 565 5 65 5.6 105 05 1.0 respectively reference finesized sized mining Cooperative (1: 56 6 5. 10 0 1. (1 (

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is a parasitosis conditioned by several factors. This study sought to analyze the spatial distribution of malaria considering environmental, socioeconomic, and political variables in São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil, from 2014 to 2020. Methods: Epidemiological, cartographic, and environmental data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute, and National Space Research Institute. Statistical and spatial distribution analyses were performed using chi-squared tests of expected equal proportions and the kernel and bivariate global Moran’s techniques with Bioestat 5.0 and ArcGIS 10.5.1. Results: The highest percentage of cases occurred in adult males with brown skin color, mainly placer miners, with a primary education level, living in rural areas, who were infected with Plasmodium vivax and with parasitemia of two or three crosses as diagnosed by the thick drop/smear test. The disease had a non-homogeneous distribution, with distinct annual parasite indices associated with administrative districts and clusters of cases in locations with deforestation, mining, and pastures close to Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. Thus, a direct relationship between areas with cases and environmental degradation associated with land use was demonstrated, along with the precarious availability of health services. Pressure on protected areas and epidemiological silence in Indigenous Lands were also noted. Conclusions: Environmental and socioeconomic circuits were identified for development of diseases associated with precarious health services in the municipality. These findings highlight the need to intensify malaria surveillance and contribute to the systematic knowledge of malaria’s epidemiology by considering the complexity of its conditioning factors. Background factors Xingu Pará Brazil 201 2020 Methods Epidemiological cartographic Health Institute chisquared chi squared Morans Moran s 50 5 0 5. 1051 10 1 10.5.1 Results color miners level dropsmear drop smear test nonhomogeneous non homogeneous deforestation mining Thus demonstrated noted Conclusions municipality malarias 20 202 105 10.5. 2 10.5 10.

RESUMEN. Objetivos: Evaluar la influencia de las condiciones socio-demográficas y de la existencia de asociaciones entre las condiciones de seguridad laboral y la prevalencia de efectos en la salud. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal con intensión analítica realizado con fuentes secundarias de variables socio-demográficas, laborales, de condición y efectos sobre la salud asociados a la práctica de la minería aurífera y al uso de mercurio, los registros n=367. La realización de pruebas y estimaciones estadísticas de rigor a un nivel de confianza del 95% (p<0,05). Resultados: Las mujeres en su mayoría, de 45 a 49 años, analfabetos. Los efectos sobre la condición física y la salud asociados a su labor, demuestran la prevalencia de alteraciones como pérdida de: fuerza, visión y cabello. Las regresiones lineales entre las concentraciones orgánicas de Hg (sangre, orina y cabello) y el tiempo de realización de esta labor, apuntan que existen asociaciones proporcionales significativas (p<0,05) Conclusiones: El uso de medidas de seguridad laboral puede incidir significativamente en la reducción de riesgos asociados a la exposición al mercurio, principalmente en segmentos poblacionales con mayor vulnerabilidad.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Develop an assessment of socio-demographic conditions influence as well significant associations among occupational safety conditions and health effects prevalence on gold small-scale miners vulnerability in Colombia. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with analytical intent conducted with secondary sources of socio-demographic, labor, condition and health effects variables associated with the practice of gold mining and the use of mercury, records n=367. The performance of tests and statistical estimates of rigor at a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05). Results: Women are mostly illiterate aged 45 to 49. The effects on physical condition and health associated with their work demonstrate the prevalence of alterations such as loss of: strength, vision and hair. The linear regressions between the organic concentrations of Hg (blood, urine and hair) and the time of performance of this work, indicate that there are significant proportional associations (p<0.05). Conclusions: The assessment of occupational safety measures might have a significant impact on potential risks reduction associated with mercury usage and exposure, mainly in population segments with higher vulnerability tendencies.