Abstract This article explores the trajectories of young Paraguayan families living in peripheral neighborhoods of Greater Buenos Aires, exploring their relationship with labor markets and with the city they live in. Thus, the object of study is constituted by migrants and by those who were born in Argentina but live in transnational households. A collaborative ethnography was carried out involving participant observation and interviews with young people and their families, peer groups, and community organizations. The results demonstrate that they are young people from lower classes and that they face exclusion from the labor market in segregated socio-urban spaces. Although the results make visible the particularities of these youth transitions, intersectional inequalities are evident regarding experiences of gender, ethnicity, race, and class, linked to the migratory conditions of their families. In conclusion, their insertion in precarious jobs associated with migrant labor niches generates identity in urban spaces and reproduces class inequalities among families. In turn, although the transitions of young women reflect greater inequalities due to gender and class stereotypes, they also show that through community care work they dispute their right to the city from a feminist perspective.

Resumen En el artículo se exploran las trayectorias de jóvenes de familias paraguayas residentes en barrios periféricos del Gran Buenos Aires, indagando su relación con los mercados de trabajo a los que ingresan y con la ciudad que habitan. De esta forma, el objeto de estudio lo constituyen los y las migrantes y también quienes nacieron en Argentina pero viven en hogares transnacionales. Se desarrolló una etnografía colaborativa que implicó la observación participante y entrevistas a jóvenes en el entorno de sus familias, de los grupos de pares y de organizaciones comunitarias. Los resultados muestran que constituyen juventudes de clases populares y que enfrentan procesos de exclusión del mercado laboral en espacios sociourbanos segregados. Aunque también visibilizan las particularidades de sus transiciones juveniles, se perciben las desigualdades interseccionales de género, etnia, raza y clase que experimentan, ligadas a la condición migratoria de sus familias. En conclusión, su inserción en trabajos precarizados asociados a nichos laborales de migrantes, si bien genera identidad en el espacio urbano, también reproduce las desigualdades de clase en las familias. A su vez, aunque las transiciones de las jóvenes reflejan mayores desigualdades debido a los estereotipos de género y de clase, también evidencian que a través del trabajo de cuidados comunitarios disputan su derecho a una ciudad desde una perspectiva feminista.

Abstract Young men and women from migrant families of Bolivian origin settled in the horticultural belt of La Plata, in Argentina, access university degrees to shift away from activities characterized by precarious living and working conditions. This article examines the challenges faced by this population in their transition to higher education. Using a qualitative methodology and with the conceptual framework of endogenous education, encounter, and cultural recognition, we analyze the ways in which the Technical Degree in Agroecology at the National University of La Plata offers an alternative close to the reality of young people. The conclusions highlight the potential of this viable alternative that represents a training opportunity to advise family farmers and their organizations. It focuses on the active participation of students, especially in practical courses where they become protagonists by sharing their experiences. It can also be mentioned that, although these degrees offer collective spaces to question the conventional productive model, challenges still persist: the quality of lower-level training and the adaptation of schedules due to the need to combine study and work. In a context of crisis and transition, this type of proposal values local knowledge and empowers the autonomy of youth to transform their reality.

Resumen Los y las jóvenes de familias migrantes de origen boliviano establecidas en el cinturón hortícola platense, en Argentina, acceden a carreras universitarias para alejarse de una actividad caracterizada por las precarias condiciones de vida y de trabajo. En el presente artículo se examinan los desafíos que enfrenta esta población en su tránsito hacia estudios superiores. Mediante una metodología cualitativa y con el marco conceptual de la educación endógena, el encuentro y el reconocimiento cultural, se analiza la manera en que la Tecnicatura Universitaria en Agroecología de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata brinda una alternativa cercana a la realidad de los y las jóvenes. En las conclusiones se destacan las potencialidades de esta alternativa viable que representa una oportunidad de formación para asesorar a productores familiares y a sus organizaciones. Se enfoca en la participación activa de estudiantes, especialmente en cursos prácticos donde se convierten en sujetos protagonistas al compartir sus experiencias. También se puede mencionar que, aunque estas carreras ofrecen espacios colectivos para cuestionar el modelo productivo convencional, todavía persisten desafíos: el nivel de formación inicial y la adaptación de horarios por la necesidad de combinar el estudio y el trabajo. En un contexto de crisis y transición, este tipo de propuesta otorga valor a los saberes locales y potencia la autonomía de la juventud para transformar su realidad.

Resumo Este artigo trata dos resultados de um estudo etnográfico sobre as experiências de violência de gênero de migrantes aimarás bolivianas empregadas na agricultura ou no comércio agrícola na periferia dos territórios chilenos da Tríplice Fronteira Andina. Nosso objetivo é analisar as agressões sofridas pelas mulheres em seu ambiente familiar. Analisaremos as narrativas de 30 mulheres para descrever as agressões perpetradas pelas figuras masculinas de suas famílias de origem (pais, irmãos, padrastos), e também pelas suas mães. Observaremos como esses abusos se repetem nas relações que estas migrantes constroem com seus próprios parceiros e com seus filhos. Veremos que há uma diferença potencial da violência nos territórios chilenos e bolivianos da fronteira e que o reconhecimento dessa diferença motiva a mobilidade transfronteiriça feminina. O texto busca contribuir aos debates sobre a violência de gênero em contextos de fronteira. Andina familiar 3 pais, pais (pais irmãos padrastos, padrastos , padrastos) mães filhos feminina

Resumen Este artículo aborda los resultados de un estudio etnográfico sobre las experiencias de violencia de género de migrantes aymara bolivianas empleadas en la agricultura o en el comercio agrícola en la periferia de los territorios chilenos de la Triple-Frontera Andina. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las agresiones que sufren las mujeres en su ámbito familiar. Retomaremos las narrativas de 30 mujeres para describir las agresiones perpetradas por las figuras masculinas de sus familias de origen (padres, hermanos, padrastros), pero también por sus madres. Además, observaremos cómo estos abusos se repiten en las relaciones que construyen con sus propias parejas y con sus hijos. Veremos que existe una diferencia potencial en la violencia del lado chileno y boliviano de la frontera y que el reconocimiento de esta diferencia motiva la movilidad transfronteriza femenina. El texto busca aportar y discutir en torno a los debates sobre violencia de género en contextos fronterizos. TripleFrontera Triple Frontera Andina familiar 3 padres, padres (padres hermanos padrastros, padrastros , padrastros) madres Además hijos femenina fronterizos

Abstract This article presents the results of an ethnographic study on the experiences of gender-based violence of Aymara Bolivian women employed in agriculture or agricultural trade in the outskirts of Chilean territories of the Andean tri-border region. Our objective is to analyze the aggressions that women suffer in their family circles. We will analyze the narratives of 30 women to describe the aggressions perpetrated by the male figures in their families of origin (fathers, brothers, stepfathers), and their mothers. In addition, we will observe how these abuses are repeated in the relationships that they build with their partners and children. We will see a potential difference in violence between the Chilean and Bolivian border territories, and recognizing this difference motivates female cross-border mobility. The text seeks to contribute to the discussions on gender-based violence in border contexts. genderbased gender based triborder tri region circles 3 fathers, fathers (fathers brothers stepfathers, stepfathers , stepfathers) mothers addition children crossborder cross mobility contexts

Résumé Cet article aborde les résultats d’une étude ethnographique sur les expériences de violence de genre vécues par les migrantes aymaras boliviennes employées dans l’agriculture ou le commerce agricole en périphérie des territoires chiliens de la Triple-frontière Andine. Notre objectif est d’analyser les agressions subies par les femmes dans leur cadre familial. Nous utiliserons les récits de 30 femmes pour décrire les agressions perpétrées par les figures masculines de leurs familles d’origine (pères, frères, beaux-pères), mais aussi par leurs mères. De plus, nous observerons comment ces abus se répètent dans les relations qu’elles construisent avec leurs propres partenaires et leurs enfants. Nous verrons qu’il existe une différence potentielle dans la violence du côté chilien et bolivien de la frontière, et que la reconnaissance de cette différence motive la mobilité transfrontalière féminine. Le texte vise à contribuer et à discuter des débats sur la violence de genre dans les contextes frontaliers. dune d lagriculture l agriculture Triplefrontière Triple frontière Andine danalyser analyser familial 3 dorigine origine pères, pères (pères frères beauxpères, beauxpères beaux , beaux-pères) mères plus quelles qu elles enfants quil il féminine frontaliers beaux-pères

A huge number of South Africans, including Christians, are emigrating to the Western world, which is experiencing a serious regression in Christianity. Unfortunately, the contribution made by South African Christian emigrants has not been sufficiently examined; hence there is no literature on this particular topic. Given this, the objective of this article was to provide a comprehensive discussion of the contemporary emigration situation in South Africa and assess how South African emigrants can evangelise the post-Christendom West, which is, fortunately, still Christian and Christian tolerant. The article dialogued with relevant literature to accomplish the proposed objective and provide an overview of the push and pull factors of why South Africans emigrate to the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States of America, New Zealand and many other countries, all of which used to send missionaries abroad, but they are now experiencing exponential growth in atheism. Further, the article discussed the unprecedented growth of Christianity in Africa, particularly South Africa, in contrast to the opposite trends in the Western world, thus, establishing how South African Christian emigrants can contribute towards evangelising the post-Christendom West, according to the biblical notion that God advances his kingdom through migration in centripetal and centrifugal ways. Thus, although the emigration of South African Christians to the West is associated with pain and sorrow, it is not an accident, but God uses it in his scheme to accomplish his redemptive purposes and plans for the world. In this case, emigration in South Africa is viewed as a missiological opportunity. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The focus of the article is interdisciplinary, that is, it discusses the emigration phenomenon in South Africa (migration) and its contribution to the advancement of God's Kingdom to the West (missiology). The article challenges South African Christian emigrants to the Western world to perceive their migration as an evangelical and missiological opportunity.

ABSTRACT Transnational gentrification has been a documented phenomenon in Latin America for at least a decade. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of workers from high-income countries were able to work remotely from the Global South. This allowed for a strong international mobility phenomenon that introduced new actors and new destinations of transnational gentrification. Using mixed methods, this research explores the impact of foreigners, specifically digital nomads, in the central areas of Mexico City. The indicators used as part of this research include commercial specialization and the evolution of the real estate market. It was found that the neighborhoods analyzed have undergone a commercial, housing, and sociocultural change due to the presence of digital nomads. We conclude by suggesting that transnational gentrification driven by digital nomads accelerates established gentrification processes and accentuates socio-territorial exclusion.

RESUMEN La gentrificación transnacional es un fenómeno documentado en América Latina desde hace al menos una década. En el contexto de la emergencia sanitaria mundial ocasionada por la pandemia de Covid-19, un número importante de trabajadores de países de alto ingreso pudieron laborar de forma remota desde el sur global. Esto permitió una fuerte movilidad internacional que introdujo nuevos actores y nuevos destinos de gentrificación transnacional. Esta investigación mixta realiza una exploración del impacto de extranjeros denominados nómadas digitales en la zona central de la Ciudad de México (CDMX). Los indicadores del estudio han sido la especialización comercial y la evolución del mercado inmobiliario. Se encontró que las colonias analizadas han tenido una mutación comercial, de vivienda y sociocultural derivada de la presencia de extranjeros. La gentrificación transnacional conducida por nómadas digitales acelera procesos de gentrificación previos y acentúa la exclusión socioterritorial de la metrópoli.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of ozonated sunflower oil (Oz) as an adjunctive of non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), on fibroblast cell viability and migration and the effectiveness of Oz on a Candida albicans (C. albicans) culture. Methodology In total, 32 sites in 16 DM2 with moderate to advanced periodontal disease with periodontal pocket depths ≥5mm were selected. The treatments were divided into two groups: control, saline solution (SS) as an adjunctive of scaling and root planing (SRP+SS), and test, Oz as an adjunctive of SRP (SRP+Oz). Hematological [fasting glucose level (FGL) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] and microbiological samples were collected from the participants at baseline and three months after periodontal treatment and the microbiological samples were analyzed by PCR. C. albicans was previously tested by the agar diffusion test. The effect of Oz was tested on cell viability and fibroblast migration. Results The groups showed no statistically significant differences (paired t-test-p>0.05) regarding hematological parameters, FGL (median - baseline 171.41, 3 months 164mg/dL), and HbA1c (baseline 8%, 3 months 7.5%) (Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Nonparametric-p>0.05) after periodontal therapy. The groups showed statistical differences for periodontal parameters between baseline and three months (paired t-test-p<0.05). PCR analysis showed a reduction in the percentage of C. albicans in the SRP+Oz group after three months (McNemar’s test-p=0.002). Cell viability was lower in the high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (4500 mg/L) than in low glucose (1000 mg/L) (RM-ANOVA-p<0.0001). The wound healing test showed reduced fibroblast migration (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test-p<0.01). Oz showed high C. albicans antifungal inhibition (Kruskal-Wallis test-p=0.0001). Conclusions SRP+Oz effectively reduced C. albicans in-vitro and in-vivo but showed no clinical improvements compared to the control. Cell viability and wound healing of fibroblasts showed no improvements.

RESUMO: A migração de crianças adultas rurais suscitou preocupações crescentes sobre a fragilidade do apoio intergeracional das crianças aos seus pais que ficaram para trás. Com base nos dados dos China Family Panel Studies, este artigo analisa sistematicamente o impacto da migração de crianças adultas rurais no apoio intergeracional aos seus pais de meia-idade e idosos que ficaram para trás e explora ainda mais o efeito moderador da cultura do clã sobre ela. Constatou-se que a migração de crianças adultas rurais não enfraquece o apoio intergeracional aos seus pais em todos os domínios, mas afeta as formas de apoio intergeracional; ou seja, muda de “servir ao lado” para “focar no material”, e de conforto emocional “face a face” para comunicação “em rede”. A cultura tradicional do clã não facilitou a mudança nas formas de apoio intergeracional das crianças, mas reforçou o apoio financeiro. Estes resultados são relevantes para uma conceção eficiente de políticas de cuidados para pais que ficaram para trás em todo o mundo. RESUMO Studies meiaidade meia idade ela Constatouse Constatou se domínios seja servir lado focar material, material , material” face rede. rede . rede” financeiro mundo

ABSTRACT: Rural adult children’s migration has raised growing concerns about the weakness in children’s intergenerational support to their left-behind parents. Based on the data from the China Family Panel Studies, this paper systematically analyzed the impact of rural adult children’s migration on intergenerational support to their middle-aged and elderly left-behind parents and further explores the moderating effect of clan culture on it. It has found that the migration of rural adult children does not weaken intergenerational support for their parents across the board, but affects the forms of intergenerational support; that is, it changes from “serving on the side” to “focusing on material”, and from “face-to-face” emotion comfort to “network” communication. The traditional clan culture has not eased the shift in the forms of children’s intergenerational support but strengthened the financial support. These findings are relevant for an efficient policy design of care for left-behind parents worldwide. ABSTRACT childrens s leftbehind left behind Studies middleaged middle aged board is serving side focusing material, material , material” facetoface face “face-to-face network “network communication worldwide

ABSTRACT Purpose: The epithelial–mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells plays a role in posterior capsule opacification, a fibrotic process that leads to a common type of cataract. Hyaluronic acid has been implicated in this fibrosis. Studies have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 in epithelial–mesenchymal transition. However, the role of TGF-β2 in hyaluronic acid-mediated fibrosis of lens epithelial cell remains unknown. We here examined the role of TGF-β2 in the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Methods: Cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLEB3) were infected with CD44-siRNA by using the Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent. The CCK-8 kit was used to measure cell viability, and the scratch assay was used to determine cell migration. Cell oxidative stress was analyzed in a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay and by using a flow cytometer. The TGF-β2 level in HLEB3 cells was examined through immunohistochemical staining. The TGF-β2 protein level was determined through western blotting. mRNA expression levels were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Treatment with hyaluronic acid (1.0 μM, 24 h) increased the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of HLEB3 cells. The increase in TGF-β2 levels corresponded to an increase in CD44 levels in the culture medium. However, blocking the CD44 function significantly reduced the TGF-β2-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition response of HLEB3 cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that both CD44 and TGF-β2 are critical contributors to the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, and that TGF-β2 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition is regulated by CD44. These results suggest that CD44 could be used as a target for preventing hyaluronic acid-induced posterior capsule opacification. Our findings suggest that CD44/TGF-β2 is crucial for the hyaluronic acid-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Purpose epithelialmesenchymal mesenchymal opacification cataract TGFβ2 TGFβ TGF β2 β (TGF)-β However TGF-β acidmediated mediated unknown Methods HLEB (HLEB3 CD44siRNA CDsiRNA siRNA CD 300 reagent CCK8 CCK 8 CCK- viability migration dichlorodihydrofluorescein dichloro dihydro fluorescein cytometer staining blotting realtime real time reaction Results 1.0 10 1 0 (1. μM 2 h CD4 medium TGFβ2mediated TGFβmediated Conclusions acidinduced induced CD44/TGFβ2 CD44TGFβ2 CDTGFβ CD44/TGF CD44/TGF-β (HLEB 30 1. (1 CD44/TGFβ CD44TGFβ CD44TGF CDTGF 3 (

In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of the extract, fractions, and isolated compounds of the flowers of Fridericia platyphylla, and to characterize the bioactive compounds. The chemical diversity of the extracts and fractions was investigated using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). We were able to annotate 26 compounds from the classes of flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, and cinnamic acid and its derivatives. The dichloromethane fraction showed greater cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1. In addition, the inhibitory concentrations of the dichloromethane fraction were 22.14 and 30.9 µg mL−1 for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively, and were capable of inhibiting tumor cell migration. Brachydins A and C were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction and showed the greatest cytotoxicity. The results obtained from this study show the potential biological effect of F. platyphylla flowers as a possible antitumor pharmacological agent. extract LCHRMS. LCHRMS LC HRMS . (LC-HRMS) 2 flavones flavonols flavanones isoflavones derivatives 10 mL1 mL 1 addition 2214 22 14 22.1 309 30 9 30. mL− MCF7 MCF 7 MCF- MDAMB231 MDAMB MDA MB 231 MDA-MB-23 lines respectively migration F agent (LC-HRMS 221 22. 3 MDAMB23 23 MDA-MB-2 MDAMB2 MDA-MB- MDA-MB

A stereoselective synthesis of α-aryl Z enaminones was developed by TfOH-promoted condensation of dibenzylidene ketones with organic azides. The cascade reactions involve the sequence of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkyl azides with the enone, aziridine formation, and 1,2-aryl migration via phenonium ion, whose stereochemical control by a strong N-H…O=C intramolecular hydrogen bond affords Z isomer exclusively. The readily available starting materials and ease of handling of TfOH are experimental advantages that give diversely substituted enaminones with total control of functionalization along the N-C=C-C=O conjugated system. αaryl α aryl TfOHpromoted promoted 1,3dipolar 13dipolar dipolar 1,3 1 3 enone formation 1,2aryl 12aryl 1,2 2 ion NHO=C NHOC N H O=C O C exclusively NC=CC=O NCCCO C=C C=O system 3dipolar 13 1, 2aryl 12 NHO OC NC CC CO

In recent years, in-depth studies of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) materials have revealed that they have many unique properties and uses. Zn-Fe bimetallic ZIFs with bimetallic active centers can be designed and fabricated based on ZIF-8 with good water resistance. The structure, composition, and photoelectrochemical properties of the Zn-Fe bimetallic ZIFs were systematically analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and photoluminescence (PL). The bimetallic Zn-Fe ZIFs exhibited strong light absorption properties in the visible region at 390 nm, and the forbidden bandwidths were greatly reduced compared to those of ZIF-8. The photoelectrochemical properties of bimetallic Zn-Fe ZIFs and the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers can be optimized by adjusting the amount of metal introduced. The highest average photocatalytic rate of 1363.53 μmol L-1 g-1 h-1 was observed for bimetallic Zn-Fe ZIFs when Zn:Fe = 1:0.3. Finally, the photocatalytic nitrogen fixation performance of Zn-Fe bimetallic ZIFs is discussed. years indepth depth framework8 framework 8 framework- ZIF8 ZIF (ZIF-8 uses ZnFe Zn Fe ZIF- resistance structure composition FESEM, FESEM , (FESEM) mapping Xray X ray XRD, XRD (XRD) FT IR, IR IR) XPS, XPS (XPS) ultravioletvisible ultraviolet UVVis UV Vis DRS, DRS DRS) PL. PL . (PL) 39 nm ZIF8. 8. introduced 136353 1363 53 1363.5 L1 L 1 L- g1 g g- h1 h h- 10.3. 103 0.3. 0 3 1:0.3 Finally discussed (ZIF- (FESEM (XRD (XPS (PL 13635 136 5 1363. 10 10.3 03 0.3 1:0. (ZIF 13 10. 0. 1:0 1:

The legacies of colonialism on both the colonised and coloniser is one thing that our world cannot escape in contemporary times. In most of the places, colonialism came with its own form of Christianity. This colonial Christianity was based on the idea of exclusion, homogenisation and conquering the other. Thus, the combination of the ideals of colonialism and Christianity brought about a type of nationalism, which was monologic. This monologic nationalism as an ideology not only creates refugees but also generates a monological 'unity' among the people in the country of arrival against these refugees. This poses a danger to humanity as a whole. Thus, it is important for scholars of religion and theology to deconstruct ideas on the line of monologic nationalism and embrace a form of nationalism that is dialogical in nature. In this regard, this article using Mikhail Bakhtin's idea of dialogism as its framework attempts to construct a dialogic theology of missions as a response to the global refugee phenomenon. The article argues that there must be a shift from colonial missions, which are monologic in nature to a dialogic theology of missions grounded in World Christianity. CONTRIBUTION: This article attempts to point out a key legacy of colonialism and colonial Christianity: the creation of refugees, which often has not been looked at by many scholars. The problem lies not with 'Christianity' as a religion, but the type of Christianity being practised. Addressing this practice demands a shift from colonial Christianity to World Christianity, which is embedded within its solutions to the global refugee crisis that the world is currently facing

The book of Genesis has copious narratives on migration. This article studies the migration stories of Abram's and Jacob's families vis-à-vis migration among Nigerian youths. A study of these biblical narratives reveals that severe famine precipitated the movement of these patriarchs and their families. Abram's and Sarai's migration to Egypt, according to Genesis 12:10, was a result of famine. Genesis 46 and 47 record that Jacob's family migrated to Egypt due to the severe famine in Canaan. Similarly, many Nigerian youths migrate to other countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, Austria, Ireland, Germany, et cetera to escape financial hardship and pursue greener pastures. To this end, the slang 'Japa' has become a household term among Nigerian youths. Japa is a new word for leaving one's country for better living conditions. With narrative and descriptive analysis, this article studies relevant texts in Genesis and the Japa phenomenon among Nigerian youths. A comparative study reveals that bad living conditions are hugely associated with migration in the Old Testament and contemporary times. The high rate of unemployment, underemployment, and a lack of opportunities faced by Nigerian youths are hugely responsible for the mass migration. The study recommends that the Nigerian government create an enabling environment that promotes the financial stability of youths through better job opportunities and career growth. CONTRIBUTION: Migration is a long-standing human activity that is generally attributed to the quest for better living conditions. In the Old Testament, famine was hugely responsible for movement from one biblical residence to another. Nigerian society has witnessed a mass migration of its youths to other countries to escape the present economic situation in the country. A comparative study shows that many people migrate because of uncomfortable situations in their residence locations; there are challenges associated with migration, and migration usually leads to improved living conditions.

BACKGROUND: The loss of healthcare professionals because of migration remains a challenge for low- and middle-income countries. South African Emergency Care Practitioners (ECPs) are no exception with many choosing to leave South Africa (SA) to work in the Middle East (ME). AIM: To investigate and describe the push and pull factors that are influencing ECPs to leave SA and work in the ME. SETTING: The study took place in the ME in an online setting. METHODS: A prospective mixed-method sequential design was adopted that made use of a purposively designed, pre-piloted, online questionnaire followed by a number of one-on-one interviews with a purposefully selected sample of participants to explore push and pull factors that influenced their decision to leave SA to work in the ME. RESULTS: The increased cost of living, low salaries, poor and unsafe working environments, and being undervalued by management in SA were the main push factors that emerged. Better pay, improved safety and security and a better quality of life in the ME were identified as core pull factors that are drawing South African ECPs to the ME. CONCLUSION: To stem the ongoing exodus of ECPs, significant work has to be done to improve local salaries, working conditions and the overall job satisfaction experienced by operational ECPs in SA. CONTRIBUTION: Understanding why ECPs are leaving the country, and in particular why they choose the ME as their employment destination can assist Emergency Medical Services (EMS) managers to implement measures that aid in the retention of these highly skilled healthcare professionals.