ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the absorbance coefficient of the thin porcine cornea to ultraviolet-A radiation (365 nm) submitted for crosslinking. Methods: This in vitro, benchtop experiment using cadaver tissue study analyzed 12 porcine corneal lamellas, which were obtained using a microkeratome after mechanical de-epithelization and separated into three thickness groups: 180, 300, and 360 μm. The corneal thickness values were measured by anterior-segment optical coherence tomography. All lamellas had ultraviolet-A (365 nm) absorbance measured with a 96-well plate spectrophotometer using an ultraviolet transparent microplate before riboflavin instillation and preand post-crosslinking according to the Dresden protocol. Results: The ultraviolet absorbance profiles of the 180, 300, and 360 μm groups were obtained as α-coefficients of 12.85, 76.55, and 120.27, respectively. A theoretical formula was calculated though a statistical analysis that demonstrated the correlation between stromal lamellar thickness and ultraviolet absorbance. Conclusions: Corneal thickness and ultraviolet-A spectral absorbance of corneal lamellas showed linear correlation. These findings can potentially contribute to the optimization of ultraviolet-A application during crosslinking, making the treatment of corneas with thickness <400 μm safe and personalized energy delivery for each corneal thickness. Purpose ultravioletA 365 (36 nm crosslinking Methods vitro 1 deepithelization de epithelization 180 300 36 anteriorsegment anterior segment tomography 96well well 96 postcrosslinking post protocol Results αcoefficients α coefficients 1285 85 12.85 7655 76 55 76.55 12027 120 27 120.27 respectively Conclusions 400 <40 (3 18 30 3 9 128 8 12.8 765 7 5 76.5 1202 2 120.2 40 <4 ( 12. 76. 120. 4 <

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender melhor a dinâmica da atividade cristalogênica e inicial nos fluidos biológicos dos pacientes durante a cirurgia e na fase pós-operatória tardia da alveococose. Amostras de saliva de 22 indivíduos com alveococose foram incluídas na pesquisa. Amostras de fluidos biológicos foram coletadas no momento da admissão e antes da alta do paciente. Em seguida, foram confeccionadas lâminas utilizando a técnica de teziocristaloscopia, que combina a investigação da atividade formadora de cristais da saliva mista com suas características iniciais, utilizando uma solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% como ingrediente-base. Usando nosso próprio conjunto de critérios, avaliamos os resultados de experimentos cristaloscópicos e tezigráficos. O exame espectrofotométrico da fácies tezigráfica e cristaloscópica foi feito usando um espectrofotômetro de microplaca PowerWave XS nos comprimentos de onda de 400, 350 e 300 nm para aumentar os resultados da morfometria ocular de microplacas de saliva seca. A terapia cirúrgica resulta na normalização parcial dos parâmetros físicos e químicos, bem como da composição dos fluidos biológicos do paciente, após a alta hospitalar.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to better understand the dynamics of crystallogenic and starting activity in biological fluids of patients throughout surgery and the late postoperative phase in alveococcosis. Samples of saliva from 22 individuals with alveococcosis were included in the research. Biological fluid samples were taken at the time of admission and before the patient was discharged. Following that, slides were made utilizing the teziocrystalloscopy method, which incorporates the investigation of the crystal forming activity of mixed saliva with its starting characteristics using a 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution as the foundation ingredient. Using our own set of criteria, we evaluated the outcomes of crystalloscopic and tezigraphic experiments. Specrophotometric examination of tezigraphic and crystalloscopic facies was done using a PowerWave XS microplate spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 400, 350, and 300 nm to augment the results from ocular morphometry of dried saliva micro slides. Surgical therapy results in a partial normalization of physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of the patient's biological fluids after the patient is discharged from the hospital.

Abstract This study compared the pH and calcium ion release of calcium silicate- (Bio-C Temp) and calcium hydroxide-based (Ultracal XS) medications. Intracanal remnants of both medications were also evaluated using SEM-EDS after the removal protocol. Thirty-five bovine teeth were prepared. Fifteen were filled with Bio-C Temp and 15 with Ultracal XS. Five remained without intracanal medication (control group). Five samples from each experimental time (i.e.. 24, 72, and 168 hours) were used to measure pH and calcium ions release using a digital pH meter and microplate reader, respectively. Afterward, the peaks of the chemical elements composing both medications were analyzed in SEM-EDS. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test analyzed the pH and calcium ion release data. Student's t-test compared the medications in each experimental time. SEM-EDS described the percentage of chemical elements in the samples. Bio-C Temp and Ultracal XS showed a significant pH increase from 24 to 168 hours (p<0.05). Ultracal XS showed a higher pH value at 24 hours than Bio-C Temp (p<0.05) but were similar at 72 and 168h (p > 0.05). Calcium ion release did not depend on the experimental period (p > 0.05). Bio-C Temp showed lower calcium ions release than Ultracal XS at 24 hours (p<0.05). SEM-EDS analyses showed the remains of both medications, but the concentration of Si, Al, and W ions was present only in the calcium silicate-based medication. Bio-C Temp presented alkaline pH and a satisfactory calcium ion release over the time. The remaining of both medications were present after the protocols for paste removal. silicate BioC Bio C hydroxidebased hydroxide based SEMEDS SEM EDS protocol Thirtyfive Thirty five prepared 1 control group. group . group) i.e.. ie i e (i.e. 16 reader respectively Afterward SEMEDS. EDS. Oneway One way Tukeys Tukey s data Students Student ttest t 2 p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05 7 h 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) Si Al silicatebased i.e. (i.e p00 p<0.0 (p<0.0 00 0.0 i.e p0 p<0. (p<0. 0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p<

Resumo Este estudo comparou o pH e a liberação de íons cálcio de medicações intracanais a à base de silicato de cálcio (Bio-C Temp) e à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Ultracal XS). Remanescentes de ambas as medicações também foram avaliados usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de dispersão de energia após o protocolo de remoção. Trinta e cinco dentes bovinos foram preparados. Quinze dentes foram preenchidos com Bio-C Temp e 15 com Ultracal XS. Cinco permaneceram sem medicação intracanal (grupo controle). Cinco amostras de cada tempo experimental (ou seja, 24, 72 e 168 horas) foram usadas para medir o pH e a liberação de íons de cálcio usando um medidor de pH digital e um leitor de microplacas, respectivamente. Em seguida, os picos dos elementos químicos que compõem os dois medicamentos foram analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e por espectroscopia de dispersão de energia. Os testes One-way ANOVA e post hoc de Tukey analisaram os dados de pH e liberação de íons cálcio. O teste t de Student comparou as medicações em cada tempo experimental. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a espectroscopia de dispersão de energia descreveu a porcentagem de elementos químicos nas amostras. O Bio-C Temp e o Ultracal XS mostraram um aumento significativo de pH de 24 a 168 horas (p<0,05). O Ultracal XS apresentou um valor de pH mais alto em 24 horas do que o Bio-C Temp (p<0,05), mas foi semelhante em 72 e 168h (p > 0,05). A liberação de íons cálcio não dependeu do período experimental (p> 0,05). O Bio-C Temp apresentou menor liberação de íons de cálcio do que Ultracal XS em 24 horas (p<0,05). As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de dispersão de energia mostraram remanescentes de ambas as medicações, mas a concentração de íons Si, Al e W estavam presentes apenas na medicação à base de silicato de cálcio. O Bio-C Temp apresentou pH alcalino e maior liberação de íons cálcio. Remanescentes de ambas as medicações estiveram presentes após os protocolos de remoção da pasta. BioC Bio C . XS) preparados 1 grupo controle. controle controle) ou seja 7 16 microplacas respectivamente seguida Oneway One way 2 p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 0 05 (p<0,05) p<0,05, , h 0,05. 005 0,05 0,05) p> Si pasta p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 00 0,0 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 0, p<0 (p<0, p< (p<0 (p<

Computer-aided drug planning strategies have contributed to the research and development of new anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs to avoid resistance and reduce treatment time and the number of drugs used in therapy. The aim of work was to carry out a docking study to identify the possible mechanism of action of the hits LabMol73, 84, 86 and 93 previously tested in the Microplate Assay Blue Alamar (MABA), Low Oxygen Recovery Assay (LORA) assays in sensitive strains from M.tb. H37Rv and resistant to the standard drugs rifampicin and isoniazid, due to the promising inhibitory result against these strains, suggesting a different mechanism of action from existing drugs. The reverse virtual screening was performed on the Pharmmapper platform, which identifies targets by pharmacophoric model. The most promising targets have been validated. The DM was performed in the OpenEye Maestro program for analysis of poses and energy score. Sixteen targets M.tb. H37Rv were identified and only nine demonstrated viability for computational testing. The most promising results were observed in the mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase (PDB:1L1E) and pantothenate synthetase (PDB:1N2B) targets. Since, in the target 1L1E score results obtained were between -6.998 to -7.767 kcal/mol. In the 1N2B target the results were between -6.421 to -7.293 kcal/mol, presenting themselves as the most promising targets due to their similar score scores between the two targets suggesting that the mechanism of action may be the inhibition of one of these targets. These targets proved to be promising for elucidating the mechanism of action of the analyzed nitro heteroaryl chalcones, as they corroborate the assay against resistant strains, demonstrating that standard drugs have activity against other targets and also because mycolic acid and pantothenate are directly linked to virulence and resistance of M.tb. H37Rv.

Computer-aided drug planning strategies have contributed to the research and development of new anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs to avoid resistance and reduce treatment time and the number of drugs used in therapy. The aim of work was to carry out a docking study to identify the possible mechanism of action of the hits LabMol73, 84, 86 and 93 previously tested in the Microplate Assay Blue Alamar (MABA), Low Oxygen Recovery Assay (LORA) assays in sensitive strains from M.tb. H37Rv and resistant to the standard drugs rifampicin and isoniazid, due to the promising inhibitory result against these strains, suggesting a different mechanism of action from existing drugs. The reverse virtual screening was performed on the Pharmmapper platform, which identifies targets by pharmacophoric model. The most promising targets have been validated. The DM was performed in the OpenEye Maestro program for analysis of poses and energy score. Sixteen targets M.tb. H37Rv were identified and only nine demonstrated viability for computational testing. The most promising results were observed in the mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase (PDB:1L1E) and pantothenate synthetase (PDB:1N2B) targets. Since, in the target 1L1E score results obtained were between -6.998 to -7.767 kcal/mol. In the 1N2B target the results were between -6.421 to -7.293 kcal/mol, presenting themselves as the most promising targets due to their similar score scores between the two targets suggesting that the mechanism of action may be the inhibition of one of these targets. These targets proved to be promising for elucidating the mechanism of action of the analyzed nitro heteroaryl chalcones, as they corroborate the assay against resistant strains, demonstrating that standard drugs have activity against other targets and also because mycolic acid and pantothenate are directly linked to virulence and resistance of M.tb. H37Rv.

RESUMO: O pimentão grande tem o maior tamanho de fruta em comparação com outros tipos de pimentão. Além de ter um sabor picante, os pimentões grandes contêm outros bioquímicos benéficos, como fenólicos, flavonóides, antioxidantes e inibidores de α-glicosidase, que têm potencial para serem desenvolvidos para plantas tropicais funcionais. Informações sobre o conteúdo ainda não são amplamente encontradas. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar compostos bioquímicos (TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, AGI) em diversos genótipos de pimentão. O estudo foi conduzido de outubro a novembro de 2021 usando o método do leitor de microplaca. Os dados obtidos foram repetidos três vezes. O desenho de pesquisa usado foi um desenho inteiramente casualizado com um genótipo de fator único. Um total de 22 genótipos de pimentão grande foi usado neste estudo. O genótipo big chili F6074136-2-3-2-3 apresentou o maior teor de inibidor de α-glucosidase e antioxidante FRAP em comparação com outros genótipos 67,62% e 71,20 mol TE / g de extrato. O maior teor de fenólicos e flavonóides neste estudo foi indicado pelos genótipos CK 12 e F6074077-1-1-3-1. A correlação entre os parâmetros bioquímicos mostrou que TPC-AGI e TPC-DPPH foram significativamente correlacionados negativamente. Conclui-se que as informações deste estudo podem servir de base para o desenvolvimento de plantas tropicais funcionais em pesquisas futuras.

ABSTRACT: Big chili has the largest fruit size compared to other types of chili. In addition to having a spicy taste, big chilies contain other beneficial biochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants, and α-glucosidase inhibitors that have the potential to be developed for functional tropical plants. Information on the content is still not widely found. Therefore, this study identified biochemical compounds (TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, AGI) in several genotypes of big chili peppers. From October to November 2021, we conducted a study using the microplate reader method. We repeated the experiment three times. The research design used was a completely randomized design with a single factor genotype. A total of 22 genotypes of big chili were used in this study. The big chili genotype F6074136-2-3-2-3 had the highest content of α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant FRAP compared to other genotypes 67.62% and 71.20 mol TE/g extract. The genotypes CK 12 and F6074077-1-1-3-1 indicated the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. The correlation between biochemical parameters showed that TPC-AGI and TPC-DPPH were significantly negatively correlated. The conclusion is that the information in this study can be the basis for the development of functional tropical plants in future research.

Abstract Octocoral-associated bacterial assemblages provide them with defensive strategies through production of antimicrobial compounds, protecting against pathogenic microorganisms by avoiding colonization by other microorganisms. Due to the decrease in the discovery of new compounds in terrestrial environments, the potential of marine bacterial strains represents a source of novel bioactive compounds. Our objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the bacterial strains of Bacillus australimaris and those of Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from the octocoral Leptogorgia alba from shallow and mesophotic areas, to determine the degree of capacity they have to inhibit the growth of human and aquaculture pathogens, for which cross-streak tests, agar diffusion by drop, well diffusion, disk diffusion, growth on cellulose and polystyrene microplate were used. Antagonism of B. australimaris was evident towards pathogens Escherichia coli, Listonella anguillarum, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, and Vibrio campbellii. For its part, Pseudoalteromonassp. prevented the development of the pathogens E. coli, L. anguillarum, L. monocytogenes, S. iniae, and V. campbellii. The results of this work show that bacteria associated with gorgonid organisms are a potential biotechnological resource in antimicrobial activity.

Resumen Los ensamblajes bacterianos asociados a los octocorales les aportan estrategias defensivas mediante la producción de compuestos antimicrobianos para protección frente a los microorganismos patógenos al evitar la colonización por otros microorganismos. Debido a la disminución en el descubrimiento de nuevos compuestos en los entornos terrestres, el potencial de las cepas bacterianas marinas representa una fuente de novedosos compuestos bioactivos. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de las cepas bacterianas de Bacillus australimaris y las de Pseudoalteromonas sp. aisladas del octocoral Leptogorgia alba de las zonas someras y de las mesofóticas, para conocer el grado de capacidad que tienen para inhibir el crecimiento de los patógenos humanos y de los acuícolas por lo que se realizaron los ensayos cross-streak, difusión en agar por gota, difusión en pozo, difusión en disco, crecimiento sobre celulosa y microplaca de poliestireno. El antagonismo de B. australimaris fue evidente hacia los patógenos de Escherichia coli, Listonella anguillarum, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, y Vibrio campbellii. Por su parte, Pseudoalteromonas sp. impidió el desarrollo de los patógenos E. coli, L. anguillarum, L. monocytogenes, S. iniae, y V. campbellii. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que las bacterias asociadas a organismos gorgónidos son un recurso biotecnológico potencial en la actividad antimicrobiana.

Abstract: Background and Aims: The Clusiaceae family is known for its bioactive compounds with beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify and quantify the individual polyphenol compounds in the methanolic extract from peel, pulp and aril of the fruit of Clusia quadrangula by UPLC-MSMS, evaluate their antioxidant properties, 2) analyze the fatty acid profile, minerals composition and 3) determine the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria of the methanolic extract. Methods: Physicochemical properties, antioxidants and bioactive compounds, fatty acid profile and mineral content were analyzed using a Microplate Spectrophotometer, Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole Mass Spectrometer, Gas Chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer and Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Key results: Twenty phenolic compounds were identified and quantified plus the precursor shikimic acid (103.55 µg/g solids). Procyanidin B2 (41.56 µg/g solids), (−)-epicatechin (34.07 µg/g solids), and ellagic acid (27.58 µg/g solids) were found in greater quantity in the methanolic extract of the pulp. Palmitic and linoleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids in the pulp, peel, and aril, and linolenic acid was present in the pulp. The pulp also exhibited the highest amount of total polyphenolic compounds (24.33 mg GAE/g) and reducing power evaluated by FRAP (18.697 mg ET/g). Analysis of the minerals revealed that all fractions are rich in magnesium, potassium, sodium, and calcium. The results showed that the methanolic extract of the different parts of the fruit had antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusions: These results indicate that different parts of the C. quadrangula fruit are a rich source of natural antioxidants and possess antibacterial properties. Therefore, it can be considered for use as ingredient or additive in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or food industries.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: La familia Clusiaceae es conocida por sus compuestos bioactivos con propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias beneficiosas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) identificar y cuantificar compuestos polifenólicos individuales en el extracto metanólico de cáscara, pulpa y arilo del fruto de Clusia quadrangula por UPLC-MSMS, evaluar sus propiedades antioxidantes, 2) analizar el perfil de ácidos grasos, la composición mineral y 3) determinar la actividad antibacteriana contra bacterias patógenas del extracto metanólico. Métodos: Las propiedades fisicoquímicas, antioxidantes y compuestos bioactivos, perfil de ácidos grasos y contenido de minerales fueron analizados utilizando un Espectrofotómetro de Microplaca, Cromatografía de Líquidos de Ultra Alta Resolución acoplado a un Espectrómetro de Masas triple cuadrupolo, Cromatografía de Gases acoplada a un Espectrómetro de Masas y Espectroscopia de Emisión Atómica de Plasma de Microondas. Resultados clave: Se identificaron y cuantificaron 20 compuestos fenólicos más el precursor ácido shikímico (103.55 µg/g sólidos). Procianidina B2 (41.56 µg/g sólidos), (−)-epicatequina (34.07 µg/g sólidos) y ácido elágico (27.58 µg/g sólidos) se encontraron en mayor cantidad en el extracto metanólico de la pulpa. Los ácidos palmítico y linoleico fueron los ácidos grasos más abundantes en la pulpa, cáscara y arilo, y el ácido linolénico estuvo presente en la pulpa. La pulpa también exhibió la mayor cantidad de compuestos polifenólicos totales (24.33 mg GAE/g) y poder reductor evaluado por FRAP (18.697 mg ET/g). El análisis de los minerales reveló que todas las fracciones son ricas en magnesio, potasio, sodio y calcio. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto metanólico de las diferentes partes del fruto tenían propiedades antibacterianas contra Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusión: Estos resultados indican que las diferentes partes del fruto de C. quadrangula son una rica fuente de antioxidantes naturales y poseen propiedades antibacterianas, por lo que se puede considerar para su uso como ingrediente o aditivo en la industria cosmética, farmacéutica o alimentaria.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivos identificar as espécies de estafilococos envolvidas com mastite em rebanhos leiteiros no norte do Brasil, investigar a capacidade de produção de biofilme e analisar a associação da produção de biofilme com multirresistência e intensidade de reações de CMT que podem dificultar o tratamento e causar erros de diagnósticos, respectivamente. Amostras de leite foram coletadas em 23 propriedades leiteiras, situadas em cinco municípios do estado do Acre. Um total de 339 vacas mestiças foram testadas pelo CMT, sendo detectados 109 animais (229 tetos) reagentes ao teste. Após isolamento em ágar sangue, os cocos Gram positivos produtores de catalase foram submetidos à identificação por MALDI TOF MS. Um total de 103 estirpes foram identificadas como estafilococos, sendo mais prevalentes as espécies Staphylococcus chromogenes (58,3%) e S. aureus (19,4%). A produção de biofilme foi avaliada quantitativamente pelo teste de aderência em microplaca. Dentre todas as amostras de estafilococos, 71,8% foram produtoras de biofilme. A maioria das amostras de S. chromogenes (68,3%) apresentou capacidade de produzir biofilme, variando de fraco (43,3%), moderado (13,3%) a forte (11,7%) produtor. Entre as amostras de S. aureus, 50% não foram produtoras e nenhuma foi produtora forte. Essa capacidade de produção de biofilme mostrou-se associada à multirresistência a antimicrobianos, além de diminuir a intensidade no teste CMT, podendo mascarar o diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the Staphylococcus species responsible for bovine mastitis in dairy herds in northern Brazil, to investigate the capacity of biofilm production, and to analyze the association of biofilm production with multiresistance and intensity of California Mastitis Tests (CMT) reactions that can make treatment more difficult and cause misdiagnoses, respectively. Milk samples were collected from 23 dairy farms located in five municipalities in the state of Acre. A total of 339 crossbred cows were tested by CMT, with 109 animals (229 udder ceilings) reacting to the test. After bacterial isolation in blood agar, the catalase-positive and gram-positive cocci were submitted for identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Of 103 strains identified as staphylococci, Staphylococcus chromogenes (58.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.4%) were the most prevalent species. Biofilm production was quantitatively evaluated using a microplate adherence test. Among the Staphylococcus strains, 71.8% were biofilm producers. Most strains of S. chromogenes (68.3%) had the capacity to produce biofilms, ranging from weak (43.3%), moderate (13.3%), and strong (11.7%) producers. Among S. aureus strains, 50% were non-biofilm producers, and none were strong producers. Our data showed an association between biofilm production capacity and multidrug resistance. In addition, there was a reduction in the response to the CMT test, which can mask the diagnosis.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma síntese da evolução geodinâmica e das variações eustáticas do nível do mar no Meso-Cenozóico e relaciona os acontecimentos globais com a formação da Ibéria e da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML). Do regime tectónico distensivo resultou a desagregação da Pangeia, a separação entre as placas Norte-Americana e Euroasiática e a individualização da microplaca Ibérica no Cretácico Inferior. Até à formação de crusta oceânica no Atlântico desenvolveram-se bacias de rifting. A Bacia Lusitaniana está ligada à génese da Orla Mesocenozóica Ocidental, onde está incluída grande parte da AML Norte. O regime compressivo a partir do final do Cretácico deu origem a cadeias montanhosas na Península Ibérica e à reactivação de falhas tardi-hercínicas responsáveis pela formação e subsidência de uma depressão tectónica (Bacia Cenozóica do Tejo-Sado), onde se inclui a maioria da AML Sul. Neste quadro tectónico formaram-se o maciço subvulcânico de Sintra no final do Cretácico Superior ou a cadeia da Arrábida no Miocénico. A transição para o regime compressivo marcou o pico máximo do nível do mar no Meso-Cenozóico (170 a 250m acima do nível atual). As variações do nível do mar explicam a diversidade litológica da AML. As formações da AML Norte datam maioritariamente do Cretácico (predominância de calcários e margas), enquanto na AML Sul afloram sobretudo formações mais recentes (Pliocénico e Plistocénico), o que justifica o seu carácter detrítico.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una evolución de la geodinámica y los cambios eustáticos del nivel del mar en el Meso-Cenozoico y relaciona los eventos globales con la formación de Iberia y el Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML). El régimen tectónico distensivo resultó en la ruptura de Pangea, la separación entre las placas norteamericana y euroasiática y la individualización de la microplaca ibérica en el Cretácico Inferior. Las fosas tectónicas de rifting se desarrollaron hasta la formación de la corteza oceánica en el Atlántico. La Cuenca Lusitánica está ligada a la génesis de la Cuenca Portuguesa Occidental Meso-Cenozoica, donde se incluye gran parte de la AML Norte. El régimen compresivo de finales del Cretácico dio lugar a cadenas montañosas en la Península Ibérica y a la reactivación de fallas hercínicas tardías responsables de la formación y hundimiento de una depresión tectónica (Cuenca Cenozoica del Tajo-Sado), donde se incluye la mayor parte de la AML Sur. Fue en este marco tectónico donde se formó el macizo subvolcánico de Sintra al final del Cretácico Superior o la cadena de Arrábida durante el Mioceno. La transición al regímen compresivo marcó el nivel máximo del mar en el Meso-Cenozoico (170 a 250m sobre el nivel actual). Las variaciones en el nivel del mar explican la diversidad litológica de la AML. Las formaciones de la AML del Norte datan en su mayoría del Cretácico (predominio de calizas y margas), mientras que en la AML del Sur (Plioceno y Plistoceno) predominan las formaciones más recientes, lo que justifica su carácter detrítico.

Abstract This article presents an evolution of geodynamics and eustatic sea-level changes in the Meso-Cenozoic and relates global events to the formation of Iberia and the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). The distensive tectonic regime resulted in the breakup of Pangea, the separation between the North American and Eurasian plates and the individualization of the Iberian microplate in the Lower Cretaceous. Rift basins were developed until the formation of oceanic crust in the Atlantic. The Lusitanian Basin is linked to the genesis of the Meso-Cenozoic Western Portuguese Border, where a large part of the Northern LMA is included. The compressive regime from the end of Cretaceous gave rise to mountain ranges in the Iberian Peninsula and to the reactivation of late-hercinian faults responsible for the formation and subsidence of a tectonic depression (Cenozoic Basin of the Tagus-Sado), where most of the Southern LMA is included. It was in this tectonic framework that the subvolcanic massif of Sintra was formed at the end of the Upper Cretaceous or the Arrábida chain during the Miocene. The transition to the compressive regime marked the maximum sea-level in the Meso-Cenozoic (170 to 250m above the current level). The variations in sea-level explain the LMA’s lithological diversity. The formations of the Northern LMA date mostly from Cretaceous (prevalence of limestones and marls), while more recent formations are prevailing in the Southern LMA (Pliocene and Pleistocene), which justifies its detrital character.

Résumé Cet article présente une évolution de la géodynamique et des changements eustatiques du niveau de la mer au Méso-Cénozoïque et relie les événements mondiaux à la formation de l’Ibérie et de l’Aire Métropolitaine de Lisbonne (AML). Le régime tectonique distensif a entraîné l’éclatement de la Pangée, la séparation entre les plaques nord-américaine et euroasiatique et l’individualisation de la microplaque ibérique dans le Crétacé inférieur. Des bassins de rift se sont développés jusqu’à la formation d’une croûte océanique dans l’Atlantique. Le bassin lusitanien est lié à la genèse du Bassin Méso-Cénozoïque Occidental portugais, où une grande partie de l’AML Nord est incluse. Le régime compressif de la fin du Crétacé a donné naissance à des chaînes de montagnes dans la Péninsule Ibérique et à la réactivation de failles hercyniennes tardives responsables de la formation et de l’affaissement d’une dépression tectonique (Bassin Cénozoïque du Tage-Sado), où la majeure partie de la AML Sud est incluse. C’est dans ce cadre tectonique que le massif sous-volcanique de Sintra s’est formé à la fin du Crétacé supérieur ou la chaîne d’Arrábida pendant le Miocène. La transition au régime compressif a marqué le niveau maximal de la mer dans le Méso-Cénozoïque (170 à 250m au-dessus du niveau actuel). Les variations du niveau de la mer expliquent la diversité lithologique de l’AML. Les formations de l’AML Nord datent principalement du Crétacé (prévalence des calcaires et des marnes), tandis que des formations plus récentes prévalent dans l’AML Sud (Pliocène et Plistocène), ce qui justifie son caractère détritique.

Resumo A pimenta ornamental é um tipo de planta de pimenta favorecida pela beleza, mas ainda tem um sabor picante. Geralmente, tem uma cor roxa devido à presença de antocianinas. Acredita-se que o conteúdo bioquímico da pimenta ornamental tenha benefícios para a saúde humana. Este estudo visou a identificar compostos bioquímicos em diversos genótipos de pimentas ornamentais e linhagens puras. O estudo foi realizado usando o método de microplaca que foi repetido três vezes. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com genótipo de fator único. Foram utilizados 16 genótipos de pimenta, sendo 4 genótipos de pimentas ornamentais e 12 genótipos de linhagens puras. Os resultados mostraram que o genótipo de pimenta ornamental Nazla IPB continha 83,27% de atividades inibitórias de α-glicosidase. As linhagens puras genótipo F10 145174-9-7-1-5-3-1-2-5 continham a segunda maior atividade inibitória de α-glicosidase (80,67%) e o maior antioxidante DPPH (15,40 μmol TE/g de extrato). O maior antioxidante do método FRAP foi demonstrado no pimentão ornamental de Adelina IPB. A correlação entre os parâmetros bioquímicos mostrou que o DPPH-AGI foi correlacionado significativa e positivamente e o FRAP-AGI foi correlacionado negativamente. Conclui-se que as informações deste estudo podem ser a base para o desenvolvimento de plantas ornamentais funcionais em futuras pesquisas de melhoramento de pimenta ornamental.

Abstract Ornamental chili is a type of chili plant that favors the value of beauty but still has a spicy taste. It generally has a purple fruit color because they contain anthocyanins. The biochemical content in ornamental chili is believed to have benefits for human health. This study aims to identify several biochemical compounds in several genotypes of ornamental chili and pure lines. The study was conducted using the microplate method which was repeated three times. The research design used was a completely randomized design with a single factor genotype. Sixteen genotypes of chili were used, consisting of 4 genotypes of ornamental chilies and 12 genotypes of pure lines. The results showed that the ornamental chili genotype Nazla IPB contained 83.27% α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The pure lines genotype F10 145174-9-7-1-5-3-1-2-5 contained the second-largest α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (80.67%) and the highest antioxidant DPPH (15.40 μmol TE g.-1 extract). The highest antioxidant of the FRAP method was shown in Adelina IPB’s ornamental chili. The correlation between biochemical parameters showed that DPPH-AGI was significantly positively correlated and FRAP-AGI was negatively correlated. It is concluded that the information in this study can be the basis for the development of functional ornamental plants in future ornamental chili breeding research.

Abstract This paper analyzes geomagnetic disturbances associated with seismic events in the northern transcurrent margin of the South Sandwich microplate and South American plate, with their epicenter at distances within 350 km from King Edward Point geomagnetic observatory on the archipelago of the Georgias del Sur islands. Geomagnetic field records measured over a one-year period in three observatories of the INTERMAGNET network near the area under study are examined. Anomalous variations in geomagnetic records can be detected within approximately 3 hours before the manifestation of seismic events with a magnitude above 4.4 Mw. Based on the analysis of the differences in horizontal field components among the observatories and the frequency spectrum of the geomagnetic field observations using the wavelet method, oscillations of several nT can be observed before an event' in addition to magnetic peaks with variable amplitude and duration. It is worth noting that, during the period of study, no severe geomagnetic storms were recorded as this was a phase of low solar activity (solar cycle 24 minimum). The observation of these potential magnetic precursors suggests that there is a critical preparatory period in a region with geological faults related to the stress generated in the rocks before the built-up energy is released in the hypocenter area, within the lithosphere, which may possibly predict the mechanical motion based on anomalous geomagnetic records.

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan perturbaciones geomagnéticas relacionadas con eventos sísmicos localizados en el margen transcurrente norte de la micro Placa de Sandwich del Sur y la placa Sudamericana, con epicentro a distancias menores de 350 km del observatorio geomagnético King Eduard Point en el archipiélago de las islas Georgias del Sur. Se estudian registros del campo geomagnético medido en tres observatorios de la red INTERMAGNET próximos a la zona de estudio en un lapso de 1 año. Es posible detectar variaciones anómalas en los registros geomagnéticos en lapsos de aproximadamente 3 horas antes de la manifestación de eventos sísmicos de magnitud superior a 4,4 Mw. A partir del análisis de las diferencias entre las componentes horizontales del campo de los observatorios King Eduard Point y Orcadas y el espectro de frecuencias de las observaciones de campo geomagnético, a partir del método de wavelet es posible observar oscilaciones de varios nT previas al evento, además de picos magnéticos de amplitud y duración variable. Cabe destacar que en el periodo de estudio no se registraron tormentas geomagnéticas intensas o superintensas por encontrarse en fase de baja actividad solar (mínimo de ciclo solar 24). La observación de estos posibles premonitores magnéticos sugiere que hay un tiempo de preparación crítico en una región de fallas geológicas relacionado con la tensión generada en las rocas previo a la liberación de la energía acumulada en la zona del hipocentro, en el interior de la litosfera' que podría anticipar el movimiento mecánico a partir de registros geomagnéticos anómalos.

Resumen El Caribe Sur de Costa Rica fue en 1991 el escenario del último gran terremoto (Mw 7,7) entre la placa Caribe y la microplaca de Panamá. Pese a la alta sismicidad y avances en la cobertura de las redes sísmicas, esa zona carece de imágenes tomográficas detalladas. Usando los paquetes VELEST y SIMULPS, presentamos los modelos de velocidad unidimensional y tridimensional resultantes de la inversión de 1208 sismos registrados entre 1998 y 2020 por la Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN). Esta nueva tomografía muestra una franja de bajas velocidades que se inclina desde el Caribe hacia el suroeste hasta los 50 km de profundidad debajo de Talamanca, incluyendo el hipocentro del terremoto de Limón y sismicidad hasta los 30 km. Se interpreta esta configuración como la subducción de la placa Caribe debajo de la microplaca de Panamá y el terremoto de Limón como un evento de zona sismogénica interplacas. La geometría determinada proporciona un nuevo marco para interpretar la compleja tectónica del sureste de Costa Rica.

Abstract In 1991, the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica was the setting of the latest large earthquake (Mw 7.7) between the Caribbean plate and the Panama microplate. Despite the high seismicity and advances in seismic network coverage, this area lacks detailed tomographic images. Using the VELEST and SIMULPS packages, we derive the one-dimensional and three-dimensional velocity models resulting from the inversion of 1208 earthquakes recorded between 1998 and 2020 by the National Seismological Network (RSN). This new tomography shows a band of low velocities that inclines towards the southwest down to depths of 50 km below Talamanca, including the hypocenter of the Limon earthquake and seismicity down to 30 km. This configuration is interpreted as the subduction of the Caribbean plate under the Panama microplate and the Limon earthquake as an interplate seismogenic zone event. The determined geometry provides a new framework for interpreting the complex tectonics of southeastern Costa Rica.

Resumen Debido a los grandes mecanismos de resistencia a lo largo del tiempo de diversos fármacos de primera y segunda línea contra la enfermedad de la tuberculosis, el tratamiento sigue dificultándose. Este trabajo presenta un nuevo enfoque para sintetizar un híbrido de fármacos antituberculosos: isoniazida (INH) y pirazinamida (PZA). La síntesis fue asistida por ultrasonido con el fin de obtener un rendimiento global del 70%, minimizando el tiempo de reacción de 7 a ' h. La evaluación de la actividad biológica del híbrido (compuesto 2) se probó usando el ensayo de microplaca de tetrazolio (TEMA), que mostró una inhibición en el crecimiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv a una concentración de 0,025 mM a pH 6,0 y 6,7.

Abstract Over time, the effective resistance mechanisms to various first- and second-line drugs against the disease of tuberculosis make its treatment extremely difficult. This work presents a new approach to synthesizing a hybrid of antituberculosis medications: isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA). The synthesis was performed using ultrasound-assisted synthesis to obtain an overall yield of 70%, minimizing the reaction time from 7 to 1 h. The evaluation of the biological activity of the hybrid (compound 2) was tested using the tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA), showing inhibition in the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at a concentration of 0.025 mM at pH 6.0 and 6.7.

Resumo Devido aos grandes mecanismos de resistência ao longo do tempo a diversos fármacos de primeira e segunda linha contra a tuberculose, o que torna seu tratamento extremamente difícil. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para sintetizar um híbrido de fármacos antituberculose: isoniazida (INH) e pirazinamida (PZA) A síntese foi realizada utilizando a síntese assistida por ultrassom de forma a obter um rendimento global de 70%, minimizando o tempo de reação de 7 h para ' h. A avaliação da atividade biológica do híbrido (composto 2) foi testada utilizando o ensaio de microplaca de tetrazólio (TEMA), mostrando uma inibição no crescimento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv na concentração de 0,025 mM em pH 6,0 e 6,7.

ABSTRACT In order to use native plant extracts in medicinal, cosmetic, anticorrosive and other applications; the objective of these work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, as well as the content of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds of the ethanolic and extracts of the leaves of Buddleja inkana (quisuar), Oreocallis grandiflora (cucharilla) and Chuquiraga spinose (huamanpinta). The measurement of antioxidant activity: FRAP, DPPH and ABTS·+, as well as the content of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds, was carried out by the microplate reader method. The results when evaluating the antioxidant activity of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic solutions at 75 and 50 % (v/v) in ethanol extracts showed that the extracts of Oreocallis grandiflora showed a higher antioxidant activity than Buddleja inkana and Chuquiraga spinosa, and that the hydroalcoholic extracts at 75 % (v/v) ethanol were the extracts with high antioxidant activity, probably associated with the solvent, since these extract also presented the highest concentrations of total phenolic compounds.

RESUMEN A fin de poder usar extractos de plantas nativas en aplicaciones medicinales, cosméticas, anticorrosivas, entre otras; el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante, así como el contenido de flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos totales de los extractos etanólicos e hidroalcohólicos de las hojas de Buddleja inkana (quisuar), Oreocallis grandiflora (cucharilla) y Chuquiraga spinosa (huamanpinta). La medición de la actividad antioxidante: FRAP, DPPH y ABTS·+ así como el contenido de flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos totales, se realizó por el método de lector en microplaca. Los resultados obtenidos al evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos en etanol absoluto y en soluciones hidroalcohólicas al 75 y 50 % (v/v) en etanol mostraron que los extractos de la Oreocallis grandiflora presentaron una mayor actividad antioxidante comparados con los extractos de la Buddleja inkana y Chuquiraga spinosa, y que los extractos hidroalcohólicos al 75 % (v/v) de etanol fueron los extractos con la mayor actividad antioxidante, probablemente asociado al solvente y a que dichos extractos presentaron también mayores concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos totales.

Abstract Algal polysaccharides exhibit a wide range of biological activities and potential applications. Many of these bioactivities correlate positively with the presence of sulfate groups on the polysaccharides. The most common method used for sulfate quantification in algal samples is the turbidimetric method using the barium chloride-gelatin reagent. However, the original procedure is difficult to adapt for routine analysis since it is laborious and time-consuming. An optimized method was established using 96-well microplates, with the advantage of reducing waste and discrimination between organic and inorganic sulfates. This proposed method produced the same accuracy as the original.