ABSTRACT The exponential growth of the world's population has led to an excessive production of plastics, seriously affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and becoming a significant environmental problem. The objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of microplastics in the water and sand of the Pacoche Coastal Marine Wildlife Refuge (RVSMCP) and the Tarqui beach. The area was georeferenced for delimitation and sand and water samples were collected, quantifying microplastics according to size, type and color. In addition, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify significant differences in the quantity, type and size of microplastics. In Pacoche, no microplastics were detected in the sand; however, 8 fibers of 0.01 millimeters were found in the water. At Tarqui beach, 49 microplastic particles were found, predominantly films. The absence of macroplastics in Tarqui suggests that colligative forces disperse the plastics, while the 8 fibers found in the RVSMCP are due to residues from artisanal fishing allowed in the area.

RESUMEN El crecimiento exponencial de la población mundial ha llevado a una producción excesiva de plásticos, afectando gravemente a los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, y convirtiéndose en un problema ambiental significativo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la presencia de microplásticos en el agua y la arena del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Marino Costero Pacoche (RVSMCP) y en la playa de Tarqui. Se georreferenció el área para su delimitación y se llevó a cabo la recolección de muestras de arena y agua, cuantificando los microplásticos según tamaño, tipo y color. Además, se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para identificar diferencias significativas en la cantidad, tipo y tamaño de los microplásticos. En Pacoche no se detectó microplásticos en la arena; sin embargo, en el agua se encontraron 8 fibras de 0.01 milímetros. En la playa de Tarqui se hallaron 49 partículas de microplástico, predominando los films. La ausencia de macroplásticos en Tarqui sugiere que las fuerzas coligadas dispersan los plásticos, mientras que las 8 fibras encontradas en el RVSMCP se deben a los residuos de la pesca artesanal permitida en la zona.

Resumo As pesquisas sobre atropelamentos de animais silvestres no Brasil geralmente se concentram nas aves, pois elas são um dos principais grupos afetados por acidentes rodoviários. Além dos atropelamentos, o lixo antropogênico também contribui para um número significativo de mortes de aves todos os anos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o conteúdo estomacal e possível contaminação por material inorgânico de aves atropeladas em uma rodovia federal que atravessa o Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana, no estado de Sergipe, Brasil. O monitoramento e a coleta de dados foram realizados no período de janeiro a junho de 2022, com uma motocicleta a uma velocidade média de 60 km/h. Os animais coletados foram transportados para o Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa situado na Universidade Tiradentes, Sergipe, Brasil, onde foi identificado um material plástico. O material plástico encontrado foi submetido à espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), que mostrou número de onda semelhante a um polímero da cadeia do polipropileno, muito comum em embalagens plásticas. Chama a atenção a presença de plásticos e metais no conteúdo intestinal de Caracara plancus e Crotophaga ani, pois apresentam maior tendência à ingestão de plásticos devido à dieta generalista. A contaminação plástica em Progne chalybea e Nyctidromus albicollis provavelmente ocorreu por bioacumulação, a partir do consumo de insetos contaminados por microplásticos. rodoviários anos Itabaiana Sergipe 2022 6 kmh km h km/h Tiradentes FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) polipropileno plásticas ani generalista bioacumulação microplásticos 202 (FTIR 20 2

Abstract Wildlife roadkill surveys in Brazil often focus on birds, as they are one of the main groups affected by road accidents. In addition roadkill, anthropogenic litter also contributes to a significant number of bird fatalities every year. The present study aimed to investigate the stomach contents and possible contamination by inorganic material of birds killed on a federal highway that crosses the Serra de Itabaiana National Park in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Monitoring and data collection were carried out from January to June 2022, with a motorcycle at an average speed of 60 km/h. The collected animals were transported to the Institute of Technology and Research, located at the Tiradentes University, Sergipe, Brazil, and a plastic material was identified. The plastic material found was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which showed a similar wavenumber to a polymer in the polypropylene chain, very common in plastic packaging. The presence of plastics and metals in the intestinal contents of Caracara plancus and Crotophaga ani is noteworthy, as they have a greater tendency to ingest plastics due to their generalist diet. Plastic contamination in Progne chalybea and Nyctidromus albicollis probably occurred through bioaccumulation, from the consumption of insects contaminated by microplastics. accidents year Sergipe 2022 6 kmh km h km/h Research University identified FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) chain packaging noteworthy diet bioaccumulation microplastics 202 (FTIR 20 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Micro plastics are small plastic particles, smaller than 5 millimeters, that are present in our environment, including water, food and the air we breathe. Although their presence is concerning from an environmental perspective, it also poses risks to human health, given that exposure to them can occur through multiple pathways; for example, ingestion of contaminated food and water, as well as inhalation of airborne particles. Objective: To describe the risks and damages associated with microplastic at the level of people's health and the environment from a metabolism, society and nature perspective. Position: Multiple actors and various factors are evident favoring this issue, but from the nature social metabolism the consumer is identified to play a fundamental role. However, the participation of multiple actors is required to stop or reduce the consequences of this situation. Conclusions: It is possible to understand that it is a problem that strengthens with time and still remains invisible in some fields, but requires immediate and profound intervention. It is highlighted that addressing this problem requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving diverse actors, including governments, industry, civil society, and consumers.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los microplásticos son pequeñas partículas de plástico, de menos de 5 milímetros de tamaño, que están presentes en nuestro entorno, incluyendo el agua, los alimentos y el aire que respiramos. Aunque su presencia es preocupante desde una perspectiva ambiental, también plantea riesgos para la salud humana, dado que la exposición a estos puede ocurrir a través de múltiples vías, por ejemplo, la ingestión de alimentos y agua contaminados, así como la inhalación de partículas presentes en el aire. Objetivo: Describir los riesgos y daños asociados con el microplástico a nivel de la salud de las personas y del medio ambiente desde una perspectiva de metabolismo, sociedad y naturaleza. Posición: Se evidencian múltiples actores y diversos factores que favorecen a la problemática, pero desde el metabolismo social naturaleza, se puede identificar que el consumidor juega un papel fundamental. No obstante, se requiere de la participación de múltiples actores para lograr frenar o reducir las consecuencias propias de esta situación. Conclusiones: Se logra entender que es una problemática, que se fortalece con el paso del tiempo y aún permanece invisible en algunos campos, pero que requiere una intervención inmediata y profunda, se destaca que abordar este problema requiere un enfoque integral y colaborativo que involucre a diversos actores, incluyendo a los gobiernos, la industria, la sociedad civil y los consumidores.

Resumen Introducción: La contaminación por microplásticos es un problema global en los ecosistemas marinos, con impacto sobre microorganismos y ecosistemas en varios niveles espaciales. Las playas arenosas son ambientes de deposición donde se tiende a acumular gran cantidad de microplásticos. La co-ocurrencia de meiofauna intersticial y microplásticos en granos de arena plantea la pregunta de que si la acumulación de microplásticos en sedimentos afecta la abundancia y composición de comunidades de meiofauna. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que microplásticos afectan la meiofauna de playas arenosas urbanas. Métodos: Estudiamos las tres principales playas arenosas urbanas de Santa Marta, Colombia: El Rodadero, Bahía Santa Marta y Taganga. Estas son similares en morfología y presiones externas, y difieren de las otras playas de la región. En abril 2019 recolectamos 81 muestras de arena, distribuidas de manera equidistante en la zona intermareal (nivel intermareal superior, medio y bajo). Aplicamos modelos lineales generalizados de abundancia, y pruebas permutacionales multivariantes a la composición de comunidades. Resultados: Identificamos 17 grupos taxonómicos de meiofauna, y partículas de microplástico (principalmente fibras de 45-500 micras) distribuidos equitativamente a lo largo de las playas y niveles intermareales. Hubo más meiofauna en el nivel intermareal medio, y en sedimentos de grano mediano y fino. A niveles intermareales más bajos, sitios con más microplásticos tuvieron menos meiofauna. La abundancia de los microplásticos explicó el 39 % de la variación en comunidades de meiofauna a niveles intermareales bajos. Conclusión: La acumulación de microplásticos podría tener un impacto negativo sobre las comunidades de meiofauna intersticial. Esto no es de sorprender: si los microplásticos ocupan el mismo volumen físico que estos animales, estos podrían presuntamente modificar la estructura de sedimentos y la composición del agua intersticial.

Abstract Introduction: Pollution by microplastics is a global problem in marine environments, which impacts microorganisms and ecosystems at several spatial levels. Sandy beaches are depositional environments where microplastics tend to accumulate in large quantities. The co-occurrence of interstitial meiofauna and microplastics in sand grains raises the question on whether the accumulation of microplastics in the sediments affects the abundance and composition of the meiofaunal communities. Objective: To test the hypothesis that microplastics affect the meiofauna of urban sandy beaches. Methods: We studied the three main urban sandy beaches of Santa Marta, Colombia: El Rodadero, Santa Marta Bay, and Taganga. All are similar in morphology and external pressures, and differ from other beaches in the region. In April 2019 we collected 81 sand samples, equally distributed in the intertidal zone (upper, mid, and lower intertidal levels). We applied generalized linear models to abundance, and multivariate permutational tests to community composition. Results: We identified 17 taxonomic groups of meiofauna, and microplastic particles (mainly 45-500 micron fibres) evenly distributed across beaches and intertidal levels. There was more meiofauna at the mid intertidal level, and in fine and medium grain sediment. At the lower intertidal level, sites with more microplastics had less meiofauna. Abundance of microplastics explained 39 % of the variation in meiofaunal community composition at lower intertidal levels. Conclusions: The accumulation of microplastics might have a negative impact on these meiofaunal interstitial communities. This is not surprising: if microplastics occupy the same physical space as these animals, they might presumably modify the structure of sediments and the composition of interstitial water.

RESUMEN L os humedales Pantanos de Villa (HPV), Chorrillos, Lima, Perú son un sitio RAMSAR de gran importancia internacional por ser un lugar de descanso en las migraciones de aves. El objetivo fue caracterizar los microplásticos (MP) en agua y sedimentos en la Laguna Mayor de los HPV durante septiembre del 2019. Se recolectaron muestras de agua por arrastre vertical con una red Sparenet de 25 µm y de sedimentos de fondo con una draga Van Veen con área de muestreo de 0,025 m2 en tres sectores de la Laguna Mayor del HPV. Se cuantificaron los MP en base al color, forma y tamaño. Se encontraron en el agua 0,94 partículas·L-1, y en los sedimentos 64 partículas·kg-1. En los MP en agua y sedimento el color blanco y celeste/turquesa, la forma fragmento y película, y el tamaño de 401 a 500 µm fueron los dominantes. Las actividades antrópicas urbanas e industriales, el destino ilegal de desmontes, botaderos y arrojo de basura, tráfico vehicular y peatonal colindante a la Laguna Mayor, y el transporte de MP por viento podrían ser factores que expliquen las diferencias de los MP entre los sectores del HPV.

ABSTRACT L os Pantanos de Villa wetland (PVW), Chorrillos, Lima, Peru; It is a RAMSAR site of great international importance for being a resting place for bird migrations. The objective was to characterize microplastics (MP) in water and sediments in the Laguna Mayor of PVW during September 2019. Water samples were collected by vertical dragging with a 25 µm Sparenet and bottom sediments with a Van Veen dredge with a sampling area of 0.025 m2 in three sectors of the Laguna Mayor del PVW. MPs were quantified based on color, shape, and size. 0.94 particles·L-1 were found in the water, and 64 particles·kg-1 in the sediments. In the MP in water and sediment, the white and light blue/turquoise color, the fragment and film shape, and the size of 401 to 500 µm were the dominant ones. The urban and industrial anthropic activities, the illegal destination of clearings, dumps and dumping of garbage, vehicular and pedestrian traffic adjacent to the Laguna Mayor, and the transport of MP by wind could be factors that explain the differences in MP between the sectors of the PVW.

Resumen Este trabajo aborda la problemática representada por los micro y nanoplásticos (MP y NP, respectivamente) en las costas americanas del Océano Pacífico, desde la perspectiva de la Red Micro y Nano Allpa Pacha. Esta red está conformada por científicos de Chile, Perú, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá y México, quienes, preocupados por el impacto en el ambiente y su repercusión en la salud, decidieron establecer colaboraciones científicas internacionales para la geolocalización, monitoreo y caracterización de MP y NP presentes en las costas del Océano Pacífico en el continente americano. Se espera aportar datos basados en evidencias científicas y armonizados, que impacten en la enseñanza y en la planificación de medidas de control y regulación de estos contaminantes en nuestros países. En este trabajo se incluyen algunos aspectos de polímeros y plásticos, definiciones de MP’s y NP’s, y sus diversos impactos, la problemática de la toma de muestras, caracterización adecuada, entre otros. Unas de las conclusiones permitieron determinar que hay muchas características de los NP’s y MP’s sin investigar como la interacción con otros productos químicos, el impacto de la morfología en la biodisponibilidad, la formación de adherencias y liberación de las mismas durante su contacto con los compartimentos ambientales, la dependencia de su composición con su comportamiento y destino, entre otras. Asimismo, se determinó que todo aporte a la mitigación del problema de estos materiales debe incluir la concientización, la prevención y la reducción, mediante un enfoque integral de educación y capacitación, y considerando todos los actores de la sociedad, responsables de la problemática generada, bajo un enfoque de evidencia científica. Finalmente, se determinó que el tema aún está en su fase inicial, y la información es reiterativa y auto referenciada.

Abstract This work addresses the micro and nanoplastics (MP and NP, respectively) on the American coasts of the Pacific Ocean from the perspective of the Micro & Nano Allpa Pacha Network. This network is made up of scientists from Chile, Perú, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Mexico, who, concerned about the impact on the environment and its repercussions on health, decided to establish international scientific collaborations for the geolocation, monitoring, and characterization of MP and NP present on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean in the American continent. It is expected to provide data based on harmonized scientific evidence, which will impact the teaching and planning of control and regulation measures for these pollutants in our countries. This work includes some aspects of polymers and plastics, definitions of MP’s and NP’s and their various impacts, the problem of taking samples, adequate characterization, among others. One of the conclusions determined that are many characteristics of NP’s and MP’s without investigating, such as interaction with other chemical products, the impact of morphology on bioavailability, formation of adhesions and their release during their contact with environmental compartments, the dependence of its composition with its behavior and destiny, among others. Likewise, it was determined that any contribution to mitigating the problem of these materials must include awareness, prevention, and reduction through a comprehensive approach to education and training and considering all actors in society responsible for the problem generated under a scientific evidence approach. Finally, it was determined that the issue is still in its initial phase, and the information is repetitive and self-referenced.

RESUMEN La contaminación de ambientes acuáticos por microplásticos se ha convertido en una gran amenaza para la biodiversidad. La presencia de microplásticos está bien documentada en la fauna acuática de los océanos, pero en la cuenca del Amazonas hay pocos reportes de ocurrencia. En este trabajo se investigó la ocurrencia de partículas de microplásticos en peces de un área de la Amazonía peruana. Se obtuvieron 61 especímenes de 15 especies comerciales provenientes de los mercados locales de la ciudad de Iquitos. Se detectó un total de 2337 partículas de microplástico, 1096 en las branquias y 1241 en los órganos internos (esófago, estomago, intestinos, hígado, gónadas, páncreas, vejiga natatoria y corazón). La prevalencia de partículas de microplástico fue del 100% y la abundancia general de partículas de microplástico fue de 38.3 partículas por individuo (17.9 partículas por individuo en las branquias y 20.3 partículas por individuo en los órganos internos). La mayor cantidad de particulas fué encontrada en peces carnivoros. No hubo correlación entre la abundancia de las particulas y el tamaño estandar y peso de los peces. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia de los niveles de contaminación por microplásticos en la fauna de peces amazónica en la región de Iquitos. biodiversidad océanos peruana 6 1 Iquitos 233 109 124 esófago, esófago (esófago estomago intestinos hígado gónadas páncreas corazón. corazón . corazón) 100 383 38 3 38. 17.9 179 17 9 (17. 203 20 20. internos. internos) carnivoros 23 10 12 17. (17 2 (1 (

ABSTRACT The contamination of aquatic environments by microplastic has become a major threat to biodiversity. The presence of microplastic is documented in the aquatic fauna of the oceans, but, in the Amazon basin, reports on microplastic occurrence are few. The present study surveyed microplastic occurrence in fishes in an area of the Peruvian Amazon. We sampled 61 specimens of 15 commercial species from local markets in the city of Iquitos, Loreto Department. We detected a total of 2337 microplastic particles, 1096 in the gills and 1241 in the internal organs (esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gonads, pancreas, swim bladder and heart). The prevalence of microplastic particles was 100% and the overall average abundance was of 38.3 particles per individual (17.9 particles per individual in gills and 20.3 particles per individual in internal organs). Most particles were found in carnivorous fish. There was no correlation of particle abundance with fish standard length and weight. These results provided evidence of the degree of microplastic contamination of the fish fauna in the region of Iquitos. biodiversity oceans but basin few 6 1 Iquitos Department 233 109 124 esophagus, esophagus (esophagus stomach intestine liver gonads pancreas heart. heart . heart) 100 383 38 3 38. 17.9 179 17 9 (17. 203 20 20. organs. organs) weight 23 10 12 17. (17 2 (1 (

Resumen 16. La contaminación por microplásticos (MP) y por la presencia de imposex (IMP) en caracoles de consumo humano se ha convertido en un tema de preocupación mundial en los ecosistemas marinos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la presencia de MP y de IMP en el caracol marino Thaisella chocolata en cuatro localidades y dos temporadas del año de la costa central del Perú. Los sitios seleccionados fueron las caletas de Chorrillos, y de Cerro Azul, y los puertos marítimos menores de Chancay y de Huacho, del departamento de Lima, Perú. Individuos de T. chocolata fueron colectados en cada localidad y en dos temporadas del 2021. Los caracoles fueron examinados para la cuantificación de MP, de acuerdo a su forma y coloración, y en las hembras fue determinado el IMP y calificado porcentualmente. El análisis global muestra una Frecuencia de Ocurrencia (FO %) de MP de 97,86% ± 3,34 (rango de 90,90 al 100%), y la abundancia (micropartículas de MP/individuo) fue de 9,07 ± 4,71 (rango 4,72 a 17,82). Los colores de los MP negro, azul y magenta fueron los dominantes. La FO%, y la abundancia de micropartículas de MP no mostraron diferencias entre ambas temporadas. Los mayores valores de detección de MP ocurrieron en los individuos de Cerro Azul. Los microfragmentos de MP presentaron las mayores abundancias y el color negro fue el dominante. El IMP fue calificado mayormente como alto en un 50% de los caracoles hembras. No se observaron diferencias en la FO% ni en la abundancia de micropartículas de MP entre temporadas. El IMP no se asoció con la FO% ni con la abundancia de MP en T. chocolata. La abundancia de MP en T. chocolata se relacionó negativamente con los nitritos, nitratos, y amonio, y positivamente con el oxígeno disuelto del agua de mar. Los hallazgos indican que el caracol marino T. chocolata es un organismo adecuado para el monitoreo de la contaminación por MP y del IMP.

Abstract 20. Contamination by microplastics (MP) and the presence of imposex (IMP) in snails for human consumption has become an issue of global concern in marine ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of MP and IMP in the sea snail Thaisella chocolata in four locations and two seasons of the year on the central coast of Peru. The selected sites were the coves of Chorrillos and Cerro Azul, and the minor seaports of Chancay and Huacho, in the department of Lima, Peru. Individuals of T. chocolata were collected in each location and in two seasons of 2021. The snails were examined for the quantification of MP, according to their shape and color, and in the females, the IMP was determined and qualified as a percentage. The global analysis shows a Frequency of Occurrence (FO %) of MP of was 97.86% ± 3.34 (range from 90.90 to 100%), and the abundance (MP microparticles/individual) was 9.07 ± 4.71 (range 4.72 to 17.82). The colors of the black, blue and magenta MPs were the dominant ones. The FO%, and the abundance of MP microparticles did not show differences between both seasons. The highest MP detection values occurred in individuals from Cerro Azul. The MP micro-fragments presented the highest abundance and the black color was the dominant one. The IMP was rated as high in 50% of the female snails. No differences were observed in FO% or in the abundance of MP microparticles between seasons. The IMP was not associated with the FO% or with the abundance of MP in T. chocolata. The abundance of MP in T. chocolata was negatively related to nitrites, nitrates, and ammonium, and positively related to dissolved oxygen in seawater. The findings indicate that the marine snail T. chocolata is a suitable organism for monitoring MP and IMP contamination.

Resumo: Objetivo Neste estudo, nós investigamos os efeitos de microplásticos secundários de PET (< 53 µm) nos parâmetros básicos da história de vida de Daphnia similis sobrevivência, idade na primeira reprodução e número total de descendentes. Nós também analisamos a atividade enzimática de D. similis (superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa-S-transferase) em concentrações de sub-efeito. Métodos Realizamos testes toxicológicos agudos e crônicos usando seis concentrações de microplásticos PET (0, 102, 103, 104, 105 e 106 part. mL-1). Também aplicamos um teste de exposição para analisar a atividade da superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa-S-transferase em concentrações de sub-efeito. Resultados A mortalidade de D. similis aumentou (CL50 = 1 x 105 part. mL-1), a reprodução reduziu (CE50 = 105 part. mL-1) e o tempo para a primeira prole foi atrasado em 5 dias na maior concentração de microplástico após 21 dias de exposição. Não foram identificadas mortalidade nem alterações na atividade da superóxido dismutase, catalase ou glutationa-S-transferase após 48 h de exposição. Os microplásticos se aderiram aos apêndices corporais de D. similis, causando alterado comportamento natatório. Conclusões A ausência de toxicidade aguda e a ocorrência de toxicidade crônica alertam para cautela ao concluir sobre a não toxicidade dos microplásticos em testes de curto prazo. Os microplásticos apresentaram efeitos inesperados com implicações ecológicas importantes. Nossos resultados contribuem para preencher as lacunas de conhecimento sobre os efeitos da poluição microplástica nos ecossistemas aquáticos, especialmente sob exposição a longo prazo. Resumo estudo < ( µm sobrevivência descendentes D dismutase glutationaStransferase glutationa S transferase subefeito. subefeito sub efeito. efeito sub-efeito 0, 0 (0 102 103 104 10 part mL1. mL1 mL . CL50 CL (CL5 mL1, , CE50 CE (CE5 mL-1 2 4 natatório prazo importantes aquáticos CL5 (CL CE5 (CE mL-

Abstract: Aim In this study, we investigated the effects of secondary PET microplastics (< 53 µm) on the Daphnia similis basic life-history parameters survival, age at first reproduction and total offspring number. We also analyzed D. similis enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase) at sub-effect concentrations. Methods We performed acute and chronic toxicity tests using six PET microplastics concentrations (0, 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 part. mL-1). We also applied an exposure test to analyze superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities at sub-effect concentrations. Results D. similis mortality increased (LC50 = 1 x 105 part. mL-1), reproduction decreased (EC50 = 105 part. mL-1) and time to first offspring was delayed by 5 days at the highest microplastic concentration after 21 days exposure. Neither mortality nor alterations in superoxide dismutase, catalase or glutathione-S-transferase activities were detected after 48 h exposure. Microplastics adhered to D. similis body appendages, causing altered swimming behavior. Conclusions Lack of acute toxicity but occurrence of chronic effects serve as a warning for caution when concluding about microplastics non-toxicity in short-term tests. Microplastics had unexpected effects with important ecological implications. Our results contribute to fill the knowledge gaps on the effects of microplastic pollution on aquatic ecosystems, especially under long-term exposure. Abstract study < ( µm lifehistory life history survival number D dismutase glutathioneStransferase glutathione S transferase subeffect sub effect 0, 0 (0 102 103 104 10 part mL1. mL1 mL . LC50 LC (LC5 mL1, , EC50 EC (EC5 mL-1 2 4 appendages behavior nontoxicity non shortterm short term implications ecosystems longterm long LC5 (LC EC5 (EC mL-

Resumen La ingesta de microplásticos (MPs) en diversas especies marinas ha sido reportada en la literatura, sin embargo, el grado de contaminación en los sistemas y la biota asociada a estos es poco conocido. En este estudio se presentan los resultados de la presencia de microplásticos en siete especies de peces pelágicos y de una especie de crustáceo bentónico, todos de alto nivel trófico del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas. Mediante digestión química e inspección visual se extrajeron microplásticos del sistema digestivo de 56 individuos. Un total de 90 piezas fueron extraídas del 89% de los peces (93% fibras) con 3,75±1,70 (SD) microplástico/pez. Se determinó una cantidad significativamente menor en los crustáceos con un total de 58 piezas extraídas del 76% de los individuos analizados con 2,64±1,36 (CF) microplástico/jaiba. Se realiza una búsqueda de microplásticos en tejidos musculares mediante la técnica de histología y se encontraron lesiones en el tejido muscular de los peces, pero los resultados no fueron atribuibles a MP, por ende, no se ahondará en estos datos. Este artículo reporta la presencia de estos contaminantes en especies marinas de alto nivel trófico en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica, lo cual confirma la afectación por plásticos en la zona de estudio, reforzándose la necesidad de una gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos generados por la población, tanto en la zona terrestre como en la zona marítima.

Abstract The ingestion of microplastics has been reported in various marine species, however, the degree of contamination in the systems and the biota associated with them is little known. This study presents the results of the presence of microplastics in seven species of pelagic fish and one species of benthic crustacean, all high trophic level from Las Baulas Marine National Park. By chemical digestion and visual inspection, microplastics were extracted from the digestive system of 56 individuals. A total of 90 pieces were extracted from 89% of the fish (93% fibers) with 3.75 ± 1.70 (SD) microplastic / fish. A significantly lower quantity was obtained in crustaceans with a total of 58 pieces extracted from 76% of the individuals analyzed with 2.64 ± 1.36 (CF) microplastic / crab. A search for microplastics in muscle tissues was carried out using the histology technique and lesions were found in the muscle tissue of the fish, but the results were not attributable to MP, therefore, these data will not be delved into. This article reports the presence of these pollutants in marine species with a high trophic level on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, which confirms the impact by plastics in the study area, reinforcing the need for an integral solid waste management system.

Resumo: Objetivo Caracterizamos a dieta e a guilda trófica da comunidade de peixes em uma unidade de conservação para contribuir com informações sobre a ecologia trófica. Métodos As coletas foram realizadas em três pontos de amostragem, em 2017 e 2018, com o auxílio de redes de espera. Os espécimes foram eutanasiados em solução de benzocaína a 0,5%. Em laboratório, os estômagos foram retirados, fixados em formol 4% e preservados em álcool 70%. O conteúdo estomacal foi examinado e os itens alimentares foram identificados até o menor nível taxonômico possível e quantificados de acordo com o método volumétrico. A caracterização da dieta foi apresentada por meio do volume percentual de cada alimento consumido. Para a determinação da guilda trófica de cada espécie, foi considerada a predominância de um determinado tipo de recurso alimentar (> 51% do volume total) na dieta da população. Resultados A dieta das espécies foi distribuída em 16 itens alimentares (predominância de decapoda, fragmento de peixe, inseto terrestre e vegetal aquático), e quatro guildas tróficas foram observadas (carcinófago, piscívoro, insetívoro terrestre e herbívoro). Além disso, houve a ocorrência de microplástico na dieta de três espécies. Conclusões A comunidade de peixes aqui avaliada demonstra uma ampla gama de recursos que podem compor a dieta dos peixes e demonstra as diferentes guildas tróficas que podem ser observadas em uma área protegida. Por se tratar de uma unidade de conservação, conhecer a dieta e as guildas tróficas que compõem a comunidade de peixes pode contribuir para o entendimento da dinâmica das cadeias alimentares, da estrutura da comunidade e do funcionamento do ecossistema. Assim, este trabalho pode contribuir com informações sobre a biologia das espécies avaliadas para futuros trabalhos e programas de conservação.

Abstract: Aim We characterize the diet and trophic guild to the fish community in a protected area to contribute information about the trophic ecology. Methods The collection was carried out at three sampling points, in 2017 and 2018, with the help of gill nets. The collected specimens were euthanized in a 0.5% benzocaine solution. In the laboratory, all specimens' stomachs were removed, fixed in a 4% formalin solution, and preserved in 70% alcohol. Stomach contents were examined, and the food items were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Food items were quantified according to the volumetric method. The characterization of the diet was presented through the percentage volume of each food item consumed. To determination of the trophic guild of each species, the predominance of a type of food resource (> 51% of the total volume) in the population's diet was considered. Results The species' diets were distributed in 16 food items (predominance of decapods, fish fragments, terrestrial insects, and aquatic plants), and four trophic guilds were observed (carcinophage, piscivore, terrestrial insectivore, and herbivore). Furthermore, there was the occurrence of microplastic in the diet of three species. Conclusions the fish community evaluated here demonstrates the wide range of resources that can make up the fish diet and demonstrates the different trophic guilds that can be observed in a protected area. As it is a conservation unit, knowing the diet and trophic guilds that make up the fish community can contribute to understanding the dynamics of food chains, the structure of the community, and the functioning of the ecosystem. Thus, this work can contribute information about the biology of the species evaluated for future work and conservation programs.

RESUMEN Se ha reportado la presencia de microplásticos (MP) en el contenido estomacal de peces de agua dulce a nivel global. Sin embargo, los mecanismos subyacentes al consumo de MP por parte de los animales acuáticos aún no están claros. En este estudio se investigó la pregunta fundamental de por qué los peces silvestres de agua dulce ingieren plástico. La ingesta de MP debida a la confusión por parte de los peces con sus presas naturales, tales como el plancton, es una hipótesis que ha cobrado importancia últimamente. Por lo tanto, el color del MP podría influenciar su consumo, especialmente en depredadores visuales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la ingesta de fragmentos de MP según el color (rojo, verde, amarillo, blanco, negro y azul), se llevó a cabo un experimento de opción múltiple en el laboratorio utilizando al pez cebra (Danio rerio) como modelo de estudio. Los resultados indicaron que frente a una oferta de igual proporción de MP de distintos colores, el pez cebra prefirió consumir los fragmentos de color azul, mientras que evitó consumir los verdes y los blancos. Aunque todavía no está claro en qué forma se relaciona la coloración del plástico con la selectividad y consumo en peces de agua dulce, las habilidades visuales de los peces podrían explicar por qué ciertos colores son atractivos para una especie de pez en particular.

ABSTRACT The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the stomach contents of freshwater fish has been globally reported. However, the mechanisms underlying the consumption of MPs by aquatic biota are still unclear. In this study, the fundamental question of why wild freshwater fish ingest plastic was investigated. The intake of MPs due to confusion by fish with their natural prey, such as plankton, is a hypothesis that has gained importance lately. Therefore, the color of MPs could influence their consumption, especially in visual predators. In order to evaluate the intake of MP fragments according to the color (red, green, yellow, white, black and blue), a multiple-choice experiment was performed in the laboratory using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as test species. The results indicated that the zebrafish preferred to ingest blue fragments, while avoiding green and white fragments when faced with an equitable supply of different-colored MPs. Although it is not yet clear how the color of the plastic is related to selectivity and consumption in freshwater fish, the visual skills of the fish could help to explain why certain colors are attractive to a particular fish species.

RESUMEN La contaminación por microplásticos (MP) en los ecosistemas costeros es un grave problema alrededor del mundo. En Colombia existe poca información sobre este contaminante, especialmente para la costa pacífica. Por lo anterior, se determinó la densidad, distribución y tipos de MP en la superficie del agua del estuario de la bahía de Buenaventura, principal puerto de Colombia. Se recolectaron 36 muestras en dos sectores: Estuario Interno (EI), más cercano a la principal zona urbana y la desembocadura de ríos y el Estuario Externo (EE), más alejado de ambas influencias; el trabajo se llevó a cabo durante tres épocas: lluvia, transición y seca, en 2015 y 2019. En promedio, la densidad de MP aumentó anualmente un 28,7 % en las aguas superficiales de la bahía de Buenaventura. La densidad de los MP aumentó en ambos años al incrementar la distancia desde la zona interna de la bahía, observándose una menor densidad en el EI (271 928,6 ± 60 734,9 partículas/km²) y una mayor densidad en el EE (492 106,2 ± 98 467,1 partículas/km²). Así mismo, se encontraron las mayores densidades de MP en las épocas de lluvia (664 766,7 ± 129 828,1 partículas/km²) y transición (320 386,5 ± 59 313,7 partículas km²), mientras que en la época seca se presentaron en menores concentraciones (160 899 ± 43 606 partículas/km²), lo cual se asocia al incremento de la escorrentía en épocas con mayor precipitación. Los MP hallados se clasificaron según su forma en fragmentos, fibras y pellets. En el EI las fibras se presentaron en mayor cantidad, mientras en que en el EE predominaron los fragmentos. Los tipos de MP que más abundaron en la superficie fueron los fragmentos (62,2 %) y las fibras (37,4 %), posiblemente por su poca densidad en comparación a la densidad del agua estuarina.

ABSTRACT Microplastic (MP) pollution in coastal ecosystems is a serious problem throughout the world. In Colombia, there is little information on this issue, especially for the Pacific coast. For these reasons, the density, distribution, and types of MP on the surface of the water were studied in the bay of Buenaventura estuary, Colombia’s main seaport. A total of 36 samples were collected in two estuarine areas: the inner estuary (IE), closest to the main urban area and river mouths, and the external estuary (EE), further away from both areas, during three seasons: rainy, transition, and dry, in 2015 and 2019. On average, the density of the MP increases annually by 28.7 % in the surface waters of Buenaventura Bay. It was also found that the highest densities of MP occurred mainly in the rainy season (664,766.7 ± 129,828.1 particles/km²) and transition (320,386.5 ± 59,313.7 particles/km²), while in the dry season the densities were lower (160,899 ± 43,606 particles/km²), due to increased runoff in times of higher rainfall. In both years, MP concentration increased the further from the inner zone of the bay the sample was taken, with a lower density observed in the IE (271,928.6 ± 60,734.9 particles/km²) and a higher density in the EE (492,106.2 ± 98,467.1 particles/km²). The MP found were classified into fragments, fibers, and pellets, according to their shape. In the IE, there was a greater quantity of fibers, while in the EE, fragments where the most common MP shape. The types of MP that were more abundant on the surface were fragments (62.2 %) and fibers (37.4 %), possibly due to their low density compared to the density of the estuarine water.

Resumen En el contexto de la emergencia sanitaria por el COVID-19, los gobiernos, para prevenir y combatir la pandemia, han incrementado la adquisición de equipos de protección personal. El propósito del artículo fue analizar la acumulación y el tratamiento de residuos biocontaminantes en el Perú durante la pandemia de COVID-19. La metodología corresponde a una revisión teórica de artículos científicos. Los resultados muestran que en la pandemia se incrementó el uso de plásticos para la fabricación de equipos de protección para el personal de salud y de uso doméstico, dificultando la gestión y manejo de estos residuos, que tuvo un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente, se concluye sobre la importancia de generar políticas públicas para el correcto tratamiento de los residuos biocontaminantes.

Abstract In the context of the health emergency due to COVID-19, the governments, to prevent and combat the pandemic, have increased the purchase of personal protective equipment. The purpose of the article was to analyze the accumulation and treatment of bio-polluting waste in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology corresponds to a theoretical review of scientific articles. The results show that in the pandemic the use of plastics for the manufacture of protective equipment for health personnel and for domestic use increased, making the management and handling of these wastes difficult, that had a negative impact on the environment, it is concluded on the importance of generating public policies for the correct treatment of bio-polluting waste.

Resumo No contexto da emergência sanitária devido ao COVID-19, os governos, para prevenir e combater a pandemia, aumentaram a compra de equipamentos de proteção individual. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a acumulação e o tratamento de resíduos biopoluentes no Peru durante a pandemia COVID-19. A metodologia corresponde a uma revisão teórica de artigos científicos. Os resultados mostram que na pandemia o uso de plásticos para a fabricação de equipamentos de proteção para profissionais de saúde e para uso doméstico aumentou, dificultando a gestão e o manuseio desses resíduos, que teve um impacto negativo no meio ambiente, Conclui-se sobre a importância da geração de políticas públicas para o correto tratamento dos residuos biopoluentes.

Resumo Microplásticos são partículas plásticas menores que 5 mm encontradas no meio ambiente, que podem causar problemas à saúde dos organismos aquáticos e humanos, sendo classificados como poluentes emergentes. Na Guatemala, o Lago Amatitlán é um dos lagos mais poluídos, pois recebe descargas de águas residuais, tratadas e não tratadas, bem como outros resíduos da Cidade da Guatemala e de outras populações urbanas. Em um estudo recente, foram encontrados microplásticos em sedimentos do Lago Amatitlán. Então era necessário saber se os peixes do lago estão ingerindo microplásticos, que podem ser prejudiciais. Assím, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar os microplásticos em peixes do Lago Amatitlán, para o qual foram coletados 65 exemplares de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) nos meses de outubro e dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. Os peixes foram dissecados no laboratório, onde o número e tipo de microplásticos foram analisados no trato digestivo, após sua separação por digestão e filtração. Linhas ou fibras foram o tipo de microplástico mais comum, sendo encontradas em 63 espécimes (96,9%), variando de 0 a 27 linhas / fibras por indivíduo. A frequência de outros tipos de microplásticos encontrados foi de 0-3 fragmentos / indivíduo, 0-2 filmes / indivíduo e 0-4 espumas / indivíduo, enquanto microesferas não foram encontradas em nenhum espécime. A presença de microplásticos na tilápia do Lago Amatitlán é um indicador de contaminação do lago por poluentes que podem afetar a rede trófica e representa um risco para os consumidores de peixe, exigindo atenção das autoridades ambientais e sanitárias.

Abstract Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm found in the environment, which can cause health problems for aquatic organisms and humans, being classified as emerging pollutants. In Guatemala, Lake Amatitlán is one of the most polluted lakes as it receives discharges of wastewater, treated and untreated, as well as other waste from Guatemala City and other major urban populations. In a recent study, microplastics were found in sediments in Lake Amatitlán, so it was necessary to determine whether the lake's fish are affected by these pollutants, which can be harmful to their health. This research aimed to determine the microplastics in fish from Lake Amatitlán, for which 65 specimens of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected in October and December 2020, and January 2021. The collected fish were dissected in the laboratory, where the number and type of microplastics were analyzed in the digestive tract, after their separation by digestion and filtration. Lines or fibers were the most common type of microplastics, found in 63 specimens (96.9% of the analyzed specimens), ranging from 0 to 27 lines/fibers per individual. The frequency of other types of microplastics found were 0-3 fragments/individual, 0-2 films/individual, and 0-4 foams/individual, while microspheres were not found in any specimen. The presence of microplastics in tilapia from Lake Amatitlán is an indicator of contamination in the lake by pollutants that could affect the trophic network and represents a risk for the fish consumers, requiring the attention of environmental and health authorities.