Abstract (Introduction): The search for techniques and methods for managing sludge generated during wastewater treatment is necessary to ensure sustainable sanitation in the medium term in Latin America. An interesting approach involves converting sludge into a biosolid usable in agriculture through alkaline sanitization. (Objective): We evaluated this technique’s efficacy and economic and environmental viability for obtaining an agriculturally usable type A biosolid from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. (Methodology): To this end, the efficacy in reducing microbiological parameters was experimentally tested at the laboratory scale using quicklime, for anaerobic and aerobic WWTP sludge. The experimental results fed a benefit/cost analysis model and a life cycle assessment. (Results): It was confirmed that applying a 40 % lime dose allowed the obtention of a type A biosolid with non-detectable concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms, which remained in that condition for more than 30 days. Additionally, the benefit/cost and life cycle analyses concluded that this option would be more attractive than sludge disposal in a landfill, due to the corresponding savings in chemical compounds (fertilizers, agricultural lime). (Conclusions): Therefore, alkaline sanitization can be considered suitable for WWTP sludge management. Its application on a larger scale should be further investigated in the country and the Latin-American region, considering the risk associated to the presence of heavy metals too.

Resumen (Introducción): La búsqueda de técnicas y modelos de gestión del lodo generado durante el tratamiento de las aguas residuales es necesaria para garantizar un saneamiento sostenible a mediano plazo en América Latina. Una vía interesante consiste en convertir el lodo en un biosólido aprovechable en la agricultura por medio de la higienización alcalina. (Objetivo): Se evaluó la eficacia y la viabilidad económica y ambiental de esta técnica para la obtención de un biosólido tipo A aprovechable en la agricultura a partir de lodo de planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) ordinaria. (Metodología): Para ello se probó experimentalmente en escala de laboratorio la eficacia en el decaimiento de parámetros microbiológicos higienizados con cal viva, usando lodo anaeróbico y aeróbico de PTAR. Los resultados experimentales alimentaron un modelo de análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida. (Resultados): Pudo corroborarse que la aplicación de dosis de cal de 40 % permitió obtener un biosólido tipo A con concentraciones de microorganismos patógenos no detectables, lo cual se mantuvo en esa condición por más de 30 días. Además, el análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida permitieron concluir que esta opción sería más atractiva que la disposición del lodo en un relleno sanitario, debido al ahorro correspondiente en compuestos químicos (fertilizantes o cal agrícola) derivado de su aprovechamiento. (Conclusiones): Por lo tanto, la técnica de higienización alcalina puede considerarse como adecuada para la gestión del lodo de PTAR y su aplicación a mayor escala debe investigarse en mayor detalle en el país y la región latinoamericana, considerando también el riesgo de presencia de metales pesados en este subproducto.

ABSTRACT: Bovine mastitis is the most impacting disease of dairy industry, and it is characterized by a complexity of causal agents, which have revealed a geographical variation among regions and countries. The mastitis-related pathogens have been traditionally classified as contagious or environmental, based on habits of the microorganisms and transmission routes. Besides, the severity of mammary infections has been associated with the virulence of the pathogens, and immune and nutritional status of the hosts. Considering this scenario, we investigated the etiological pattern, clinical severity scores, and days in milk (DIM) data in 4,273 clinical cases of bovine mastitis among ten large-dairy farms located in Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4,273 = 6.6%), Escherichia coli (190/4,273 = 4.4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4,273 = 2.6%), and Streptococcus uberis (95/4,273 = 2.2%) were the predominant pathogens isolated. Among 4,273 clinical cases, clinical severity score was available in 43.8% (1,871/4,273) animals. From these, 69.8% (1,306/1,871), 27.3% (510/1,871), and 2.9% (55/1,871) were scored as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Pathogens were observed mainly in samples obtained during the first 100 days in milk, and clinical severity scored mainly as mild. Our results contributed to the etiological identification, clinical severity scoring, and milking aspects of mastitic cows in dairy farms with a history of clinical mammary infections. ABSTRACT industry agents countries mastitisrelated related environmental routes Besides hosts scenario pattern scores DIM (DIM 4273 4 273 4,27 largedairy large Brazil 283/4,273 2834273 283 (283/4,27 6.6%, 66 6.6% , 6 6.6%) 190/4,273 1904273 190 (190/4,27 4.4%, 44 4.4% 4.4%) spp 112/4,273 1124273 112 (112/4,27 2.6%, 26 2.6% 2 2.6%) 95/4,273 954273 95 (95/4,27 2.2% 22 isolated 438 43 8 43.8 1,871/4,273 18714273 1 871 (1,871/4,273 animals these 698 69 69.8 1,306/1,871, 13061871 1,306/1,871 306 (1,306/1,871) 27 3 27.3 510/1,871, 5101871 510/1,871 510 (510/1,871) 29 9 2.9 55/1,871 551871 55 (55/1,871 mild moderate severe respectively 10 identification scoring 427 4,2 283/4,27 283427 28 (283/4,2 6.6 190/4,27 190427 19 (190/4,2 4.4 112/4,27 112427 11 (112/4,2 2.6 95/4,27 95427 (95/4,2 2.2 43. 1,871/4,27 1871427 87 (1,871/4,27 69. 1306187 1,306/1,87 30 (1,306/1,871 27. 510187 510/1,87 51 (510/1,871 2. 55/1,87 55187 5 (55/1,87 42 4, 283/4,2 28342 (283/4, 6. 190/4,2 19042 (190/4, 4. 112/4,2 11242 (112/4, 95/4,2 9542 (95/4, 1,871/4,2 187142 (1,871/4,2 130618 1,306/1,8 (1,306/1,87 51018 510/1,8 (510/1,87 55/1,8 5518 (55/1,8 283/4, 2834 (283/4 190/4, 1904 (190/4 112/4, 1124 (112/4 95/4, 954 (95/4 1,871/4, 18714 (1,871/4, 13061 1,306/1, (1,306/1,8 5101 510/1, (510/1,8 55/1, 551 (55/1, 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1,871/4 1871 (1,871/4 1306 1,306/1 (1,306/1, 510/1 (510/1, 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1,871/ 187 (1,871/ 130 1,306/ (1,306/1 510/ (510/1 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1,871 18 (1,871 13 1,306 (1,306/ (510/ (55 (2 (1 ( 1,87 (1,87 1,30 (1,306 (510 (5 1,8 (1,8 1,3 (1,30 (51 1, (1, (1,3

RESUMO: A mastite bovina é a doença mais impactante na indústria de laticínios e é caracterizada por uma complexidade de agentes causais, os quais têm revelado uma variação geográfica entre regiões e países. Os patógenos relacionados à mastite têm sido tradicionalmente classificados como contagiosos ou ambientais, com base na fonte de infecção ou origem e nas vias de transmissão. Além disso, a gravidade das infecções mamárias tem sido associada à virulência dos patógenos, e ao estado imunológico e nutricional dos animais. Considerando esse cenário, investigamos os agentes etiológicos, os escores de gravidade clínica e os dados de dias em lactação (DEL) em 4.273 casos clínicos de mastite bovina em dez fazendas de grande porte, quatro localizadas no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo e seis no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4.273 = 6,6%), Escherichia coli (190/4.273 = 4,4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4.273 = 2,6%) e Streptococcus uberis (95/4.273 = 2,2%) foram os patógenos predominantes isolados. Entre os 4.273 casos clínicos, a pontuação de gravidade clínica estava disponível em 43,8% (1.871/4.273) dos animais. Desses, 69,8% (1.306/1.871), 27,3% (510/1.871) e 2,9% (55/1.871) foram classificados como leves, moderados e graves, respectivamente. Os patógenos foram observados principalmente em amostras obtidas durante os primeiros 100 dias em lactação, e a gravidade clínica foi principalmente classificada como leve. Nossos resultados contribuem para a identificação etiológica, a pontuação de gravidade clínica e os aspectos de ordenha de vacas com mastite em fazendas leiteiras com histórico de infecções mamárias clínicas. RESUMO causais países ambientais transmissão disso animais cenário etiológicos DEL (DEL 4273 4 273 4.27 porte Gerais Brasil 283/4.273 2834273 283 (283/4.27 6,6%, 66 6,6% , 6 6,6%) 190/4.273 1904273 190 (190/4.27 4,4%, 44 4,4% 4,4%) spp 112/4.273 1124273 112 (112/4.27 2,6% 26 2 95/4.273 954273 95 (95/4.27 2,2% 22 isolados 438 43 8 43,8 1.871/4.273 18714273 1 871 (1.871/4.273 Desses 698 69 69,8 1.306/1.871, 13061871 1.306/1.871 306 (1.306/1.871) 27 3 27,3 510/1.871 5101871 510 (510/1.871 29 9 2,9 55/1.871 551871 55 (55/1.871 leves graves respectivamente 10 leve etiológica clínicas 427 4.2 283/4.27 283427 28 (283/4.2 6,6 190/4.27 190427 19 (190/4.2 4,4 112/4.27 112427 11 (112/4.2 2,6 95/4.27 95427 (95/4.2 2,2 43, 1.871/4.27 1871427 87 (1.871/4.27 69, 1306187 1.306/1.87 30 (1.306/1.871 27, 510/1.87 510187 51 (510/1.87 2, 55/1.87 55187 5 (55/1.87 42 4. 283/4.2 28342 (283/4. 6, 190/4.2 19042 (190/4. 4, 112/4.2 11242 (112/4. 95/4.2 9542 (95/4. 1.871/4.2 187142 (1.871/4.2 130618 1.306/1.8 (1.306/1.87 510/1.8 51018 (510/1.8 55/1.8 5518 (55/1.8 283/4. 2834 (283/4 190/4. 1904 (190/4 112/4. 1124 (112/4 95/4. 954 (95/4 1.871/4. 18714 (1.871/4. 13061 1.306/1. (1.306/1.8 510/1. 5101 (510/1. 55/1. 551 (55/1. 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1.871/4 1871 (1.871/4 1306 1.306/1 (1.306/1. 510/1 (510/1 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1.871/ 187 (1.871/ 130 1.306/ (1.306/1 510/ (510/ 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1.871 18 (1.871 13 1.306 (1.306/ (510 (55 (2 (1 ( 1.87 (1.87 1.30 (1.306 (51 (5 1.8 (1.8 1.3 (1.30 1. (1. (1.3

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of using disposable masks in mitigating the spread of Staphylococcus aureus during the chicken cutting process in a large poultry abattoir. The identification of carriers of S. aureus and the influence of the time of use of disposable masks was carried out. Contamination of utensils and equipment by S. aureus and products by mesophilic aerobes was determined, with and without the use of masks. The efficiency of different commercial masks was evaluated against S. aureus under simulated conditions. The results revealed that 36% of workers on processing lines at the abattoirs carried S. aureus. An increase in S. aureus counts was observed in masks worn by employees for up to 3 h. The transfer of microbial load to utensils was enhanced in the absence of the mask and over time. The breast fillets evaluated showed no difference in the count of mesophilic bacteria with and without the use of masks by employees, conversely, the cuts of thigh and drumstick, thigh fillet and drumstick and wings showed a significant difference with average counts lower than 2 .96 Log CFU/g. Tests under simulated conditions demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial masks in retaining microorganisms. The test mask used by the abattoirs proved to be inefficient, allowing the passage of sprays containing S. aureus, at 6, 15 and 25 cm, with 2.53, 1.74 and 0.66 Log CFU/plate, respectively. This mask saturated, creating a barrier effect that increased contamination in the employees’ work area. ABSTRACT abattoir S out determined 36 h conversely 96 .9 CFUg CFU g CFU/g microorganisms inefficient 6 1 cm 253 53 2.53 174 74 1.7 066 0 66 0.6 CFUplate plate CFU/plate respectively saturated area 9 . 5 2.5 17 7 1. 06 0. 2.

RESUMO: O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do uso de máscaras descartáveis na mitigação da propagação de Staphylococcus aureus durante o processo de corte de frango em um grande abatedouro de aves. Foi realizada a identificação de portadores de S. aureus e influência do tempo de uso de máscaras descartáveis. A contaminação em utensílios e equipamentos por S. aureus e produtos por aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada, com e sem uso de máscaras. A eficiência de diferentes máscaras comerciais foi avaliada contra S. aureus em condições simuladas. Os resultados revelaram que 36% dos trabalhadores das linhas de processamento no frigorífico eram portadores de S. aureus. Foi observado aumento na contagem de S. aureus em máscaras usadas pelos funcionários até 3 horas. A transferência de carga microbiana para utensílios foi potencializada na ausência da máscara e com o passar do tempo. Os filés de peito avaliados não apresentaram diferença na contagem de bactérias mesófilas com e sem o uso de máscaras pelos funcionários, por outro lado, os cortes de coxa e sobrecoxa, filé de coxa e sobrecoxa e asas apresentaram diferença significativa com contagens médias inferiores a 2,96 Log de UFC/g. Testes de condições simuladas demonstraram a eficácia das máscaras comerciais na retenção de microrganismos. A máscara teste utilizada pelo frigorífico mostrou-se ineficiente, permitindo a passagem de pulverizações contendo S. aureus, a 6, 15 e 25 cm, com 2,53, 1,74 e 0,66 Log UFC/placa, respectivamente. Essa máscara saturava, criando um efeito barreira que aumentava a contaminação na área de trabalho dos funcionários. RESUMO aves S determinada 36 horas lado 296 2 96 2,9 UFCg UFC g UFC/g microrganismos mostrouse mostrou se ineficiente 6 1 cm 253 53 2,53 174 74 1,7 066 0 66 0,6 UFCplaca placa UFC/placa respectivamente saturava 29 9 2, 5 2,5 17 7 1, 06 0,

Abstract: In architecture, microorganisms can act as heroes or villains. However, research on microorganisms has been delegated to engineering sciences and is usually conducted in parallel with architecture. This study analyzes scientific advances in biomaterials, including microorganisms that benefit materials and microorganisms that degrade buildings. The methodology consisted of a literature review, followed by a classification and description of the microorganisms to facilitate the analysis of the findings. The results revealed that some microorganisms provide materials with positive characteristics, such as greater durability, self-repair, increased compression and absorption, and most importantly, environmental sustainability. During destructive processes, microorganisms primarily affect heritage buildings because of their destructive properties. The biodegradation of buildings can be slowed, delayed, or inhibited by microorganisms; therefore, this analysis can provide an opportunity to advance materials research.

Resumen: En arquitectura, los microorganismos tienen la doble capacidad de comportarse como héroes o villanos. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre microorganismos se ha delegado a las ciencias de la ingeniería y se suelen llevar de forma paralela a la arquitectura. Este artículo hace una revisión documental y un análisis de los avances científicos más recientes en biomateriales, incluyendo los microorganismos que benefician y los microorganismos que degradan las construcciones. La metodología consiste en una revisión documental en bases de datos en inglés y español, para sistematizar hallazgos y hacer una clasificación de microorganismos. Los resultados revelan que algunos microorganismos brindan a los materiales características positivas como mayor durabilidad, autorreparación, incremento a la compresión o absorción, pero sobre todo favorecen la sostenibilidad ambiental. En los procesos destructivos, los microorganismos afectan principalmente las edificaciones patrimoniales por sus materiales y temporalidad, lo cual representa un desafío para la ciencia de los materiales ya que algunos microorganismos o sus compuestos pueden retardar, retrasar o inhibir el biodeterioro de los edificios.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, there are few studies on the use of microbial inoculants for the sustainable production common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objective. To evaluate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on productive and economic variables of P. vulgaris. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the La Argelia Experimental Station in Loja, Ecuador, from February to July 2022. Using loamy soil, the common bean cultivar “Mantequilla” was employed in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications each. The treatments were: T1) absolute control, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, and T7) chemical fertilization. The effect of the treatments on growth, development, and yield components in the evaluated cultivar was assessed. Additionally, an economic analysis of the application of beneficial microorganisms versus chemical fertilization was conducted. Results. Treatment T6 (R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis) shortened the phenological phases (days), promoted a higher number of nodules, emergence percentage, plant height, leaf area, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, nitrogen content, and agricultural yield without statistical differences (p<0.05) compared to chemical fertilization (T7). The economic analysis showed that T6 generated higher income and greater profitability compared to chemical fertilization. Conclusion. Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms positively affected the productive and economic variables of common beans and can be a valid alternative to the conventional use of chemical fertilizers.

Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador, existen pocos estudios sobre la utilización de inoculantes microbianos para la producción sostenible del fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) en variables productivas y económicas de P. vulgaris . Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador, durante el periodo de febrero a julio de 2022. En un suelo de textura Franca, se empleó el cultivar de fríjol común Mantequilla bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cada uno. Los tratamientos fueron: T1) control absoluto, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, y T7) fertilización química. Se evaluó el efecto de los tratamientos sobre variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y componentes de rendimiento en el cultivar evaluado. Además, se realizó un análisis económico de la aplicación de los microorganismos benéficos frente a la fertilización química. Resultados. El tratamiento: R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis (T6) acortó las fases fenológicas (días), promovió un mayor número de nódulos, porcentaje de emergencia, altura de la planta, área foliar, número de vainas por planta, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de nitrógeno y rendimiento agrícola sin diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) con respecto a la fertilización química (T7). Mediante el análisis económico se estableció que el T6 generó mayores ingresos, y una mayor rentabilidad frente a la fertilización química. Conclusión. La inoculación con microorganismos benéficos afectó positivamente las variables productivas y económicas de frijol común y puede ser una alternativa válida al uso convencional de fertilizantes químicos.

Abstract Introduction. Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most traded product globally and is cultivated in over eighty countries. Its cultivation is complex because it belongs to an ecosystem where abiotic and biotic factors interact under various agronomic management conditions. To understand the development of the coffee plant and its influence on the sensory quality of the final product, it is necessary to explore the intricate interactions between the coffee plant and the native microorganisms within the crop environment. Objective. To describe the role of the coffee soil microbiota, specially bacteria and fungi, and how they may contribute to the final quality of the beverage. Development. Soil is one of the most diverse and least studied ecosystems, where crucial ecological functions for plant growth and development take place. Identifying soil microbial components and their interactions with other organisms is important from an agronomic perspective. The soil microbiota can enhance plant physiology; thus, this review aims to connect how the sensory attributes of coffee beverage can be positively influenced by soil microbiota. Articles from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2011 to 2023 were reviewed. The data show the diversity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with coffee cultivation. Additionally, microbial compounds play an important role in the formation of sensory attributes and are related to the coffee cup quality. Conclusion. The microbial diversity of soil and on the fruit can synthesize or degrade compounds that affect the sensory profile of the coffee beverage, which could have implications for sustainability and quality.

Resumen Introducción. El café (Coffea spp.) es el segundo producto más comercializado a nivel mundial y cultivado en más de ochenta países. Su cultivo es complejo por pertenecer a un ecosistema donde factores abióticos y bióticos tienen dinámicas bajo diferentes condiciones de manejo agronómico. Para comprender el desarrollo de la planta y su influencia en la calidad sensorial del producto, hay que conocer la intrincada interacción entre la planta del café y los microorganismos autóctonos del cultivo. Objetivo. Describir el rol de la microbiota edáfica del café, bacterias y hongos, y cómo puede contribuir en la calidad final de la bebida. Desarrollo. El suelo es uno de los ecosistemas más diversos y menos estudiados, en el cual se desarrollan funciones ecológicas importantes para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. La identificación de los componentes microbianos del suelo y sus interacciones con otros organismos, son importantes desde el punto de vista agronómico. La microbiota edáfica puede favorecer la fisiología de la planta y de esta manera, se realiza la presente recopilación de información que busca asociar cómo los atributos sensoriales de la bebida de café pueden ser beneficiados por la microbiota del suelo. Se revisaron artículos de ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, entre el 2011 y 2023. Los datos muestran la diversidad de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV), bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) asociados con el cultivo de café. También existen compuestos microbianos que juegan un papel importante en la formación de atributos sensoriales y están relacionados con la calidad en taza del café. Conclusión. La diversidad microbiana del suelo y fruto puede sintetizar o degradar compuestos que influyen en el perfil sensorial de la bebida, lo cual podría tener implicaciones para la sostenibilidad y calidad.

Abstract Native bacteria adapted to contaminated environments have demonstrated their remarkable survival ability under adverse conditions. This study aimed to identify bacteria present in soils from abandoned mines and to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of these cultivable native bacteria. Bacterial isolation, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction using RaXML, and identification of related genera using microreact, were conducted. The obtained sequences were edited to a 1200 - 1400 bp size, and subsequently compared with 1137 sequences from the GenBank database. The nine obtained isolates were phylogenetically grouped into six clusters corresponding to the genera Bacillus, Cytobacillus, Paenibacillus, Microbacterium, Peribacillus, and Acinetobacter. Thus, the unexplored potential of these bacteria for use in bioremediation processes is highlighted. Additionally, some of these bacteria may be proposed as pollution indicators, warranting further detailed investigation as these microorganisms could be employed in future research endeavors.

Resumen Las bacterias nativas adaptadas a ambientes contaminados han demostrado su gran capacidad de sobrevivir en condiciones adversas. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las bacterias presentes en suelos de minas abandonadas, además de investigar las relaciones filogenéticas de estas bacterias nativas cultivables. Se realizó el aislamiento bacteriano, la extracción de ADN, amplificación por PCR, secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr, reconstrucción filogenética de Máxima Verosimilitud (ML) con RaXML, e identificación de géneros relacionadas con microreact. Las secuencias obtenidas fueron editadas a un tamaño de 1200 - 1400 pb, que posteriormente se compararon con 1137 secuencias procedentes de la base de datos del GenBank. Los nueve aislamientos obtenidos se agruparon filogenéticamente en seis grupos que corresponderían a los géneros Bacillus, Cytobacillus, Paenibacillus, Microbacterium, Peribacillus, Acinetobacter. Por lo tanto, se resalta el potencial inexplorado de estas bacterias para ser utilizadas en procesos de biorremediación. Además, algunas de estas bacterias pueden ser propuestos como indicadores de contaminación, lo que amerita realizar una investigación más detallada debido a que estos microorganismos pueden ser empleados en futuras investigaciones.

ABSTRACT The contribution of plant residues throughout the sugarcane cycles favors the increase of organic matter and the activity of microorganisms in the soil, especially in the surface layers. Soil texture also has an important effect on ecological processes and soil quality. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate soil biological attributes in different sugarcane cultivation cycles under mechanized harvesting in an Oxisol in the Savanna region of Central Brazil. The study was conducted in commercial areas under sugarcane cultivation during the 2018/2019 season, which were considered homogeneous in terms of soil and climatic conditions, with the source of variation among the areas being the cultivation cycles (C1: one cultivation cycle; C3: three cultivation cycles; C7: seven cultivation cycles) and a savanna vegetation area selected as a reference. Microbiological variables were determined in two layers, 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m. The variables related to microbial biomass and texture were subjected to principal component analysis. Areas with longer sugarcane cultivation cycles show higher proportion of microbial biomass carbon in the total organic carbon in subsurface layers (microbial quotient). The performance of the soil microbial community, as expressed by total organic carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen indicators, was associated with higher presence of clay and silt, i.e., soil particles smaller than 0.02 mm. quality context Brazil 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 season conditions C1 C (C1 cycle C3 C7 reference 00.1 001 0 0.1 1 0-0. 0.10.2 0102 0.2 2 0.1-0. m analysis quotient. quotient . quotient) community indicators silt ie i e i.e. 002 02 0.0 mm 2018201 201 2018/20 (C 00 00. 01 0. 0-0 10 0.10. 010 0.1-0 i.e 201820 20 2018/2 0- 0.10 0.1- 20182 2018/

RESUMO O aporte de resíduos vegetais ao longo dos ciclos da cana-de-açúcar favorece o incremento de matéria orgânica e atividade de microrganismos no solo, especialmente nas camadas superficiais. A textura do solo também tem um efeito importante nos processos ecológicos e na qualidade do solo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar atributos biológicos do solo em diferentes ciclos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar sob colheita mecanizada, em um Latossolo da região de cerrado do Brasil Central. O estudo foi realizado em áreas comerciais de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar na safra 2018/2019, consideradas homogêneas em termos de condições edafoclimáticas, tendo como fonte de variação entre as áreas os ciclos de cultivo (C1: um ciclo de cultivo; C3: três ciclos de cultivo; C7: sete ciclos de cultivo) e uma área de vegetação de cerrado selecionada como referência. Foram determinadas variáveis microbiológicas nas camadas de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. As variáveis relacionados à biomassa microbiana e textura foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais. Áreas com ciclos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar mais longos apresentaram maior proporção de carbono da biomassa microbiana no carbono orgânico total nas camadas subterrâneas (quociente microbiano). O desempenho da comunidade microbiana do solo, expresso pelos indicadores carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana foi associado à maior presença de argila e silte, ou seja, partículas de solo menores que 0,02 mm. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar superficiais sentido mecanizada Central 20182019 2018 2019 2018/2019 edafoclimáticas C1 C (C1 C3 C7 referência 00,10 0010 0 0,10 10 0-0,1 0,100,20 010020 0,20 20 0,10-0,2 m principais quociente microbiano. microbiano . microbiano) silte seja 002 02 0,0 mm 2018201 201 2018/201 (C 00 00,1 001 010 0,1 1 0-0, 100 0,100,2 01002 020 0,2 2 0,10-0, 0, 201820 2018/20 00, 01 0-0 0,100, 0100 0,10-0 20182 2018/2 0- 0,100 0,10- 2018/

ABSTRACT Soil salinization, a rising issue globally, is a negative effect of the ever-changing climate, which has drawn attention to, and exacerbated problems related to soil degradation and the decline in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, leading to an unstable national economy. The use of rhizosphere inhabiting microorganisms (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) is a viable method for boosting agricultural production on saline soils and reduce salt stress in rice crops. The objective of this study was to support the development of rice under salt stress by using a consortium of bacterial strains. ‘Pokkali’ rice plants inoculated with single Bacillus tequilensis and B. aryabhattai isolates were compared with consortium and non-inoculated plants while salinity was increased and by irrigation with tap water (control), 30 mM (5 dS m-1) and 60 mM (10 dS m-1) NaCl. The present study exhibited that inoculation of a mixed inoculum at 5 dS m-1 resulted in significantly higher dry weight of the shoots and roots of seedlings (9.29 and 1.24 g, respectively) which was due to the increased SPAD value, proline content (7.55 µmol g-1 FW), and antioxidant enzyme activity in the inoculated plants. The higher accumulation of osmoprotectants such as proline supported Na+ ion reduction and antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase and reduced polyphenol oxidase content protect against higher cellular damage, eventually leading to increase plant growth performance in saline soil. This study demonstrates some positive effects of the locally isolated salt tolerant consortium PGPR strains on the growth of rice plants under salt stress conditions.

ABSTRACT The interaction between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes and N-fixing microorganisms has the potential to be utilized in sustainable agricultural production. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of the interaction for growth, production and nodulation characteristics between the bacteria Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense among different bean genotypes. The experiments were conducted in the Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in 2018 and 2019, in randomized block design with three replicates in a 20 × 3 factorial scheme; 20 common bean genotypes were tested under three forms of inoculation (no inoculation, inoculation with R. tropici, co-inoculation of R. tropici + A. brasilense). The number of grains per pod and nodule mass had the most significant direct positive effect on grain yield. For nodulation, a positive correlation of strong magnitude was observed between mass of the aerial part and number of pods per plant (0.68), stem diameter and mass of nodules (0.92) and first pod insertion height and number of nodules (0.64). In the path analysis, the number of grains per pod had the most significant direct effect (0.57) on the grain productivity variable. Regarding nodulation characteristics, selection for nodule mass was preferred due to its direct effect on grain yield as opposed to the number of nodules, which has a negative effect. This suggests an advantage of larger nodules with greater individual mass than a large number of small nodules for both improved yield and N fixing by common bean plants.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to assess the impact of applying mountain microorganisms (MM) on coffee seedling production. Two nurseries (A and B) were used with weekly and bi-weekly treatment applications. Plant height, leaf and root lengths, and dry matter content (DM) were measured. Results showed that Nursery A, with weekly treatments, exhibited greater height and leaf length growth compared to Nursery B. In the initial measurement, Nursery A accumulated more leaf DM than Nursery B. However, over time, both nurseries experienced a decline in DM. Root length variability was observed in both nurseries throughout the measurements. Treatments with MM from forest and coffee systems in Nursery A showed higher leaf DM accumulation in the initial measurement. In conclusion, MM application, especially with higher frequency, promoted coffee seedling growth. The results emphasize the need for detailed analysis to understand optimal root development conditions. The decline in DM over time is a natural response to active growth, indicating increased nutritional requirements. These findings support MM-based strategies for sustainable coffee seedling production.

RESUMEN La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de microorganismos de montaña (MM) en la producción de plántulas de café. Se utilizaron dos viveros (A y B) con aplicaciones de tratamientos semanales y quincenales. Se midió la altura de las plantas, la longitud de las hojas y raíces, así como el contenido de materia seca (MS). Los resultados mostraron que el Vivero A, con tratamientos semanales, tuvo un mayor crecimiento en altura y longitud de hojas en comparación con el Vivero B. En la primera medición, el Vivero A acumuló más MS foliar que el Vivero B. Sin embargo, a medida que avanzaba el tiempo, ambos viveros experimentaron una disminución en el MS. En la longitud de las raíces, se observó variabilidad en ambos viveros a lo largo de las mediciones. Los tratamientos con MM de bosque y café en el Vivero A mostraron una mayor acumulación de MS foliar en la primera medición. En conclusión, la aplicación de MM, especialmente con mayor frecuencia, promovió el crecimiento de las plántulas de café. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de análisis detallados para comprender las condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo de raíces. La disminución del MS con el tiempo es una respuesta natural al crecimiento activo y por tanto el aumento del requerimiento nutricional de las plántulas. Estos resultados respaldan estrategias basadas en MM para una producción sostenible de plántulas de café.

Abstract Taxonomic identification provides relevant and unique data for the management of woody resources. However, taxonomic analysis cannot provide information on other equally important aspects that allow us to understand the management of this resource. The characterization of the state of wood used as fuel will allow activities related to of firewood supply to be evaluated. The objective of this work is to understand the modalities of woody fuel acquisition among hunter-gatherer groups. For this purpose, the alterations present in carbonized wood remains from six archaeological sites in Argentine Patagonia were identified and characterized. The results obtained allowed the use of healthy, altered or green wood as fuel to be identified in each case. Moreover, the results enabled the management of wood fuel by societies characterized by high residential mobility to be discussed from a different perspective.

Resumen La determinación taxonómica proporciona datos relevantes y únicos sobre la gestión de los recursos leñosos. No obstante, el análisis taxonómico no puede dar información sobre otros aspectos igualmente importantes que permiten comprender la gestión de este recurso. La caracterización del estado de la madera utilizada como combustible permitirá evaluar las actividades de aprovisionamiento de la leña. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprender las modalidades de adquisición del combustible leñoso, entre grupos cazadores-recolectores. Con este objetivo se identificaron y caracterizaron las alteraciones presentes en restos de madera carbonizada, procedentes de seis sitios arqueológicos de la Patagonia argentina. Los resultados alcanzados permitieron identificar en cada caso, el uso de madera sana, alterada, verde, como combustible. Por otro lado, permitieron discutir desde una perspectiva diferente la gestión del combustible leñoso llevada a cabo por sociedades caracterizadas por una alta movilidad residencial.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is very prevalent and is the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide. It is a dysbiosis resulting from the replacement of hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid-producing lactobacilli by anaerobic bacteria in high concentrations, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Atopobium and other anaerobes. BV can be self-diagnosed when the patient presents the classic symptoms, or clinically and laboratory-based, following the Amsel criteria or by determining the Nugent score. The recommended treatments for BV are oral metronidazole, secnidazole and tinidazole, as well as vaginal metronidazole gel, clindamycin cream and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi gel. The present study aimed to determine the ability of vaginal clindamycin cream, vaginal metronidazole gel and S. terebinthifolia Raddi vaginal gel to inhibit the growth or preserve the population of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 19992 microorganisms in vitro. The methodology used was perforation in plates, forming 6 mm wells, where the samples were inoculated. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at 30°C. After this period, by visual plates analysis, was observed that L. gasseri is resistant to S. terebinthifolia Raddi vaginal gel since no inhibition halo was observed. However, L. gasseri was moderately susceptible to Metronidazole vaginal gel and highly sensitive to Clindamycin vaginal cream. As lactobacilli, of which L. gasseri stands out, represent over 95% of the microorganisms 3/16 that inhabit the vaginal environment, maintaining the health of this microbiome, the action of Clindamycin and Metronidazole can lead to an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, allowing relapses when these therapeutic agents are used to treat BV.

A vaginose bacteriana (VB) é muito prevalente e é a causa mais comum de corrimento vaginal em todo o mundo. Trata-se de uma disbiose resultante da substituição dos lactobacilos produtores de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido lático por bactérias anaeróbicas em altas concentrações, incluindo Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Atopobium e outros anaeróbios. A VB pode ser autodiagnosticada, quando a paciente apresenta a sintomatologia clássica, ou clínica e laboratorialmente obedecendo aos critérios de Amsel ou pela determinação do escore de Nugent. Os tratamentos recomendados para a VB são o Metronidazol, o Secnidazol e o Tinidazol por via oral, bem como o metronidazol gel, a clindamicina creme e o gel de S. terebinthifolia Raddi por via vaginal. O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a capacidade da Clindamicina creme vaginal, do Metronidazol gel vaginal e do S. terebinthifolia Raddi gel vaginal em inibir o crescimento ou preservar a população dos microrganismos Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 19992 in vitro. A metodologia utilizada foi de perfuração em placa, formando poços de 6mm, onde as amostras foram inoculadas. As placas foram incubadas por 48 horas à temperatura de 30°C. A análise visual das placas, após o período de incubação, evidenciou que L. gasseri é resistente ao gel vaginal de S. terenbithifolia Raddi gel, uma vez que não foi observado qualquer halo de inibição. Contudo, L. gasseri foi moderadamente susceptível ao gel vaginal de Metronidazol e altamente sensível ao creme vaginal de Clindamicina. Como os lactobacilos, dos quais se destaca L. gasseri, representam acima de 95% dos microrganismos que habitam o meio vaginal, mantendo a higidez desse microbioma, a ação da Clindamicina e do Metronidazol pode levar ao desequilíbrio da microbiota vaginal, permitindo as recidivas quando esses agentes terapêuticos são usados para o tratamento da VB.

Resumen La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad que afecta a las ganaderías de pequeños y medianos productores de los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo, Provincia de Pichincha-Ecuador. El tratamiento de esta enfermedad resulta complicado debido a la variedad de microorganismos que la provocan. El presente estudio se enfocó en la determinación molecular por medio de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) de los agentes etiológicos de la mastitis. Esta técnica presenta múltiples ventajas al reconocer familia, género y especie de microorganismos, y es un método capaz de detectar genes de resistencia de antibióticos, lo que resulta importante al momento de diagnosticar y tratar enfermedades. El objetivo de esta investigación se centró en la identificación de bacterias causantes de la mastitis bovina, utilizando pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares. Las pruebas bioquímicas como tinción Gram, Catalasa, Coagulasa, y Agar Manitol Sal fueron eficientes para obtener cepas puras y determinar el género de algunas bacterias. Se utilizaron primers específicos (RNA16S) para la identificación molecular de 9 agentes etiológicos causantes de la enfermedad en las unidades productivas. Los microorganismos encontrados fueron; Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Sphingomonas sp., Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, la mayoría presentes en mastitis clínica. Para detectar genes de resistencia se utilizaron primers específicos, de los cuales 7 muestras presentaron el gen para resistencia a blaTEM (β-lactámicos) y 6 muestras presentaron el gen para resistencia a tetA (tetraciclinas). Se identificó multirresistencia en las especies: Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Sphingomonas sp.

Abstract Bovine mastitis is a disease that affects the farms of small and medium producers in the cantons of Cayambe and Pedro Moncayo, Pichincha Province-Ecuador. Treating this disease is not easy due to the different microorganisms that cause it. This study focused on the molecular determination by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the etiological agents of mastitis, having multiple advantages when recognizing family, gender and species of microorganisms. It is a method capable of detecting resistance genes of antibiotics, an important analysis when diagnosing and treating diseases. The aim of this research is to identify bacteria causing bovine mastitis by using biochemical and molecular tests. Biochemical tests such as: Gram staining, Catalase, Coagulase, and Mannitol Salt Agar were efficient to obtain pure strains and determine the gender of some bacteria. Specific primers (RNA16S) were used for the molecular identification of 9 etiological agents causing the disease in the productive units. The microorganisms found were Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Sphingomonas sp., Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, mostly present in clinic mastitis. To detect resistance genes, specific primers were used, of which 7 samples presented the gene for resistance to blaTEM (β-lactam) and 6 samples presented the gene for resistance to tetA (tetracyclines). Multi-resistance was identified in the species Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Sphingomonas sp.

Resumen El trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) ha ganado relevancia en los últimos años, ya que es una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial y ejerce un impacto significativo en la vida diaria de quienes lo experimentan. La relación entre la disbiosis intestinal y el TDM ha surgido como un componente crucial en el ámbito de la salud mental. La microbiota intestinal, que abarca una amplia diversidad de microorganismos, establece una conexión bidireccional con el TDM a través del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, la neuroinflamación y alteración de la función cerebral. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo, analizar la relación entre los problemas de equilibrio de los microorganismos en el intestino (fenómeno conocido como “disbiosis”) y el TDM. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo que combinó análisis bibliográfico y descriptivo, priorizando fuentes primarias en psicología, neurociencia y microbiología. Se examinaron investigaciones en inglés y español desde 2019 hasta 2023 utilizando motores de búsqueda y bases de datos reconocidas. En este contexto, se observó que el uso de probióticos se ha vuelto cada vez más relevante como parte del tratamiento complementario para el TDM. Los probióticos, como Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 y la bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, ejercen un impacto positivo en la microbiota intestinal, integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica y producción de neurotransmisores. La revisión destaca el papel crucial de la microbiota intestinal en el TDM y la prometedora utilidad de los probióticos como tratamiento complementario. Esto sugiere nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas y subraya la importancia de futuras investigaciones para comprender mejor esta compleja interacción.

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) has gained relevance in recent years, as it is one of the main causes of disability worldwide and has a significant impact on the daily lives of those who experience it. The relationship between gut dysbiosis and MDD has emerged as a crucial component in the field of mental health. The gut microbiota, which encompasses a wide diversity of microorganisms, establishes a bidirectional connection with MDD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation and alteration of brain function. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between problems with the balance of microorganisms in the intestine (a phenomenon known as “dysbiosis”) and MDD. A qualitative approach was adopted that combined bibliographic and descriptive analysis, prioritizing primary sources in psychology, neuroscience and microbiology. Research in English and Spanish from 2019 to 2023 was examined using recognized search engines and databases. In this context, it was observed that the use of probiotics has become increasingly relevant as part of complementary treatment for MDD. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 and the bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, have a positive impact on the intestinal microbiota, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter production. The review highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in MDD and the promising utility of probiotics as a complementary treatment. This suggests new therapeutic perspectives and underlines the importance of future research to better understand this complex interaction.