Resumen El conocimiento y modelación de curvas de lactación hacen posible identificar factores que ayuden a explicar las variaciones ambientales y genéticas, que permitan implementar un programa de selección. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar diferentes modelos para las curvas de producción de leche, grasa y proteína en ganado Holstein en México, así como evaluar algunos factores que las afectan. Se usó información de 125,982 lactaciones pertenecientes a 68,804 animales nacidos del año 2000 al 2020. Se evaluó el efecto del número de parto, época del año y hato. Con la paquetería Lactcurves de R, se ajustaron los 38 modelos que incluye, de los cuales se eligieron los cuatro mejores (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer y Pollot modificado) que posteriormente se usaron para modelar las curvas individuales a través de un modelo de regresión no lineal. Los parámetros calculados para cada modelo fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre el número de lactación (P<0.05), así como el número de parto, época de parto y hato (P<0.01). Las curvas modeladas tienen formas similares a las reportadas en otros estudios, a excepción de las obtenidas para proteína en el tercer y cuarto o más partos con el modelo de Pollot modificado. La ecuación propuesta por Wilmink fue la que presentó mejor ajuste para la población de estudio según los diferentes criterios de evaluación. El emplear el modelo que mejor se adapte a los datos dará predicciones más cercanas a la realidad, y poder aplicarlo a distintos ámbitos como el mejoramiento genético.

Abstract The knowledge and modeling of lactation curves make it possible to identify factors that help explain environmental and genetic variations that allow the implementation of a selection program. This work aimed to evaluate different models for milk production, fat, and protein curves in Holstein cattle in Mexico and some factors that affect them. The information used was from 125,982 lactations belonging to 68,804 animals born from 2000 to 2020. The effect of calving number, season of the year, and herd was evaluated. R’s Lactcurves package was employed to fit the 38 models included in the package, of which the best four (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer, and modified Pollot) were chosen and then used to model the individual curves through a nonlinear regression model. The parameters calculated for each model were statistically different among the number of lactations (P<0.05), as well as the number of calving, calving season, and herd (P<0.01). The modeled curves have similar shapes to those reported in other studies, except those obtained for protein in the third and fourth or more calvings with the modified Pollot model. The equation proposed by Wilmink was the one that presented the best fit for the study population according to the different evaluation criteria. Using the model that best suits the data will give a closer predictions to reality, and it can be applied to different areas, such as genetic improvement.

Abstract The aim was to prepare mayonnaises with natural preservatives and improved protein content to verify their structural and nutritional properties. Three formulations were developed (70% fat + variation in protein), F1 (powdered whey) did not reach the structural standards of commercial mayonnaise; F2 (skimmed milk) reached standards equivalent to commercialized products; F3 (powdered whey + skimmed milk) presented light mayonnaise pattern; F0 (Control). Protein content was higher than market products (more than 1.0 %). The evaluation of 30 days showed variations: AW (0.934-0.941); extrusion values F1 (1.035 N ±0.026 - 0.566 N ±0.024), F2(4.255 N ±0.160 - 3.218 N ±0.060), F3 (3.198 N ±0.086 - 1.700 N ±0.044). The preservatives favored the color ∆E: F1 (11.31 ±0.04), F2 (2.65 ±0.14), F3 (1.65 ± 0.22). DPPH analysis showed the difference of products with added natural preservatives and whey in relation to the F0; F3 formulation was favored. Thixotropy appeared in all samples. The exothermic peak occurred F1 (6˚C - 7˚C), F2 (5˚C - 7˚C) and F3 (3˚C - 4˚C), indicating faster crystallization of the F3 (lipid-protein bond). The use of whey and powdered milk as emulsifying agent for mayonnaise emulsions, garlic and mustard, increased shelf life and protein content were demonstrated.

Resumen El objetivo fue preparar mayonesas con conservantes naturales y contenido proteico mejorado, y verificar sus propiedades estructurales y nutricionales. Se desarrollaron tres formulaciones (70% grasa + variación en proteína), la F1 (suero en polvo) no alcanzó los padrones estructurales de la mayonesa comercial; F2 (leche desnatada) alcanzó padrones equivalentes a los productos comercializados; F3 (suero en polvo + leche desnatada) presentó patrón de mayonesa; F0 (Control). El contenido de proteínas fue superior al de los productos del mercado (más del 1,0 %). La evaluación de 30 días mostró variaciones: AW (0,934-0,941); valores de extrusión F1 (1.035 N ±0.026 - 0.566 N ±0.024), F2(4.255 N ±0.160 - 3.218 N ±0.060), F3 (3.198 N ±0.086 - 1.700 N ±0.044). Los conservantes favorecieron el color ∆E: F1 (11,31 ±0,04), F2 (2,65 ±0,14), F3 (1,65 ± 0,22). DPPH mostró la diferencia de los productos con conservantes naturales añadidos y suero con relación a la F0. Se favoreció la formulación F3. La tixotropía apareció en todas las muestras. El pico exotérmico se produjo en F1 (6˚C - 7˚C), F2 (5˚C - 7˚C) y F3 (3˚C - 4˚C), lo que indica una cristalización más rápida del F3 (enlace lípido-proteína). Se demostró el uso de suero y leche en polvo como agente emulsionante para emulsiones de mayonesa, ajo y mostaza, mayor vida útil y contenido de proteínas.

Abstract Dairy production in Ecuador is a source of economic income for many small and medium producers, however the lack of technical advice leads to problems in the quality of milk, and affects their production volume. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a pilot plan to improve the quality of milk produced by 57 small producers from different parishes of the cantons of Quito, Rumiñahui and San Miguel de los Bancos in the province of Pichincha, through a training plan in good milking practices and feeding strategies. Two initial samplings were carried out (between October and November 2021) prior to the training, and two final samplings (in June 2022) to measure the impact of the training. A total of 1.273 samples were collected, of these only 4.02 % (52/1273) (of the samples) complied with the reference values of the national regulations, while 95.98 % (1243/1273) did not comply with any of the evaluated parameters; however, the vast majority of the milk is suitable for human consumption, yet its nutritional quality needs to be improved. We were able to reduce considerably (although not statistically) the somatic cell count (SC, from an initial average of 623530 CS ml-1 to 365660 CS ml-1 after training, being correlated with the significant increase in the percentage of lactose between the initial and final sampling; there were also significant differences in the percentage of fat and total solids, although in these two cases their values decreased after training (fat from 2.58 % in the initial sampling to 2.10 % in the final sampling and total solids of 11, 44 % to 11.00 %);showed no significant differences between samples. It is concluded that the training was beneficial since the considerable decrease in the somatic cell count increased the volume of milk production of the small producers, and therefore their economic income. For the rest of the parameters, it is recommended to reinforce training in nutrition, feeding, pasture management, etc., in order to increase their values, as well as to maintain constant training programs for producers, supported by academia, private and public entities.

Resumen La producción láctea en Ecuador es una fuente de ingresos económicos para muchos pequeños y medianos productores; sin embargo, la falta de asesoría técnica conlleva a que tengan problemas en la calidad de la leche y se vea afectado su volumen de producción, por lo que la presente investigación tuvo como finalidad realizar un plan piloto para el mejoramiento de la calidad de leche producida por 57 pequeños productores de diferentes parroquias de los cantones Quito, Rumiñahui y San Miguel de los Bancos de la provincia de Pichincha, mediante un plan de capacitación en buenas prácticas de ordeño y estrategias de alimentación. Se realizaron 2 muestreos iniciales (entre octubre y noviembre de 2021), previo a la capacitación, y 2 muestreos finales (en junio de 2022) para medir el impacto de estas. Se recolectaron 1.273 muestras, donde solamente el 4,02 % (52/1.273) de las mismas, cumplen con los valores referenciales de la normativa nacional, mientras que el 95,98 % (1.243/1.273) no cumple con alguno de los parámetros evaluados; sin embargo, la gran mayoría de dicha leche sí es apta para el consumo humano, pero requiere ser mejorada en su calidad nutricional. Se logró disminuir considerablemente (aunque no estadísticamente) el conteo de células somáticas, de un promedio inicial de 623.530 CS ml-1 a 365.660 CS ml-1 luego de la capacitación, siendo correlacionado con el aumento significativo del porcentaje de lactosa entre el muestreo inicial y el final; también existió diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de grasa y sólidos totales, aunque en estos dos casos disminuyeron sus valores luego de la capacitación (grasa de 2,58 % en el muestreo inicial a 2,10 % en el final y sólidos totales de 11,44 % a 11,00 %). El resto de los parámetros no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los muestreos. Se concluye que la capacitación fue beneficiosa, pues la disminución considerable del conteo de células somáticas aumentó el volumen de producción de leche de los pequeños productores y, por ende, sus ingresos económicos. Para el resto de los parámetros se recomienda reforzar las capacitaciones de nutrición, alimentación, manejo de pasturas, etc., para incrementar sus valores, así como mantener constantes programas de capacitación a los productores, apoyados desde la academia, la empresa privada y entidades públicas.

ABSTRACT Due to the diversification of dairy products developed in the state of Falcón, the introduction of a fermented dairy product derived from yogurt combined with Aloe vera gel, a traditional crop of the region, is novel due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of a dairy drink with fermented aloe according to current regulations. Important authors such as Tamime and Robinson 1, Morillo and Toyo 2, Méndez and Romero 3 were taken as references. Product elaboration runs were carried out on a laboratory scale, in order to establish the adequate proportions of the fruity Aloe gel by mixing fruit pulp, sugar and Aloe gel, the most accepted being the 1:1:1 ratio. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the raw material and the finished product was carried out using the COVENIN standards and organoleptic tests to untrained judges to ensure the acceptance of the product, from which a fermented milk drink was obtained with the addition of 50 % gel of Fruity Aloe with a pH of 4,51; a titratable acidity of 0,837 % lactic acid; 3,64 % fat and 12,92 % non-fat solids. Regarding the microbiological quality, few yeasts and the absence of coliform bacteria were found, which complies with the physicochemical and microbiological requirements demanded by the regulations, allowing the obtaining of a quality product suitable for human consumption based on natural raw materials.

RESUMEN Debido a la diversificación de los productos de origen lácteo desarrollados en el estado Falcón, la introducción de un producto lácteo fermentado derivado del yogurt combinado con gel de Aloe vera, cultivo tradicional de la región, es novedoso por sus propiedades alimenticias y beneficios a la salud. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad de una bebida láctea fermentada con gel de Aloe frutado según la normativa vigente. Se tomaron como referencias importantes autores como Tamime y Robinson, (1) Morillo y Toyo, (2) Méndez y Romero. (3) Se realizaron corridas de elaboración del producto a escala de laboratorio, a fin de establecer las proporciones adecuadas del gel de Aloe frutado mezclando pulpa de fruta, azúcar y gel de Aloe, siendo la más aceptada la proporción 1:1:1. Se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la materia prima y del producto terminado mediante las normas COVENIN y pruebas organolépticas a 10 jueces no entrenados para asegurar la aceptación del producto, de donde se obtuvo una bebida láctea fermentada con la adición de 50 % de gel de Aloe frutado con un pH de 4,51; una acidez titulable de 0,837 % de ácido láctico; 3,64 % de grasa y 12,92 % de sólidos no grasos. Respecto a la calidad microbiológica se encontraron levaduras escasas y ausencia de bacterias coliformes, con lo cual se cumple con los requisitos fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos exigidos por la normativa, permitiendo la obtención de un producto de calidad apto para el consumo humano a base de materias primas naturales.

ABSTRACT The effect of four harvest ages (90, 120, 150 and 180 days) on the aerial biomass yield and chemical composition of rapeseed was evaluated, as well as its use as a hay supplement for dairy cows grazing at an altitude of 3279 m. Forage yield and its chemical composition were evaluated in 16 plots, 4 per treatment, according to a randomized complete block design. The harvested rapeseed biomass was hayed and chopped to 1 cm in length, supplied daily at a rate of 3 kg per cow. Sixteen crossbred and multiparous Holstein cows were distributed in four treatments that consisted of hays made according to harvest age. Milk production per cow was recorded for six weeks. Total solids, fat, protein, and lactose were determined in the last week of the study. As rapeseed age increased, forage biomass and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased, and crude protein concentration decreased; however, milk production and its milk components were not affected by the supplementation of the four types of hay, except for rapeseed hay harvested at 90 days of age, which increased the milk protein content.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de cuatro edades de cosecha (90, 120, 150 y 180 días) sobre el rendimiento de biomasa aérea y composición química de la colza, así como su uso como suplemento henificado para vacas lecheras en pastoreo a 3279 msnm. El rendimiento forrajero y la composición química se evalúo en 16 parcelas, 4 por tratamiento, de acuerdo con un diseño de bloques completos al azar. La biomasa de colza cosechada fue henificada y picada a 1 cm de longitud, suministrada diariamente a razón de 3 kg por vaca. Dieciséis vacas Holstein cruzadas y multíparas se distribuyeron en cuatro tratamientos que consistieron en henos elaborados de acuerdo con la edad de cosecha. La producción de leche por vaca se registró durante seis semanas. Los sólidos totales, grasa, proteína y lactosa se determinaron en la última semana del estudio. A medida que la edad de la colza fue mayor se incrementó la biomasa forrajera y la fibra detergente neutra (FDN), y disminuyó la concentración de proteína cruda; sin embargo, la producción de leche y sus componentes lácteos no se vieron afectados por la suplementación de los cuatro tipos de heno, con excepción del heno de colza cosechada a 90 días de edad, que incrementó el contenido de proteína láctea.

ABSTRACT The interaction between pasture and supplementation in dairy production systems constitutes a very important part of the efficiency of dairy. This study evaluated the effect of the herbage mass (HM) on the milk production and solid concentration. Twenty Holstein cows were distributed into two groups, 10 assigned 2200 kg DM ha-1 (low herbage mass, LHM) and 10 with 2800 kg DM ha-1 (medium herbage mass, MHM). Herbage mass was measured above 5 cm. The experiment lasted 8 wk. The variables evaluated were DM intake (DMI), milk production and composition (fat and protein concentration). Effects of treatments on variables were evaluated using a repeated measure analysis over time. The results showed nonsignificant differences in the pasture DMI between LHM and MHM for weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5 (P > 0.05). During week 4, pasture DMI was 3 kg greater for LHM than MHM (P < 0.05). The milk production did not differ between treatments per week, but the average was 2.4 kg greater for LHM compared to MHM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in the pasture availability increased milk production at LHM, but not enough to cause changes in solids concentration. This clearly shows that, LHM can increase milk and solids production.

This study sought to explore the effect of the administration of long-term, exogenous oxytocin on buffalo milk. In this study, newly-calved postpartum buffaloes (Nili-Ravi) (n = 24) were divided equally into three groups: (control without oxytocin - CON, 10 i.u. oxytocin - LOW, 30 i.u. oxytocin - HIGH). Oxytocin was injected twice a day before each 154-day milking. Milk production, milk composition, somatic cell counts, and progesterone (P4) were evaluated daily, weekly, and fortnightly, respectively. Results revealed that the HIGH group produced high milk production and pH values, but lower milk density than the CON and LOW groups. The HIGH group and LOW group had higher milk fat and solid-not-fat (SNF) compared to the CON group. SNF and protein were higher in the LOW group than the CON group. Freezing point, lactose, solids, somatic cell count, and P4 were similar in all three groups. Overall, it can be concluded that long-term, exogenous oxytocin has a positive effect on milk production, fat, SNF, and protein, with a negative effect on milk pH. None of the oxytocin treatments affected somatic cell counts and P4 concentration in postpartum buffalo milk.

This study determined the effects of rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) supplementation on milk yield and milk composition in early lactation dairy buffalo fed a forage-based diet. A total of 20 lactating, multiparous Anatolia water buffalo were used, with a mean initial milk yield of 4.63 ± 0.52 kg/d, 42.75 ± 6.21 days in milk, and a body weight of 452.8 ± 28.92 kg. The buffalo were separated into two groups, each containing 10 animals of similar body weight, parity, days in milk, and milk yield. The first group (CON) received a ration without feed additives as a control, whereas the second group (RPMet) was fed the control diet supplemented with 10g/head/day of RPMet. The buffalo were housed in two separate free-stall barns. The experiment lasted for nine weeks, including one week for adaptation and eight weeks for the trial period. Experimental animals were fed a total mixed ration with a forage to concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) of 70:30 containing 15% crude protein and 1.72 Mcal/kg NEL. Daily milk yield was recorded for individual animals and milk samples were collected at 2-w intervals. The supplementation with 10 g/d of RPMet considerably increased milk yield (+ 0.16 kg/d), FCM (+ 0.66 kg/d), energy-corrected milk (+ 0.74 kg/d), milk protein yield (+ 0.02 kg/d), and milk fat yield (+ 0.05 kg/d), but did not affect milk lactose and SNF yield. A higher milk protein percentage was obtained with RPMet compared to the CON (0.23% vs.0.21); fat, lactose, and solid non-fat were similar. Early lactation RPMet supplementation beneficially affects milk yield, milk protein content and yield, and milk fat yield. Further studies are needed to assess the efficiency of RPMet under different dietary conditions in lactating buffalo.

Abstract Objective: To characterize the performance of some productive indicators of Murciano-Granadina goats under post-quarantine conditions in western Cuba. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the production and quality of milk, 10 lactating females and 12 kids of their offspring were selected during a period of 30 days. The quality indicators were: density, fat, nonfat solids, acidity and reductase. A semi-intensive production system was established, with controlled grazing and feeding trough supplementation with the protein forage plant Cratylia argentea (Desvaux O. Kuntze). Results: Survival of 97,4 % and 1,2 kids per birth were obtained during the study. Birth weight of the kids was 1,7 kg and daily gain was 0,08 kg. Average daily milk production was higher than 1,4 kg/goat. Conclusions: The analysis of the evaluated indicators allowed the characterization of the productive performance of the first genetic nucleus of Murciano-Granadina breed goats established in Cuba. In addition, the production and quality of milk produced by these goats comply with the genetic potential of this breed.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de algunos indicadores productivos de cabras de la raza Murciano-Granadina en condiciones de poscuarentena en el occidente de Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: Para evaluar la producción y calidad de la leche se seleccionaron 10 hembras en lactancia y 12 cabritos de su descendencia durante un período de 30 días. Los indicadores de calidad fueron: densidad, grasa, sólidos no grasos, acidez y reductasa. Se estableció un sistema productivo semintensivo, con pastoreo controlado y complementación en canoa con la planta forrajera proteica Cratylia argentea (Desvaux O. Kuntze). Resultados: Se obtuvo supervivencia de 97,4 % y 1,2 cabrito por parto durante el estudio. El peso del cabrito al nacer fue de 1,7 kg y la ganancia diaria de 0,08 kg. La producción de leche promedio diaria fue superior a 1,4 kg/cabra. Conclusiones: El análisis de los indicadores evaluados permitió la caracterización del comportamiento productivo del primer núcleo genético de cabras de la raza Murciano-Granadina establecido en Cuba. Además, la producción y la calidad de la leche producida por estas cabras cumplen con el potencial genético de esta raza.

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of milk production, number of lactations, and days in milk (DIM) on the quality and composition of milk from dairy cows housed in a compost barn (CB) system. The study was carried out using a six-year database, counting 31,268 observations from 2,037 cows of European breeds. Multiparous cows showed higher fat and protein production. Lactose showed high levels for primiparous and the initial stage of lactation (4.65%) and was negatively influenced by somatic cell count (SCC). Milk urea nitrogen was higher (14.01%) from 106 to 205 days in milk, and the other components were higher at >305 days. Therefore, the solids content was higher in the first and second lactations due to the high contents of lactose, fat, and milk protein, but lactose was reduced over lactations. In contrast, high DIM increased SCC and concentrated solids due to lower milk production. The effect of milk production, stage, and lactation order on the composition and milk quality of herds housed in CB showed the same pattern as in other production systems. (DIM (CB system sixyear six year database 31268 31 268 31,26 2037 2 037 2,03 breeds 4.65% 465 4 65 (4.65% SCC. . (SCC) 14.01% 1401 14 01 (14.01% 10 20 305 >30 Therefore contrast systems 3126 3 26 31,2 203 03 2,0 4.65 46 6 (4.65 (SCC 14.01 140 1 0 (14.01 30 >3 312 31, 2, 4.6 (4.6 14.0 (14.0 > 4. (4. 14. (14. (4 (14 ( (1

Abstract Background Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can promote tumorigenic and metastatic capacities in less aggressive recipient cells mainly through the biomolecules in their cargo. However, despite recent advances, the specific molecules orchestrating these changes are not completely defined. Lactadherin is a secreted 0protein typically found in the milk fat globule membrane. Its overexpression has been associated with increased tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast cancer (BC) and other tumors. However, neither its presence in sEVs secreted by BC cells, nor its role in sEV-mediated intercellular communication have been described. The present study focused on the role of lactadherin-containing sEVs from metastatic MDA-MB-231 triple-negative BC (TNBC) cells (sEV-MDA231) in the promotion of pro-metastatic capacities in non-tumorigenic and non-metastatic recipient cells in vitro, as well as their pro-metastatic role in a murine model of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Results We show that lactadherin is present in sEVs secreted by BC cells and it is higher in sEV-MDA231 compared with the other BC cell-secreted sEVs measured through ELISA. Incubation of non-metastatic recipient cells with sEV- MDA231 increases their migration and, to some extent, their tumoroid formation capacity but not their anchorage-independent growth. Remarkably, lactadherin blockade in sEV-MDA231 results in a significant decrease of those sEV-mediated changes in vitro. Similarly, intraperitoneally treatment of mice with MDA-MB-231 BC cells and sEV-MDA231 greatly increase the formation of malignant ascites and tumor micronodules, effects that were significantly inhibited when lactadherin was previously blocked in those sEV-MDA231. Conclusions As to our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence on the role of lactadherin in metastatic BC cell-secreted sEVs as promoter of: (i) metastatic capacities in less aggressive recipient cells, and ii) the formation of malignant ascites and metastatic tumor nodules. These results increase our understanding on the role of lactadherin in sEVs as promoter of metastatic capacities which can be used as a therapeutic option for BC and other malignancies.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a influência do volume de produção, intervalo entre coletas e época do ano em relação a composição e qualidade do leite cru refrigerado na região de Lavras-MG. O estudo foi conduzido através de coleta de informações a partir do monitoramento da qualidade de leite que é realizada por um laticínio sob inspeção federal - SIF. Para o estudo as fazendas foram classificadas de acordo com as seguintes escalas de produção de leite por propriedade (G): até 200 L/dia, 201-500 L/dia, 501-1000 L/dia, 1001-2.000 L/dia e acima de 2.000 L/dia e; intervalo de coleta de 24h e 48h (C) e a sazonalidade (S) foi considerada em função dos meses do ano (novembro de 2020 a outubro de 2021). Os parâmetros analisados no leite foram: Teor de Gordura, Proteína, Lactose, Sólidos Totais (ST), Extrato Seco Desengordurado (ESD), Contagem de Célula Somática (CCS), Teor de Nitrogênio Ureico (NU), Contagem Padrão em Placa (CPP), Relação Gordura/Proteína (G/P) e Índice Crioscópico. Houve influência da Sazonalidade para todos os parâmetros pesquisados, exceto NU. Quanto ao volume captado por grupo, houve efeito sobre o NU, ST e para CPP. Para intervalo de coleta, houve diferença nos parâmetros de NU, Proteína, Lactose, ST, ESD e CPP. Houve interação entre a sazonalidade e volume de produção (SxG) para os parâmetros de CCS, gordura e G/P. O presente estudo revelou que o volume de produção dos fornecedores, intervalo de coleta na propriedade e época do ano contribui para ocorrência de variação nos parâmetros da composição química e qualidade do leite. LavrasMG. LavrasMG Lavras MG. MG Lavras-MG SIF G (G) 20 Ldia L dia 201500 201 500 201-50 5011000 501 1000 501-100 10012.000 10012000 1001 2 000 1001-2.00 2000 2.00 h C (C S (S novembro 202 2021. 2021 . 2021) Gordura Proteína Lactose , (ST) ESD, (ESD) CCS (CCS) NU (NU) CPP, CPP (CPP) GorduraProteína G/P GP P (G/P Crioscópico pesquisados grupo SxG (SxG fornecedores (G 20150 50 201-5 501100 100 501-10 10012 10012.00 1001200 00 1001-2.0 2.0 (ST (ESD (CCS (NU (CPP 2015 5 201- 50110 10 501-1 10012.0 100120 0 1001-2. 2. 5011 1 501- 10012. 1001-2 1001-

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of production volume, collection interval and time of year on the composition and quality of refrigerated raw milk in the region of Lavras, MG. This study collected information from milk quality monitoring performed by dairies as required by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF). For this study, the farms were classified by milk production per farm (G): 0-200 L/day, 201-500 L/day, 501-1000 L/day, 1001-2000 L/day, and greater than 2000 L/day. The collection intervals were 24 and 48 hours (C), and seasonality (S) was treated as a function of the months of the year (November 2020 to October 2021). The following milk characteristics parameters were analyzed: fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS), defatted dry extract (DDE), somatic cell count (SCC), urea nitrogen content (UNC), standard plate count (SPC), fat/protein ratio (F/P) and cryoscopic index. There was a seasonality influence for all the parameters studied except for UNC. The production volume per group influenced UNC, TS and SPC. Differences in UNC, protein, lactose, TS, DDE and SPC were associated with the collection interval. There was an interaction effect between seasonality and production volume (SxG) for the parameters SCC, fat and F/P. The findings of this study revealed that the supplier production volume, collection interval, and time of year contribute to variations in chemical composition and milk quality parameters. Lavras MG SIF. SIF . (SIF) G (G) 0200 0 200 0-20 Lday L day L/day 201500 201 500 201-50 5011000 501 1000 501-100 10012000 1001 1001-200 2 4 C, C , (C) S (S November 202 2021. 2021 2021) analyzed protein lactose (TS) DDE, (DDE) SCC (SCC) UNC (UNC) SPC, (SPC) fatprotein F/P FP F P (F/P index SxG (SxG (SIF (G 020 20 0-2 20150 50 201-5 501100 100 501-10 1001200 1001-20 (C (TS (DDE (SCC (UNC (SPC 02 0- 2015 5 201- 50110 10 501-1 100120 1001-2 5011 1 501- 10012 1001-

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados do estudo da composição bioquímica do leite de 4 raças ovinas durante o período de lactação no verão. De acordo com os resultados da presente pesquisa, 18 aminoácidos foram encontrados no leite de ovelha aqui analisado. Durante o período de lactação no verão, a quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, tanto a raça Ordabasy quanto o Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão exibem níveis mais elevados (variando de 6,349 a 6,989) em comparação com as raças Merino de carne e lã fina do Cazaquistão (variando de 5,835 a 5,500) . Ao analisar o leite de ovelha, notou-se uma tendência à apresentação de um maior teor de vitamina A (59,91 μg/100 g) e B6 (73,0 μg/100 g). O maior teor de cálcio foi encontrado no leite das ovelhas de lã fina do Cazaquistão, enquanto o menor foi observado na raça Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão. A melhor produtividade de leite, juntamente com maior teor de gordura e proteína foram observadas em ovelhas das raças Ordabasy e Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão. verão pesquisa 1 analisado poliinsaturados variando 6349 6 349 6,34 6,989 6989 989 5835 5 835 5,83 5,500 5500 500 notouse notou se 59,91 5991 59 91 (59,9 μg100 μg 100 μg/10 g B 73,0 730 73 0 (73, g. 634 34 6,3 6,98 698 98 583 83 5,8 5,50 550 50 59,9 599 9 (59, μg10 10 μg/1 73, 7 (73 63 3 6, 6,9 69 58 8 5, 5,5 55 59, (59 μg1 μg/ (7 (5 (

Abstract The article presents the results of the study of biochemical composition of sheep milk in the summer lactation period for 4 sheep breeds. According to research results, 18 amino acids were found in sheep milk. During the summer lactation period, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both the Ordabasy breed and the South Kazakh merino exhibit higher levels (ranging from 6349 to 6989) compared to the Kazakh fine-fleeced and meat Merino breeds (ranging from 5835 to 5500). When analyzing sheep milk, a tendency towards a higher content of vitamin A (59.91 μg/100 g) and B6 (73.0 μg/100 g) was noted. The highest calcium content was found in the milk of the Kazakh fine-fleeced sheep, while the lowest was observed in the South Kazakh merino breed. Better milk productivity, along with increased fat and protein content, has been noted in sheep of the Ordabasy and South Kazakh merino breeds. 1 ranging 634 6989 finefleeced fine fleeced 583 5500. 5500 . 5500) 59.91 5991 59 91 (59.9 μg100 μg 100 μg/10 g B 73.0 730 73 0 (73. productivity 63 698 58 550 59.9 599 5 9 (59. μg10 10 μg/1 73. 7 (73 6 69 55 59. (59 μg1 μg/ (7 (5 (

Abstract The growing sector of dairy industry in Bulgaria leads to large waste stream formation with high pollution variation, which require specific treatment application. In the present research different fractions and wash waters from the production of kashkaval and white brined cheese, milk curd, strained yoghurt manufactured in three medium-type Bulgarian milk processing plants were studied. The basic indicators for wastewater quality: total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), active reaction, fat, oil and grease (FOG), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were analysed by standard procedures. The obtained results indicate that kashkaval whey from the sheep’s milk processing was the most contaminated effluent, reaching COD more than 68,000 mg O2/dm3 and BOD5 - up to 37,000 mg O2/dm3. Such high concentrated wastewaters can be treated only by anaerobic methods. Secondary cheese whey (SCW) has less impurities than cheese whey, but its soluble milk fractions are difficult to biodegrade, resulting in BOD5:COD ratio lower than 0.40. Application of membrane technologies in milk co-product processing remove totally FOG from the SCW, where BOD5 and COD values are around 950 and 2.500 mg O2/dm3, respectively. However, the TN concentration in it is not enough to apply directly aerobic utilization. This method is the most appropriate for washing waters, which occupy both the largest volume and the cleanest fractions of all milk effluents. Future combinations of different dairy wastewaters will show the best utilization protocol for each of the milk processing plant. variation application curd mediumtype medium type studied quality TS, TS , (TS) TSS, TSS (TSS) reaction fat FOG, (FOG) 5day day 5 BOD5, BOD (BOD5) COD, (COD) (TN TP (TP procedures sheeps sheep s effluent 68000 68 000 68,00 O2dm3 Odm O2 dm3 O dm O2/dm 37000 37 37,00 methods SCW (SCW biodegrade BOD5COD BODCOD 040 0 40 0.40 coproduct co product 95 2500 2 500 2.50 respectively However effluents plant (TS (TSS (FOG (BOD5 (COD 6800 6 00 68,0 O2dm 3700 3 37,0 04 4 0.4 9 250 50 2.5 (BOD 680 68, 370 37, 0. 25 2.

ABSTRACT. Considering that buffalo milk is one of the richest in composition, mainly due to its fat fraction, the objective of this research communication was to determine the detailed fatty acid (FA) profile of buffalo milk produced in southern Brazil. Samples were collected from three farms that represent 100% raw buffalo milk producers of dairy products. Properties A and C had only one milking during the lactation period, and farm B had two milking. Farms A and B provided pasture and grain supplements, and farm C, provided only green pasture to the animals. A total of nine FA was identified: six saturated, two monounsaturated, and one polyunsaturated (conjugated linoleic acid - CLA). This study is the first to report the FA profile, including desirable fatty acids (DFA) like monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and stearic acid in buffalo milk from southern Brazil. The farms tested used different food management practices, as well as pasture management, showing that green pasture increases the fatty acid profile in buffalo milk. In addition, buffalo milk represented a good source of DFA for humans and opens a new field for the dairy industry that can explore the control of its FA composition, mainly through feed management. ABSTRACT composition fraction (FA Brazil 100 products period supplements animals identified saturated monounsaturated conjugated CLA. CLA . CLA) (DFA practices addition 10 1