RESUMEN La presente investigación analiza el estrés de aculturación ocasionado por los flujos migratorios en los habitantes de la ciudad de Guayaquil. Con un enfoque cuantitativo y con un alcance exploratorio descriptivo, se analiza las diferencias comportamentales, los factores afectivos, cognoscitivos y procedimentales que produce la desigualdad y el desequilibrio en el contacto entre el inmigrante y el nativo, partiendo de los conceptos de amenaza percibida. La Escala de Estrés de Aculturación en Autóctonos (Carmen Ramírez et al., 2012) se utilizó como instrumento del estudio. Los resultados evidenciaron la fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario en el contexto guayaquileño. Los factores que más estrés provocan son: la competición por los recursos, los programas preferenciales para migrantes; así como elementos de la identidad grupal. Sin embargo, las respuestas evidenciaron posiciones favorables a favor de la interacción social y deseabilidad social.

ABSTRACT This research analyzes the acculturation stress created by migratory flows in the peoples of the city of Guayaquil. With a quantitative approach and with a descriptive exploratory scope, behavioral differences, affective, cognitive and procedural factors that produce inequality and imbalance in contact between the immigrant and the native are analyzed, starting from the concepts of perceived threat. The Acculturation Stress Scale in Native Americans (Carmen Ramírez et al., 2012) was used as the study instrument. The results showed the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in the Guayaquil context. The factors that cause the most stress are: competition for resources, preferential programs for migrants; as well as elements of group identity. However, the responses showed favorable reactions in favor of social interaction and social desirability.

Abstract: The migration process and adaptation to the host culture present a series of unique challenges for immigrants, which affect their level of psychosocial adjustment. This study seeks to characterise three groups of immigrants. Using an intentional snowball-type sampling, 150 immigrants were surveyed, from Colombia (n = 50), Venezuela (n = 50), and Haiti (n = 50). All were over 18 years and resided in the region of La Araucanía. The participants answered scales of acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, emotions associated with discrimination, acculturation strategies, social support, dispositional optimism, and sociodemographic questions. The data were analysed through descriptive and comparative analyses between groups. Results revealed that the three groups used the integration strategy to a greater extent. However, the acculturation process presented differences according to the country of origin. Thus, Haitian immigrants reported the most unfavourable indicators, while Venezuelans presented the most favourable. These results allow us to understand the migratory process in context, considering particular characteristics of each group, and the conditions of the host culture. Each group presents a differentiated profile that informs how the cultural interactions typical of migration are experienced.

Resumen: El proceso migratorio y la adaptación a la cultura receptora presentan una serie de desafíos únicos para los inmigrantes, los cuales repercuten en su nivel de ajuste psicosocial. Este estudio busca caracterizar a tres grupos de inmigrantes. Usando un muestreo intencionado de tipo bola de nieve se encuestó a 150 inmigrantes, provenientes de Colombia (n = 50), Venezuela (n = 50) y Haití (n = 50). Todos eran mayores de edad y residían en la región de La Araucanía. Los participantes contestaron escalas de estrés aculturativo, discriminación percibida, emociones asociadas a la discriminación, estrategias de aculturación, apoyo social, optimismo disposicional y preguntas sociodemográficas. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis descriptivos y comparativos entre grupos. Los resultados revelaron que los tres grupos utilizaron, en mayor medida, la estrategia de integración. Sin embargo, el proceso de aculturación presentó diferencias según el país de origen. Así, los inmigrantes haitianos reportaron indicadores más desfavorables, mientras que venezolanos presentaron los más favorables. Estos resultados permiten comprender el proceso migratorio en contexto, considerando las características particulares de cada grupo y las condiciones de la cultura receptora. Así, cada grupo presenta un perfil diferenciado que informa sobre cómo se experimentan las interacciones culturales propias de la migración.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the predictive capacity of demographic and psychosocial variables in the self-reported physical health of Colombian and Peruvian migrants in Chile. Materials and Methods: Non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design using intentional sampling. A total of 853 immigrants (51.7% Colombians and 48.3% Peruvians; 51% women) between 18 and 71 years of age participated. Self-reported physical health status, sociodemographic variables, anxious and depressive symptoms, acculturation stress, perceived social support, individual self-esteem, among others, were evaluated and analyzed using multiple regression. Results: The Colombian population reported a better state of physical health. In both groups, anxious and depressive symptoms were important predictors of the physical health status. Other predictive variables were among Peruvians: income, distance from country of origin and years of permanence in Chile, while among Colombians: individual self-esteem, discrimination and rejection, and current health status compared to the one they had in their country. Among Colombians, the model explains 14.7% of the variance, whereas among Peruvians it accounts for 28.9%. Conclusions: In both populations, anxious and depressive symptoms, as well as acculturation stress turned out to be important predictors of self-reported physical health, providing evidence that the migratory process affects the migrant's mental health status, and this in turn can affect their physical health status.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la capacidad predictiva de variables demográficas y psicosociales en el autorreporte de la salud física de migrantes colombianos y peruanos en Chile. Material y Método: Diseño no experimental de tipo transversal, correlacional, con muestreo intencional. Participaron 853 inmigrantes (51,7% colombianos y 48,3% peruanos; 51% mujeres) entre 18 a 71 años. Se evaluó el autorreporte del estado de salud física, variables sociodemográficas, síntomas ansiosos y depresivos, estrés por aculturación, apoyo social percibido, autoestima individual, entre otros, los que fueron analizados mediante regresión múltiple. Resultados: La población colombiana reportó un mejor estado de salud física. En ambos grupos, los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos fueron importantes predictores del estado de salud física. Otras variables predictivas fueron en peruanos: ingresos económicos, distancia con el país origen y años de permanencia en Chile, en tanto en colombianos: autoestima individual, discriminación y rechazo, y estado de salud actual en comparación con el que tenían en su país. En colombianos, el modelo explica el 14,7% de la varianza, en peruanos un 28,9%. Conclusiones: En ambas poblaciones los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos, y el estrés por aculturación resultaron ser importantes predictores del autorreporte de la salud física, aportando evidencia a que el proceso migratorio afecta el estado de salud mental del migrante y este, a su vez, puede afectar su estado de salud física.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a capacidade preditiva das variáveis demográficas e psicossociais na saúde física autorreferida de migrantes colombianos e peruanos no Chile. Material e Método: Desenho não experimental, transversal e correlacional com amostragem intencional. Participaram 853 imigrantes (51,7% colombianos e 48,3% peruanos; 51% mulheres) entre 18 e 71 anos. O estado de saúde física autorreferido, variáveis sociodemográficas, sintomas ansiosos e depressivos, estresse de aculturação, apoio social percebido, auto-estima individual, entre outros, foram avaliados e analisados por meio de regressão múltipla. Resultados: A população colombiana relatou um melhor estado de saúde física. Em ambos os grupos, sintomas ansiosos e depressivos foram importantes preditores do estado de saúde física. Outras variáveis preditoras foram entre os peruanos: renda económica, distância do país de origem e anos de permanência no Chile, enquanto nos colombianos: auto-estima individual, discriminação e rejeição, e estado de saúde atual em comparação ao que tinham em seu país. Entre os colombianos, o modelo explica 14,7% da variância, entre os peruanos ele representa 28,9%. Conclusões: Em ambas as populações, os sintomas ansiosos e depressivos e o estresse de aculturação revelaram-se importantes preditores da saúde física autorreferida, evidenciando que o processo migratório afeta o estado de saúde mental do migrante, e este, por sua vez, pode afetar seu estado de saúde física.

Resumen En Chile, el incremento del flujo migratorio desde América Latina ha llamado la atención con respecto a los procesos de ajuste psicológico y sociocultural de los nuevos inmigrantes. Por tanto, con este trabajo se busca (a) establecer relaciones entre las orientaciones de aculturación, el estrés aculturativo y el bienestar psicológico, (b) identificar perfiles según las preferencias de aculturación, y (c) determinar la existencia de diferencias significativas en el estrés y el bienestar, de acuerdo con estas tipologías. Para esto, se realizó un estudio de tipo correlacional con una muestra de (N = 194) inmigrantes latinoamericanos con edades entre los 18 y los 67 años (M = 34.77; DE = 10.181), donde se evaluaron las orientaciones de aculturación, el estrés por aculturación y el bienestar psicológico. Los resultados indican que el predominio de la integración es más salutogénico que la tendencia a la separación cultural como orientación preeminente, lo que facilita un mejor afrontamiento de los estresores del proceso migratorio. Asimismo, se encontraron tres perfiles aculturativos -individualista moderado, integracionista y separatista-, y la comparación entre perfiles arroja que cuando la integración es más saliente, el bienestar es mayor que en presencia del individualismo como orientación predominante. Este trabajo aporta evidencia con respecto al individualismo como orientación de aculturación escasamente considerada en la literatura, cuya posible influencia negativa puede relacionarse con la pertenencia grupal como vía para acceder a recursos que aportan a la adaptación al nuevo contexto.

Abstract In Chile, the significant increase of migratory flows from Latin America has drawn attention to the psychological and socio-cultural adjustment processes of new immigrants. This paper seeks to (i) establish relationships between acculturation orientations, acculturative stress and psychological well-being, (ii) identify profiles according to acculturation preferences, and (iii) determine the existence of significant differences in stress and well-being between these profiles. This correlational study was conducted with a sample of (N=194) Latin American immigrants with ages between 18 and 67 years (M=34.77; DE=10.181), where acculturation orientations, acculturation stress and psychological well-being were evaluated. Results indicate that the predominance of integration is more salutogenic than the tendency to cultural separation as a preeminent orientation, facilitating a better coping with the stressors of the migratory process. Three acculturative profiles were found: moderate individualist, integrationist and separatist. The comparison between profiles shows that when integration is predominant, well-being is greater than in the presence of individualism as the principal orientation. This study provides evidence regarding individualism as an acculturation orientation scarcely considered in the literature, whose possible negative influence can be related to group membership as a way to access resources that collaborate with adaptation to the new context.

ABSTRACT Dormitator latifrons inhabits a wide range of salinities as a result of its migratory and reproductive cycle. The objective of the study was to evaluate the physiological response time and survival to saline change under laboratory conditions. The basal gill ventilation frequency (GVF) of organisms was recorded at 33 ups (SW) and in freshwater at 0.3 ups (FW). The gill ventilation frequency of organisms that were transferred from FW-SW and inversely from SW-FW (15, 25, and 33 ups) was counted, in triplicate, for 1 minute and 1, 4, 24 and 48 h. Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in fish transferred from FW-SW and SW-FW at the first minute with respect to basal GVF. In all treatments the organisms recovered their GVF one hour after being exposed to saline modification. There was 100% survival in all treatments. D. latifrons has a rapid physiological response to sudden changes in salinity.

RESUMEN Dormitator latifrons habita en un amplio intervalo de salinidades producto de su ciclo migratorio y reproductivo. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el tiempo de respuesta fisiológica y la sobrevivencia al cambio salino en condiciones de laboratorio. Se registró la frecuencia ventilatoria branquial (FVB) basal de organismos a 33 ups (AS) y en agua dulce 0.3 ups (AD). Se contabilizó la frecuencia ventilatoria branquial de organismos que fueron transferidos AD-AS e inversamente AS-AD (15, 25, y 33 ups), por triplicado, durante 1 minuto, 1,4, 24 y 48 h. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (p < 0.05) en los peces transferidos de AD-AS y AS-AD al primer minuto con respecto a FVB basal. En todos los tratamientos los organismos recuperaron la FVB una hora después de ser expuestos a la modificación salina. Se tuvo un 100% de sobrevivencia en todos los tratamientos, D. latifrons tiene rápida respuesta fisiológica a cambios bruscos de salinidad.

No cenário educacional contemporâneo está cada vez mais presente o fluxo de estudantes que almejam ampliar seus horizontes educacionais cursando o ensino superior em outro país. Com a imigração e a mudança de país e cultura, o estudante pode estar sujeito a um estado de vulnerabilidade psíquica devido à perda dos referenciais culturais. Nesse sentido, e decorrente do fenômeno de internacionalização do ensino superior, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar quais são os impactos da imigração na saúde mental de estudantes internacionais e quais os fatores de risco e de proteção à saúde mental destes estudantes. Para tal, foi realizada revisão de literatura em três bases de dados com estudos nacionais e internacionais, sendo elas: BVS-Psi, Redalyc e EBSCO. Os resultados apontaram uma diversidade de fatores individuais, sociais, institucionais e culturais que impactam na saúde mental dos estudantes internacionais, cujas expressões de sofrimento psíquico se concentraram em estresse decorrente da adaptação ao novo contexto cultural e acadêmico, acompanhado por mal-estar psíquico, sintomas somáticos, dificuldades cognitivas e quadros clínicos de depressão, ansiedade e estresse pós-traumático. Observou-se ainda a subutilização dos serviços de apoio psicológico nas universidades, a demanda no início do curso, a diferença cultural na expressão dos sintomas e a maior procura por ajuda entre estudantes mulheres, em relação a homens. Em conclusão, o estudo aponta a necessidade de programas de acolhimento e integração dos estudantes internacionais que possibilitem minimizar o impacto migratório inicial e assim colaborar para a adaptação socioeducacional do estudante.

In the contemporary educational scenario, the flow of students seeking to broaden their horizons in higher education in another country is increasingly present. With immigration and the change of country and culture, the student may be subject to a state of psychic vulnerability due to the loss of cultural references. In this sense, and due to the phenomenon of internationalization of higher education, the present study aimed to investigate what are the impacts of immigration on the mental health of international students and what are the risk factors and protection of mental health of these students. For this purpose, a literature review was carried out in three databases with national and international studies: BVS-Psi, Redalyc and EBSCO. The results pointed to a diversity of individual, social, institutional and cultural factors that impact on the mental health of international students, whose expressions of psychic suffering focused on the stress of adaptation to the new cultural and academic context, accompanied by psychic malaise, somatic disorders, cognitive difficulties, and clinical manifestations of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. It was also verified the underutilization of psychological support services in universities, the demand at the beginning of the course, the cultural difference in the expression of symptoms and the greater demand for help among female students. In conclusion, the study points out the need for programs to host and integrate international students that make it possible to minimize the initial migratory impact and thus to collaborate for the socio-educational adaptation of the student.

Resumo Este artigo explora o conceito de mobilidade migratória. Através de uma revisão crítica da literatura em estudos migratórios, que abordam tal dinâmica social por meio de imprecisas metáforas hidráulicas como, por exemplo, fluxo, fluidez ou onda migratória, demonstro a necessidade do diálogo com outros campos de pesquisa. Estudos fronteiriços e de mobilidade são as duas áreas de pesquisas trabalhadas aqui. Além de travarem íntimo diálogo com os estudos migratórios, oferecem ferramentas conceituais - particularmente, fronteiras inteligentes, espaço social e jornada - capazes de contribuir para o entendimento da migração enquanto uma mobilidade que envolve táticas e é intimamente entrelaçada com fronteiras.

Abstract This article unfolds the concept of migration mobility. Through a critical review of migratory studies which investigate such social dynamic based on hydraulic metaphors such as flow or migration wave, I stress the importance of a dialogue with other study areas. Border and mobile studies are the two fields explored in more details here. In order to engage in a fruitful dialogue with migration studies, I particularly demonstrate how conceptual tools - smart borders, social space, and journey -bring significant contributions to thinking about migration as a tactical mobility intertwined with borders.

Summary Mechanical force is important for modeling, remodeling and bone regeneration. It stimulates the osteocytes, causing an alteration in the production and secretion of signaling molecules that regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of the conditioned medium of mechanically stimulated mouse osteocytic cells on the proliferative and migratory capacity of mesenchymal cells and bone cells. For this, the proliferation and migration of mouse pre-osteoblastic cells, human pre-adult mesenchymal cells and mouse macrophages in the presence of the conditioned medium of osteocytic cells were analyzed, after 6 and 24 hours after being subjected to a mechanical stress of 10 dynes/cm2 by fluid flow (FF) for 10 minutes. The migration of pre-osteoblastic cells has been found to increase significantly in the presence of conditioned media of osteocytic cells compared to the static control group (SC) (SC=12.63±5.44, FF6h=23.03±11.57, FF24h=29.72±15.76, p<0.0001). In the same way, the pre-adipose cells also significantly increased their migration in the presence of this conditioned media (SC=11.48±4.75, FF6h=18.43±9.94, FF24h=18.80±10.03; p≤0.0007). However, macrophage migration decreased in the presence of the conditioned medium collected at 24 hours with respect to the static control group (SC=69±22.71, FF24h=26.57±5.47, p<0.0001). These effects were associated with decreased protein expression of certain chemokines, such as the monocyte chemotactic protein type I (SC=0.25±0.06, FF24h=0.09±0.005, p=0.0262), the protein of group I of high mobility (SC=0.25±0.04, FF24h=0.15±0.05, p=0.0159) and the regulatory protein of the activation of T lymphocytes and monocytes (SC=3.29±0.88, FF6h=1.33±1.09, FF24h=0.97±0.66, p≤0.0314), by the osteocytes in the presence of mechanical stimulation with respect to the static control group. In conclusion, this in vitro study demonstrates that osteocyte mechanotransduction enhances recruitment of osteoblasts and pre-adipose mesenchymal cells while reducing the migration of macrophages.

Resumen La fuerza mecánica es importante para el modelado, el remodelado y la regeneración ósea; estimula a los osteocitos provocando una alteración en la producción y secreción de moléculas de señalización que regulan la actividad de los osteoblastos y los osteoclastos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del medio condicionado de células osteocíticas de ratón estimuladas mecánicamente sobre la capacidad proliferativa y migratoria de células mesenquimales y células óseas. Para ello, se analizó la proliferación y migración de las células preosteoblásticas de ratón, células mesenquimales preadiposas humanas y macrófagos de ratón en presencia del medio condicionado de las células osteocíticas, tras 6 y 24 horas después de ser sometidas a un estrés mecánico de 10 dinas/cm2 por flujo de fluido (FF) durante 10 minutos. Se encontró que la migración de células preosteoblásticas aumentó significativamente en presencia de medios condicionados de células osteocíticas con respecto al grupo control estático (SC) (SC=12,63±5,44; FF6h=23,03±11,57; FF24h=29,72±15,76; p<0,0001). De la misma manera, las células preadiposas también incrementaron significativamente su migración en presencia de dichos medios condicionados (SC=11,48±4,75; FF6h=18,43±9,94; FF24h=18,80±10,03; p≤0,0007). Sin embargo, la migración de los macrófagos disminuyó en presencia del medio condicionado recogido a las 24 horas con respecto al grupo control estático (SC=69±22,71; FF24h=26,57±5,47; p<0,0001). Estos efectos se asociaron con la disminución de la expresión proteica de ciertas quimioquinas, como la proteína quimiotáctica de monocitos de tipo I (SC=0,25±0,06; FF24h=0,09±0,005; p=0,0262), la proteína del grupo I de alta movilidad (SC=0,25±0,04; FF24h=0,15±0,05; p=0,0159) y la proteína reguladora de la activación de linfocitos T y monocitos (SC=3,29±0,88; FF6h=1,33±1,09; FF24h=0,97±0,66; p≤0,0314), por parte de los osteocitos en presencia de estímulo mecánico con respecto al grupo control estático. En conclusión, este estudio in vitro demuestra que la mecanotransducción de los osteocitos potencia el reclutamiento de osteoblastos y células mesenquimales preadiposas mientras que reduce la migración de los macrófagos.

Objective: There is growing evidence supporting the association between migration and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considering the growing population of migrants and the particularities of providing culturally sensitive mental health care for these persons, clinicians should be kept up to date with the latest information regarding this topic. The objective of this study was to critically review the literature regarding migration, trauma and PTSD, and mental health services. Methods: The PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and ISI Web of Science databases were searched for articles published in Portuguese, English, Spanish, or French, and indexed from inception to 2017. The following keywords were used: migration, mental health, mental health services, stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma. Results: Migration is associated with specific stressors, mainly related to the migratory experience and to the necessary process of acculturation occurring in adaptation to the host country. These major stressors have potential consequences in many areas, including mental health. The prevalence of PTSD among migrants is very high (47%), especially among refugees, who experience it at nearly twice the rate of migrant workers. Conclusions: Mental health professionals must be trained to recognize and provide appropriate care for posttraumatic and/or stress-related disorders among migrants.

RESUMEN Objetivo Presentar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres migrantes y su relación con el desarrollo de la depresión en el lugar de destino. Métodos El trabajo etnográfico se desarrolló en la ciudad de Nueva York, específicamente en el barrio Queens. Se trabajó con seis mujeres inmigrantes de primera generación que pertenecían al circuito migratorio de Puebla-Nueva York. Se aplicaron entrevistas a profundidad, el desarrollo de trayectorias migratorias e itinerarios terapéuticos. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas con familiares de las informantes principales para controlar sesgos u omisiones de información. Resultados Se identificó que la violencia estaba relacionada con la salud mental de las mujeres. Esta se presentó en diversas etapas de su vida y se presentaron en los espacios que habitan y desarrollaban su vida cotidiana. La violencia se acentuaba por las relaciones jerárquicas en el grupo doméstico y espacio laboral. Además, las crisis económicas y arreglos familiares enmarcaban dicho proceso. Los arreglos familiares para salir adelante y dar continuidad al modelo de familia a pesar de la migración por motivos económicos, también tuvieron relación con las tensiones que se viven en sus hogares. Discusión Discutimos las condiciones de las vidas de las mujeres y su desarrollo de padecimientos mentales con respecto a otros estudios que desde la salud pública han explicado los problemas en salud mental y la migración por medio de conceptos como la aculturación y la asimilación.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the living conditions of migrant women and their correlation with the development of depression at the place of destination. Methods Ethnographic work developed in the city of New York, specifically in the Queens borough. Six first-generation immigrant women, part of the migratory circuit of Puebla-Nueva York, were included in this study. In-depth interviews, development of migratory trajectories and therapeutic itineraries were applied. Finally, interviews were conducted with relatives of the main informants to control biases or omissions. Results The relationship between violence and women's mental health was identified. Violence occurred in various stages of their lives and spaces in which they lived and developed their daily living. The violence was accentuated by the hierarchical relationships in the domestic group and work space. Furthermore, economic crisis and family arrangements were detrimental factors. The family arrangements to get ahead and provide continuity to the family model despite migration were also related to the stress they lived in their homes. Discussion The living conditions of women and their influence on the development of mental illnesses were discussed regarding other studies that, from a public health perspective, have addressed the mental health and migration issues through acculturation and assimilation concepts.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the living conditions of migrant women and their correlation with the development of depression at the place of destination. Methods Ethnographic work developed in the city of New York, specifically in the Queens borough. Six first-generation immigrant women, part of the migratory circuit of Puebla-Nueva York, were included in this study. In-depth interviews, development of migratory trajectories and therapeutic itineraries were applied. Finally, interviews were conducted with relatives of the main informants to control biases or omissions. Results The relationship between violence and women's mental health was identified. Violence occurred in various stages of their lives and spaces in which they lived and developed their daily living. The violence was accentuated by the hierarchical relationships in the domestic group and work space. Furthermore, economic crisis and family arrangements were detrimental factors. The family arrangements to get ahead and provide continuity to the family model despite migration were also related to the stress they lived in their homes. Discussion The living conditions of women and their influence on the development of mental illnesses were discussed regarding other studies that, from a public health perspective, have addressed the mental health and migration issues through acculturation and assimilation concepts.

RESUMEN Objetivo Presentar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres migrantes y su relación con el desarrollo de la depresión en el lugar de destino. Métodos El trabajo etnográfico se desarrolló en la ciudad de Nueva York, específicamente en el barrio Queens. Se trabajó con seis mujeres inmigrantes de primera generación que pertenecían al circuito migratorio de Puebla-Nueva York. Se aplicaron entrevistas a profundidad, el desarrollo de trayectorias migratorias e itinerarios terapéuticos. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas con familiares de las informantes principales para controlar sesgos u omisiones de información. Resultados Se identificó que la violencia estaba relacionada con la salud mental de las mujeres. Esta se presentó en diversas etapas de su vida y se presentaron en los espacios que habitan y desarrollaban su vida cotidiana. La violencia se acentuaba por las relaciones jerárquicas en el grupo doméstico y espacio laboral. Además, las crisis económicas y arreglos familiares enmarcaban dicho proceso. Los arreglos familiares para salir adelante y dar continuidad al modelo de familia a pesar de la migración por motivos económicos, también tuvieron relación con las tensiones que se viven en sus hogares. Discusión Discutimos las condiciones de las vidas de las mujeres y su desarrollo de padecimientos mentales con respecto a otros estudios que desde la salud pública han explicado los problemas en salud mental y la migración por medio de conceptos como la aculturación y la asimilación.

Abstract This article stems from the observation of a small group of highly qualified young women, who reside in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. A qualitative analysis of the migratory paths of these women is performed from a psychological and social dimension. An examination of the motivations for migration shows a strong need of emotional and economic emancipation of the family and social emancipation from the society of origin, mostly disguised in the search for academic and professional opportunities. The study also analyzed some stress factors present in the migratory experience and the incidence of family and social pressures exerted by the society of origin. The study inquires how new explorations and appropriation processes of new forms of life are consolidated among those interviewed during the migration process and how new interpersonal relationships take shape in the exercise of social roles and gender relations.

Resumen Este artículo nace de la observación de un pequeño grupo de jóvenes mujeres colombianas altamente calificadas, residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. El análisis de orden cualitativo y desde una dimensión psicológica y social, afronta las trayectorias migratorias de dichas mujeres. Se examinan las motivaciones para emigrar de las jóvenes de donde emerge una fuerte necesidad de emancipación emocional y económica de la familia, emancipación social de la sociedad de origen, encubiertas en gran parte bajo la búsqueda de oportunidades de estudio y profesionales. En el estudio se analizan además, algunos factores de estrés presentes en la experiencia migratoria, la incidencia de la familia y las presiones de orden social que ejerce la sociedad de origen. Se indaga cómo durante el proceso migratorio se van consolidando entre las entrevistadas, la exploración y apropiación de nuevos modos de vida, cómo se van delineando cambios en las relaciones interpersonales, en el ejercicio de los roles sociales y en las relaciones de género.

Abstract: Today, the conditions for moving from one country to another, from one region to another, are more complex. The stress level experienced by the person who migrates can represent a vulnerable situation. The way to deal with this emotional distress can lead to two alternatives; facilitate their adaptation to the destination or put in a situation of risk, such as illicit drug use. Based on these elements, the quantitative research was designed to explore the presence of migratory stress in a group of Mexican migrants, their coping strategies and relationship with drug use.

Resumen: Las condiciones que prevalecen actualmente para migrar de un país a otro son cada vez más adversas. La tensión emocional que vive la persona que migra puede colocarla en una situación de vulnerabilidad y la forma como se enfrenta ese malestar emocional, a veces le facilita su adaptación y en otras la pone en una condición de riesgo. Una estrategia para enfrentar ese malestar puede ser el uso de drogas. Esta investigación cuantitativa y transversal se elaboró para explorar la presencia de estrés migratorio en un grupo de migrantes mexicanos, sus estrategias de enfrentamiento y su relación con el consumo de drogas.

Wetlands are very productive ecosystems and water birds complete their lifecycle there. Unfortunately, they constantly receive xenobiotics which can cause damage in aquatic organisms. This work assessed the health conditions of Fulica americana through histopathological and oxidative stress biomarkers and somatic indices in two wetlands from the Mexico Basin to evaluate the effect of habitat conditions on the birds health. The specimens were collected from Xochimilco (X) and Tecocomulco (T) wetlands during an annual cycle. They were eviscerated and weighed. Liver samples were taken for histological analysis and to quantify the lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the laboratory. The coots were aged. The water quality from both wetlands was analyzed. The liver tissue was embedded in liquid paraffin and was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Two pathologies were detected in three levels each (I, II and III): leukocyte infiltration (IN) and vasocongestion (VA). The highest prevalence of both damages were observed in T coots, while the highest IN percentage was detected in X coots. The maximum LPO levels were detected during winter at T, which could be related to hunter season and the wintering migratory birds. In X the highest LPO levels were related to breeding season. The biggest eviscerated body mass was noted in T males and the smallest in the X females. All coots reached the highest hepatosomatic index during autumn and the minimum during spring. American coot can be used as sentinel because it is able to present differentiated responses, somatic indices, histopathological biomarkers and oxidative stress in different locations, sex and periods of the year.

Los humedales son cuerpos de agua muy productivos y son refugio para aves migratorias; sin embargo, continuamente reciben contaminantes que ejercen daños en los organismos acuáticos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el estado de salud de Fulica americana mediante biomarcadores histopatológicos, de estrés oxidativo, e índices somáticos en dos humedales de la Cuenca de México, para evaluar el efecto de las condiciones del hábitat en la salud de las aves. Se obtuvieron ejemplares en los humedales, Xochimilco (X) y Tecocomulco (T) en diferentes períodos de un año. Se determinó su edad, se evisceraron y pesaron, se obtuvieron porciones del hígado para el análisis histológico y para la cuantificación del nivel de lipoperoxidación (LPO). Se analizó la calidad del agua de X y T. Se realizó la técnica histológica de inclusión en parafina y la tinción Hematoxilina-Eosina. El mayor deterioro de la calidad del agua se observó en X. Se encontró infiltración leucocitaria (IN) y vasocongestión (VA) en tres grados. En T se observó la mayor prevalencia de ejemplares con daños combinados, en particular en las hembras; mientras que en X se presentó un mayor porcentaje de organismos con IN. La LPO más alta se observó durante el invierno en T lo que pudiera estar relacionado con el arribo de aves migratorias y la cacería; mientras que en X la mayor LPO estuvo relacionada con la reproducción. La mayor masa corporal eviscerada se presentó en los machos de T y la menor en las hembras de X. En todas las gallaretas los índices hepatosomáticos máximos se alcanzaron en otoño y los mínimos en primavera. F. americana puede ser utilizada como centinela debido a que presentó respuestas diferenciadas en los índices somáticos y en los biomarcadores histopatológicos y de estrés oxidativo en las distintas localidades, sexo y épocas del año.

Resumo Embora os deslocamentos populacionais sejam normalmente divididos entre movimentos forçados ou voluntários, a maior parte das migrações dificilmente irá enquadrar-se em um desses tipos extremos. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir, conceitualmente, como a idade e o sexo atuam sobre o comportamento migratório, configurando tipos específicos de migrantes cujos deslocamentos possuem diferentes “graus” de voluntariedade. Dar-se-á destaque às relações de poder envolvidas no processo de tomada de decisão para a migração, que fazem com que as migrações de muitos indivíduos sejam um fenômeno involuntário, na medida em que estes não participam ou não tem seus interesses levados em conta durante o processo. O artigo destaca a importância de considerarmos que a maior parte dos indivíduos não migra só ou não tem a migração como um projeto exclusivamente pessoal e que, mesmo aqueles que migram de maneira forçada, muitas vezes provocam a migração de outros cujo estímulo migratório é determinado por relações de dependência, suporte ou afeto. Destaca a importância de estarmos atentos para as mudanças nas formas de organização social que interferem nesse processo, assim como em suas implicações para a configuração do significado atual da mobilidade espacial da população.

Abstract Although the population movements are usually divided between forced or voluntary, most migration will hardly fit into one of these extreme types. The aim of this paper is discuss conceptually as age and sex of the migrants act upon migratory behavior by setting specific types of displacements that have different levels of willingness. We will stress the power relations involved in the decision making process for migration, which determines that the migrations of many individuals are involuntary phenomenon, to the extent that they do not participate or do not have their interests taken into account in the decision makingprocess. The article stress the significance of considering that the majority of individuals do not migrate alone as well as do not have migration as a uniquely personal project and, even that individuals involved in forced migration, so often cause the migration of other individuals whose migration stimulus is determined by relations of dependence, support or affection. Thus, highlights the importance of being alert to changes in the forms of social organization and their implications for the current meaning of the spatial mobility.