Abstract Introduction Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells have tremendous potentials for cancer treatment; however, various challenges impede their universal use. These restrictions include the poor function of T cells in tumor microenvironments, the shortage of tumor-specific antigens and, finally, the high cost and time-consuming process, as well as the poor scalability of the method. Creative gene-editing tools have addressed each of these limitations and introduced next generation products for cell therapy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated endonuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has triggered a revolution in biology fields, as it has a great capacity for genetic manipulation. Method In this review, we considered the latest development of CRISPR/Cas9 methods for the chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T)-based immunotherapy. Results The ability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate the universal CAR T cells and also potent T cells that are persistent against exhaustion and inhibition was explored. Conclusion: We explained CRISPR delivery methods, as well as addressing safety concerns related to the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential solutions. treatment however microenvironments tumorspecific specific finally timeconsuming time consuming process method geneediting gene editing therapy repeatsassociated repeats associated CRISPRCas9 CRISPRCas Cas9 Cas (CRISPR/Cas9 fields manipulation review CRISPR/Cas Tbased based immunotherapy explored Conclusion solutions (CRISPR/Cas

Abstract Delimiting species is challenging in recently diverged species, and adaptive radiation is fundamental to understanding the evolutionary processes because it requires multiple ecological opportunities associated with adaptation to biotic and abiotic environments. The young Petunia genus (Solanaceae) is an excellent opportunity to study speciation because of its association with pollinators and unique microenvironments. This study evaluated the phylogenetic relationships among a Petunia clade species with different floral syndromes that inhabit several environments. We based our work on multiple individuals per lineage and employed nuclear and plastid phylogenetic markers and nuclear microsatellites. The phylogenetic tree revealed two main groups regarding the elevation of the distribution range, whereas microsatellites showed high polymorphism-sharing splitting lineages into three clusters. Isolation by distance, migration followed by new environment colonization, and shifts in floral syndrome were the motors for lineage differentiation, including infraspecific structuring, which suggests the need for taxonomic revision in the genus. environments Solanaceae (Solanaceae microenvironments range polymorphismsharing polymorphism sharing clusters distance colonization differentiation structuring

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna) is a tree species of the Anacardiaceae family. It is native to Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. It is a candidate for agro-industrial system that can be used to produce phytotherapeutics and bioproducts. However, to comprehensively understand the characteristics of plant within the framework of sustainable development for agro-industries, exploring the chemical and phenotypic diversity of samples from various microenvironments across different collection periods is essential. Accordingly, herein, the influence of different environmental factors and sample collection durations on braúna samples was investigated over several years using multivariate statistical analyses associated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Bark samples from different areas and environmental data from different locations were analyzed. Distinct chemical profiles were observed across reserve, forest, and management areas, all marked by elevated sugar levels suggesting water stress adaptation. High radiation and low rainfall correlated with increased sugar and amino acids. Each microenvironment responded uniquely to these environmental conditions. Consequently, plant samples from different microenvironments collected over different periods were observed to respond differently to environmental factors, such as solar radiation and temperature. We correlated the metabolomic data with climatic data evaluating the influence of abiotic factors on the production of metabolites in braúna bark samples. Engl (braúna family Brazil Paraguay Bolivia agroindustrial agro industrial bioproducts However agroindustries, agroindustries industries, industries agro-industries essential Accordingly herein NMR (NMR spectroscopy analyzed reserve forest adaptation acids conditions Consequently temperature

Abstract The ecology of movement is an expanding area, marked by the diversity of analytical methods and protocols, which enables this integrative reading. We investigated movement ecology aspects of Coleodactylus meridionalis in southern Bahia, northeastern Brazil, using fluorescent powder with mineral oil to track individuals. We monitored 69 individuals of C. meridionalis that walked an average distance of 148 cm in 2h. We identified this movement as foraging due to the orientation of the step sequence and microenvironments used. We find no significant differences between walking distance and weight. However, we found a decrease in activity over the follow-up period. Most of the lizard’s movements were directed north, while south, east, and west were followed equally. The individuals stayed predominantly on the ground (leaf litter), but it was possible to observe the use of other surfaces, such as trunks and burrows on the ground. Therefore, we studied the movement in three dimensions (ground height, distance traveled, and orientation of steps). We observed the lizard’s foraging, one of the most common and least investigated movements in small lizards like C. meridionalis. This involves not only the species’ activity schedule but other intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape the movement decisions of individuals. area protocols reading Bahia Brazil 6 C 14 2h h used weight However followup follow up period lizard s north south east equally leaf litter, litter , litter) surfaces Therefore height traveled steps. steps . steps) species 1

Abstract The breast microbiome presents a diverse microbial community that could affects health and disease states, in the context of breast cancer. Sequencing technologies have allowed describing the diversity and abundance of microbial communities among individuals. The complex tumoral microenvironment that includes the microbial composition could influence tumor growth. The imbalance of diversity and abundance inside the microbial community, known as dysbiosis plays a crucial role in this context. One the most prevalent bacterial genera described in breast invasive carcinoma are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Brevibacillus, Mycobacterium, Thermoviga, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Paenibacillus, Ensifer, and Bacteroides. Paenibacills genus shows a relation with patient survival. When the Paenibacills genus increases its abundance in patients with breast cancer, the survival probability decreases. Within this dysbiotic environment, various bacterial metabolites could play a pivotal role in the progression and modulation of breast cancer. Key bacterial metabolites, such as cadaverine, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), have been found to exhibit potential interactions within breast tissue microenvironments. Understanding the intricate relationships between dysbiosis and these metabolites in breast cancer may open new avenues for diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Further research is essential to unravel the specific roles and mechanisms of these microbial metabolites in breast cancer progression. states individuals growth Bacillus Pseudomonas Brevibacillus Mycobacterium Thermoviga Acinetobacter Corynebacterium Paenibacillus Ensifer Bacteroides decreases environment cadaverine LPS, LPS , (LPS) Noxide N oxide TMAO, TMAO (TMAO) microenvironments targets (LPS (TMAO

Abstract Objective: Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune exocrinopathy, and although, the role of metabolism in the autoimmune responses has been discussed in diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and scleroderma. There is a lack of information regarding the metabolic implications of SS. Considering that the disease affects primarily salivary glands; the aim of this study is to evaluate the metabolic changes in the salivary glands’ microenvironment using a targeted metabolomics approach. Methods: The saliva from 10 patients diagnosed with SS by the American-European consensus and 10 healthy volunteers was analyzed in an Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatograph Coupled Mass Spectrometry (UPLCMS). Results: The results showed an increased concentration in SS of metabolites involved in oxidative stress such as lactate, alanine and malate, and amino acids involved in the growth and proliferation of T-cells, such as arginine, leucine valine and isoleucine. Conclusions: These results revealed that is possible to differentiate the metabolic profile of SS and healthy individuals using a small amount of saliva, which in its turn may reflect the cellular changes observed in the microenvironments of damaged salivary glands from these patients. Objective Sjögrens Sjögren s (SS exocrinopathy although erythematosus arthritis scleroderma approach Methods 1 AmericanEuropean American European Ultrahigh Ultra high UPLCMS. UPLCMS . (UPLCMS) Results lactate malate Tcells, Tcells T cells, cells T-cells arginine isoleucine Conclusions (UPLCMS

Resumen Introducción: Las ciénagas hacen parte de la llanura de inundación de un río y son influenciadas por el pulso de inundación, fuerza que modula los cambios anuales en las variables bióticas y abióticas. Los ensambles biológicos tienen diferentes respuestas a este pulso y podrían presentar cambios en la composición y abundancia. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo se modifican las condiciones físico-químicas en los microambientes de vegetación flotante y el ensamble de ostrácodos a lo largo de un pulso de inundación en la Ciénaga Río Viejo, Santander, Colombia. Métodos: Se caracterizaron las variables físico-químicas de los microambientes de plantas acuáticas flotantes durante las cuatro fases hidrológicas del pulso de inundación: aguas bajas, altas, ascenso y descenso, en tres estaciones donde el pulso tuvo mayor efecto. Ostrácodos dulceacuícolas fueron recolectados de estos microambientes, identificados y contados. Resultados: Las condiciones ambientales dentro de los microhábitats fluctuaron siguiendo el pulso de inundación en el sistema. Se encontraron tres familias taxonómicas y seis especies de ostrácodos. No hubo diferencias en la composición y abundancia del ensamble de ostrácodos en el espacio y el tiempo, lo que sugiere que están protegidas contra los cambios ambientales causados por las fluctuaciones hidrológicas. La abundancia de especies cambió en respuesta a la variabilidad ambiental. Strandesia cf. sphaeroidea y Keysercypria sp. 2 están asociadas con aguas más someras y con mayor cobertura de vegetación acuática densa. Otras especies mostraron ser tolerantes a fluctuaciones hidrológicas y pueden estar relacionadas con la plasticidad ecológica, como Cytheridella ilosvayi, Diaphanocypris meridana y Stenocypris major, que han sido registradas en una variedad de ambientes acuáticos y con distribuciones a escala continental. Conclusiones: Los pulsos de inundación indujeron cambios ambientales en la Ciénaga de Río Viejo, pero los microhábitats con cobertura de vegetación flotante parecen estar protegidos contra el pulso hidrológico, permitiendo así que las comunidades de ostrácodos permanezcan casi sin alteraciones durante un pulso de inundación. Este conjunto de datos actualizado de agua dulce tropical contribuye a llenar los vacíos de conocimiento relacionados con la idoneidad del hábitat y la distribución de las comunidades de ostrácodos en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: Swamps are lowland shallow tropical lakes in rivers floodplains, characterized by annual flood pulses that modulate changes in biotic and abiotic variables. Biological assemblages have different responses to flood pulses, remaining either undisturbed or with significant changes in composition and abundance. Objective: To evaluate how physical and chemical conditions are modified in mixed macrophytes microenvironments and ostracod species assemblages throughout a flood pulse in Rio Viejo swamp, Santander, Colombia. Methods: We characterized physical and chemical variables of microenvironments of aquatic floating plants, during four different hydrologic periods of the flood pulse: low, high, rising, and descending waters, at three stations where the flood pulse have the most important effect. Freshwater ostracods were collected from such microenvironments, identified, and counted. Results: Environmental conditions within microhabitats fluctuated following the flood pulse in the system. Three taxonomic families and six species of ostracods were observed. No differences in the composition and abundance of the spatio-temporal ostracod assemblages were observed, suggesting that they are buffered against environmental changes driven by hydrological fluctuations. Species abundance changed in response to environmental variability. Species such as Keysercypria sp. and Keysercypria sp. 2 are associated to shallower waters and more likely to dense aquatic vegetation cover. Other species showed to be more tolerant to hydrological fluctuations and may be related to ecological plasticity, species such as Cytheridella ilosvayi, Diaphanocypris meridana and Stenocypris major that have been recorded in a variety of aquatic environments and with distributions at continental scale. Conclusions: Flood pulses induced environmental changes in Rio Viejo Swamp, but microhabitats in mixed macrophyte cover seems to be buffered against the hydrological pulse, thus allowing almost undisturbed ostracod assemblages throughout a flood pulse. This updated tropical freshwater dataset contributes towards filling the knowledge gaps related to habitat suitability and distribution of ostracods communities in Colombia.

Resumen Introducción. Los pastos son la principal fuente de alimento en los sistemas ganaderos y pueden ser un nicho adecuado para insectos con funciones beneficiosas y dañinas. Objetivo. Estimar la entomofauna asociada a tres especies de pastos, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana y Megathyrsus maximus, en condiciones del Caribe colombiano. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron diez muestreos en dos estaciones contrastantes, de baja y alta precipitación (agosto a octubre de 2018 y enero a marzo de 2019), se utilizaron tres especies forrajeras (Cenchrus ciliaris, Megathyrsus maximus, Chloris gayana), en un área de 1000 m2. Los artrópodos fueron identificados por orden y familia y tipificados por grupos funcionales. Se estimaron índices de diversidad y abundancia por pastos y estaciones, así como su correlación con el clima. Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia simple. Resultados. Se recolectaron 380 insectos de siete órdenes y 35 familias, con mayor abundancia para Hemiptera y Coleoptera. El índice de diversidad de Shannon fue más alto para todos los órdenes de C. gayana, excepto para Hemiptera en C. ciliaris. Los fitófagos se encontraron en mayor porcentaje (66,84 %), seguidos de los depredadores (27,11 %). La abundancia de insectos estuvo influenciada por la interacción entre la estación y el pasto, mostró un incremento a bajas temperaturas, excepto para M. maximus. Los pastos representaron microambientes adecuados para mantener la diversidad de insectos, los órdenes Hemiptera y Coleoptera fueron los más numerosos y representativos de los grupos funcionales fitófagos y depredadores, respectivamente. Conclusión. La entomofauna de C. gayana, C. ciliaris y M. maximus fue similar en abundancia y diversidad de insectos, sin embargo, la abundancia dependió de la influencia de la estación y de los pastos.

Abstract Introduction. Pastures are the primary source of food in livestock systems and can be a suitable niche for insects with beneficial and harmful functions. Objective. To estimate the entomofauna associated with three species of pastures, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, and Megathyrsus maximus, in conditions of the Colombian Caribbean. Materials and methods. Ten samplings were carried out in two contrasting periods (August to October 2018 and January to March 2019), three forage species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Megathyrsus maximus, Chloris gayana) within 1000 m2 were used. Arthropods were identified by order and family and typified by functional groups. Diversity and abundance indices by pasture and season were estimated, as well as their correlation with climate. A simple correspondence analysis was performed. Results. A total of 380 insects from 7 orders and 35 families were collected, with the greatest abundance for Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The Shannon’s diversity index was higher for all orders of C. gayana, except for Hemiptera in C. ciliaris. Phytophages were found in a higher percentage (66.84 %), followed by predators (27.11 %). Insect abundance was influenced by the interaction between season and pasture, showing an increase at low temperatures, except for M. maximus. Pastures represented adequate microenvironments to maintain the diversity of insects, the Hemiptera and Coleoptera orders being the most numerous and representative of the functional groups of phytophages and predators, respectively. Conclusion. The entomofauna of C. gayana, C. ciliaris, and M. maximus was similar in insect abundance and diversity, however, insect abundance depended on the influence of the season and pastures.

Abstract We used Sentinel-2 imagery time series to generate a vegetation map for the Northern part of the Antarctica Peninsula and offshore islands, including the South Shetlands. The vegetation cover was identified in the NDVI maximum value composite image. The NDVI values were associated with the occurrence of algae (0.15 – 0.20), lichens (0.20 – 0.50), and mosses (0.50 – 0.80). The vegetation cover distribution map was validated using the literature information. Generating a vegetation map distribution on an annual basis was not possible due to high cloud cover in the Antarctic region, especially in coastal áreas, so optical images from 2016 to 2021 were necessary to map the vegetation distribution in the entire study área. The final map analyzed in association with the weather data shows the occurrence of a microenvironment over the western islands of the Antarctic Peninsula that provided vegetation growth conditions. The Sentinel-2 images with 10m spatial resolution allow the assembly of accurate vegetation distribution maps for the Antarctica Peninsula and Islands, the Google Earth Engine cloud computing being essential to process a large amount of the satellite images necessary for processing these maps. Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- Shetlands image 0.15 015 0 15 (0.1 0.20, 020 0.20 , 20 0.20) (0.2 0.50, 050 0.50 50 0.50) (0.5 0.80. 080 0.80 . 80 0.80) information region áreas 201 202 área conditions m Islands 0.1 01 1 (0. 02 0.2 05 0.5 5 08 0.8 8 0. (0 (

ABSTRACT Tropical forests are three-dimensional with the presence of numerous micro-environments formed by horizontal and vertical gradients. Such micro-environments can affect the nesting preference of organisms, including the trap-nesting Hymenoptera. Bees and wasps are key elements in ecosystems and are considered as sensitive to environmental changes, and trap-nests sampling methodology is widely used in their ecological and conservation studies. However, many uncertainties remain about nesting site preferences. From this perspective, our aim is to assess the diversity descriptors of trap-nesting Hymenoptera in different micro-environments. The sampling was conducted on three micro-environments (canopy, understory and treefall gaps) replicated on ten permanent plots within a Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. In each micro-environment, we installed trap-nest stations made by a set of twenty bamboo artificial nests. We found 762 brood cells from ten wasp and five bee species. The rarefaction curves indicate the lower species richness in understory stations, while treefall gaps and canopy stations were not significantly different. We analyzed abundance, mortality and parasitism rates using generalized linear models, but only abundance varies significantly among micro-environments. Our data indicates that trap-nesting Hymenoptera prefer to nest in micro-environments with higher exposure of sunlight. Canopy and treefall gap assemblages are consistently more abundant and diverse than understory probably due the higher temperature and lower humidity. On the other hand, mortality, parasitism rates, and the species composition were similar among environments. Our hypothesis is that the species composition was not affected as these species have a foraging range that encompasses nearby micro-environments. threedimensional dimensional microenvironments micro environments gradients organisms trapnesting trap changes trapnests nests studies However preferences perspective microenvironments. canopy, (canopy hotspot microenvironment, microenvironment environment, environment micro-environment trapnest 76 models sunlight humidity hand 7

As an important component of solid tumors, mast cells show specific phenotypes in various tumor microenvironments. However, the precise mechanism of mast cell accumulation and the phenotypic features of thyroid cancer (TC) remain largely unknown. Here, we found that mast cells were obviously recruited to tumor tissue by TC-derived stem cell factor (SCF). With tumor progression, mast cell levels increased gradually. In addition, intratumoral mast cells expressed higher levels of the immunosuppressive molecule galectin-9, which effectively suppresses CD8+ T-cell antitumor immunity in vitro. Blocking galectin-9 on tumor-infiltrating mast cells reversed the immunosuppression of CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, our data elucidated novel protumorigenic and immunosuppressive roles of mast cells in TC. In addition, our results indicated that blocking mast cells may impede tumor progression and ameliorate the prognosis of TC patients. tumors microenvironments However (TC unknown Here TCderived derived SCF. SCF . (SCF) gradually addition galectin9, galectin9 galectin 9, 9 CD8 CD Tcell vitro galectin- tumorinfiltrating infiltrating conclusion patients (SCF

Resumo A hipóxia é uma característica proeminente do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. No entanto, as características do elemento oxigênio das proteínas e como elas se adaptam aos microambientes de hipóxia do câncer de cabeça e pescoço ainda são desconhecidas. Sequências do genoma humano e dados expressos de proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço foram recuperados do atlas de patologia do projeto Human Protein Atlas. Em seguida, comparou o conteúdo do elemento de oxigênio e carbono entre proteomas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, e células epiteliais escamosas da mucosa oral normal, localizações do genoma, vias e dissecção funcional associada ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço também foram estudadas. Um total de 902 proteínas expressas diferencialmente foi observado onde o conteúdo médio de oxigênio é maior do que as proteínas expressas de forma humilde em proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Além disso, o conteúdo médio de oxigênio das proteínas reguladas positivamente foi 2,54% maior do que das outras. Nenhum de seus genes codificadores foi distribuído no cromossomo Y. As proteínas reguladas positivamente foram enriquecidas em endocitose, apoptose e regulação do citoesqueleto de actina. O conteúdo aumentado de oxigênio das proteínas altamente expressas e reguladas pode ser causado pela atividade frequente do citoesqueleto e adaptado ao rápido crescimento e divisão das células cancerosas de cabeça e pescoço. O viés do uso de oxigênio e as proteínas-chave podem nos ajudar a entender os mecanismos por trás do câncer de cabeça e pescoço na terapia direcionada, o que estabelece uma base para a aplicação da estequioproteômica na terapia direcionada e oferece uma promessa para potenciais tratamentos para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

Abstract Hypoxia is a prominent feature of head and neck cancer. However, the oxygen element characteristics of proteins and how they adapt to hypoxia microenvironments of head and neck cancer are still unknown. Human genome sequences and proteins expressed data of head and neck cancer were retrieved from pathology atlas of Human Protein Atlas project. Then compared the oxygen and carbon element contents between proteomes of head and neck cancer and normal oral mucosa-squamous epithelial cells, genome locations, pathways, and functional dissection associated with head and neck cancer were also studied. A total of 902 differentially expressed proteins were observed where the average oxygen content is higher than that of the lowly expressed proteins in head and neck cancer proteins. Further, the average oxygen content of the up regulated proteins was 2.54% higher than other. None of their coding genes were distributed on the Y chromosome. The up regulated proteins were enriched in endocytosis, apoptosis and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The increased oxygen contents of the highly expressed and the up regulated proteins might be caused by frequent activity of cytoskeleton and adapted to the rapid growth and fast division of the head and neck cancer cells. The oxygen usage bias and key proteins may help us to understand the mechanisms behind head and neck cancer in targeted therapy, which lays a foundation for the application of stoichioproteomics in targeted therapy and provides promise for potential treatments for head and neck cancer.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene el propósito de evaluar las diferencias a nivel taxonómico y tafonómico entre los ensambles de micromamíferos contenidos en egagrópilas de lechucita de las vizcacheras (Athene cunicularia) recuperadas en cuatro nidos muestreados en distintos puntos de un campo ubicado en el Departamento Minas, al noroeste de la provincia de Córdoba, al interior del Chaco Seco. A partir de este estudio nos proponemos explorar y evaluar la influencia de los microambientes (composición y cobertura vegetal) inmediatos a cada nido en la estructura taxonómica de los ensambles de micromamíferos recuperados y, de esta forma, proveer herramientas para reforzar y fortalecer las inferencias paleoambientales en contextos con ocupaciones humanas a escala regional. Para este fin, incorporamos al análisis de las egagrópilas, muestreos e identificación de la vegetación en campo y la aplicación de herramientas de la geomática sobre imágenes satelitales. Los resultados de la comparación entre los distintos análisis indican una variación en la presencia/ausencia de especies de micromamíferos entre los cuatro nidos muestreados. En consonancia con lo anterior, proponemos que la composición general de la estructura del paisaje (vegetación más dispersa vs. vegetación más tupida) sería la causa principal de estas variaciones. Los resultados de los análisis tafonómicos revelaron índices de abundancia relativa elevados, alta fragmentación y proporciones elevadas de restos con modificaciones por digestión. Las intensidades de digestión detectadas fueron de leve a fuerte. No se observaron modificaciones de tipo extrema.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the taxonomic and taphonomic differences between the micromammal assemblages contained in pellets of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) recovered from four nests sampled at different points of a field located in Minas Department, northwest of the province of Córdoba, within the dry Chaco. Thus, we propose to explore and evaluate the influence of the microenvironments (composition and vegetation cover) immediately surrounding each nest on the taxonomic structure of the recovered micromammal assemblages, providing tools to reinforce paleoenvironmental inferences in contexts with human occupations at a regional scale. In addition to the analysis of the pellets, we incorporated sampling and field identification of vegetation along with the application of geomatics tools on satellite images. The results of the comparison between the different analyses indicate a variation in the presence/absence of micromammal species between the four nests sampled. In line with the above, we propose that the general composition of the landscape structure (sparser vegetation vs. denser vegetation) would be the main cause of these variations. The results of the taphonomic analyses revealed high relative abundance indices, high fragmentation and high proportions of digested remains. The intensities of digestion ranged from light to heavy. No extreme modifications were observed.

Resumen El presente trabajo forma parte del programa de estudios actualísticos que estamos desarrollando en el marco de nuestras investigaciones arqueológicas en el NE del Macizo del Deseado (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Tiene por objetivo identificar los distintos agentes y procesos tafonómicos que actúan modificando los restos óseos depositados en las distintas unidades geomorfológicas del Parque Nacional Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo (PNBPJ), para evaluar cuáles de estos microambientes ofrecen condiciones extremas de preservación (buenas vs. malas). Para alcanzar el objetivo llevamos adelante el relevamiento sistemático por transectas de restos de vertebrados modernos distribuidos en distintas unidades geomorfológicas, previamente definidas. Las tendencias obtenidas se discuten con aquellas generadas a partir de la misma metodología en los sectores de Los Toldos, La Huella y Laguna Sierras Blancas, ubicados al noroccidente del PNBPJ. Los resultados indican que en el PNBPJ las mesetas altas son la unidad geomorfológica donde hay menos preservación del registro óseo y que las mesetas intermedias corresponden a las unidades donde existen más posibilidades de localización de contextos en estratigrafía a cielo abierto. Las observaciones realizadas, coinciden con las realizadas previamente en el sector norte del macizo acerca del potencial destructivo de las mesetas altas, y aportan al conocimiento de los procesos de preservación y destrucción del registro óseo que operan en los distintos microambientes del sector. Los resultados obtenidos son de utilidad para el avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el área de estudio.

Abstract This work is part of the actualistic study program that we are developing within the framework of our archaeological research in the NW of the Deseado Massif (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Its objective is to identify the different agents and taphonomic processes that act modifying the bone remains deposited in the different geomorphological units of the Jaramillo Petrified Forests National Park (PNBPJ), to evaluate which of these microenvironments offer extreme preservation conditions (good vs. bad). To achieve the objective, we carry out the systematic survey by transects and register the remains of modern vertebrates distributed in different geomorphological units, previously defined. The trends obtained are discussed with those generated from the same methodology in the Los Toldos, La Huella and Laguna Sierras Blancas sectors, located to the northwest of the PNBPJ. The results indicate that in the PNBPJ the high plateaus are the geomorphological unit where there is less preservation of the bone record, and that the intermediate plateaus correspond to the units where there are more possibilities of locating contexts in open-pit stratigraphy. The observations made coincide with those previously made in the northern sector of the massif about the destructive potential of the high plateaus and contribute to the knowledge of the processes of preservation and destruction of the bone record that operate in the different microenvironments of the sector. The results obtained are useful for the advancement of archaeological research in the study area.

Resumen: El CO2 del suelo se produce por la mineralización de la materia orgánica y la respiración de organismos del suelo. Las biocostras contribuyen a dicho flujo y son claves en el funcionamiento de ecosistemas áridos y semiáridos. Esta investigación se realizó en áreas de matorral desértico micrófilo donde se seleccionaron cuatro microambientes: área abierta sin biocostras (Aa), área abierta con biocostras (AaC), bajo planta sin biocostras (Bp) y bajo planta con biocostras (BpC). Las biocostras estuvieron constituidas predominantemente por líquenes y cianobacterias. Se probaron las siguientes hipótesis: i) las biocostras contribuyen, en mayor medida que las plantas vasculares de estas áreas, a la respiración del suelo; ii) la respiración del suelo es mayor en los microambientes con biocostras que en áreas abiertas sin biocostras; iii) las tasas de respiración del suelo aumentan conforme aumenta la temperatura del suelo, independientemente de la presencia/ausencia de biocostras. La respiración se midió in situ con un equipo EGM-4 con cámara cerrada de respiración de suelo. Los datos se analizaron mediante pruebas de Kruskal Wallis y U de Mann Whitney. La relación entre temperatura y tasa de respiración de suelo se evaluó mediante correlación de Spearman. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en el programa SPSS® Statistics versión 19. Los resultados mostraron que la tasa de respiración promedio (3.03 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) fue mayor en suelo con biocostras que sin éstas. Las tasas de respiración difirieron entre micrositios. Los microambientes AaC, BpC y Bp presentaron mayores tasas de respiración y fueron iguales entre sí y diferentes de Aa; si bien este último fue igual a Bp. Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre respiración y temperatura del suelo para todos los microambientes. Se concluye que las tasas de respiración fueron mayores en las áreas que presentaban cobertura de biocostras ≥ 40%, tanto en presencia como en ausencia de plantas vasculares, que en suelo sin biocostras.

Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil is produced by mineralization of organic matter and by respiration of soil organisms. Biocrusts contribute to this flux and is a key factor for the functioning of arid and semi-arid ecosystems. This research was conducted in an area of microphyllous desert shrubland in northeastern Mexico. Four microenvironments were selected: open area without biocrusts (Aa), open area with biocrusts (AaC), under plant without biocrusts (Bp) and under plant with biocrusts (BpC). The biocrusts were mainly constituted by lichens and cyanobacteria. The following hypotheses were tested: i) biocrusts contribute to soil respiration in these areas to a greater extent than vascular plants; ii) soil respiration is higher in biocrusts microenvironments than in open areas without biocrusts; iii) soil respiration rates increase as soil temperature increases, regardless of the presence/ absence of biocrusts. Soil respiration was measured in situ using an EGM-4 equipment with a closed soil respiration chamber. Data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. The relationship between temperature and soil respiration rate was evaluated with a Spearman correlation analysis. Statistical analyzes were performed in the SPSS® Statistics version 19 software. The results showed that the average respiration rate was higher in soil with biocrusts than in soils lacking biocrusts, with 3.03 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. Respiration rates differed between microsites. AaC, BpC and Bp microenvironments reached equal respiration rates among them and were overall higher than the soil respiration rates in Aa, except for Bp, which showed similar values. The results also showed a positive relationship between soil respiration and temperature for all microenvironments. We conclude that the respiration rates were higher in areas with biocrust coverage ≥ 40%, compared with soil without biocrusts, both in the presence and absence of vascular plants.